英汉汉英翻译作业及答案
一、单选题(共 10 道试题，共 50 分。)
1. His accent couldn't fool a native speaker.
A. 本地人一听他的口音，就知道他是外地人
B. 他的口音不能愚弄本地人。
-----------------选择：A
2. One could not be too careful in a new neighbourhood.
A. 在新邻居的旁边，一个人不能太小心
B. 在一个陌生的地方，越小心越好。
-----------------选择：B
3. We should never warm snakes in our bosoms.
A. 我们不能内心温和
B. 我们决不能姑息坏人。
-----------------选择：B
4. 他妹妹老是说谎。
A. His sister always tells lies
B. His sister is a great liar.
-----------------选择：B
5. But for your help, I would not have made such good progress in my studies.
A. 没有你的帮助，我不会在学习上取得这么大的进步
B. 没有你的帮助，我将没有这么大的帮助。
-----------------选择：A
6. 他好不容易才挤到台前.
A. He had a hard time squeezing through the crowd to get up to the platform
B. He had a hard time being forced to get up the platform.
-----------------选择：A
7. Mr.Kirsch, having lost all his money by this time, followed his master out into the moonlight, where the illuminations were winking out.
A. 基希先生这时输的两手空空，便跟着主人走出屋来，月光下彩灯闪闪烁烁，渐渐熄灭
B. 基希先生这次输掉了所有的钱，跟着他的主人走到了月光下，彩灯忽闪变弱。 -----------------选择：A
8. He took out his key and opened the door, and we all went to a stone hall, bare gloomy and little used.
A. 他拿出钥匙开门，我们走进石头大厅，感觉很阴沉，没有什么人住
B. 他取出钥匙开了门，大家跟着走进一间石头砌成的大厅，里面空无人物，阴森森的，看来平时绝少有人
-----------------选择：B
奥巴马《勇往直前》第一章(6)原创中英对照
It was Bill Clinton’s singularcontribution that he tried to transcend this deadlock,recognizing not only that what had come to be meant by the labelsof “conservative” and “liberal” played to Republican advantage, butthat the categories were inadequate to address the problems wefaced. At times during his first campaign, his gestures towarddisaffected Reagan Democrats could seem clumsy and transparent(what ever happened to Sister Souljah?) or frighteninglycoldhearted (allowing the execution of a mentally retarded deathrow inmate to go forward on the eve of an important primary). Inthe first two years of his presidency, he would be toabandon some core elements of his platform—universal health care,aggressive investment in education and training—that might havemore decisively reversed the long-term trends that were underminingthe position of working families in the new economy. 克林顿(BillClinton)总统一人独辟蹊径，试图打破这种意识形态的僵局，他认识到在政客身上打上“保守派”和“自由派”的标签渐渐趋向有利于共和党，也发现了解决我们面对的问题的手段不足。在他第一次竞选总统时，他在处理愤愤不平的民主党里根支持者(传统上是民主党人，特别是北方的白人工人阶级，但在里根竞选总统时投票给共和党)的手法上显得有些笨拙和直率(索尔嘉妹妹是怎么啦?1992年克林顿在竞选时严厉谴责政治立场激进而且喜好饶舌的女歌星SisterSouljah，并因此而赢得了中间选民的支持)，或者是令人寒心的冷淡无情(在重要的初选前夕提前对一个智障精神病的死囚执行死刑)。在总统任期的前2年，他被迫放弃了自己政治纲领中的一些核心原则——全民卫生保健计划，对教育和培训的积极投资——因此可能导致决定性地颠倒了美国长期发展趋势，这种趋势正在削弱新经济体中工作家庭的地位。
Still, he instinctively understoodthe falseness of the choices being presented to the Americanpeople. He saw that government spending and regulation could, ifproperly designed, serve as vital ingredients and not inhibitors toeconomic growth, and how markets and fiscal discipline could helppromote social justice. He recognized that not only societalresponsibility but personal responsibility was needed to combatpoverty. In his platform—if not always in his day-to-daypolitics—Clinton’s Third Way went beyond splitting the difference.It tapped into the pragmatic, nonideological attitude of themajority of Americans. 但，他本能地意识到这是个错误的选择，他注意到如果能够合理安排政府开支和政府规章的话，会成为经济的发展中至关重要的因素而且不会产生抑制作用，市场和财政自律能够有助于促进社会公平。他认识到扫除贫穷不仅是社会机构的责任，也是每个人的责任。在克林顿总统的政治纲领中——并不一定呈现于他每日的政治活动中——他的第三条路线政策(ThirdWay，是介于自由放任资本主义和福利国家之间的一种发展模式。由于它与里根以前的自由主义政策以及里根后的保守主义政策都不一样，故称之为第三条道路)远不仅仅是折中路线。它迎合了注重实效的、无意识形态的大多数美国人的性情。
Indeed, by the end of hispresidency, Clinton’s policies—recognizably progressive if modestin their goals—enjoyed broad public support. Politically, he hadwrung out of the Democratic Party some of the excesses that hadkept it from winning elections. That he failed, despite a boomingeconomy, to translate popular policies into anything resembling agoverning coalition said something about the demographicdifficulties Democrats were facing (in particular, the shift inpopulation growth to an increasingly solid Republican South) andthe structural advantages the Republicans enjoyed in the Senate,where the votes of two Republican senators from Wyoming, population493,782, equaled the votes of two Democratic senators fromCalifornia, population 33,871,648. 实际上，在他总统任期结束时，克林顿的政策——如果谦虚一点地说，被公认为进步策略——得到了广大民众的支持。从政治上来说，为了竞选胜利，他削弱了某些民主党的政治优势。在这方面他失败了，尽管国家经济繁荣，但是将受欢迎的政策转变为两党治理联合的形式，说明民主党正在面临着人口分布带来的难题(特别是，人口增长使得共和党南方阵营日益稳固)，并且共和党在国会享有组织结构优势，因为在国会中，两张来自怀俄明州(人口49万3782)共和党参议员的投票与两张来自加州(人口3387万1648)民主党参议员的投票具有相同的效力。
But that failure also testified tothe skill with which Gingrich, Rove, Norquist, and the like wereable to consolidate and institutionalize the conservative movement.They tapped the unlimited resources of corporate sponsors andwealthy donors to create a network of think tanks and mediaoutlets. They brought state-of-the-art technology to the task ofmobilizing their base, and centralized power in the House ofRepresentatives in order to enhance party discipline. 但是这方面的失败也是拜金里奇,罗夫和罗奎斯特等人的所赐，他们有能力巩固并制度化保守党的政治运动。他们利用企业赞助者和富有捐赠者的无限资源建造了一个政治智囊团和媒体渠道的网络。他们应用这种艺术级别的政治活动方式来动员基层党员，而且为了加强党纪，将众议院的权力集中化。
And they understood the threatClinton posed to their vision of a long-term conservative majority,which helps explain the vehemence with which they went after him.It also explains why they invested so much time attacking Clinton’smorality, for if Clinton’s policies were hardly radical, hisbiography (the draft letter saga, the marijuana puffing, the IvyLeague intellectualism, the professional wife who didn’t bakecookies, and most of all the sex) proved perfect grist for theconservative base. With enough repetition, a looseness with thefacts, and the ultimately undeniable evidence of the President’sown personal lapses, Clinton could be made to embody the verytraits of sixties liberalism that had helped spur the conservativemovement in the first place. Clinton may have fought that movementto a draw, but the movement would come out stronger for it—and inGeorge W. Bush’s first term, that movement would take over theUnited States government. 而且他们也明白克林顿总统对长期占据议会中多数席位的共和党所形成的威胁，这也解释了为何他们如此热衷于对付克林顿。这同样解释了为何他们花了如此多时间攻击克林顿的道德问题。因为，如果他们在克林顿的政策上找不出什么毛病，那克林顿的自传(当逃兵，吸食大麻，在名牌大学习得的理智主义，从政的老婆从不下厨，最糟糕的是性丑闻)则被证明对共和党阵营十分有利。他们将材料复制足够多份，对事件进行添油加醋，还有在根本上不可否认的克林顿自身行为不检的证据，最后结论是在克林顿身上体现了60年代自由主义的明显特征，而恰恰是60年代的自由主义在最初刺激了保守党政治活动。虽然克林顿在当时也许和这个运动团体打成个平手，但他们经过这事后变得更强大了——在小布什的第一任总统任期，这个运动团体接管了美国政府。
