学术英语写作教案

2022-08-29 版权声明 我要投稿

作为一名为他人授业解惑的教育工作者,通常会被要求编写教案,教案是保证教学取得成功、提高教学质量的基本条件。教案应该怎么写呢?以下是小编整理的《学术英语写作教案》,欢迎阅读,希望大家能够喜欢。

第1篇:学术英语写作教案

大学学术英语阅读教学对学术英语写作篇章结构之影响

【摘要】在高等学校所开展的英语教学活动中,学术英语阅读是一项非常重要的英语教学活动,与学生未来从事科学研究息息相关。学生借助大量阅读会对英语学术文章的写作结构产生新的认识,以此来提高学生学术英语写作的有效性,本文对此问题展开研究并提出教學活动有效开展的策略。

【关键词】大学学术英语阅读;学术英语写作;篇章结构影响

【作者简介】姚璋,湖北工业大学外语学院。

引言

英语作为一门公共学科,是学生开展学术研究必不可少的工具,近年来伴随着高等学校对学术研究重视程度的不断加深,对学术英语课程教学也给予了充分的重视,所以在高等学校的教学实践活动中,学术英语阅读教学是教学活动的重点和难点,需要认真研究和探讨学术英语阅读教学与学术英语写作之间的联系,在全面把握的基础上探讨教学活动对写作篇章结构的影响,并据此提出改进和优化教学活动的策略。

一、大学学术英语阅读教学与学术英语写作之间的联系

学术英语与传统的英语阅读教学有很大不同,教学活动主要围绕学术研究而开展,需要在阅读教学的过程中,使学生不断加深对学术文章的理解和认识,这与传统英语教学所使用的课文有着本质上的不同。在学术英语阅读教学活动中,阅读的主要目的是帮助学生熟练掌握学术英语文章的写作方法、写作结构等,作为以输入型为主的教学活动,学术英语阅读教学活动中,教师在引导学生阅读之后,需要帮助学生全面总结阅读材料的论点、论据以及课文使用的论证方法。在阅读教学活动开展的过程中,还要特别注意指导学生不断加强对课文结构的分析。在全面分析和认真思考的基础上,学习和借鉴作者写作过程中所使用的论证方法。只要学生在教学过程中能够与教师积极配合,就能准确把握课文的主旨,使教学实践活动发挥出更大的价值。学术英语写作与学术英语阅读有着本质上的不同,学术英语写作教学活动是一项实践性非常强的教学活动,在教学活动开展过程中需要学生充分利用学术英语阅读教学过程中所学到的写作方法来展开学术写作,在写作的过程中要特别注意篇章的主体结构,正确处理学术用语与口语之间的关系。由于学术研究是非常严谨的一项科研活动,所以在教学实践活动开展过程中,学术英语阅读教学与学术英语写作教学两者之间,具有互相联系和互相促进的作用,一方面学生借助积极参与学术英语阅读教学活动,能够不断加深对学术英语的认识,借助阅读能够对英语学术文章的写作方法产生新的认识,学生接触大量阅读能够起到熟能生巧的作用,对于不断提高教学活动的有效性,能够发挥出积极影响。同时在学术英语写作教学过程中,也需要学生学习和借鉴学术英语阅读过程中所使用的论证方法,在学习和借鉴的基础上,按照学术英语的要求来展开写作,所以学术英语阅读和学术英语写作教学活动两者具有密切的联系,能够产生互相促进的作用,教师在教学过程中必须要将两项教学活动密切联系起来,这样才能使教学活动发挥出更大的价值,不断提高学生的英语阅读、写作水平。

二、目前高校学术英语阅读和写作教学的现状

1. 学生对课程重要性缺乏认识。学术英语阅读与写作都是高等学校学术英语课程的重要组成部分,尽管教学活动的有效开展,对于不断提升课堂教学质量能够发挥出积极影响,但是在实际的教学活动中,大多数学生对于课程教学的重要性缺乏认识,很多学生以消极的心态来面对课程学习,这对教学活动的有效开展会产生极为不利的影响,是迫切需要改变的问题,如果这一问题无法得到有效解决,教学活动将很难发挥出应有的价值。

2. 教师所使用的教学方法有待改进。学术英语阅读与学术英语写作都是专业性很强的教学活动,对于学生未来更好地使用英语展开学术研究能够发挥出积极的促进作用。尽管课程的实用性很强,但是在实际的教学活动中,教师在教学过程中所使用的教学模式与传统的教学类似,很多教师都将注意力集中在对学生进行知识点的传授上,由于没有结合学术英语写作的特点,对学术英语教材中的课文进行全面剖析,导致学生在参与阅读教学的过程中无法全面了解课文的主体结构,也很难学习和借鉴课文中所使用的论述方法,这在目前的教学实践活动中表现得非常充分,所以高等学校英语教师对此问题必须要高度重视,认真剖析自身教学实践活动中存在的问题和不足,以此来提高教学活动的有效性,使学生能够在教师的引导下不断强化对英语学术文章的理解和认识。

3. 阅读与写作教学脱节。在学术英语教学实践活动中,阅读教学与写作教学两者是密不可分的,但是在目前的教学实践中,大多数教师都存在学术英语阅读与学术英语写作教学脱节的现象。由于两项教学活动分开开展,导致学生很难学习和借鉴教材中的写作手法,这对于提高学生的学术英语写作水平会产生极为不利的影响,是需要高等学校学术英语教师认真反思的问题。教师需要认真思考,制约学术英语写作教学活动无法得到有效开展的因素,将写作教学实践与学术英语阅读教学活动紧密联系起来,读写结合开展课程教学才能使学生在参与教学实践活动的过程中不断强化认识,提高自身的学术英语写作水平。

三、学术英语阅读教学活动对学术英语写作教学活动的影响

学术英语阅读教学活动开展的主要目的是借助大量阅读教学,不断加深学生对学术英语的认识,当学生在大量阅读中熟练掌握了学术英语的写作方法之后,就会按照标准的格式来展开学术英语写作。学术英语阅读教学能够在以下层面对学术英语写作教学活动产生影响:

1. 对论题确定所产生的影响。学术英语写作是一项专业性非常强的学术研究活动。开展过程中需要按照学术文章的写作结构与方法,围绕论题来展开写作活动。所以问题的确定是学术英语写作能否发挥出最大价值的关键因素,在目前高校大学生所开展的学术英语写作实践中,学生普遍存在着能力不足的问题,这对教学活动的有效开展会产生极为不利的影响。而借助积极开展学术英语阅读教学,能够使学生不断强化对学术英语写作的认识。以针对Marriage这一话题展开学术英语写作为例,教材中给出了例文,例文以“A changing institution”为标题来展开论述,所以这篇课文所做研究是围绕婚姻变化来展开论述的,为了论证作者的观点,课文中列举了大量调查研究所取得的数据,使学生能够借助论据,不断强化对主题的认识。借助阅读教学活动的开展,能够使学生强化问题确定的能力,学生在学习了课文内容之后,就可以结合自己对婚姻的认识选取不同角度来展开论文写作,教师要结合阅读教学活动来引导学生将学术研究限定在合理的范围内,这样才能使教学活动发挥出更大的价值,所以阅读教学活动对于学生不断强化问题确定能力,能够发挥出积极影响。

2. 英语阅读教学有助于学生准确把握学术英语写作的主体结构。学术英语写作作为一项专业性非常强的写作活动,对学生的写作能力有着非常高的要求,其自身也具有独特的文体特征。所以在写作过程中,需要按照学术英语文章的结构特点来展开写作,只有这样才能写出符合学术英语规范的文章。在传统的学术英语写作教学活动中,之所以学生难以写出优秀的文章,在很大程度上与学生缺乏对学术英语文章结构的认识有直接关系。所以借助学术英语阅读教学活动的开展,教师要认真结合课文内容向学生分析文章结构,以此来不断提高教学活动的有效性,使学生的学术英语写作水平快速提升。例如以Marriage为话题,对学生开展英语阅读教学的过程中,课文紧紧围绕婚姻所发生的变化这一主题来展开写作,在指导学生学习和借鉴课文中的写作方法时,教师首先要引导学生分析课文的标题,从中选取關键词汇,来准确把握短文的中心思想。然后在通读全文的基础上了解课文的写作手法,教师要特别注意引导学生准确把握课文的总体结构,了解文章写作的脉络,并认真思考 Marriage相关问题在人们日常生活中的重要性、为什么人们结婚的年龄在不断增长、为什么进入了现代社会闪婚现象越来越普遍。教师要引导学生结合问题来分析课文的写作结构,从而从情感和现代社会人们的焦虑情绪等不同角度展开对本文主要内容的分析,从而在全面了解课文内容的基础上,准确把握学术英语写作的结构特点,在此基础上写出优秀的学术英语文章不断提高教学活动的有效性。

3. 有助于帮助学生从微观层面提高学术英语写作水平。学术英语写作与普通的英语短文写作有着本质上的不同,学生每提出一个论点,都要结合论点来搜集论据并进行全面分析,这是一项非常严谨的学术研究活动,所以不仅需要学生从宏观上整体把握课文的中心论点,还需要在微观层面对课文内容进行深入研究,提出翔实的论据材料,以此来更好地展开论证。所以从微观角度讲,学术英语文章的每一个段落都是对文章总体结构的细化,只有紧紧围绕文章主题和课文的主要结构来展开论述,才能写出一篇优秀的学术英语文章。对于大多数学生而言,他们在学术英语写作过程中经常会出现文不对题的现象,这对提高学生的学术英语写作水平会产生极为不利的影响,导致这一问题产生的根源就在于阅读教学过程中,教师缺乏从微观层面对课文内容所展开分析。因此教师在学术英语阅读教学活动开展过程中,需要不断加大对课文内容的分析力度,从微观层面对课文内容进行深度剖析,使学生能够借助课文中翔实的数据以及。论据资料来强化对课文主题的认识,并在全面分析的基础上来了解写作过程中需要注意的问题。由于教师改变了学术英语阅读教学的策略,引导学生从微观角度对课文进行分析之后学生自行展开学术英语写作时,也能按照这一思路和方法来展开写作活动,因此有助于学生学术英语写作水平的不断提升。

结语

学术英语写作教学活动要想发挥出应有的价值,需要教师不断加大对学术英语阅读教学活动的反思,结合目前教学活动存在的不足,根据学术英语写作与学术英语阅读两项教学活动的特点与联系来不断优化教学实践活动,使课程教学能够发挥更大的价值,借助两者的相互影响,来促进教学水平的不断提升。

参考文献:

[1]夏妮.大学学术英语阅读教学对学术英语写作篇章结构之影响[J].智库时代,2019(41):215,217.

[2]张悦.阅读英文文献与运用学术论文写作策略的相关性研究[D].北京交通大学,2015.

[3]柳桂媛.体裁教学法在学术英语摘要写作教学中的应用[J].内蒙古财经大学学报,2017(4):135-138.

