基于纽马克翻译理论谈中医经典翻译
内容摘要：随着中国国际地位在国际舞台上不断提升，中医药在世界范围内的广泛传播使得传统中医药文化得到了全世界越来越多人的认可。中医经典对外翻译是传播中医药文化的重要途径之一。中外译者也在不断地努力，研究各种有效翻译方法，推进中医文化“走出去”。本文基于纽马克翻译理论，尤其从语义翻译与交际翻译视角以及文本类型说等理论研究，以李照国、吴氏父子《黄帝内经》译本为例，对两种译本进行比较研究，探讨这纽马克翻译理论在中医经典翻译中的运用。
关键词：中医经典 黄帝内经 交际翻译 语义翻译
在全球化进程中，中医药已经走向世界医学舞台，为世界贡献的中国智慧已被全球越来越多的国家认可。中医经典在中医药“走出去”的历程中以及中国软实力提高的进程中发挥着举足轻重的作用，与此同时，作为中国优秀传统文化瑰宝，它不仅拥有独特中医医学价值、富含中国古典哲学文化，同时包含丰富科技内涵，且文学韵味又深深孕育其中，充满无限魅力。但也因中医经典内涵丰富，语义深奥且特殊，导致其在对外翻译传播过程中困难重重，译者们也在不断探索着。本研究主要基于纽马克翻译理论并以《黄帝内经》译本为例，对中医经典翻译策略进行探究，以期从交际翻译与语义翻译角度探索中医经典翻译方法。
一.纽马克翻译理论与《黄帝内经》英译研究现状
1.语义翻译与交际翻译理论
当代英国著名语言学家彼得·纽马克(Peter Newmark)在《翻译问题探讨中》提出语义翻译和交际翻译两种翻译理论。语义翻译与交际翻译是纽马克翻译理论最为重要的贡献。纽马克认为，在语义翻译中，目标文本在目的语语义和句法结构允许的情况下尽可能准确地再现源文本的语境意义。在交际翻译中，目标文本所产生的效果应力求接近源文本[1]。二者区别是语义翻译较客观，讲究准确性，屈从原语文化和原作者，翻译原文的语义，旨在原文的内涵意义构成理解的最大障碍时才加以解释。而交际翻译较主观，重视目标语读者的反应，使原语屈从译语和译语文化，不给读者留下任何疑点与晦涩难懂之处[2]。
2.《黄帝内经》英译研究现状
《黄帝内经》成书于先秦至两汉时期，是中国现存最早的医理典籍，其中不仅记述古代医学病理，还涵盖文学、天文、气象、物候乃至宗教等诸多学科。其与西方文化差异大，难以在译入语中找到对应语，翻译难度极大。李照国(1996)指出中医术语翻译的自然性、简洁性、民族性，回译性和规定性等原则[3]。此外，他还评论中医经典目前的英译情况，“用李清照的词‘寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨’来概括可谓形象之至。[4]”
同时，随着中医国际化进程的加快，《黄帝内经》的英译逐渐成为中医英译研究的热点之一。研究涵盖《黄帝内经》翻译理论、原则和策略、语篇修辞格、中医文化的翻译，《黄帝内经》中的單字、词语、句子以及书名篇名的英译等[5]。在这些研究中，翻译策略的研究占《黄帝内经》主要研究方向的9.9%[6]。
刘瓅莹、陈嘉彧等(2018)通过分析隐喻的基本概念与理论，比较国内外代表性译本，从本体特征、喻体特征和喻底特征三方面提出了《黄帝内经》隐喻的翻译策略，他们认为以本体、喻底、喻体为结构点，以中医思维和哲学思想为线，以点成面，才能坚守翻译中信、达、雅的原则[7]。冯文林，李知宇等(2018)探究古代佛经翻译理论在《黄帝内经》英译中的应用，他们系统整理了我国古代佛经翻译理论，如支谦的《法句经序》、道安的“五失本，三不易”鸠摩罗什与意译等，总结出古代佛经翻译理论主要集中在翻译不易、“不加文饰”、读者可接受性、译者素养、音译、格义、合义等方面，在《黄帝内经》英译研究中仍具有启示作用和应用价值[8]。冯文林、伍海涛(2014)系统分析了奈达、纽马克、乔治·斯坦纳、胡庚申、李照国等西方和国内不同翻译理论，他们认为，各翻译理论在《黄帝内经》翻译研究中的运用，体现了翻译研究正日趋国际化，这种理念对于学术界交流和教学都是有益的[9]。
基于前人研究所取得的成果以及存在的不足，本研究认为，中国国内翻译理论较少，借鉴我国古代佛经翻译理论可以为《黄帝内经》英译提供有效的途径。需从修辞学视角、认知语言学视角等不同视角探讨《黄帝内经》隐喻的翻译策略。
二.《黄帝内经》译本中语义翻译与交际翻译的运用
1.语义翻译指导下的《内经》译本
语义翻译是依归于源语文化的，讲究准确性，既保持原文内容，又保持原文形式。译者在翻译时尽量遵从源文本的词法与句法结构，力争体现原文语境，表达原文精神。语义翻译与音译、直译法相似，适用于表达功能型文本。在《黄帝内经》中，存在大量涵盖中国传统文化的词汇及术语，因此，多采用语义翻译能有效传播中医药文化，让母语非汉语的读者在译本中感受独具特色的文化特征。以下是《黄帝内经》不同译本的比较分析：