THIS TELLING OF the story is tooneat, I know. It ignores critical strands in the historicalnarrative—how the decline of manufacturing and Reagan’s firing ofthe air traffic controllers critically wounded America’s labormovement; the way that the creation of majority-minoritycongressional districts in the South simultaneously ensured moreblack representatives and reduced Democratic seats in that region;the lack of cooperation that Clinton received from congressionalDemocrats, who had grown fat and complacent and didn’t realize thefight they were in. It also doesn’t capture the degree to whichadvances in political gerrymandering polarized the Congress, or howefficiently money and negative television ads have poisoned theatmosphere. 我知道，这种叙事方式过于简洁了。我忽略了在历史叙事中的一些关键情节，例如：制造业是如何衰落的;里根政府开除罢工的航管员是如何关键性地重创了美国劳工运动;南方是如何划分多数派选举区和少数派选举区，在同一地区保证黑人拥有更多众议员席位的但同时使得民主党席位减少了;克林顿总统很难从民主党议员们处得到支持，因为自鸣得意的他们正在捞政治油水，而没有意识到他们已陷入一场斗争中。文章也没有记录改划选举区所导致的国会两极分化造成的影响，或金钱和负面电视广告是如何有效的荼毒政治环境。
Still, when I think about what thatold Washington hand told me that night, when I ponder the work of aGeorge Kennan or a George Marshall, when I read the speeches of aBobby Kennedy or an Everett Dirksen, I can’t help feeling that thepolitics of today suffers from a case of arrested development. Forthese men, the issues America faced were never abstract and hencenever simple. War might be hell and still the right thing to do.Economies could collapse despite the best-laid plans. People couldwork hard all their lives and still lose everything. 当我想起那位老华盛顿政客在那晚对我说的话时，当我仔细估量乔治·凯南(GeorgeFrost Kennan，美国外交家，冷战时对苏联遏制政策的始创人)或乔治·马歇尔(GeorgeMarshall，美国军事家、战略家、政治家、外交家，美国陆军五星上将)的丰功伟绩时，当我阅读博比.肯尼迪(BobbyKennedy)或埃弗里特.德克森(EverettDirksen)的演讲稿时，我忍不住感到今日的政治正经历一段发育不良的时期。在这些人的年代，他们一直面对的都是复杂的难题，而且非常棘手。战争也许带来痛苦，但在当时仍是一个正确的选择。就算准备了最好的计划，经济还是有可能会崩溃。人们一生勤劳工作但是仍然有可能会失去一切。
For the generation of leaders whofollowed, raised in relative comfort, different experiences yieldeda different attitude toward politics. In the back-and-forth betweenClinton and Gingrich, and in the elections of 2000 and 2004, Isometimes felt as if I were watching the psychodrama of the BabyBoom generation—a tale rooted in old grudges and revenge plotshatched on a handful of college campuses long ago—played out on thenational stage. The victories that the sixties generation broughtabout—the admission of minorities and women into full citizenship,the strengthening of individual liberties and the healthywillingness to question authority—have made America a far betterplace for all its citizens. But what has been lost in the process,and has yet to be replaced, are those shared assumptions—thatquality of trust and fellow feeling—that bring us together asAmericans. 由于各代领导者们的目标和成长经历的不同，使得他们对政治的态度也不同。在克林顿和金里奇之间不断的争斗中，在2000年和2004年的选举中，我有时感觉自己是在观看生育高峰的一代人在国家政治舞台上喧泻情感，扮演心理剧(一种可使患者的感情得以发泄从而达到心理治疗效果的戏剧)，讲述一个在很久以前有一群大学生在上学时就构思策划好的包含怨恨和复仇的故事。上世纪60年代的人们争取到的胜利有：承认了少数派种族和女人的公民权利，巩固了公民个人的自由权利，并且只要你带着好的意愿你就可以质问当局，这使得所有的公民们都认为美国是一个极度美好的国家。但是在取得这些进步的过程中我们所失去的，并且现在已经被取代了的，是那些共同的预期——那是信任和互相理解的本质，也是使美国人团结一心的思想。
So where does that leave us?Theoretically the Republican Party might have produced its ownClinton, a center-right leader who built on Clinton’s fiscalconservatism while moving more aggressively to revamp a creakyfederal bureaucracy and experiment with market- or faith-basedsolutions to social policy. And in fact such a leader may stillemerge. Not all Republican elected officials subscribe to thetenets of today’s movement conservatives. In both the House and theSenate, and in state capitals across the country, there are thosewho cling to more traditional conservative virtues of temperanceand restraint—men and women who recognize that piling up debt tofinance tax cuts for the wealthy is irresponsible, that deficitreduction can’t take place on the backs of the poor, that theseparation of church and state protects the church as well as thestate, that conservation and conservatism don’t have to conflict,and that foreign policy should be based on facts and not wishfulthinking. 那么，现在我们该怎么办?理论上来说，共和党可以打造出一个保守派的克林顿，一个稍稍右倾的领导人，一方面坚持克林顿的财政保守政策，另一面更加积极地修复摇摇欲坠的联邦官僚作风，并且更加积极地在市场上做尝试，或者提出基于信仰的社会政策解决方法。实际上，这样的一个领导还是有可能被造出来的。不是所有的共和党推举出的官员都是坚守当今保守主义运动原则的。在众议院在参议院中，在全国的州首府中，存在有一些公务员，他们坚守更加传统的保守主义美德，如自我克制和态度严谨，他们明白为富有的人减税而增加国家负债是不负责任的，减少国家财政赤字的责任不能扔给穷人，保留传统和保守派政策并不一定有冲突，外交政策应建立在事实的基础上，而不是自己的愿望或欲望上。
But these Republicans are not theones who have driven the debate over the past six years. Instead ofthe “compassionate conservatism” that George Bush promised in his2000 campaign, what has characterized the ideological core oftoday’s GOP is absolutism, not conservatism. There is theabsolutism of the free market, an ideology of no taxes, noregulation, no safety net—indeed, no government beyond what’srequired to protect private property and provide for the nationaldefense.
但是这些共和党人并不是在过去6年里在党内掌权的人。小布什总统在他2000年竞选时曾经向选民承诺“有同情心的保守主义”，但今日大老党的意识核心思想却表现为专制主义，而非保守主义。就是对市场完全放开，不加税，政府放开管制，没有安全保证——的确，没有政府能在保护民众的私有财产的同时向他们提供国家安全防卫。
There’s the religious absolutism ofthe Christian right, a movement that gained traction on theundeniably difficult issue of abortion, but which soon floweredinto something much broader; a movement that insists not only thatChristianity is America’s dominant faith, but that a particular,fundamentalist brand of that faith should drive public policy,overriding any alternative source of understanding, whether thewritings of liberal theologians, the findings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences, or the words of Thomas Jefferson. 还有宗教信仰上基督教的专制问题，由无可置疑的棘手问题堕胎而引致的政治运动，但很快地就发展成为更普遍性的问题;宗教政治者在活动中坚称基督教不只是一个在美国处于支配地位的宗教信仰，它也是一个单独特别的正统信仰，应该由宗教信仰来引导国家政策，它高于其它所有认知和信仰，不管是自由主义神学研究者的著作和国家科学院的研究报告，还是托马斯.杰斐逊(ThomasJefferson，第三任美国总统(1801-1809年)，他参与起草了《独立宣言》(1776年))关于宗教信仰自由的言论。
被动与主动
英语多用被动句，而汉语少用被动句，多采用主动的表达方式。
英语常用被动句，主要有以下几方面的原因：
1.施事的原因。
A 施事未知而难以言明。
B 施事从上下文中可以不言自明。
C 施事不如受事重要，或受事需要强调。
D 由于特殊的原因而不要指明施事，如为了使叙述显得圆通，得体，或为了表达某种微妙的情绪。
Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken.