作者:姚璋

第2篇:基于大学学术英语写作特点探究学位英语文献综述写作模式

摘 要:大学学术英语写作强调英语语言的逻辑性和内容的严谨性,文章基于学术英语写作的特点,具体分析了如何完成学位英语文献综述的写作。在强调语言输出质量的同时,关注语言输入与语言输出的有机结合,从而实现批判性思维的训练与养成,以便于更充分发挥英语语言的工具性作用,为大学阶段的英语学习确定合理的学习目标。

关键词:大学学术英语;文献综述写作;语言逻辑性;内容完整性

一、引言

根据英语词汇分类,英语可以分为通用英语,学术英语和专业英语。通用英语词汇主要包括日常口语和听力词汇,学生词汇学习能力以全国大学英语四六级考试成绩为衡量标准。学术英语词汇以大学阶段的学术英语讲座和报告所涉及的词汇为主,学生词汇学习能力主要以托福和雅思测试成绩为衡量标准。专业英语词汇主要是大学高年级阶段所采用的英语原版教材中所涉及的有关具体学科的英语词汇,如医学词汇、计算机词汇等,学生词汇学习能力以是否能够用英语流利地撰写学术论文并进行论文宣讲为衡量标准。所以,学术英语写作的范围包括相对来说比较简单的托福雅思测试中的学术英语写作和涉及专业学科的学术论文写作。

从英语写作的整体要求来看,学术英语跟通用英语比较起来,更注重语言的逻辑性,强调内容的严谨性。学术英语写作内容以大学阶段的学期论文和毕业时提交的学位论文为主,尤其是学位论文,除注重语言逻辑性和内容严谨性之外,还特别重视文章的格式是否规范以及文章内容是否具有独创性。

大多数情况下,学术论文的篇幅取决于它所承担的职能,普通的学期论文介于5000~10000字之间,硕士和博士学位论文可能达到几万字。这样一篇洋洋洒洒的大论文不仅要求学生具有良好的专业知识,更要求学生对学术论文的写作模式有充分且系统的了解。本文将从学术英语的写作特点出发,具体分析如何完成一篇学术论文的文献综述部分的写作。

二、文献综述写作模式

通常一篇完整的英语学术论文包括以下几个主要部分:(一)概述Introduction;(二)文献综述Literature Review;(三)研究方法Methodology;(四)数据分析Data Analysis;(五)讨论Discussion;(六)结论Conclusion等。除此之外,还有摘要

其中,文献综述部分是指作者在准备论文之初进行的大量相关阅读信息的整理和归纳。只有通过阅读大量的相关文献,总结前辈们在相关领域所取得的研究成果,发现仍存在的问题或者不足,从而找到进一步探讨研究的必要性,才能够为作者的理论研究和实践探索提供合理的依据,避免学术研究中出现论题重复或者论题研究与实际应用互相脱节的现象。

通过文献综述部分的写作,作者可以很好地对所研究的论题进行比较完整的梳理。这样,既可以让读者清晰地了解研究论题截至目前所处的阶段,也能体现作者前期资料阅读足够充分且写作思路条理清晰,并為论文研究方向的确立提供了科学依据。

那么如何利用已经掌握的学术英语写作技能来提高论文语言表达的准确性呢?以下笔者将从逻辑性、完整性和概括性三个方面来进行具体的说明。

(一)语言逻辑性特征在学术论文中的应用

逻辑性表达是指借用语言这种工具来表达事物之间存在的符合事物发展或存在的规律。比如,在学术英语写作中,通常运用in addition 来表达两句话之间的递进关系;用however表达两个段落之间的转折关系。但是仅仅有这些语义表达手段是远远不够的,如何在内容上真正体现出递进或转折关系才是学位论文写作的关键所在。下面以Mandy Leveratt 2003年发表在Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics上的文章Mainstreaming Crisis Accommodation Responses to Indigenous Family Violence中的文献综述部分为例,来具体分析如何完成具有严谨逻辑性的文献综述写作。

比如,在文献综述的开始部分,作者用in recent years来表达研究论题所处的时间大背景,然后在接下来的句子里把时间范围缩小到over the last six years。论文的研究主题也从第一句话中的violence associated with indigenous people过渡到第二句话中的某个地区的特定人群,如Australian community in general,而在第三句话中,这个特定人群的范围进一步缩小到某一个性别人群或者年龄人群,如aboriginal women。在确保内容方面有内在的逻辑关联之后,作者运用了恰当的语义表达手段来进行表达,如and then, finally。这种内容和语言一致性的逻辑性表达,即学术英语中Cohesion和Coherence原则的具体体现。

此外,在综合介绍其他学者的研究成果时,可以遵循学术英语的逻辑性将内容进行归类。比如,可以以时间为顺序,按照作者发表研究成果的时间顺序,从前到后依次介绍有代表性的学术观点;也可以围绕研究主题的不同方面进行分类介绍,假设研究主题是人类进化学,那么研究成果的展示可以从语言发展、形体发展和家庭模式发展等方面进行分门别类的介绍。不论采用哪一种介绍方式,在陈述具体内容时,都应该遵循一定的原则,如从研究课题的趋势变化、观点冲突、存在的不足等方面分别加以介绍,以便更加客观地体现事物发展的内在规律。

(二)内容完整性特征在学术论文中的应用

学术英语写作不同于通用英语写作,可以围绕一个话题的正反两个方面展开论述,或者按照首先提出问题,然后解决问题的步骤进行论述。学术英语写作通常围绕一个课题,首先概括介绍该课题(现象)在社会生活中的普遍性存在及其存在的意义(必然性),然后通过阅读相关领域中的大量文献报告,总结有关学者在该领域已经取得的成就,并指出还存在哪些不足(亟待解决的问题),从而推导出作者所做研究的必要性(学术价值)。

在概括介绍其他学者已经取得的成绩并指出其存在的问题的文献综述论述中,既要保证观点具有代表性,也要确保其权威性,以实现文献综述内容的完整性。同时,对不同论点进行分析论述的过程中,既要肯定他们在课题所属领域已经取得的成绩,也要指出某些特定的因素造成的研究成果的局限性,从而进一步指出开展新的研究的必要性。

还是以Mandy Leveratt的文章为例,关于extent of violence的研究已经进行了一段时间,所以作者在文献综述部分首先介绍了Memott的研究成果,指出Memott和他的团队的研究成果主要围绕着indigenous communities; 第二位学者Blagg的研究成果则建立在广泛收集的数据基础上,提出女性受害者是男性受害者的4.6倍的观点;第三位有代表性观点的研究学者Lucashenko在自己的学术研究报告中明确指出了女性受害者较多而社会关注度不够的一个重要原因是,有些女性把family violence理解为“传统的相处模式”,从而增加了反抗的无力感,同时又不甘心遵循这样的生活方式,从而指出女性面临的困境dilemma,为后来的研究者进一步展开调查研究提供了空间。

在内容逐渐完善的过程中,恰当地使用表达逻辑关系的语言,会使读者在阅读的过程中更容易条理清晰地把握相对复杂的内容。通过句式it is also agreed that...来表达该学者的某些研究成果在相关学术领域内的受肯定程度;通过介词despite来表达,在肯定研究成果的积极意义的同时,它所存在的不足也应该引起重视;通过副词moreover表达了三个研究成果之间的层层递进关系,也一步步带领读者与作者同步进入即将开始的新的研究领域的探讨。

(三)高度概括性特征在论文中的应用

前文具体讲述了如何写作文献综述的介绍部分和主体阐述部分,那么结尾部分的写作就充分体现了学术英语写作中的另一个特征——高度概括性。高度概括性不仅指作者用一两句话对前面的研究成果进行内容方面的总结,也指语言方面的高度概括。比如,通过比较分析The book focuses on the way in which academic skills are acquired和The book focuses on the acquisition of academic skills,可以看出,第一句話使用了从句 in which academic skills are acquired,第二句话使用了名词性短语 acquisition of academic skills。名词性短语的使用,既避免了语言的啰唆和被动语态的低效率使用,也提高了语言的简洁性和使用效率,而这一点正是学术英语写作区别于通用英语写作的重要特征之一。

三、结语

学术英语相对于通用英语来说,更注重语言输出的逻辑性、完整性和概括性,这是由学术英语的应用场合所决定的。这样的语言输出特点也因此决定了学习者在英语学习的过程中,需要严格控制语言输入的质量。

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作者:基于大学学术英语写作特点探究学位英语文献综述写作模式

第3篇:教师应该写作文教案

教师不写作文教案的原因是:《语文教学大纲》和《语文课程标准》在作文方面都是一些政策和理念上的宣示,缺乏具体的实践路径指向和策略的建构引导;各级教育行政部门没有推出权威的、有很高实践价值的作文教学实践指导用书;专家、学者脱离实际、高谈阔论,引领缺乏明确的指向性;一线的名家、名师实践经验个性化的成分居多,不能从本质上诠释作文指导的规律和路径;各级教育行政管理部门和学校对教师作文教案也疏于引领和管理。改进措施:国家或省级教育行政部门应编写权威的实用的作文教学用书,给教师教提供有用的明确指向、参考和凭借;专家、学者应深入一线,搞好调研、指导和示范工作;各级教育行政管理部门和学校对教师作文教案要加强引领和管理;教师要认真钻研作文理论和现代教育理论,锐意创新,积极探索作文指导新路径,努力建构适合自身教学的作文指导策略。

作文教案 原因 因应措施

一、案例素描

某市教研室对所属学校进行年度督导检查时,语文教研员意外发现,各学校的语文教师都没有作文教案。教研员很感奇怪,在最后的督导检查反馈会上厉声质问语文教师:“作文教案是不是应该写的常规教案?为什么没有作文教案?你没有作文教案怎么开展作文教学?”语文教师听了之后反应强烈:“是啊,我们从来没写过作文教案!多少年都是这样啊!”“学校也从来没检查过作文教案啊!”“作文教案咋写啊?”

不仅该市,即便是从全国来看,语文教师写作文教案的又有几人?长期以来,语文教师都是这样指导学生作文的:到作文时间了,教师选一个作文题给学生,稍微进行一下作文指导,然后让学生作文;教师批改作文后,再进行简单讲评。从上世纪80年代以来,教师们一直都习惯这样操作,也没有感觉不合适的。绝大部分教师都没有完整的作文教案。即便是实施新课程以来,仍然是这样操作。现在教研员突然提出这个问题,着实令人深思:教师为何不写作文教案?