例1：原文：黄帝曰：“余闻上古有真人者，提携天地，把握阴阳，呼吸精气，独立守神，肌肉若一，故能寿敝天地，无有终时，以此道生。(《黄帝内经·素问·上古天真论》)
李照国译(下简称李译)：Huangdi asked，“I am told that there were so-called Zhenren (immortal beings) in ancient times [who could] grasp the law of nature. They followed the principles of Yin and Yang， inhaling fresh air， cultivating their spirit and keeping their muscles integrated.So their life expectancy was as long as that of the earth and the heavens. This is their Dao(the art of preserving health) of life.
吴氏父子译(下简称吴译)：The Emperor said ：“As i am told that in ancient times ，some people who were very good at preserving health ，reaching the level of being a ‘perfect man’. All their behaviours adapted to the change of nature quite at ease， they could master the law of wax and wane of Ying and Yang……their life would be everlasting，and could survive for ever like the heaven and earth. This is mainly because they could practise the way of preserving health properly.”
分析：李照国将“真人”音译为“Zhenren”，同时后面括号中对其解释为“immortal beings”，并有更深一步解释——“who could grasp the law of nature”。在中国古代传统文化中，“真人”为洞悉宇宙和人生本原，真真正正觉醒，觉悟的人。李照国对其的解释利用语义翻译的方法，既保持了原文内容，并且没有影响目的语读者对译文的理解。与李不同的是，吴氏父子采用交际翻译的方法，更多地注重目的语对象的理解，将“真人”译为“perfect man who were very good at preserving health”，将“以此道生”译为“practise the way of preserving health properly”等。从上述译本中可以看出，极具中国文化的术语都轉化为译入语民族文化和语言中去了。笔者认为，在类似的术语翻译中，李照国教授采用语义翻译为主，交际翻译为辅的方法更佳;交际翻译虽然能使目的语读者对译文理解畅然无阻，但仅运用交际翻译的方法，会使译文一定程度上失去原文的独特文化与精彩的语境表达。
例2：原文：阳气者，若天与日，失其所，则折寿而不彰。(《黄帝内经·素问·生气通天论》)
李译：Yangqi [in the human body] is just like the sun in the sky. Abnormal flow of it shortens people’s life without any obvious signs.
吴译：There is Yang energy in human body like there is sun in the sky. When the sun is not at its proper position， the heaven and earth will become dark， and when Yang energy of a man is not at his proper position， he will die early.