今晚有人在此讲了些不该讲的话。
2. 句法的要求。
A 为了使句子承上启下，前后连贯，便于衔接。
Some kinds of plastics can be forced through machines which separate them into long, thin things, called “fibres”, and these fibres can be made into cloth.
B 为了保持句子平衡。
I was astounded that he was prepared to give me a job
3. 修辞的考虑。
英语修辞学主张不要过分使用被动句，但适当使用被动句可以使表达方法灵活多变，避免句型单调，达到一定的修辞效果。
4. 文体的需要。
某些文体较多使用被动句，以迎合其表达的需要。 例如科技文体，新闻文体，公文文体等，以显客观，正式。
It‟s traditional among technical writers to keep themselves in the background, to exclude personal pronouns and emphasize their work instead.
由于铝总是和其他元素结合在一起的，所以，在自然界找不到处于游离状态的铝。
原译: Since aluminium is always combined with other elements in nature, we can never find it.
Since aluminium is always combined with other elements in nature, it is never found free.
我们将理论设想与模拟实验结果进行比较，发现该理论设想完全可以应用于电力系统。
The theoretical prediction was compared to the results from simulated tests and was found to be applicable to power system.
汉语少用被动句
汉语的被动语态有较明显的消极情态色彩，历史上曾经被称为 “不幸语态”(the Inflictive-Voice)。
汉语中实际存在两种被动句：
一是有形态标志的被动句。
形态标志主要指的是“被，受，遭”等词语，又称为结构被动句。
The aged should be respected everywhere.
老人应到处受到尊敬。
She was caught in the downpour.
她叫大雨淋着了。
The dictionaries have been affected with damp.
字典受潮了。
Two-thirds of the area are covered with immense forests of pine, spruce and birch.
面积的三分之二由广阔的松林,云杉林和白桦林所覆盖。
If this suggestion is accepted, it should not be considered as a precedent.
如果此建议被接受,以后不得引以为例。
We were received with great honor and kindness in your great country.
我们在贵国受到过隆重和盛情的接待。
另一种被动句是无形态标志的被动句，又称为意义被动句。
杯子打了。
这个座位占了。
新产品总是好卖。
那个技术性难题很难解决。
Only objects struck by the light are visible.
只有被光照到的东西才能被看见。
光照到的物体是可见的。
汉译英
A 汉语的“意义被动句”译为英语的被动语态。
军备竞赛必须制止。
The arms race must be stopped.
我们的团结进一步加强了。
Our unity has been further strengthened.
B. 汉语的无主句往往转换成英语被动句。
必须保证8小时睡眠。
Eight hours‟ sleep must be guaranteed.
发现了错误，一定要改正。
Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.
C. 有时将主动句转移为英语被动句是为了上下文的连贯，使句子之间的衔接紧密自然。
那个孩子在街上玩，一辆摩托车把他撞伤了。
The boy playing in the street was injured by a motorcycle.
他出现在舞台上，观众给予热烈鼓掌。
He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
英译汉中的一个普遍而又可理解的现象:不适当的乱用”被”。
Unless something is moved, no work is done.
除非某种东西被移动，否则功就不会被完成。
除非某种东西发生了移动，否则就没有功。
英译汉
A
转换成汉语的意义被动句。
Solution to the problem was ultimately found.
这个问题的解决办法终于找到了。
On their domestic stations events in the Middle East were dismissed briefly.
在他们国内电台的广播中，中东事件只轻描淡写地报导了一下。
B 变状语或其他成分为主语，把原主语转换成宾语。
Friction can be reduced and the life of the machine prolonged by lubrication.
润滑能减少摩擦,延长机器寿命。
C 如原句无表施动者的状语，考虑到汉语的表达习惯，可适当填词，如 “人, 人们,大家,我们”。
The lecture is considered very important for beginners.
大家认为这个讲座对初学者来说很重要。
Although the first synthetic materials were created little more than a hundred years ago, they can now be found almost everywhere.
虽然首批合成材料仅在一百多年前才研制出来，但现在人们几乎都到处能见到它们。
D 转换成汉语无主句。
A force is needed to stop a moving body.
要使运动的物体停下来，就需要施加力。
E 有些英语被动句被动意义很弱，侧重强调或肯定某一事实或行为的存在，可按原句语序译成汉语“是„.的”判断句。
History is made by the people.
历史是人民创造的。
The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.
美国的学分制是一八七二年在哈佛大学首先实施的。
F 用“加以”，“予以”等字眼。
These problems should be resolved at an appropriate time with an appropriate means.
这些问题应当在适当的时候，以适当的方式加以解决。
Our prisoners of war must be repaired without further delay.
我们的战俘必须毫不延迟地予以遣返。
英语被动语态有其独到的修辞功能.
比较:
The games of the 29th Olympiad in 2008 are awarded to the city of Beijing.
Beijing has been awarded the games of the 29th Olympiad.
在翻译被动语态时,句尾信息核心原则(the Principle of Endfocus)不可遗忘。
应用文翻译
应用文就体裁而言，几乎涵盖当今政治，经济，社会，文化生活的各个领域，包括政府文件，告示，科技论文，新闻报道，法律文书，商贸信函，产品说明书，使用手册，广告，技术文本，科普读物，旅游指南(tourist guidebook)等各类文本。
应用文翻译有别于文学翻译。
按照功能翻译学派的理论：翻译是一种有目的的交际活动。在这一过程中，译者应该根据客户或委托人的要求，结合翻译的目的和译语读者的具体情况，来决定原语文本信息的选择，翻译策略的运用及译文的表现形式，以满足不同文本的功能。
文本类型分类
按照文本功能，文本可分为三种：
表达型文本(expressive texts)
信息型文本(informative texts)
呼唤型文本(vocative texts)
表达型文本的核心是作者的思想，其在文本中的地位是神圣的，因而作者的个性成分构成了表达型文本的表达要素，包括他所要传递的思想，信息以及表达思想的方式。
Question: 哪些体裁属于表达型文本?
文学作品，私人书信等
信息型文本中，信息传达的“真实性”是这类文本的“核心”，而作者在文本中只是处于一种“匿名”的地位，作者的个人写作手法，风格或者个人成分不再重要。
Question: 哪些体裁属于信息型文本?
科技报告，法律文书，合同，商品说明书等。
对于信息型文本(科技，法律，新闻)的翻译来说，其侧重点在于信息的准确传递。在这些文体当中，引起读者的晦涩，曲解是大忌。因此，与一般的翻译文本不同，在形式与内容的关系上，它往往注重内容而轻形式，为突出信息传递的效果不惜改变原文形式。它不像文学作品那样追求对文学形象的审美体验。
The contract was declared null and void by the competent authority.
主管部门宣布合同无效。
We are looking forward with interest to your reply.
盼复。
Hijacked Jets Destroy Twin Towers and Hit Pentagon.