二、原因透析

从上世纪使用的《语文教学大纲》到现在的《语文课程标准》,在作文方面都是一些政策和理念上的宣示,缺乏具体的实践路径指向和策略的建构引导,使语文教师无所参照和依托,作文教学陷入极度迷茫和散漫的原始状态。就以2002年4月教育部出台的《高中语文教学大纲》为例,在作文方面进行了九个方面的要求,主要是:观察生活、感受社会和人生,负责任地作文,有个性、有创意地表达,观点、内容、感情、思路、选材、结构的相关要求,正确使用各种表达方式,语言积累,作文修改、展示和评价,作文时间和次数要求等,而且都是很笼统的目标性描述。至于如何落实这些要求,大纲中只字未提。再看2003年4月教育部颁发的《语文课程标准》,关于“表达与交流”中的“书面作文”方面同样提出九条要求,主要是:观察生活、生活经历和体验、感受和思考社会和人生,负责任作文、表达真情实感,观点、内容、感情、思路、选材、结构的相关要求,有个性、有创意表达,正确使用各种表达方式,语言修炼,修改文章、展示和评价,作文时间和字数要求等。和《大纲》相比,内容雷同。至于“实施建议”是这样描述的:“在作文教学中,教师应鼓励学生积极参与生活,体验人生,关注社会热点,激发作文欲望。引导学生表达真情实感,不说假话、空话、套话,避免为文造情。指导学生根据作文需要搜集素材,可以采用走访、考察、座谈、问卷等方式进行社会调查,通过图书、报刊、文件、网络、音像等途径获得有用信息。应鼓励学生将自己或同学的文章加以整理,按照要求进行加工,汇编成册,回顾和交流学习成果。还可采用现代信息技术演示自己的文稿,学习用计算机进行文稿编辑、版面设计,用电子邮件进行交流。”这哪里是教学建议,除了少有的实践方式的指引外,更多的则是原则和目标性描述,根本没有实践路径和策略的具体建构。而且,没有提供可资借鉴的经验和范例,又缺乏丰富的教育文化和思想资料作为依托。于是,广大教师就依据自己的理解和经验,在自己的“一亩三分田”中随意而为,吃苦流汗不少,收效却甚微。时间长了,就心灰意冷,淡化作文教学了,更不要说写完整的“作文教案”了。

至今为止,各级教育行政部门没有推出权威的、有很高实践价值的,并且为广大教师乐于接受的作文教学实践指导用书。新课程改革开始实施,面对着新的教育理念和作文理念的提出,广大教师显得手忙脚乱,不知所措。一些省级的教育行政部门开始编写配套的新课程作文教学用书。这些资料,虽然以课程理念为指导,对各阶段、各年级的作文有了一个大体的设计和规划,而且围绕课程目标,在作文知识、技法和经验上进行了较系统的介绍、阐释和举证,但因为零散、杂碎、粗糙,实践价值不高,所以,教师大多不用。作文指导上,仍然是各敲各的锣、各吹各的号。一个学校、一个年级很难有统一的安排和总体规划。有些教师在学生学习初始阶段,干脆就不让学生写作或者少量写作,在大考来临之际,就推出一些“套路”或“模式”,让学生强化写作。提起作文,教师叫累,学生喊苦。自新课程实施以来,作文指导方面的真实情况和上世纪的情况没有大的区别,广大语文教师仍然沿用的是原先的一套作文指导策略,学生的写作水平没有实质性改善。

专家、学者脱离实际、高谈阔论,引领缺乏明确的指向性;一线的名家、名师的实践经验个性化的成分居多,不能从本质上诠释作文指导的规律和路径,教学缺乏有很高实践价值的作文经验资料。长期以来,一些专家、学者经常居于“云端”,手捧“天书”,传递着一些“理念”和“术语”,“高谈阔论”一些“规律”“本质”“意蕴”等,缺乏有效的实践指向和策略建构,让一线的教师如坠十里迷雾之中。当然,也有一些一线教师在自己大量的实践基础上,总结出了一些对他本人来说是有效的“模式”和“策略”,但因为这些名师的经验和策略多带有突出的个性化色彩,所以很多教师在模仿、实践之后,效果很不理想,于是又回归原始状态。这些年来,很时尚、很流行的“新概念作文”“绿色作文”“体验作文”“个性作文”等,往往是起始阶段喊得震天价响,应者如云,然而时日不长,不足以持久。如此等等,理论素养并不都很高的教师,在严重缺乏可以信赖的作文经验资料的背景下,怎能对学生进行有效的作文指导呢?

无须讳言,各级教育行政管理部门和学校对教师作文教案也疏于引领和管理。也可能受诸多因素的影响,各级教育行政管理部门和学校管理者从来没有或很少对教师的作文教案进行过引领,提出过明确的目标指向、总体规划和规范要求,甚至从不提作文教案。检查教案实际上只检查文本教案,根本不提作文教案;各种教案评比活动,也往往不提作文教案;各种各样优质课评比,也很少看到教师上作文指导课。很多管理者也认为,作文问题很大,作文指导也很成问题,但这一问题在全国语文教育界极为普遍,所以,很多教学几十年的老教师,在这方面经验积淀都很贫弱,真正成型的作文教案没有几个。年轻一点的教师更是缺乏相关的经验储备,大多教师提起写作文教案,都很茫然,不知道格式是什么,写什么,怎么写。如此种种,积重难返,着实令人心忧。

大量的作文实践经验告诉我们,学生的作文能力是读出来的,练出来的,不是凭教师的精心指导,学生就能写出锦绣文章的。我们纵观中外文学史上那些文学巨擘,有几个是靠教师的有效指导,就能创作璀璨环宇的煌煌巨著?再考察这些年来,各省高考满分作文的作者,又有几个是靠名师的指点就能写出一手漂亮文章的?其成功的经验主要在于大量的阅读和作文实践。实事求是地说,教师指导所起的作用微不足道。没有丰厚的阅读积淀,没有艰苦的练笔和深刻感悟,纵然是遇神人指点,也难以写出文采斐然的佳章。当然,在思维方法、观察人生和社会、作文知识和技法方面,教师可以对学生作适当的引导和指点,但从根本上说,作文能力的提升还靠学生自身的修为和历练。正像著名专家王荣生所说那样,作文不可教,尤其是“文学性的散文”。试问,神来之笔如何教?精妙的构思如何指导?这恐怕也是教师疏于写作文教案的原因之一。

三、因应之策

国家或省级教育行政部门应组织一流专家,编写权威实用的作文教学用书,给教师的教提供有用的明确指向、参考和凭借。几十年来,权威的实用的作文教学用书的缺失,不仅严重影响到教师作文指导的品质,而且已经深深妨碍了作文教学的健康发展。基于此,国家或省级教育行政部门应组织一流专家,以新课程理念为指导,以古代优秀作文理论和现当代优秀的作文范例为支撑,编写权威的实用的作文教学用书。内容包括:总的作文宏观规划和作文目标分解,教学实践路径指向和策略建构,生活储备,文学积淀,作文知识积累,文章技法识记和实践,美文赏析,作文层级提升,社团活动和作文评比等。同时每个阶段、每一学年、每一学期甚至每月的作文目标和力求所达到的层级都要有明确的分解和界定。实践的路径和策略一定要具体、明确、易操作、易见成效。拒绝粗制滥造。这样才能给教师的作文指导提供有力的支撑和凭借,指导教师写出高质量的作文教案。

专家、学者应深入一线,搞好调研、指导和示范工作。教师们迫切希望专家、学者不再立足于云端“指点江山”,而要“从高高的理论神坛”中走下来,深入一线,与广大的教师深入交流,探讨实用的作文指导策略和实践路径;深入课堂,接触师生,倾听他们的愿望和呼声,为他们排忧解难;现场上作文指导示范课,给教师以明确的导向;搞好调研工作,为决策部门提供真实的原始资料,提出科学的前瞻性建议;指导教师以科研为突破口,在研究中深化对作文规律的认识,探究优化作文指导路径;引领教师大胆探索、勇于创新,独辟蹊径,建构实效的作文指导路径。

各级教育行政管理部门和学校对教师作文教案要加强引领和管理。教育行政管理部门和学校应在充分调研的基础上,组织相关专家编写作文教案写作指导规范,从目标、内容、体例、格式、编写质量和数量进行明确界定。这样,为教师编写教案提供一个明确的指引和范式。同时,还要进行有效的管理,制定作文教案编写奖惩条例,加强教案的检查力度,将检查结果纳入绩效考核内容;每学期组织几次作文教案评比和优秀作文教案展览活动;鼓励教师多上作文指导课等等。

教师要克服懒惰情绪,认真钻研作文理论和现代教育理论,锐意创新,积极探索作文指导新路径,努力建构适合自身教学的作文指导策略。虽然作文能力的提升主要靠学生自身的修为,但如果教师指导目标明确,方法、策略得当,一定会对学生写作能力的快速提升,产生强有力的促进作用。基于此,广大教师要克服懒惰情绪,树立责任意识,认真钻研作文理论和现代教育理论,锐意创新,加快专业成长。要与时俱进,敢于探索,勇于探究,大胆实践,直面困难,正视挫折和失败。要利用课题研究、培训进修、理论研究、学术调研、学术研讨会等多种形式,不断对自身的作文指导状况进行理性的审视和探讨,抽象经验,总结教训,尽快提升作文指导的层次和品位;要善于借鉴学习和汲取各种作文研究成果和优秀经验;学会独立思考,善于反思,使每一个指导细节都能转化为宝贵的教育资源,让每一堂作文指导课都成为学生成长和个人智慧的增长点;要巧妙制定作文教学方案,科学设计教学思路,艺术地开展课堂教学,让每一堂课都既能充分展示自己的教学艺术个性和风格、显示出构思的别具匠心,又能成为学生身心发展的“琼浆玉液”;要勇于自我解剖,科学的自我评判;要虚怀若谷,善于倾听吸纳他人的意见,团结协作,经常分享各种信息资源,相互促进,共同提高。

我们认为,教师的每一个完整的作文教学方案应包含以下内容:学期作文目标和知识、能力分解,教学重点和难点,教学手段和策略,教学过程和师生互动,能力达成目标检测,作文训练等。从教师的作文指导过程来看,作文教案应包括作文前的知识、技能的指导,评改记录和综述,作文评讲等三部分组成。从学生整个作文系统能力的形成来看,作文教案应该包括学生读书、看报指导案,观察、思考生活指导案,素材积累沉淀教学方案,思维能力提升教学案,写作知识、技能积累和运用教学案,优秀作文赏析教学案,作文评讲教学案,文学社团活动指导案等等。总之,教师应依据学段、学期的写作目标、作文活动的特点,结合校情和学情,综合各方面的因素,为每一堂课编写出科学、实效的作文指导方案,这样,才能切实提高学生的写作能力。

参考文献

[1] 王荣生.我国的语文课为什么几乎没有写作教学.语文教学通讯,2007(12B).