分析：此例原文释义为“人体的阳气就像天空和太阳一样，如果阳气失去了应有的位次，人的寿命就会夭折而不彰著于人世。”从以上两个版本的译文可以看出，二者皆采用语义翻译的方法，按原文中的明喻修辞翻译，向目的语读者展现了原文想要表达阳气重要性之意义与精神。
2.交际翻译指导下的《内经》译本
交际翻译是遵从目的语的语言和表达方式的，注重译入语对象对译文的理解。在采用交际翻译方法翻译时，“译者要考虑到，读者希望读到的是地道的译文，地道流畅自然，易懂不晦涩，大量外来的成份都转化入本民族文化和语言中去了”[10]。由于中医经典为中国古典文化的重要一支，与西方文化差异较大。大量医学术语、中国古典哲学用语等在西方语言中找不到对应语。因此，《黄帝内经》译本中大量采用交际翻译。以下例子是交际翻译在《黄帝内经》不同译家译本中的运用：
例3：原文：故圣人传精神，服天气而通神明。(《黄帝内经·素问·生气通天论》)
李译：The sages often concentrate their mind[ on the adaption to the changes of seasons]， so they can closely follow Tianqi(changes of Yin and Yang ).
吴译： Therefore，as a sage can keep his essence of life and energy in concert with the Yang energy of heaven， thus can communicate his energy with the divinity of heaven.
分析：从此例可以看出，不同译本对《内经》原文的理解不同，导致译文所表达意义存在差距。在李照国的译文中，他将“传精神”理解为“专心致志”、将“通神明”理解为“通达阴阳变化之道”;在吴氏父子的译文中，他们整体理解原文，传达出“生命的本质与精神与阴阳相通，从而能与上天神明通达精神”之意。但两者在翻译此句时，都用到交际翻译的方法，没有将“传精神”译为“convey the spirit”，从而给目的语读者造成困惑。
例4：原文：天地之间六合之内，其气九州，九窍、五脏、十二节......(《黄帝内经·素问·生气通天论》)
李译：[All those] within the heavens and the earth [as well as]the Liuhe (six directions) are interrelated with Tianqi (Heaven-Qi)，[such as things in ] Jiuzhou (nine geographical divisions)， the Jiuqiao (nine orifices in the human body)， the Five Zang-Organs and the Twelve Jie (joints).
吴译：All things on the earth and in the space communicate with the Yin and Yang energies.Human being is a small universe as human body has everything that the universe has.In the universe，there are nine states( namely Ji，Yan，Qing，Xu，Yang，Jing，Yu，Liang and Yong)，and man has nine orifices (seven orifices：two ears.two eyes，two nosetrils，and one mouth;two Yin orifices：external urethral orifice and the anus);there are five musical tones in the universe，man has five solid organs responsible for storing the mental activities;there are twelve sofar terms in the universe ，and man has twelve channels.
分析：此例中，两者都采取“中庸之道”将语义翻译与交际翻译两种方法结合：李照国将中医名词术语“九窍”、“五脏”、“十二节”等译为“Jiuqiao”、“Twelve Jie”等，属语义翻译;又在后方括号内进行名词解释义，采用交际翻译法，使目的语读者对译本有更深理解。吴氏父子则更多采用交际翻译的方法，根据目的语读者的语言，找出能够替换中医术语的词语，力求向目的语读者传达原文内容与思想。
例5：原文：因于寒，欲如运枢，起居如惊，神气乃浮。(《黄帝内经·素问·生气通天论》)[11]
李译：In cold weather ， [Yangqi] flows in the body just like a door-hinge rotating in the door-mortar.Any rash action in daily life will disperse Shenqi (Spirit-Qi).
吴译：When a man is invaded by cold， he will be disquieted and restless like being on alert， his spirit and energy excrete outside and his Yang energy becomes unstable.
分析：可以明顯看出两种译本的差异：四字短语“欲如运枢”释义为“阳气就像门轴在门臼中运转一样活动于体内”。在李照国的翻译中，运用语义翻译原则对此短语结构及修辞进行英译，尽可能地保留了原语的文化特征。而在吴氏父子的译本中，采用交际翻译的原则，尽管也保留了原文的修辞，但译者从读者理解角度将“欲如运枢”的状态译出。
例6：原文：是以春伤于风，邪气留连，乃为洞泄。夏伤于暑，秋为痎疟。(《黄帝内经·素问·生气通天论》)
李译：Attack by wind in spring will lead to Dongxie (acute diarrhea) if Xieqi (Evil-Qi)lingers [in the body].Attack by summer-heat in summer will cause Jienve (malaria) in autumn.