恐怖分子劫持客机撞向世贸双塔，美国国防部五角大楼也遭突袭。
呼唤型文本中，由于文本的“核心”是“读者层”，是需要呼唤读者去感受，反应，行动，因而文本作者的身份并不重要，包括他在文本中体现的个人成分：思想，风格。
Question: 哪些体裁属于呼唤型文本?
广告，包括商品，旅游广告等
对于呼唤型文本的翻译来说，其目的在于诱导。非常注重读者的反应。意在唤起读者去体验去行动，它更看重的是译文的效果而不是原文。
在翻译策略上，基本以“归化”为主流。
以目的语读者为中心，顺从译文读者的欣赏习惯和心理感受，尽量使用他们所熟悉的语言表达形式，减少信息交流与文化交流的障碍，去获取译文预期的效果。甚至原文的信息都可以考虑增删，改动，以配合读者的需要。这是它大大不同于文学翻译的地方。
M&M’ melts in your mouth, not in your hands. 只溶于口,不溶于手。
Where there is a way for car, there is a Toyota. 车到山前必有路，有路必有丰田车。
Not all cars are created equal.
古有千里马,今有三菱车。
总而言之，在具体的操作中，很少有文本是只有单纯一种功能的，大部分文本都是以一种功能为主而其他二者兼而有之。因此，译者必须首先确定一种文本的主要功能，或在同一文本不同部分确定每一部分的语言功能，从而有针对性地采用相应的翻译策略和手法，或忠实传递原文信息，或顾及译文读者，注重译文效果。
英汉旅游文本对比与翻译
旅游文本包括旅游景点介绍，旅游宣传广告，旅游告示标牌，民俗风情画册等。
旅游资料是一种大众化的，喜闻乐见的通俗读物，它的目的就是要让普通游客读懂看懂并能从中获取相关的自然，地理，文化，风俗等方面的知识，并有到此一游的愿望。
旅游资料主要有两个功能：一是传递信息;二是诱导行动。其功能更像商品广告，目的是要吸引游客，最大限度地取得旅游产品的预期功能。
英汉旅游文本的差异
满树金花，芳香四溢的金桂;花白如雪，香气扑鼻的银桂;红里透黄，花多味浓的紫砂桂;花色似银，季季有花的四季桂，竟相开放，争妍媲美。进入桂花公园，阵阵桂花花香扑鼻而来。
The Park of Sweet Osmanthus is noted for its profusion of osmanthus. Flowers from these trees in different colors are in full bloom, which pervade the whole garden with the fragrance of their blossoms.
Tiny islands are strung around the edge of the peninsula like a pearl necklace: hunks of coral reef, coconut palms and fine white sand.
座座岛屿玲珑小巧，紧密相连，像一串珍珠缀成的项链，环绕着半岛边缘。岛上椰树成片，沙滩如银，四周满是红色的珊瑚礁，景色如诗如画。
英文旅游文体大多简洁，明了，客观力求忠实再现自然。最忌罗嗦堆砌，失其自然流畅之美。
汉语讲究四言八句，言辞华美，声情并茂，诗情画意盎然，情景相融，虚实相生，充满了意境美，色彩美，音韵美，情感美，极大地迎合了中华民族的审美心理和欣赏习惯。
英汉互译
汉译英------修辞性减译
英译汉------修辞性增译
Venice invites idleness and strolling. Its silence is restful and its sundials are inscribed with the words: Horas non mumero nisi serenas (I count only the happy hours).
威尼斯是人们休闲解闷，闲庭信步的好去处，她宁静从容，闲适悠然，连城中的日就上都刻着这样的铭文：“只记幸福时光”。
阿坝州风光秀丽，山河壮美。座座雪峰耸入云霄，原始森林遮天盖地，莽莽草原花团锦簇，叠溪遗迹神秘奥妙，瀑布溪流蜿蜒跌宕，高山湖泊灿若明珠，藏羌村寨别具一格，肥沃河谷瓜果飘乡。
The beautiful landscapes of Aba Prefecture feature towering snow-clad mountains, crisscrossing rivers, and boundless forests and grassland. On this fertile land are peculiar geological ruins, fantastic streams and waterfalls, alpine lakes, and Tibetan and Qiang villages.
注释性增译或改译
The earliest recorded eruption of Vesuvius occurred in 79 A.D. and destroyed Pompeii.
有记录记载的最早的维苏威火山喷发是在公元79年，摧毁了庞贝古城。
归化
As one of the Four Tigers in Asia, Hong Kong is also known as the Oriental Pearl and the Shopping Paradise.
作为亚洲四小龙之一的香港，同样被誉为“东方之珠”和“购物天堂”。
Singapore, the smallest nation in Asia, occupies a 225 square mile expanse of swamping, tropical islands---an area about the size of Trenton, New Jersay.
亚洲最小的国家新加坡是一个热带国家，原是一片洼地，面积为225平方英里，远不如香港的一半大。
英汉企业推介文本的差异与翻译
企业推介文本是对外宣传企事业单位形象的一个主要途径，用最直接有效的方式让国外读者或消费者了解自己，以促成购买的欲望与行为。
企业推介文本属于呼唤型文本，其翻译的核心是传递信息，感染受众。
英汉企业推介文本的差异
内容
语言
内容
我国企业在推介自己时，多在炫耀自己是成功者，竭力为读者树立一个强大而可靠的形象，以博取消费者的信赖。
我国的简介在内容上常常千篇一律，一般都是包括企业的经营性质，注册资金，从业人员，厂房占地面积，产品介绍，获奖情况等。
英文的推介显得灵活轻松，以人为本，客观具体，突出信息功能，把功夫放在给读者留下切实可行的印象上。
语言
汉语修辞讲究词句整齐对仗，声韵和谐。重视凝练概括，辞藻华丽。大量渲染烘托，夸大煽情。常常用响亮的口号作为结尾。
英语
不示人以其艺术性的艺术是最高的艺术。
这一修辞传统造成西方话语推崇质朴自然，在平实中显生动，重客观表述事实，不提倡文字表达重过分张扬，空洞无物，重复堆砌。因此，英语企业推介文本行文简洁直接，信息明确，逻辑条理清楚，一目了然。
精制老北京二锅头”为北京特产。已具百年历史，因具独特风格而蜚声华夏。该酒以红高粱为原料，采用传统工艺精制而成。本品清香纯正，醇甜绵柔，爽净协调，余味悠长，实为宴朋赠友之上品---精制老北京二锅头。
西凤酒是久负盛誉的名酒之一，远在唐代就被列为珍品，北宋末年，苏东坡任职凤翔，酷爱此酒，随之盛名益彰。1910年西凤酒参加南洋赛酒会获奖，随获世界声誉。
西凤酒清澈透明，香气浓郁，醇厚圆润，回味悠长，别具一格。饮后令人神声清爽，有通胃祛劳之功，历为广大群众所喜爱。---西凤酒
绵竹“剑南春”酒，久负盛名，曾多次荣获各种奖励，1989年荣获国家优质金奖，为中外人士赞赏。
“剑南春”历史悠久，唐人李肇《国史补》一书已有记载。
它是用高粱，大米，糯米，小麦，玉米酿造，具有芳香浓郁，醇和甘甜，清冽净爽，余味悠长的特点，是宴席馈赠之佳品。---剑南春
中铁XXX局集团有限公司是一支修建铁路，公路，承担市政建设，工业与民用建筑，设备安装，火电，水利水电，机场，港口，矿山建筑与安装的大型专业施工队伍。现有员工XXX名，拥有各类专业技术干部XXX名。
企业资产总值XXX亿多元，年施工能力XXX亿元以上，拥有各类大中型施工机械设备XXX台(套)，拥有世界先进，国内一流的隧道，桥梁，铺架高等级公路和大型图示方机械化施工生产线，在全国500家最大经营规模建筑企业排序中名列第XXX位。
1999年通过ISO9002质量体系认证，获得英国UKAS证书，并取得国家对外开展经济合作业务的资格。2002年取得“铁路工程施工总承包特级”主项资质，进入全国99家特级企业行列。2003年通过GB/T28001职业安全健康管理体系和ISO14001环境管理体系认可。
公司先后被授予“全国工程建设管理先进单位”，“全国先进建筑施工企业”，“全国思想政治工作优秀企业”荣誉称号，连年被辽宁省信誉评级委员会评定为特级(AAA)信誉企业。
China Railway XXX Bureau Group Corporation is a builder comprehensively engaged in the construction for railways, highways and airports, civil engineering, water conservancy, thermalpower/ hydropower projects, mine building and equipment installations. The corporation has XXX employees among whom xxx are professional technicians.