【责任编辑 关燕云】

作者:徐永生 张向华

第4篇:英语学术演讲与写作4篇Summary

Summary of ‘scientists shouldn’t be surprised by the popularity of intelligent design’

In his article ’’ which addresses many scientists , grumps over the persistence of ID(intelligent design), scott Lilienfeld postulates that many Americans, approval of ID cannot be blamed on their lack of common sense but rather their dependence on their common sense or intuition in making judgments which turns them awayfrom the theory of natural selection. According to Lilienfeld ,the difficulty in intuiting how marvelous creatures and organisms have resulted from natural selection has prevented many Americans from accepting Darwinian Theory while the same common sense has made ID rather tempting to them.As is indicated by a multitude of examples of wrong beliefs based on common sense, intuition does not provide a reliable means of understanding the world. Unfortunately, scientists and science educators have failed to teach research methods and academic skills that can help debunk misconceptions compatible with people,s common sense. Finally , Lilienfeld concludes that a radical shift in science education has to be initiated so that scientists would not face a fiasco when confronting erroneous claims refuged by people,s common sense. Summary of ‘Empowerment and Restraint in Scientific Communication’ In his article “”, Philip Campbell highlights a dire likely consequence of biologists” increased ability to obtain and distribute scientific information that such information may be exploited by people with heinous intentions. Scientific communication, according to Campbell, has seen significant development due to the invention of powerful software and hardware that facilitate scientists” acquisition of information and reduce the trouble they may otherwise have to take in order to publicize their research. However, the resulting plethora of biological information spawns a hazard that the information may be used to build biological weapons, and this hazard has come to peoples attention with synthetic biologys recent development. Campbell points out that it is relatively easy to abuse biological knowledge while biological studies often bring about unexpected results.People using biological information for malicious purpose may be whoever have learnt to exploit simple biological technologies and are not necessarily committed to terrorist agendas. Campbell believes that the decisions made by funding agencies and scientific journals who are the gatekeepers of biological research will be crucial in reducing the risks of information abuse and what proactive measure should be taken has to be considered by all related parties. Summary of ‘ethical, legal and social implications of autonomous systems’ In his article“”Austin Modine highlights that robot driver will control the vehicles which raises problems in different social levels.Autonomous robots will deprive people of their control.For Modines assume that human interaction is necessary,but human will make mistakes because of their wrong decision.Autonomous systems also have a tendency to make mistake.And there is a problem that who will be responsible for the failure.A concern that autonomous systems are held back until they dont make mistakes any more.The reaction to failures between autonomous systems and manned systems should be chosen if it make less mistakes than human-operators and technical systems.Finally,Austine Modine conclude that many questions should be solved in order to make autonomous systems accept legally and socially. Summary of ‘why do things become more complex’

In his article “Why Do Things Become More Complex” Carrington highlights a phenomenon that simplicity becomes more complex, and people are interested in the complexity. In the history, the turbojet engine invented by Frank Whittle just use a simple compressor-turbine combination as the motivation. After many years, the jet engine changed more complicated as the pressure of commercial and military interests, usually by adding a subsystem. Modern engines have a vastly complex array of interconnected subsystems subassemblyes. The jet engines work like a cheetah both in the outside and inside, sleekly and complicatedly. In the process of growing complexity, it has many obstacle for people to overcome, such as new bureaucratic offices and departments. The complexity brings a mass of problems to keep the performance like maintenance repairs, et.al.. And functions and modifications tends to increase complexity through overcoming limitations, abnormal circumstances and adapting to the complex world. The renewable simplicity often emerges slowly after the growing complication. Finally, Carrington concludes that complexity should be checked so that it can evolves naturally and deliver powerful performance. And also need to final things to bring renewable simplicity after the complexity.

第5篇:学术论文写作教案1

第四讲 学术论文的选题

一、选题的意义

1、学术论文选题、学术论文题目、学术论文主题三者的关系

1)所谓选题,是选择研究的课题;是研究的范围、对象、目标、中心和方向;是研究试图解决的一个具体问题。 2)所谓题目就是论文的名称。 3)所谓主题,就是论文表达的中心意思,体现着作者对具体问题的认识、理解和评价。

4)三者中,选题的概念较大,一个选题可以写一篇论文、也可以写若干篇。 例:电影《夜宴》

2、选题的意义

1 所谓“题好文一半”

论文的价值取决于主题、主题的确立取决于研究工作、而研究工作是否有意义取决于选题。 具体而言有如下意义

1)提出一个问题比解决一个问题更难也更重要。

因为学科的范围实在太大,选题意味着选择研究对象和范围,没有具体的选题就如同没有靶子,无法走出科研第一步。 2)关系研究内容是否有价值 所谓价值,就是有用。

①对社会(应用与基础);对学科(前沿与纵深);对个人(挑战与中庸)来说标准都不一样。

2 ②研究成果是否有生命力?“文章千古事”,即时应景是大忌。

二、选题的要求 选题的科学性与可行性

1、对科研的兴趣及具备基本的条件 1)兴趣

兴趣是最大的动力,能够忍耐工作学习中的寂寞、枯燥、折磨合痛苦。 孔子:“知之者不如好之者,好之者不如乐之者”,否则就有抵触心理。但也要注意。单纯从兴趣出发去挑战专业以外的领域。 2)研究条件

①尽可能占有文献资料 ②要有研究基础,专业范围。

3 ③保证研究时间

2、密切联系实际的选题

结合地区、国家的实际需要。应用研究课题和基础研究课题(理工与人文)

3、选题新颖、立论根据充足、研究目标明确、研究方法科学

1)新颖,即有新见。初步写作很难。可以作为追求的目标

2)方法科学,掌握理论的“拐杖”。如各种理论武器。“重要的不是神话讲述的年代,而是讲述神话的年代”。一心为公的英雄与现下的财富英雄。

6、70年代的正面人物与当下的人物。

4、难易程度范围大小与研究条件 1)难易与范围要量力而行

4 2)现实条件,如图书资料

5、熟悉选题领域的研究状况 不用多说。 判断选题是否有价值 1)是否有开创性 2)是否有延伸性

三、选题的方法

一般讲,在阅读、整理文献时,选题就开始了。它是一个范围由宽泛、抽象到有限、具体的过程。

1、缩小观察点。《夜宴》是情感范围,但突破口是章子怡的婉后角色。只有她是人物的联结点。

2、浏览捕捉法。在材料上下功夫。

5 1)将文献资料归类 2)在点滴体会中找到灵感

3、追溯验证,主要在自然科学中

4、获得最佳选题的领域 1)学科中有争议的问题 2)社会急需的课题

3)学科历史中的攻关性课题

四、选题示范

第五讲 论文写作的具体过程

一、编写论文提纲

《文心雕龙》:“凡大体文章,类多枝源。整派者依源,理枝者循干。是以附辞会义,务总纲领。”

1、提纲的意义及重要性:

提纲就是文章的框架,犹如施工的蓝图。是给论文搭一个骨架,而这个骨架来源于作者前期对选题的初步研究结果。

但提纲又不于蓝图,施工方要严格按蓝图走,但写作的过程却是一个修修补补、不断改变设计的过程。这充分说明写作是一项具有高度创造性的工作。包括:结构安排、材料取舍、层次设置、论证的逻辑顺序等,力图达到:即使未能有明晰、畅达、连贯的思路,也应形成粗线条的逻辑体系。

否则会层次模糊、结构紊乱、详略失当。最明显的也有可能无话可说。

2、提纲的内容及格式(例)

7 1)内容:简纲:提出论文要点;编排论文目次。

详纲:既列纲目,更重要的,每部分的论点、论据、材料、论证方法甚至字数。推荐详纲。

2)格式:(例)

3、提纲的形式要求及编写方法 1)系统性、整体性 2)简明原则

二、起草论文初稿

1、初稿起草方法: 因人而异主要两种: 1)按提纲所写顺序依次写出 2)各个击破法,将论文分成不同部

8 分,按熟悉程度

2、起草初稿应注意的几个问题 1)避免知识普及型文章: 问题:论证过程罗嗦;选材不精当 2)不要做炫耀式文章:

问题:词藻华丽不等于有文采;旁征博引不易定增加文章的可信度

3)避免“浮光掠影”式文章

三、全面展开论证

论证:用论据通过一定方法和方式证明论点的过程

1、论证的一般要求 1)论点论据要统一

剔除游离于论点之外的论证。(阴谋

9 与爱情,只有两个人可以证明,太子不行)

论点和论据不统一:有观点无材料、有材料无观点、两者结合不紧密。

2)论证要步骤分明、深入浅出例:庄子《秋水》

2、论证的原则与表达 1)忌论点不明 2)忌偷换概念 3)忌循环论证 4)忌草率论证 几种方法: 1)旁征博引:

2)抽象概括:(上升理论高度)(云水谣:“意识形态腹语术”)

四、注意调整修改

1、调整修改的意义 1)负责任的表现 2)提高写作水平的途径 3)增强学术论文的理性色彩

2、调整修改的具体内容 1)论点的修正 2)论据的增删 3)论证的调整 4)文字的润色

3、调整的方法 1)调整的原则 2)调整常用的方法:

11 第六讲 社科学术论文写作、审鉴

一、社会科学学术论文含义、特点

1、论文内容:

分类:社会科学学术论文、自然科学学术论文。

社会科学:研究各种社会现象的科学,政治经济学、法学、历史学 、文艺学、美学、伦理学等。属于社会意识范畴。是“务虚”之学。

2、特点

1)抽象性:是研究有关社会本质和规律的问题,超越了具体的物质、形态研究。比如,历史学科是试图在纷繁的史料中还原所谓的历史真实。美学、文学、法学等等。抽取带有普遍意义的同

12 类事理的共性。

2)或可行(自圆其说)

研究对象是人和人类社会,其实多变、多因素、多层次、复杂的动态系统。研究者都是从某一个侧面深入其中,难免陷入盲人摸象的境地。

3)批判性

人类的认识都是累加的,所有后来的认识、知识都是一种认识批判。

4)综合性

在现代知识结构中更是如此,学科之间既相互区别,但联系也越发密切。

二、社会科学学术论文分类、写作要求

1、分类

1)理论型: 倾向于严密逻辑的推理,有谨严的体系,揭示的是人类社会和某门学科的普遍规律。哲学、法哲学、文艺学、美学等。

特征: 用纯粹抽象概念展开论述,表现为: 对概念的精确界定、对理论体系的充分展开。

2)专题性学术论文

对某一学科的具体现象展开分析。比如对文学艺术中具体的作家、作品、流派、思潮、风格进行研究。

3)考据型论文

根据历史文献、实物、文物等资料展开质疑、考察、判断研究。如《谈艺

14 录》、陕西考古队对兵马俑的研究。主要是需要第一手资料。

2、写作要求

1)具备一定的批判能力

敢于提出问题、审慎解决问题。胡适:“大胆假设、小心求证”

2)培养问题意识

具体而言,研究一个问题,要有如下追问:a这一问题前人是否已有研究?有哪些成绩?那些不足?b我的思路观点与前人相比,是否有进步?是否有独创?c支持我的观点的材料是否可靠?推理过程是否严密?方法是否科学?

3)逻辑建构能力

首先,“破”还是“立”;其次,论

15 证结构是总分总,还是变体;第三段落逻辑的前后衔接安排。

4)文献检索能力

三、社科论文的行文与表述

1、以议论性语言为主,尽量要准确严密。

2、正确驾驭资料,数据参考:1万字论文,60个工作日阅读资料、每天记笔记2-3000字、大约会有10几万字的资料积累。

3、复述引证与节录引证

1)复述:复述要忠于原作、为论点服务、目的不在叙而在议。

11

16 2)节录:原文引用,做好注释;整段引用不加引号。比正文再内所两格,一般与正文的字体不同。

注意:支持论点、翔实准确、不做“文抄公”

自然科学论文写作(略)

审鉴

四、学术论文分级(品级)

1、鉴定评审

作为科研成果通常要审定,起码要公开发表。

2、学术品位

横向:学年论文、毕业论文、学位论

17 文

纵向:学士、硕士、博士

五、如何鉴审

1、鉴审学术价值的标准 1)从标题估量

虽然负面,但可初步判断

„„我见;„„新见;„„新论;容易做的是与人“商榷”。 2)从立论估量

是否提出新问题、立起新的起点,开创学科、研究领域等。 3)从使用的资料估量

a新鲜资料的重要性,如红学、敦煌学、考古学等;

b对原有资料的科学认识和处理,如刘

18 鹗(铁云)对甲骨文的收集研究; 4)从分析论证方法上估量

使用新的研究方法会推陈出新,比如:叙事分类研究

三、学术论文的使用 高境界:对社会生产力的推动 中境界:对研究成果的纪录 低境界:为毕业、为发表、为职称

19 第七讲 学术论文的发表、论文答辩

发表

一、发表的要求与条件

出版单位的要求:思想内容、表达形式;本身质量、社会价值

1、正文的要求 1)政治性要求

政治观点正确,辩证唯物主义与历史唯物主义的把握。

2)社会价值

符合时代精神;对当下现实提出问题并解决问题;有创造性。

3)科学性要求 所谓的业务标准

2、正文的形式要求

20 正文的小标题统

一、名词术语规范、数字运用一律

3、正文的格式要求

现在此问题不大,word有统一规范。

二、投稿的操作与注意事项 写论文就要发表,注意以下事项

1、形式完整(打印稿,不存在整洁问题,但规范的形式是对编辑的尊重)

2、刊物选择

1)注意刊物级别问题

一般期刊;核心:一般、CSSCI、权威

2)注意刊物的选稿来源问题 3)注意刊物的选稿题材体裁问题 4)注意投稿时机

21

3、与编辑的联系 1)方式

登门自荐、书信联络、通过第三者推荐

2)注意事项

正常业务交往;谦虚得体

答辩

一、答辩的意义

1、考察论文真实性

较低角度:是否建立在科学基础上、是否遵循实事求是原则、是否是本人亲自撰写

2、考察论文质量

较高角度:立论、论证、材料、结

22 构、创造性

3、论文的修改补充完善

从作者角度:与专家互动过程中的受益,是学术见解的交流与深化。

二、答辩的一般程序

答辩,以专业为单位成立的答辩委员会对学术论文的集体审查。一般3-7人。

程序如下:

1、学位评定委员会主席宣布举行答辩,介绍学位申请人姓名和答辩委员会成员名单

2、主席宣布答辩开始

3、指导教师介绍申请人情况

4、申请人报告论文主要内容(时间

23 长短不等)

5、委员会成员提问、申请人(准备时间)回答

6主席宣布休会 7举行答辩委员会会议 8主席宣布复会

9主席公布评语及表决结果

三、答辩前的准备

1、心理准备 1)树立信心

整理好有关资料,自己的文章一定能讲好

2)端正态度

克服紧张畏难和漫不经心两级态度

3、内容准备

24 尽管是自己写的,也要准备答辩词 3)物质准备

主要是材料要带齐(有同学居然空手而来)

四、答辩人的程序

1、自我介绍

2、简述答辩内容

四点:选题的内容和意义;研究问题的关键;解决问题的对策和特色;对策的论据和结论。目的是表述自己对选题的把握、研究和理解的程度

注意时间(10分钟)言简意赅 3对论文作简单自我评价(可略)

五、委员会成员可能的提问点

25

1、对论文的思考点创新点比较关注

2、对论文的论点、结论比较关注

3、对论点的逻辑起点(问题的由来)及引申处比较关注

六、答辩人回答问题的注意事项

1、听清楚提问的题意 特别是没听清时一定要追问

2、通过对问题的“限定”缩小回答范围

“关于这个问题,我想着重谈一点(二点)„„”

“您这个问题我觉得主要是指„„”

3、先易后难,树立信心

26

4、简洁明快、不枝不蔓

5、坦诚直言、失言莫辩

6、把握分寸、见好就收

看一篇《论文综合症》与君共勉(星期三的班) 27

第6篇:应用文写作教案 学术论文

第九章 经济论文 第一节

财经学术论文

一、财经学术论文的概念与种类

概念:财经学术论文是对财经科学领域中的问题进行总结、研究、探讨,表述财经科学研究成果的文章。

种类:从不同角度,财经学术论文可以划分成不同的种类。

1、按照研究对象和应用范围划分,可分为宏观财经学术论文和微观财经学术论文。

2、按照议论性质划分,可分为论述型财经学术论文和争论性财经学术论文。

二、财经学术论文的结构与写法

一篇完整、规范的财经学术论文通常由标题、作者署名、摘要、关键词、正文、注释、参考文献目录等几个部分组成。

(一)标题

应写得简鲜明,准确得体,一般不超过20个字。必要时可用一破折号加副标题放在主标题之下。

(二)作者署名

作者姓名写在标题之下中间或稍之偏右的位置,署名和标题之间要空出一行。两个字的姓名,中间要空一格。

(三)摘要

一般包括:研究目的、对象、方法、结果、结论和应用范围等,是对论文内容不加注释和评论的概括性陈述。

(四)关键词

关键词又称主题词,从论文中选出最能代表论文中心内容特征的名词和术语,以3—8个字为宜。

(五)正文

正文内容是作者学术理论水平和创造才能的集中体现,是论文的主体。正文

1 结构有其“基本性”,即绪论、本论、结论。

1、绪论。说明研究的动机,目的和意义。

2、本论。具体表述研究成果,展开形式一般有并列式和掘进式两种。

3、结论。总结全文,强调重点,文字宜干净利落。

(六)注释

按其功用可分为两类,一类是补充内容的注释,一类是注明资料出处的注释。 按其形式可分为三种:夹注、脚注、尾注。

(七)参考文献目录

参考文献按姓名、题名、出版事项的顺序依次排列。

三、财经学术论文的写作要求

1、选题要有明确目的,应优先选择对当前财经工作有重要意义,在学术上有探讨价值的题目。

2、对选定的题目必须有自己独特的发现或独到的见解。

3、要按照绪论、本论、结论的基本型写作,语言要精确、严肃、庄重、简洁、明白晓畅。

第二节 财经毕业论文

一、财经毕业论文的概念和种类

概念:财经毕业论文是高等院校财经类专业的学生在修业期满时撰写的,总结自己专业知识与研究某一财经问题的财经论文。

种类:由于性质、研究对象、功用不同,一般可分为专题论说型、问题综述型、问题论辩型三类。

特点:科学性、理论性、现实性、指导性。

二、财经毕业论文的写作

财经毕业论文的写作,包括选题、收集材料、拟写题纲、撰写初稿、修改、定稿等几个环节。

(一)选题

选题方式有三种:一种是从老师命题的题目中选,二是从自己接触的财经问题中选,三是在老师的引导下选题。

(二)收集材料

收集材料的途径有两条:一是深入调查研究,掌握第一手材料。二是阅读书

2 报文献,掌握第二手材料。

(三)拟定提纲

财经毕业论文提纲包括的项目有:

1、标题

2、基本论点

3、内容纲要

(四)撰写初稿

撰写初稿应注意以下几个方面的问题:

1、合理安排结构

2、精心安排层次

3、掌握布局技巧

⑴开门见山,首尾相助;⑵能放能收,有起有伏;⑶前后照应,上下衔接。

(五)修改

根据指导老师的审搞意见仔细修改,并将修改稿交指导教师进行终审认可。

(六)定稿

按照规范的文面格式,在专业的毕业论文稿纸上认真抄写,最后定稿。

三、财经毕业论文的构成形式与装订

(一)财经毕业论文的构成形式

财经毕业论文的构成形式大体上有以下几个方面:

1、标题。标在第一行的正中。

2、内容提要。提示论文的主要观点。

3、正文。包括绪论、本论、结论三个部分。

4、参考文献(或注释)

(二)财经毕业论文的装订

要按照一定的顺序装订成册,再另上封面。封面设计要朴素大方,要写也论文的题目、学校、专业(系科)、指导老师姓名、作者姓名、完成年月日。

思考与练习题:按照财经论文的写作要求,结合自己专业毕业论文的写作计划,拟写一份财经毕业论文提纲。

第7篇:初中英语写作教案

一. 步骤

1 审题:审清作文体裁(类型)时态、人称等细节; 2 列提纲(文章结构框架):分几段,以及每段大体内容; 3 写作:在提纲的基础上补充要点;

4 复查:看查拼写、语法、标点等问题,靠语感检查语句是否通顺、连贯等; 5 誊抄:不允许做任何的更改。 1.动笔之前,认真审题

《中考考试说明》指出,书面表达要切中题意。怎样才能切中题意?就是要认真审题,看到考题后,先不要急于动笔,要仔细看清题目要求的内容。在自己的头脑中构思出一个框架或画面,确定短文的中心思想,不要匆匆下笔,看懂题意,根据图画、图表、提纲或短文提供的资料和信息来审题。审题要审格式、体裁、人物关系、故事情节、主体时态、活动时间、地点等。 2. 围绕中心,拟定提纲

要点是给分的一个重要因素。为了防止写作过程中遗漏要点,同学们要充分发挥自己的观察力,把情景中给出的各个要点逐条列出。根据短文的中心思想考虑如何开头、展开和结尾,设想几个承上启下的连词,将主要句型、关键词语草草记下,形成提纲,写时切忌结构分散,废话连篇,严重跑题。书面表达,内容广泛,题材多样,要弄清考题的要求是写人、叙事、介绍、评论、图表、书信、日记、通知、便条还是看图作文或改写缩写。如果是日记,要写清年、月、日和天气情况;如果是书信,则要注意书信的格式,注意短文字数不要低于或超过规定的字数太多。

3.中考作文时,由于时间紧、内容多,同学们出错在所难免。

因此,改错这一环节必不可少。中考作文评卷是根据要点、语言准确性、上下文的连贯性来给分,根据错误多少来扣分。因此,中考时花几分钟时间用来检查错误显得尤为重要。检查错误应从以下几个方面入手: (1) 格式是否有错。 (2) 拼写有无错误。 (3) 语言是否用错。 (4) 时态、语态错误。 (5) 标点错误。

(6) 人称是否用错。

二.作文一般框架:文章分3段:

(1)综述:概括性强,最多2句话引入主题;

(2)正文——主要内容:层次性强,一定要有过渡型连接词。最多展开3 个方面,每个方面最多2句话;

(3) 结尾:紧扣主题,2句话内结束,尽量升华。 三.技巧

1.上下文要连贯。上下文的连贯性也是评分的一条原则,因此同学们应把写好的句子,根据故事情节,事情发生的先后次序(时间或空间),使用一些表示并列、递进等过渡词进行加工整理,使文章连贯、自然、流畅。 2.不会表达时 (1) 迂回而行 当汉语词义不会用英语表达时,可以想一个与这个汉语词义相似的几种词义。扩展思路,然后从英语中找出一个与其词义相近的代替。这样可有异曲同工之妙。 (2) 小词大用

汉语中有些语意看来很复杂很文雅,但在英语中可用一些常用词表达。下面这些词可能在你的书面表达中很有用:take, have, get, make, come, go, do, see, show, happy, nice, kind, help 等。 (3) 借花献佛

有时书面表达中需要的单词或词组或许在试卷中的其他地方出现。因为刚刚做过题,记忆犹新,那么就可信手拈来,为我所用。 注意事项

1.时态一致

必须注意所用时态符合上下文。如果用过去时叙述一个故事,就要保证通篇都用过去时,不要在作文中间变成现在时。同样,如果是在谈论普遍问题、现状或日常习惯,就要用现在时,而不要用过去时

Yesterday I did my homework. It takes me

three hours.