Well equipped with xxx large-and-medium-sized construction equipment and a world-advanced productive line in the mechanized construction for tunnels, bridges, expressways and large-scale earthworks, it possesses a total capital of more than RMB xxx billion with an annual productive capacity of over RMB x billion, ranking xx among the 500 largest construction enterprises in China.
Entitled to be a superfine contractor in railway construction by the state in 2002, it was authorized as one of the 99 superfine enterprises in China.
处在世纪之交的XXX 铁路车辆(集团)有限责任公司，正在奋力实现“再现国家队雄风，再造新世纪辉煌，再为社会主义增光”的宏伟愿望，朝着“发展规模集团化，产品品种系列化，市场营销国际化，经营格局多元化，企业规模现代化”的目标迈进。公司将一如既往地坚持“信誉第一，用户至上”的宗旨，不仅以更多的高质量，高品位，高档次的新产品满足市场，而且以良好的作风，为广大用户提供一流的全过程的服务。
At the turn of the century, XXX Railway Rolling Stock(Group)Co.Ltd, is now striving hard in confidence and well on the way towards a global-market-oriented enterprise group to be well developed in management, marketing and product series. Focusing on our clients, we will continue with our credit to provide our customers with high quality and advanced products as well as our cover-all services.
天津师范大学是一所综合性的重点高等师范院校，诞生于1958年，随着共和国的成长，她也历经磨砺，走过了三十多年的风风雨雨。三十多年来，一批批德才兼备的教学，科研和管理人员汇集在这里，怀着振兴天津，振兴教育的希冀，在这块土地上默默地耕耘。春华秋实，硕果累累，两万多名教育教学人才走出学校大门，足迹遍及全国，桃李满天下。他们献身教育，殚思竭虑，为撑起教育的脊梁，托起明天的太阳。
Founded in 1958,the University has entered its fourth decade with a remarkable record of both hardship and achievements. It is now ranked as one of the key institutions of teacher training in China. In the past thirty years, hundreds of talented teachers, researchers and administrators have gathered and worked here in a continuous endeavor to meet the ever-increasing demands for educators both in Tianjin and the rest of the country.
More than 20 thousand students have graduated from the University and are now teaching nationwide. They have dedicated their wisdom and energy to the educational needs of the country in the firm conviction that future of China lies in the education of the younger generation.
国内外受众的思维共性，心理习惯，信息需求和言语表现方式等都有相当大的差异。
因此，在翻译企业推介文本时，应充分考虑译本受众的接受倾向，采取恰当的翻译策略。
文化差异与翻译
征婚广告
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女，48岁，身高1.58，有婚史，独居，初中文化，体健貌端，气质高雅，在某市工作，觅60岁以下(大中城市)，65岁以下(海外)，身高1.65以上，开朗大方，经济条件优裕的男士为伴。
S/W/M, 5‟10‟‟,165.Ibs., blonde hair, blue eyes, seeking attractive, slim lady between 28&40, who likes to go dancing and have a good time. I am social drinker. Enjoy 50‟s and 80‟s and country music, dancing, dining out, cookouts, sports. Great sense of humor but also a serious side. Please send photo and phone number. Thank you.
S/W/F, 31, 5‟6‟‟, blonde and tan! Seeking sun loving male, 26-42. Must be affectionate, honest, caring. But also can get wild and crazy! Interests: Romantic weekends, beaches, fishing, camping, cuddling, auto races, barbecues, flea markets. Loving for friendship or relationship? Enjoy summer activities? Pick up that pen and write!! Photo and phone number .
文化是一种复杂体，它包括知识，信仰，艺术，道德，法律，风俗，以及其余社会上习得的能力与习惯。
语言，文化与翻译
如同在做心脏手术时人们不能忽略心脏以外的身体其他部分一样，我们在翻译时也不能冒险将翻译的言语内容和文化分开来处理。
------Susan Bassnett
To do translation, you have to be both a bilingual and a bicultural.
(1)ecological culture
(2)material culture
(3)social culture
(4)religious culture
(5)linguistic culture
ecological culture
挥金如土 ;瑞雪兆丰年;
揠苗助长;解甲归田;瓜熟蒂落;
俯首甘为孺子牛 ;
黔驴技穷;人心齐，泰山移;
不到黄河心不死，不到长城非好汉。
福如东海，寿比南山。
all at sea
burn one‟s boats
sail before the wind
keep one‟s head above water
to sink or swim
to go with the stream
to clear the decks
all at sea
plain sailing
to rest on one‟s oars
to spend money like water
How many winter days have I seen him, standing blue-nosed in the snow and east wind.
Shall I compare thee to a summer‟s day Thou art more lovely and more temperate.
力大如牛---------as strong as a horse
老黄牛--------work like a horse
狐朋狗党
狗急跳墙 狼心狗肺 狗腿子
狗嘴里吐不出象牙
lucky dog
Every dog has his day.
Love me, love my dog.
Barking dogs never bite.
2. 物质文化对比
巧媳妇做不出没米的饭，叫我怎么样呢?
Even the cleverest housewife can‟t cook a meal without rice. What do you expect me to do?
I don‟t see what I am supposed to do without any capital. Even the cleverest housewife can‟t make bread without flour.
3. 社会文化对比
天下真有这样标致的人物，我今儿才算见了!况且这通身的气派，竟不像老祖宗的外孙女儿，竟是个嫡亲的孙女，怨不得老祖宗天天口头心头一时不忘，只可怜我这妹妹这样命苦，怎么姑妈偏就去世了!
4. 宗教文化对比
谋事在人，成事在天。
Man proposes, Heaven disposes.
Man proposes, God disposes.
周瑞家的听了笑道：“阿弥陀佛，真坑死人的事儿!等十年都未必这样巧的呢。”
Gracious Buddha!” Mrs. Zhou chuckled. “How terrible chancy! You might wait for ten years without such a run of luck.”
God bless my soul!” Zhou Rui‟s wife exclaimed. “You would certainly need some patience! Why, you might wait ten years before getting all those things at the proper times.”
5. 语言文化对比
宝钗笑道：“我说你得陇望蜀呢。我劝你且缓一缓。”
她有沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。
不要失了你的时了!你自己只觉得中了一个相公，就‘癞蛤蟆想吃起天鹅肉’来!
难道这也是个痴丫头，又像颦儿来葬花不成?” 因又自笑道：“若真也葬花，可谓东施效颦;不但不为新奇，而且更是可厌。
文化的差异给翻译带来的困难
词汇空缺
词义冲突
联想意义不同
词汇空缺
我属鸡。我从来不吃鸡。鸡年是我的本命年。
钱先生周岁时“抓周”，抓了一本书，因此得名“钟书”。
文化空缺不仅体现在词汇层面，还体现在语言层面。
表现在：语言韵律，修辞格，句子的长短，句子结构的紧凑或松散，篇章的层次，段落的排列组合，衔接等。
嘴上无毛,说话不牢。
Downy lips make thoughtless slips.