His father thought he is good at math. 2. 主语一致

应该保持全文人称一致,这样读者才能跟随一个逻辑思维顺序。否则读者会感到困惑。 e.g. Although you may fail the exam, he can still be useful to the country. 3. 主谓一致/人称一致

确保语法正确。

e.g. Things I hate to do is doing homework.

Every people start to learn English. 4. 词序/语序

它能够帮助准确表达作者本意并并避免意义含糊不清。注意要让句子尽量保持英语的表达习惯。

e.g. I already have had lunch.

She with her mum traveled to Italy

In China, he knew there were big floods. 5.避免词的重复。

e.g. All in all, we had a wonderful trip. We travelled across Sydney, Canberra and Melbourne. We saw the beautiful coast of Queensland. We toured all of Perth. We had a great visit with Dan. Perhaps we will go again next winter.

第8篇:英语写作教案 2

XXXXXX学院教案

2013—2014学第一学期

授课课程:英语写作 授课教师:XXXX 授课班级:交流生项目英语强化班

1 授课章节名称 Chapter 1 Using proper words 教学目的与要求 Grasp correct usage of words 教学重点 Diction

教学难点 The ways of distinguishing the levels of words 思考题与作业 Task 1-2 教学内容、设计与时间安排:

I. Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II. Teaching procedures

Step 1. Revision and lead-in 1. Tell the function of the words 2. Discuss the synonyms and antonyms Step 2. Presentation: Ⅰ. Types of words

The words that are often used may be divided, from a stylistic point of view, into three types: formal, common, and colloquial Formal words may also be called learned words, or literary words, or bigwords. They mainly appear in formal writing, such as scholarly or theoretical works, political and legal documents, and formal lectures and addresses. Many such words contain three or more than three syllables; most of them are of Greek or Latin origin. They are seldom used in daily conversation, except for special purposes. Ⅱ. Choice of words

The meaning of a word has two aspects: denotative and connotative. A word’s denotation is what it literally means, as defined by the dictionary; its connotation is the feeling or idea suggested by it. For instance, country, nation, state and land have more or less the same denotation and may all be translated into guojia in Chinese, but their connotations are quite different. Country refers to an area of land and its population and government, nation emphasizes the people of a country, state refers to the government or political organization of a country, and land is less precise but more literary and emotive than country. As compared here, these four words may be said to be synonyms. English is particularly rich in synonyms as a result of incorporating words from other languages over the centuries. But we should remember that it is difficult to find two words that are exactly the same in meaning and use. They may be different in stylistic level, in the degree of emphasis, in emotional coloring, in tone, and in collocation. Small and little are often interchangeable, but there is some difference in emotional coloring between them. Small is objective, while little may imply a feeling of fondness. Modest and humble both indicate a lack of pride, but modesty is a virtue and humbleness is not. Humble often connotes undue self-depreciation. So they are different in tone: one is laudatory and the other is derogatory. Some synonyms have different collocations: they are habitually used with certain words. Large, not big, for instance, is used to modify nouns like amount, number and quantity (a large amount of money, a large number of people, a large quantity of beer, etc.). Similarly, with nouns denoting personal qualities, such as courage, confidence, ability, and wisdom, not big or large, but great, is commonly used.

Ⅲ.General and specific words and synonyms

Comparatively speaking, some words are more general or more specific in meanin

2 g than others. Professionals, for instance, is more general than scientists, doctors, teachers, lawyers, journalists, etc. all of which are more specific. But scientists may be called a general word when compared with physicists or chemists, which, in turn, is more general than biochemists. It is easy to see that the specific words on the right are much more concrete and colorful than the general ones on the left; they seem to make the reader see, hear, or feel what the writer wishes to describe. Using specific words should go along with providing details, and then there will be effective and impressive writing. Study the following examples. Ⅳ. Idioms and some phrases

An idiom is a fixed group of words with a special meaning which is different from the meanings of the words that form it. To read a book‖, for instance, is not an idiom, for the meaning of the phrase is the meanings of the three words put together, and ―a book‖ can be replaced by other words like ―a newspaper‖ or ―a novel‖. To ―read between the lines‖ is different. The four words that form the phrase give no hint as to what it means and none of the words can be changed to form another understandable phrase. Idioms are frequently used in speech and writing. They help to make one’s language sound natural and idiomatic. But in using them foreign learners of English should remember the following two points: (1) most idioms are informal or colloquial in style and can be used in conversation; but a few are slang and should be used with care, such as all balled up, meaning troubled or confused, and to cough up, meaning to produce something; (2) many idioms have become clichés and are no longer fresh or interesting, such as armed to the teeth and as good as gold, and should be used sparingly. Step 3. Practice: List some idioms, such as: Practice makes perfect. When in Rome, do as the Romans do. All roads lead to Rome. Step 4. Summary:

1. Make a brief summary of the word usage 2. Summarize the synonyms Step 5. Assignment: Chapter 1 Finish doing the task 1,2 ,3 on p2-14

3 Chapter 2 Making correct and effective sentences 教学目的与要求 Grasp the coordinative and subordinate sentences 教学重点 The ways of making complex sentences in writing 教学难点 The ways of making complex sentences in writing 思考题与作业 Task 1-13 教学内容、设计与时间安排:

I. Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II. Teaching procedures

Step 1. Revision and lead-in

1. Review the ways of complex sentence making

2. Discuss the functions of coordination and subordination Step 2. Presentation:

I. coordination and subordination

1. Some sentences follow climactic order, the last word being the most important, and because many words are piled up before the key word, the sense of climax is made very strong. Most of the sentences are compound and compound-complex, and all of them, except the second half of the last sentence, are loose in structure. There is no suspense or climax; the tone is easy, relaxed and informal. The writer uses these loose sentences because he is enumerating facts or ideas of equal importance, and also because he aims at a natural and orderly presentation. Loose sentences are easier, simpler, more natural and direct; periodic sentences are more complex, emphatic, formal, or literary. When a sentence contains two or more chapters of the same form and grammatical function, it is one with parallel constructions: Such parallel sentences are emphatic and forceful. When a sentence contains two parallel clauses similar in structure but contrasted in meaning, it is a balanced sentence. Balanced sentences are impressive because of the contrast, and pleasing to hear because of the rhythm. They are mainly used in formal writing, like expository and argumentative prose, and speeches. 2.Figures of speech

There are various ways of using words figuratively. They are called figures of speech. Among the most common of them are: 1. Simile it is a comparison between two distinctly different things and the comparison is indicated by the word as or like: 2. Metaphor it is the use of a word which originally denotes one thing to refer to another with a similar quality. It is also a comparison, but the comparison is implied, not expressed with the word as or like. If Robert burns had written ―0 my loves a red, re rose‖ with the word like omitted, he would have used a metaphor instead of a simile. In the changed line, my love‖ is also compared to a red rose, but there is no word to indicate the comparison; hence rose is a metaphor.

Step 3. Practice: Make some coordinative and subordinate sentences according to the knowledge mentioned above.

Step 4. Summary: 1. Make a brief summary of the ways of making oordinative and subordinate sentences 2. Summarize the contents of this subject

Step 5. Class writing Exercise: Solar Energy Reference answer: The energy crisis the world is now experiencing has forced scientists to investigate new sources of energy. It is clear that the fossil fuel era is gradually coming to an end. Oil and nat

4 ural gas will be depleted first, followed eventually by coal. The need for developing energy alternatives is thus evident. Solar power is receiving wide attention as one of the possible best sources of energy. It has mainly two factors in its favor. Firstly, unlike fossil fuels, it is an environmentally clean source of energy. Secondly, it is an abundant and inexhaustible source of energy. However, solar power has its disadvantages. One of them is that large collecting areas are required. The second disadvantage is that this system would not work in a cloudy area as well as at night. However, in sunny area, solar power could help solve the energy crisis.

Step 6. Assignment: Chapter 2 Task1,2 P28-34

授课章节名称 chapter 3 Developing paragraphs

5 教学目的与要求 Grasp the skills of developing paraphs 教学重点 The ways of skillfully using emphatic sentences 教学难点 Grasp the skills of wring effective sentences 思考题与作业 Task 13-20 教案内容:

I. Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II. Teaching procedures

Step 1. Revision and lead-in

1. Review the functions of coordination and subordination 2. Discuss the skills of wring effective sentences Step 2. Presentation: Effective Sentences 1. Unity Unity is the first quality of an effective sentence. A unified sentence expresses a single complete thought. It does not contain ideas that are not closely related, nor does it express a thought that is not complete by itself. 2.Coherence Coherence means clear and reasonable connection between chapters, a sentence is coherent when its words or chapters are properly connected and their relationships unmistakably clear. It is not coherent if it has faulty parallel constructions, pronouns with ambiguous reference, dangling or misplaced modifiers, confusing shifts in person and number, or in voice, tense, and mood. Parallel ideas had better be expressed in parallel constructions, which give emphasis, clarity and coherence to a sentence. ―what he says‖ and ―his deeds‖ are not parallel in form, so one of them has to be changed. The second sentence is faulty for the same reason and can be improved in the same way. In the third, ―faith‖ and ―hope‖ are parallel, but they should be followed by different prepositions. The three sentences are labeled ―faulty‖ because of the unclear or wrong connection between certain chapters. In the first sentence ―about sportsmen‖ seems to modify ―magazine,‖ but it should modify ―story.‖ In the second the which-clause is related to ―bag‖ but apparently it is meant to modify ―books.‖ In the third ―at first‖ may modify ―mentioned‖ and may also modify ―sounded‖ –an ambiguity that should be cleared up. All the faults are caused by misplaced modifiers. The faulty sentences are not coherent because of a confusing change in person, in number, in mood, and in voice respectively. A sentence should be consistent in these respects. Unnecessary shifts should be avoided. 3. Conciseness

Chapter 7 writing for practical purpose letters

6 教学目的与要求 Grasp the skills of writing personal and business letters 教学重点 The ways of writing business letters 教学难点 The ways of writing business letters 思考题与作业 Task 19-26 教学内容、设计与时间安排: 教案内容:

I. Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II. Teaching procedures

Step 1. Revision and lead-in 1. Review the skills of notices and note writing 2. Discuss the skills of writing personal and business letters Step 2. Presentation: I. Letters

Letters are important means of communication. Generally speaking, there are two types of letters, business letters and personal letters. … 1. Form A letter has six chapters: the heading, the inside address, the salutation, the body, the complimentary close, and the signature. (1) The heading The heading gives the full address of the writer and the date of the letter. … (2) The inside address The inside address, which is often omitted in personal letters, gives the name and full address of the addressee. (3) The salutation The salutation is a greeting to the addressee. It is written flush with the left margin two spaces below the inside address. (4) The body In the body of the letter, all paragraphs should begin flush with the left margin (the block style) or begin with an equal indention (the indented style), and the letter is usually single-spaced within the paragraph and doubled-spaced between paragraphs. (5) The complimentary close The closing of a business letter consists of three chapters: complimentary close, signature, and the typed name. In the complimentary close, only the first word is capitalized. …

2. Language

The style and tone of letters can be greatly varied. General speaking, the style and tone of a personal letter differ from those of a business letter-the former is casual, whereas the latter is formal. … (1) Business letters 1) Invitation 2) Application for entry to a college 4) Applications for visas (2) Personal letters II.. Curriculum Vitae A curriculum vitae(c. v.) or resume is a short written account of the main events of one’s life. It is often required when one applies for a job. … 1. Name; Unlike most Westerners. We Chinese put our family name at the beginning as surname, whereas they put it at the end as last name. … 2. Address: If you like, you may write both your business or temporary address and your home address for example: … 3. Telephone: (0) or(W) is put after your office telephone number and (H), your home telephone number. 4. Marital status: Put single or married(, no/two children). 5. Education: schools should be listed either in chronological order (usually starting from the year when you entered college or when you got your first degree) or from the most recent backwards with the dates of attendance. … 6. Professions/work Experience: Under this heading, in addition to the date, write also your position/title and the name of the institution. For example: … 7. Awards/Honors and scholarships: these include scholarships, fellowships, grants, etc: 8. Publications: Books and articles follow the format of the bibliography card in chapter Eight The Research Paper, with the name of the author omitted. … 9. Professional Affiliations/Memberships: Examples under this heading are: 10. Lang

7 uages: You may write the following under this heading: 11. References/Referees: They are people who know you and can offer information or recommendation. The normal number of references is two or three, and it is imperative that you obtain their permission before using their names. In addition to names of your references, provide also their positions, full addresses and telephone numbers. Step 3. Practice:

Discuss the method of writing a business letter with the method mentioned above. Step 4. Summary:

1.Make a brief summary of the ways of letter writing 2.Summarize the contents of this subject Writing exercise: Write a personal letter to your friend (about 200 words) Step 5. Assignment: Chapter 7 Task11-20 p202-216

授课章节名称 Chapter 8 Preparing research papers Steps and formats

8 教学目的与要求 Grasp the methods of writing the research paper 教学重点 The format of research paper 教学难点 The format of research paper 思考题与作业 Task 1-7

教学内容、设计与时间安排、教案内容:

I. Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II. Teaching procedures

Step 1. Revision and lead-in

1. Review the skills of writing personal and business letters 2. Discuss the methods of writing the research paper Step 2. Presentation: I. Definition and Purpose

Having learned how to write essays, we are now working at the highest and the most difficult stage of writing—thesis writing or writing of a research paper. … In the process of preparing a research paper, we may at least achieve the following: 1) we may learn how to use libraries, how to read books critically and efficiently, and how to use them wisely and correctly. 2) we may familiarize ourselves with the knowledge and mechanics necessary for writing a research paper.

II. Steps

We go through five steps or stages in the process of preparing a research paper: 1) choosing a topic; 2) collecting information; 3) analyzing the information, organizing ideas, and working out an outline; 1. Choosing a Topic The selection of a topic is the first important step in preparing a research paper. An inappropriate decision about a research topic may lead to the failure of the whole project, or at least a waste of time and energy. … 1) Selecting a general topic 2) Reading and thinking 3) Narrowing down the scope of our topic to a facet or facets which can be developed into a research paper. The following points may be used as a set of criteria for our final topic: (1) It should be a topic that is meaningful and serious. (2) It should be a topic which we are able to handle. (3) It should be a topic for which sufficient materials are available. (4) It should be a topic that can be treated objectively, a topic that does not involve personal likes or dislikes. The following example shows how to restrict the scope and how to work out a suitable topic for a research paper: It should be a topic which we are able to handle. 2. Collecting information It is impossible for us to write a paper of some significance without any information, … 1) Using the library A library is a center of information. … Sample 1 About the adventures of march in the title catalogue file, we can find one of more cards for the novel published by different companies and at different times:… 2) Reading Most of the information or raw material for a paper will come from books, … 3) Taking notes While reading, we should take notes because it is almost impossible for us to remember everything we have read and without good notes it is very difficult for us to produce a good research paper. 3. Analyzing the information, organizing ideas and working out an outline 1) The thesis statement 2) Outlining

4. Writing The First Draft 1) Using our own words 2 Using the proper tenses

9 3) Uniting facts and views 4) Paying attention to logic and organization 5) Making our tone objective rather than personal 6) Choosing the right style

5. Revising the Draft and Finalizing the Paper III Format

1. components of a paper 1) thesis statement and outline 2) Introduction 3) Body 4) Conclusion 5) In-text notes and works cited

2. Use of Quotations 1) Rules regarding the use of quotations 2) When to use direct quotations 3) How to use direct quotations 3.Use of notes 1) Avoiding plagiarism 2) note forms 3) Notes for supplementary information 4. Works cited 1) The book catalogue 2) Making bibliography 3) Bibliography cards for books Step 3. Practice: Discuss the method of writing a research paper with the method mentioned above. Step 4. Summary: 1.Make a brief summary of the ways of research paper writing 2.Summarize the contents of this subject

第9篇:经贸英语写作 教案. doc

Unit 5 Part 1 Placing Orders(订货)

● General Introduction An order may result from the buyer’s acceptance of an offer made by the sellers or from the sellers’ acceptance of a counter-offer made by the buyers. An order can either be a letter or a printed form or both.

Compared with the offer/quotation, the order is a more common form of correspondence(通信) of obtaining equipment, services, supplies(供货). So besides a letter or memorandum(备忘录), or a printed form, it can be given by faxes, or e-mails, or even orally the phone or at the meeting. The essential quality of an order is clarity and accuracy. An order should include: 1) Name and specification or

description of the commodity 2) Quality 3) Quantity 4) Prices (unit price and total value) and price terms 5) Terms of payment 6) Port of shipment and port of destination(装运港和目的港) 7) Date and method of shipping 8) Package The following structures are recommended in placing an order: 1) Use direct language in the first paragraph to refer the seller to the previous contact acknowledging that you have received the offer and have the intention to place an order.

2) Describe what is being ordered in great detail. Indicate the catalogue numbers, sizes, colors, prices, specifications and all other relevant information. Two paragraphs will be

needed to fulfill this part. The first paragraph is to give the detailed description of your order. The second one is to state the terms of payment and the anticipated(预期的) date of delivery and the mode(模式) of transportation. 3) Close the letter by expressing willingness to cooperate.

● Sample Reading Sample 1

体育用品公司确认某公司初次订购 Dear Sirs,

We want to say how pleased we were to receive your order of 25 March for our sport supplies and welcome you as one of our customers. We confirm supply of the goods at the prices stated in(以…中标明的价格)your letter and are arranging for

dispatch next week by sea. When the goods reach you we feel confident you will be completely satisfied with them at the prices offered(以所报价格), for they represent exceptional(特别的) value. As you may not be aware of the wide range of(种类广泛的) goods we are dealing in(从事), we are enclosing a copy of our catalogue and hope that our handling of your first order with us will lead to further business between us and

2mark the beginning of a happy working relationship.

Yours faithfully, XXX Notes: 1. dispatch: v. 发送, 派遣, 迅速处理 e.g., If the buyers failed to ~ the vessel

in time, the sellers shall have the right to claim compensation for their losses.

1如买方不能及时派遣运送船只,卖方有权要求赔偿损失。

We are anxious to ~ a business in hand. 我们急于办完手头一项业务。

~ your order when we have stock. 一有货,马上发送。

2. mark the beginning of:标志…的开端

Sample 2

桌布生产厂对买方1万打桌布订单的确认函

Dear Sirs,

We are pleased to receive your order of th19 January for tablecloths and welcome as one of our customers.

We confirm(确认) 10,000 dozen tablecloths at the prices stated in your letter and will arrange for delivery(安排

1发货) by the first available steamer upon receipt of(一收到)your L/C. We

feel confident that when the goods 2reach you, you will be completely satisfied with them at the prices offered.

34The draft contract is being drawn up

5and will be submitted to you for approval(为…批准) as soon as it is ready. We hope the conclusion(成交) of this deal will pave the way for(为…铺平道路) further friendly cooperation between us and mark the beginning of a good working relationship.

Yours faithfully, XXX Notes: 1.the first available steamer:第一艘(可得的)轮船

2. reach: v. 到达; 达成

We’re taking all necessary steps for the opening of the L/C and hope it will reach you in a week or so.

我们正采取一切措施开立信用证,希望一周左右抵达你处。

reach an agreement 达成协议 3. draft contract: 合同草案 draft: n. 草稿, 草案

e.g., She asked me to check the ~ of the contract. 她要我审查一下合同的初稿。 v. 起草, 草拟

e.g., draft a proposal for the project. 请为该计划草拟一个方案。 4. draw up: 准备, 起草

e.g., We will have the contract drawn up for signature tomorrow. 我们将把合同拟好,以便明天签字。 5. submit: v. 提交, 提供

e.g., Please ~ specifications, preferably with illustrations. 请提供规格,最好有插图

● Useful Expressions: 1. Thank you for your offer of June 5. Your prices and quality are

satisfactory and we are sending you an order as follows. 感谢贵方6月5日的报盘,产品价格及质量都令我方满意,现随附如下订单。

2. We’re glad to have closed(finished/ put-through/concluded/finalized/rea- -lized) this transaction with you. 我们很高兴和贵方达成这笔交易。 3. If you can execute the order to our full satisfaction, we will place further orders with you. 如果你方对此次订单的处理能够完全令我方满意,我方将会有更多的订单。 4. To get things started, we would like to make a trial purchase. 为使交易起步,我们愿意试购买。 5. We’re very sorry that we’re not in a position to accept your order but hope that you will understand our situation. 我们非常抱歉不能接受此订单,但希望贵方能理解我们的处境。

● Writing Practice: I. Translate(on class) Dear Mr. Johnson,

Thank you for your letter of July 15 enclosing your order for 8000 meters of 100 cm wide watered silk.

Unfortunately, we no longer supply this silk. Fashions constantly change and in recent years the demand for watered silk has fallen to such an extent that we have ceased to produce it.