哼! 你别看我耳朵聋---可我的心并不聋啊!
Hem! Although my ears are dull of hearing, my mind is not dull of apprehension.
长相思
白居易
汴水流，泗水流，
流到瓜洲古渡头，
吴山点点愁。
思悠悠，
恨悠悠，
恨到归时方始休，
月明人倚楼。
Everlasting Longing Bai Juyi See the Bian River flow, And the Si River flow! By Ancient Ferry, mingling waves, they go, The Southern Hills reflect my woe. My thought stretches endlessly, My grief wretches endlessly, So thus my husband comes to me,
Alone on moon---lit balcony.
鲁大海：放开我，你们这群强盗!
周 萍： 把他拉下去!
鲁侍萍：这真是一群强盗!
(走到周萍面前)你是萍，„„凭---凭什么打我儿子?
Hai:
Let go of me, you hooligans!
Ping: Hustle him outside!
Ma:
You are hooligans, too! (going across to Zhou Ping) You‟re my---mighty free with your fists! What right have you to hit my son?
词义冲突
联想意义不同
等我性子上来，把这‘醋罐子’打个稀烂，他才认的我呢!
人家是醋罐子，他是醋缸，醋瓮!
“这断子绝孙的阿Q!”远远地听到小尼姑的带哭的声音。
一见面是寒暄，寒暄之后说我“胖了”，说我“胖了”之后即大骂其新党。(鲁迅《祝福》)
语言的融合
鳄鱼的眼泪------crocodile tears
橄榄枝------olive branch
特洛伊木马------Trojan horse
酸葡萄------sour grapes
白色污染------ white pollution
语言的融合
绿色食品------green food
网上购物------on-line shopping
快餐------fast food
网址------website
民主;科学;逻辑;雷达;维他命;超市
翻译方法
1. 直译法
直译指在一定程度上保留原文的语言表现形式，但前提条件是译文必须为译语读者所理解与接受------通顺易解。
奈达：最好的翻译应该读起来不像翻译。
又要马儿好，又要马儿不吃草。
You want the horse to run fast and you don‟t let it graze.
叫一声请，一起举箸，却如风卷残云一般，遭去了一半。看那周先生时，一箸也不曾下。
At the signal to begin, they fell to with their chopsticks, like a whirlwind scattering wisps of cloud. And half the food had gone before they noticed that Chou Chin had not eaten a bite.
她有沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。
Her beauty would make the fish sink, the wild goose fall down, the moon hide herself, and put the flowers to shame.
2. 套用法
在保留原有意义的前提下，套用或借用译语表达方式来代替原语的表达。
壮得像头牛--- as strong as a horse
聪明无比 --- as wise as an owl
胆小如鼠 --- as timid as a hare
急得像热锅上的蚂蚁 --- as nervous as a cat on a hot tin roof
海底捞针 --- to look for a needle in a haystack
想是翟家这奴才，走下乡狐假虎威着实恐吓了他一场。
It‟s all the fault of this rascal Chai. He goes down to the villages like a donkey in a lion‟s hide, and he must have scared this painter fellow out of his wits.
宝玉忙道：“只是这姑娘可好，你们大爷怎么就中意了?”香菱笑道：“一则是天缘，二来是‘情人眼里出西施’。
--- What‟s the girl like? How did he come to take a fancy to her?
--- It‟s partly fate, and partly a case of “Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder.”
不要失了你的时了!你自己只觉得中了一个相公，就‘癞蛤蟆想吃起天鹅肉’来!
“Don‟t be a fool!” he roared. “Just passing one examination has turned your head completely---you‟re like a toad trying to swallow a swan!”
宝钗笑道：“我说你得陇望蜀呢。我劝你且缓一缓。”
Bao-chai laughed. “You‟re like the famous general, „one conquest breeds appetite for another‟. I advise you to take things more gently.”
需注意：尽量避免使用译语中的具有典型民族文化特征的词语------不要给洋 人穿上长袍马褂。
as wise as Solomon 智如诸葛
to teach one‟s grandmother to suck eggs.
夫子庙前卖文章，关公面前耍大刀。
Two heads are better than one.
三个臭皮匠，胜过一个诸葛亮。
3. 直译加注法
这种方法既保留了原文的文化与语言色彩，又能为译语读者所理解。
人家是醋罐子，他是醋缸，醋瓮!
They call jealous people “vinegar bottles”, don‟t they? Well, she‟s not just a bottle full of vinegar; she‟s a storage jar --- a whole cistern --- full of it!
一见面是寒暄，寒暄之后说我“胖了”，说我“胖了”之后即大骂其新党。(鲁迅《祝福》)
After exchanging a few polite remarks when we met, he observed that I looked fat, and having made that complimentary remark he started a violent attack on the revolutionaries.
“难道这也是个痴丫头，又像颦儿来葬花不成?” 因又自笑道：“若真也葬花，可谓东施效颦;不但不为新奇，而且更是可厌。”
Can this be some silly maid coming here to bury flowers like Frowner?” he wondered. He was reminded of Zhuang-zi‟s story of the beautiful Xi-shi‟s ugly neighbor, whose endeavor to imitate the little frown that made Xi-shi captivating produced an effect so hideous that people ran from her in terror. The recollection of it made him smile. “This is „imitating the Frowner‟ with a vengeance,‟” he thought, “---if that is really what she is doing, not merely unoriginal, but downright disgusting!
“这断子绝孙的阿Q!”远远地听到小尼姑的带哭的声音。
“Ah Q, may you die sonless!” sounded the little nun‟s voice tearfully in the distance.(--- a curse intolerable to hear in China)
我属鸡。我从来不吃鸡。鸡年是我的本命年。
I was born in the Year of the Rooster. I never eat chicken. The Year of the Rooster will bring me good luck or bad luck.
Note: Chinese people traditionally use 12 animals, representing the 12 Earthly Branches, to symbolize the year in which a person is born. Spring Festival 1993, for example, is the first day of the Year of the Rooster. People born in this year have the rooster as their life symbol. All other years of the rooster, according to an old Chinese saying, become either good-or-bad-luck years for them.
钱先生周岁时“抓周”，抓了一本书，因此得名“钟书”。
When Qian was just one year old, he was told by his parents to choose one thing among many others, he picked up a book of all things. Thereupon his father very gladly gave him the name: Zhongshu(=book lover).
意译法
由于英汉两种语言存在巨大差异，意译是不可避免的。 意译的好处是译文易懂，但失去了原文的文化与语言色彩。
Free translation is the last resort.
等我性子上来，把这‘醋罐子’打个稀烂，他才认的我呢!
Y:
“One of these days when I really lose my temper, I‟m going to give that vinegary bitch a good beating to show her who‟s master here.”
H: One of these days when I get my temper up I‟m going to lay into that jealous bitch and break every bone in her body. Then perhaps she‟ll know who‟s master round here.
宝钗笑道：“我说你得陇望蜀呢。我劝你且缓一缓。”
Bao-chai laughed. “You‟re like the famous general, „one conquest breeds appetite for another‟. I advise you to take things more gently.”
“The more you get, the more you want!” Chuckled Pao-Chai.
天下真有这样标致的人物，我今儿才算见了!况且这通身的气派，竟不像老祖宗的外孙女儿，竟是个嫡亲的孙女，怨不得老祖宗天天口头心头一时不忘，只可怜我这妹妹这样命苦，怎么姑妈偏就去世了!