Our satin silk is selling very well in many countries for its extra smoothness and softness. It has more patterns and agrees with the latest fashion of returning to the ancients(复古). I am sending you a full range of(各种各样的) patterns by parcel post. If you decide to place an order(订购) we can supply

them promptly.

We look forward to your reply.

Sincerely yours,

(Signature)

Larry Sun

Key to Above: Johnson先生:

您好。感谢您7月15日随函附上的8000米100厘米宽幅水洗丝订单。但是我们现已不供应这种丝绸了。近年时尚经常变化,水洗丝需求量过小,以至于我们不得不停止生产这种产品。

我们的丝绸软缎因其非常滑爽柔软在很多国家热销,而且它有更多的花色,并符合目前的复古潮流。我给您寄去全套花色样品。若您决定订货我们能够很快供货。 请回复。

此致敬礼

II. You’ve received your customer’s

initial order No.023 for wool and made out your Sales Confirmation No.123. Now you’re asked to write a letter sending the S/C(Sales Confirmation). The following points should be covered in your letter. (after class) 1. 销售确认书已寄出,请收到后签退一份。

2. 对对方首批交易的成功表示祝贺并保证对方会满意。

3. 渴望了解对方的销售计划,欢迎任何这方面的建议。

4. 保证能满足对方的各种特定需求

● More Sample on Placing Order Dear Sirs,

Thank you very much for your letter of September 6 together with (attached所附的)patterns(样式)and price lists.

We have chosen four qualities(types) for which we enclose Order No.465. The goods are urgently required, so prompt delivery will be most appreciated.(被动)

Order No.465 Messrs. Johnson & Kemp Ltd, 78 Madison Street London, England

Please supply the following goods: Quantity Article Price

Delivery 800 doz.

510

$2 per doz. December 500 doz.

512

$4 per doz. do 300 doz.

514

$6 per doz. do 200 doz.

516

$7 per doz. do

Packing: Each dozen to be packed in a tin-lined(带有内衬的)carton, with 10 dozen cartons in a wooden case.

Insurance: W. A. (水渍险)for 10%

over the invoice amount(发票金额).

Marks(包装、运输标记): As usual with our previous orders.

Payment terms: Draft at sight under an irrevocable L/C.

We have instructed(指示) our bank to open a letter of credit for the amount of this order. You will soon hear from your bank.

Yours faithfully, 该订单详细罗列拟购商品的数量、价格、交货期、包装、保险、唛头(运输标志:收货人英文缩写+目的港或目的地名称+运单号/订单号/发票号+货物件数)、支付条件。 Note: W.A.: With (Particular) Average(水渍险,单独海损险)自然灾害、意外事故导致货

物被淹(直接原因)。

Draft at sight: (即期汇票) 要求立即在规定日或在将来规定日对某人或持票人支付一定金额的无条件书面支付凭证(分为即期、远期)。

Part 2 Making Payments(付款) ● General Introduction In international trade, the buyer is concerned(关心)if he can get the goods as ordered while the seller wants the security of payment. Terms of payment reflect the extent to which the seller requires a guarantee of payment before he/she loses control of the goods. (付款方式对于卖方是否安全) Writing strategy: 1. State your accepted payment terms clearly. 2. The buyers adopt the following 3 steps to negotiate the terms of payment. ★ Mention the contract, goods, etc.

★ Suggest the terms of payment and

give out the reason ★ Wish the reader to accept The sellers also adopt 3 steps to complete the letter: ★ State you’ve received the letter ★ Give the reply of agreeing or refusing and the reason ★ State your wish to do business with the reader 3. Negotiate for changes

If the expected terms of payment can’t be accepted, make a polite request and give the reason for a change. As far as the other party is concerned, if they have to give a negative reply, use the reader-sensitive “you” attitude and emphasize the positive. ● Sample Reading Sample 1 某公司欲试订150辆摩托车,要求买方能按付款交单的支付方式结算。

Dear Sirs,

Order for 150 Motorbikes

We would like to place a trial order of 150 Motorbikes, model MS500 at the price quoted in your offer which reached us on July 15, 2008.

As for the terms of payment, would you

1please give us some special treatment to pay by D/P(付款交单) instead of Confirmed Irrevocable L/C as required in your offer? Because issuing an L/C(开证行开立信用证) will tie-up(占用) our capital and increase the cost, leaving

2us a much narrower profit margin.

We would be most grateful if you could extend(grant) this favor to us. You can rest assured that once we receive the

3shipping document for the captioned goods we will pay immediately the full

amount of the purchase.

4This is just an initial order. If the transaction goes well(smoothly)(交易进展良好), large orders will follow(大笔订单随之而来). We are looking forward to your favorable reply(好消息).

Yours faithfully, XXX Notes: 1. special treatment: 特别待遇

2. profit margin: 利润率, 利润幅度 e.g., But if sales go as well as they should, that’s still within our ~. 不过假如销售状况有应有的表现,那就仍在我们的获利范围内。

We’ve had many problems recently, and the recession has really cut into our ~.

我们最近有很多问题,尤其经济萧条 更使得我们的利润下降。

3. Shipping document: 货运单据 e.g., We usually accept payment by ir- revocable L/C payable against shipping document. 我们采用不可撤销的信用证,凭装运单据结汇付款方式。 4. initial order: 首批订货

5. release a L/C: 将信用证交给受益人

issue a L/C: 开证行开立信用证 6. D/P: Documents against Payment 付款交单(分为即期、远期),我们发货后准备好我们的议付单据,通过我方银行交单至客户方银行,客户银行提示客户单据已到,客户付款后银行交单。

Negotiable(可议付的): 可流通、可转让的。通过背书(在单据后面签名同意转让)或单纯交付可将一切载明权利转让给他人。

Negotiable L/C:被授权议付的银行“对汇票或单据支付对价”的行为,并强调“仅仅对单据审核,却未支付对价”不构成议付。国际商会(ICC)对议付进一

步解释为“立即付款”(如通过现金、支票、清算系统汇款支付或贷记账户),或“承 担付款责任”(undertaking an obligation to make payment)(不同于承担延期付款责任)。

D/A(Documents against Acceptance):承兑交单,也是通过我方银行交单给客户银行,不同的是客人只需承兑我方单据,就可以拿走正本单据,到期后再付款。

T/T是电汇(以外汇现金方式结算)(单据一般是我方直接邮寄给客户,无需通过银行)。如果我们跟客户用T/T付款方式,一般的做法是客户先要给我们30%的预付款,剩余70%一般保险的方法是,货装船后,客人凭我们传真的提单正本付款,等款到帐后再邮寄整套正本单据给客人。

L/C信用证付款方式属于银行信用,很保险的一种付款方式,但开证行信誉一

定要好,单证人员审单要认真仔细,公司业务、储运、单证部门要协调一致,避免单据出现不符点。

Sample 2 这是一封要求延后信用证中装运日期的信函。信中卖方提出由于赶不上当月船期,所以发货期不得不延后,希望对方能给与理解并尽量对信用证装运日期条款做出修改。 Dear sirs, We regret to learn from your letter of thJuly 5 that you are unable to extend L/C No. 5436.(延期信用证)

1As you know, there is only one vessel sailing for your port each month. But

2the only vessel available this month will be leaving here in a day or two and the deadline for booking(订) shipping space is a long past. Therefore it is impossible for us to ship the goods this month. We

would be obliged if you do your best to extend the L/C as requested in our letter thof June 26.

Please give the matter immediate attention and let us have your reply by return airmail.

Truly yours, Notes: 1. vessel: n. 船舰, 血管, 容器

2. available: adj有效的,可得的,空闲的 ● Useful Expressions 1. With reference to your letter dated… agreeing to establish the L/C concerning the order No. …

贵方…月…日来函曾答应开立有关第…号订货单贷款的信用证。

2. We regret having received no news from you up to now. 但遗憾的是,我方至今未收到任何相关 消息。

21

3. As you have failed to establish the L/C in time, we regret being unable to effect shipment within the stipulated time limit.

很遗憾,由于贵方未及时开出信用证,我方无法在规定日期发货。

4. Owing to …, we would appreciate your extending the shipment date and the validity of your L/C No. … to … 由于…, 若贵方将发货期及第……号信用证有效期延期至……, 我方将不胜感激。

5. We regret to say that the payment terms stipulated in your order are unacceptable to us. 很抱歉,贵方订单中规定的付款条款不能为我方所接受。 ● Writing Practice I. Translate(on class) Dear Sirs,

We are in possession of your letter of October 8 and have noted your request

22

for payment T/T(以外汇现金方式结算Telegraphic Transfer) for contract No.339 and No.340. We regret that we are unable to consider your request for payment on T/T terms, according to our usual practice(惯常做法), we ask for payment by L/C. But in view of the amount of 2 transactions being very small, as an exceptional case, we are prepared to accept payment for contract No. 339 and No.340 on D/P at sight basis. But we think it advisable to make it clear that D/P will only be applicable if the amount involved(涉及到的) for each contract is less than GBP (英镑)1,000. We hope that the above payment will be acceptable to you and look forward to hearing from you soon. Sincerely yours. XXX

Key to Above

23

敬启者:

我们已经收到你方10月8日的来信,注意到你方用电汇支付339号、340号合同的要求。

很遗憾地告诉你方,我们不能接受你方电汇付款的要求。作为惯例,我们要求用信用证支付。但考虑到这两笔交易的金额很小,作为一个例外,对于合同339号和340号,我们打算接受即期付款交单方式。但我们觉得有必要明确,只有每笔合同金额少于1000英镑时才能采用付款交单方式。

我们希望你们将接受上述付款条件,并尽快收到你们的回复。

谨启

II. Write a letter to Simpson and Sons at 54 Madison Street, Sydney, Australia requesting them to amend(修订) L/C No.5058 covering(有关) 3000 dozen of Poplin Shirts as follows: (after class)

24

1. 受益人应为“太平洋贸易有限公司”,而不是“东方贸易有限公司”。

2. 凭即期信用证付款而不是60天期信用证付款。

3. 价格术语应为CFRC3Marseille. 4. 总金额应为30万美元,而不是30万英镑。

Part 3 葛洲坝信函案例

Correction on Our Letter(纠正以前的信

件) XXXX Joint Venture

Date: 29 May 2004 XXXX Site office

XXX Regional State

Our Ref: 1.H-C/3.100/ft/457-04

Attention: Mr. XXXX Project Manager

Subject: XXXX Hydropower Project, Contract Lot 1B/2/3 Correction to be made in one of our letter

Reference: 1) Your Letter CX/HX/366/04 dated 22 May 2004

2) Our Letter 1.H-C/3.342/dp/415-04

dated 17 May 2004

3) Your Letter CX/HX/326/04 dated 07 May 2004

Dear Sir,

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We apologize for the printing error that was shown on our letter 2) above. We confirm your findings about those printing errors and appreciated the action you have taken to correct them.

Yours faithfully,

Mr. XXXX

Resident Engineer XXXX Engineering Company International L.P.

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