This is the first time I‟ve set eyes on such a ravishing beauty. Her whole air is so distinguished! She doesn‟t take after her father, son-in-law of our Old-Ancestress, but looks more like a Jia. No wonder our Old Ancestress couldn‟t put you out of her mind and was for ever talking or thinking about you. But poor ill-fated little cousin, losing your mother so young!
人家是醋罐子，他是醋缸，醋瓮!
They call jealous people „vinegar bottles‟, don‟t they? Well, she‟s not just a bottle full of vinegar; she‟s a storage jar --- a whole cistern --- full of it!
If other women are jealous, she‟s a hundred times.
她有沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。
Her beauty would make the fish sink, the wild goose fall down and the moon hide herself, and put the flowers to shame.
Her beauty is beyond description.
除了我这间房,大院里还有二十多间呢。一共住着多少家子，谁说得清?住两间房的就不多，又搭上今儿个搬来，明儿个又搬走。我没那么好的记性。大家见面，招呼声“吃了吗?”透着和气。
Besides the room we occupy there are twenty more rooms in the same compound. How many families live there, only God knows. Those who occupy two rooms are very few. Besides, they are always on the go， moving in today and moving out tomorrow. I haven‟t got such a good memory as to remember all that. When people meet, they greet with each other with a Hi, just to show their good neighborly feelings.
摘 要 谚语是了解一个国家历史及文化的重要渠道之一，因此谚语的翻译也占有十分重要的地位。本文针对英汉谚语的翻译，提出一些常见的翻译方法、即套译法、直译加注法、直译法、意译法、直译加意译法以及省略法。
关键词 谚语 套译 直译 意译
中图分类号：H315.9 文献标识码：A
0引言
谚语是人类千百年来口耳相传、言简意赅的箴言。它是民间集体创造并广为流传，用于反映深刻道理的语句，是民众丰富智慧和普遍经验的总结。谚语不仅是我们中华民族的结晶，同时在外国也受到广泛应用。但由于人类普遍的社会活动以及思维过程存在一定的共通之处，使得汉英谚语之间存在一定差异的同时又有很多相同点。
1谚语翻译的几种方法
1.1套译法
有些英汉谚语不但有相同的意义和隐喻，并且有相同或相似的形象。这类谚语在翻译时则可以直接套用与之对应的异语谚语即可。例如英语中的Strike while the iron is hot与汉语中的“趁热打铁”即属于此类。再例如，英语中的Walls have ears可直接套用汉语中的成语“隔墙有耳”。
另一类亦可用套用法翻译的谚语不似上述例证所举，它们有相同的意义，却并未用相似的形象作为比喻。例如英语中的It is an ill bird that fouls its own nest可翻译成中文中的“家丑不可外扬”，两者的意义相通，所用形象却截然不同。在英语中使用鸟这种动物以及鸟巢的形象作为隐喻，而中文中的形象则是人类以及人的居所。
1.2直译加注法
很多汉英谚语都暗含典故，如果直接翻译容易为缺乏相关文化背景知识的异国读者所不能理解。而在异国文化中又很难找到与之同出一辙的相同典故或寓意相同的典故，因此在翻译此类谚语时应用直译加注法。谚语“三个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮”，最好译成Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang， the mastermind.通过在诸葛亮后加注the mastermind，让不了解中国文化或未曾听说过诸葛亮的读者也能知道诸葛亮智者的代名词。
同一思想内容的谚语，在不同文化中亦具有不同的表达方式。在翻译时采用直译加注法可保留原文的民族特色。例如中国谚语“一个和尚挑水喝，两个和尚抬水喝，三个和尚没水喝”，一般都将其译成One boy is a boy， two boys half a boy， three boys no boy.文中的“和尚”一词是有中国特色的文化负载词，直接将其译成boy，其文化意义皆失。
1.3直译法
直译法就是指在不违背译文语言规范以及不引起错误联想的条件下，在译文中保留英语谚语的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩的方法。这样做既能较完整地保存原文的表达方式和原文的神韵，又可丰富我们自己的语言文化。80例如“雪中送炭”可直译成to offer fuel in snowy weather，“金钱是万恶之源”可直译为Money is the root of all evil。
另外，由于人类交流和沟通的益频繁在一定程度上减少了不同国家之间的差异性。这在谚语翻译上的体现就是某些带有文化色彩的谚语在翻译时不需要加注也不要转换形象。例如将All roads lead to Rome直接译成“条条大路通罗马”也能为中国读者所理解。
1.4意译法
有些英语谚语从表面上看和汉语谚语比较吻合或比较相似其实寓意很不一致，稍不留意就会歪曲谚语原有的意思。例如Lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen，初看容易让人想到中文里的“亡羊补牢”。可是“亡羊补牢”的后缀是“犹未晚矣”，而原文的意思是为时已晚，两者意思背道而驰。
若在翻译时无法保留原语的字面意义和形象意义，可将原文的形象更换成另一个译文读者所熟悉的形象，从而转达出原文的语用目的，如汉语中的“开门见山”，如果直译成open the door and see the mountain会让异国读者觉得莫名其妙，以为门外即是山。因此，在翻译时就需要用意译的方式翻译成to come direct to the point.
1.5直译加意译法
有时在翻译英语谚语时，单纯的直译或意译都不能确切、有效地表达原来谚语的含义。这时可采用直译、意译相结合的方法进行翻译，以弥补直译难达意，意译难传神的不足。例如“无亲无故”若只是直译成without a single relative or friend只是表现了没有亲人的事实而没有表达出那种无依无靠的状况，因此需二者结合，即译成without a single relative or friend to help her out.
1.6省略法
省略法多用于中文谚语的英译。中文的谚语多意思上的重复，在翻译成英语的时候为避免重复??嗦需用省略法省去中文中重复的部分。例如中文中形容女子美貌的谚语“沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌”，句中的“沉鱼”“落雁”“闭月”“羞花”分指中国古代四大美女，因此在翻译时只需译出其中一个即可，此句可译成Her beauty would put the flowers to shame.若是将四个全译出，则显得过于繁琐。
2结语
谚语是不同文化的智慧结晶，反映各民族独特的风俗和文化。学习谚语不仅可以学习语言本身，同时也能让学生了解该国的历史，文化和风土人情。谚语的翻译不仅要保持原文的思想内容，同时也应尽量保持原文的风格以及其所蕴含的文化内涵。译者应根据实际情况选择不同的翻译方法，使得译文达意确切，自然传神。
英语1101
袁立冬
111001116 经过一个学期的学习，我们即将结束《英汉翻译教程》的学习。通过学习，我又掌握了一门新的英语学习技能，也初步了解了英汉翻译的基本要求与要领。简而言之，就是获益匪浅。
英汉翻译是一门建立在综合能力基础之上的学科，囊括了全方位的知识以及中西文化的差异。不管是对个人能力以及日常积累都有较高的要求。前我一直有一种误区：认为只要掌握大量的词汇，翻译起来就会很容易，认为翻译只不过是把大量的词汇拼接连接在一起。可是当我真正接触到这门课程时惊觉自己原来的思维是有多么的狭隘。当翻译一句话时，我根本不知道该怎么组合。勉强组合在一块时不是错误百出，就是很Chinglish. 首先，英汉翻译应遵循“忠实，通顺”的标准。所谓忠实，就是忠实于原文的内容。由于中西文化之间存在的巨大差异，一句英文在欧美人看起来顺理成章，而在我们中国人看起来就会极其别扭。我们就会在翻译过程中不自觉的用上自己的思维，因而改变了原文的意思破坏了原文的风格。通顺就是指原文语言必须通俗易懂，符合规范。译文必须通顺，避免死译，硬译，符合规范。把原文的内容适当的表达出来，既不能改变扭曲，也不能增加或删减。如“He is seriously ill”.就译为：“他病得很厉害”。有人为了追求汉语的“漂亮”译为“他苟延残喘”，这就得不偿失了。
其次，翻译分为三个阶段：理解，表达，和校核。准确理解原文所要表达的意思，注意上下文的关系在翻译过程中是至关重要的。在翻译时采取直译或者意译两种方式。有时在翻译过程中我们也可以直译和意译结合起来使用。主要取决与具体的情景。校核也是一个非常重要的过程，不可忽视。即在翻译时要经过反复的推敲，已到达最好效果的翻译。
翻译不是一朝一夕就能做到做好的事。我们在日常学习中必须注重积累有关英译汉方面的知识以及基本方法。了解基本英汉语言对比(词法和句法) 。通过对比，掌握两种语言各自的特点，以及所对应的意思，在翻译的时候才能得心应手的运用。避免造成错用，误用，闹出笑话。需要注意的是随着语言的发展，很多英语单词已经不再紧紧局限于其原有的意思，更有了扩展。这就要求我们积极扩充自己的积累。同时，我还学习掌握了英译汉时常用的方法和技巧。如：增词法，重复法，省略法，以及词义的转义等等。还有关于各种不同句型的不同翻译方式。如定语从句，被动语态，状语从句等等，这些在书本上都有系统的介绍。我们在日常练习的时候也要避免为了做题而做题，要在过程中学会理解，应用这些方法。
我还体会到理解和翻译并不是一回事，几个人的理解相同，翻译成的文字 风格可以是不同的。通过学习，我了解到可以直译的就直译，只要把词序调整一 下，保证通顺，不致引起误解就好。如果不能直译，可凭借各种翻译技巧，在不 偏离原文意思的前提下，对句子的结构作一些变动。方法也好，技巧也好，都是为忠实、通顺地再现原作这个目的服务的，其功效自不待言，但并非万应灵药。任何方法在应用中都有其限度，过犹不及。如果一味死搬教条，盲目遵照翻译的规则，过分依赖这些翻译的技巧，最终只会落得个邯郸学步的结果。优秀的翻译者会在在实践中经常数法并用，因人因文而异，并无一定之规，主要靠自己不断实践、不断总结经验和不断提高理论水平，才能最终达到得心应手、曲尽其妙的境界。
经过学习，我确实获得了不少的进步以及在本学期的翻译学习中，我们获得了翻译专业应具备的一项技能，也对下学期的汉英翻译学习有了初步的计划和想法，以后学起来的时候亦不会无从下手。我相信我在今后的翻译道路更加宽阔平坦，我会再今后的学习中，不断总结经验技巧，是这些宝贵经验成为翻译学习的宝贵财富，力争做一名合格的英语人。
我也知道只是经过这学期的学习，我还有很多缺失以及不足的对地方。像中西文化这方面我就做的不是很好，经常在翻译时会弄不清具体的背景知识而做出错误的译文。翻译的时候也会出现措辞不当的现象。我还需要继续的加深关于这方面的知识。翻译不像我想象中的那么简单，但是也不是高不可攀。最重要的是要保持一颗积极学习进取的心，无论何时何地不能失去对翻译的热情。只有这样，才能在日后的学习中遇到困难时有勇气克服它。翻译本就是一个需要不断探索，积累，应运的过程。我有信心在未来的学习中会越走越远，越做越好!!!另外，在此对我们的吴老师表示衷心的感谢，谢谢您的陪伴以及指导!!!
目标管理Management by objectives
管理人才储备表Management inventory form 激励下属motivatesubordinates
预定的目标previously-set goals
岗位性质job orientation
岗位责任制job responsibility system
职位空缺job vacancy
人力资源状况表human resource inventory 工作规范job specification
潜在求职者potential candidates
现金流入cash inflows
现金流出cash outflows
现金流动情况cash liquidity
现金支出cash outlays
信用评价credit rating
现金盈亏账户Cash over and short account活期账户chedking account
线上盘点work in process inventory
控制支付账号Controlled disbursement account厂房设备折旧depreciation-plant and equipment生产经营管理production and operation management
品质保证书quality certificate
集思广益group brainstorming
质量检验制度quality auditing systemassurance全面质量管理total quality management工作流程work flow
代理行，通知行Correspondent bank
银行票据交换bank clearing
定期存款账户deposit account
账户结余account balance
小额客户retail customer
空白背书endorsed in blank
清洁已装船提单clean on board Bill of Lading保险凭证insurance certificate
保险赔偿Insurance indemnities
保费premium
险种coverage
保单持有人policyholder
绝对免赔额The deductible
按照背面所列条例As per the clauses printed overleaf
运输船只 Per conveyance S.S
保水渍险和战争险covering with Particular Average and War Risks
营销网markeing network
销售媒介markeing intermidiaries
目标市场target market
潜在顾客prospective customers
潜在盈利性potential profitability
蓝筹股(热门股)blue chip
股份制度joint-stock system
股票公开上市公司Public company
股票交易所stock exchange
股票指数Stock index
道琼斯工业股票价格平均指数dow jones industrial
1、the textbook on management is organized around management functions (是按管理的职能编排的)
2、the leading function involves motivating subordinates ,resolving conflicts among members and directing their activities.(激励下属，解决员工间的纠纷、指挥他们的行动)
3、you will be required to serve a probationary period not exceeding three months effective(从你报到之日算起不超过三个月)。
4、Either party can terminate the contract of service(任何一方均可终止该劳务合同)by giving to the other 1 day’s notice or 1day’s salary in lieu of notice during probation.
5、management is able to estimate shortages-both in number and in type after it assesses the current status and future needs(对现状和将来的需求进行评价)
6、employees can be interviewed individually or in a group(单独或集体接受面试)
7、it is essential that a supervisor communicate both personally and impersonally with all the involved parties(与有关各方直接或间接地沟通)。
8、one of his main duties is to establish and implement the annual budget for the department(确立并落实部门预算)
9、desktop computers give pinancial managers access to balances on bank accounts.(为财务经理了解银行账户的收支情况提供了渠道)
10、excess funds which are not earning interest (没有盈利的超额资金) can be moved in-stantly to investments.
11、 We hope you will inform us of the main items you can export. Please send us your exportcatalogues and various samples for our choice(请寄给我们几份商品目录及各种样品，以便我们选择)
12、 we have received your letter of june 22 and wish to quote sunflower brand alarm clocks as follows.(你公司6月22日来信收悉。现对“向日葵”钟表报价如下)
13、the objective of quality control is to improvide products with higher and better quality .(为顾客提供质量更高更好的产品)
14、three principles should be followed to implement total quality management .(实施全面质量管理)
15、a good strategy helps a business focues on the target markets(帮助企业专注于目标市场)it can serve best.
16、working through established distributors or agents(通过已有的经销商或代理商)generally is easiest for manufacturers.
17、these services typically include payroll automated clearing house，and wire transfers (工资发放、自动结算和电汇)
18、telephone banking generally allowscustomers to check account balances，transactions and pay bills(查询账户结余、了解交易情况以及支付款项)through voice response systems.
19、We are instructed by Banco Americano to advise you that they have opened their irrevocable letter of credit in your favor(对方已开具以您为受益人的不可撤销信用证)。 20、Payment will be made available by your drafts on us at sight for invoice value of 100﹪(凭以我行为付款人按发票金额100﹪付款的见票即付的汇票)
21、the amount of the premium for a specific type of risk is mainly based on thepossible losses that may occur in the future(主要以将来可能出现的损失为依据)
22、unemployment threatens so many people，so unemployment insurance is usually easy to come by(通常很容易获得)
23、mpanies wishing to raise more money for expansion can issue new shares(可以发行新股)
24、the company has run into financial difficultly (遇到了财务困难)for its poormanagement.
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