吴译：When the body is hurt by wind-evil in spring，and the disease comes on immediately，it is exogenous disease， but if disease does not come on immediately but retains inside， it will become diarrhea with indigested food in summer.When oen is hurt by summer-heat evil in summer，and the disease come on immediately， it is the summer-heat disease; If the disease does not come on immediately，but incubates inside， malaria will occur in autumn.
分析：此例译文，主要体现原文句子结构与词语的翻译。句中“于”表被动，“为”表结果。分析两者译本，译家都将“于”译为“by”，“为”分别译为“lead to”、“become”，遵从了语义翻译的原则，使译文形式与原文更为接近。
三.结语
基于《黄帝内经》两种译本分析，本研究发现：吴氏父子的译本大量采用交际翻译的方法，虽使译文流畅、地道、简明易懂，但缺失了《黄帝内经》中独有中国文化与语境表达元素。李照国译本中大量采用语义翻译为主，交际翻译为辅的方法，译本既保持了原文内容，既大量保持原作的写作风格、思维方式和主旨，同时又一定程度上解除了目标语读者的理解困惑。经过分析，笔者认为在《黄帝内经》等中医经典的翻译中，译者应以语义翻译为主，向目标语读者展现独特的中医内涵及中国特有文化因子。
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基金支持：2018年度吉林省职业技术教育学会科研课题：吉林省中医药高职院校“新师承”模式研究(编号：2018XHZ024);2018年度吉林省中医药科技项目：吉林省中医药文化网络传播现状与治理研究(编号：2018DZ17);2018年度长春中医药大学培育基金项目(编号：2018SK04)、课程思政教改项目。
(作者介绍：刘倩雯，长春中医药大学管理学院本科生，研究方向：外国语言学及翻译学;宿哲骞，通讯作者，长春中医药大学副教授，东北师范大学教育学部教育博士在读，研究方向：英语语言学，高等教育管理;韩艳，长春中医药大学教授，研究方向：语言文学)
作者：刘倩雯 宿哲骞 韩艳
摘 要： 在大学生的英语学习中，美文背诵是大部分学生及老师的首选方法，但我国高校学生英语背诵现状却不乐观。本文就高校英语教学中的经典美文背诵进行了探究。首先分析了高校英语教学中经典美文背诵的现状及存在的问题，其次论述了美文背诵对高校学生学习与教师教学的影响，最后提出了增强经典美文背诵效果的一些对策。
关键词： 经典美文 背诵 高校英语教学 对策
一、英语经典美文背诵现状
背诵是记忆的反复，部分教师和学生认为背诵只是机械化的重复，既耽误学习时间，效果也不尽如人意。这种偏见常导致英语经典美文背诵在英语的教与学中被忽略，高校学生在学习方面有极强的自主性，美文背诵既枯燥乏味又耗费时间，学生不愿意背诵。另外，大学英语教师对美文背诵有自己的理解，对其重视程度不等，在教学中对学生背诵的要求不同。同时，教师对英语经典美文背诵成果的验收重视程度不同。以马丁·路德·金的著名演讲《我有一个梦想》为例，该演讲稿篇幅长，生词多，修辞手法丰富。背诵这种长篇幅美文要耗费大量时间和精力，如果教师不验收学生背诵成果，学生极有可能半途而废或直接放弃。西方各语言学校对背诵一事颇有争议，部分学校认为背诵已经是一种过时的学习方式，教师应该将更多的精力放在词汇、语言知识和阅读上。
然而，背诵是语言学习中最重要的一环，中国有句古话“熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟”，这里的熟读就是背诵。它可以帮助学生加深对文章的词、句、段的用法和意义的理解，深入了解文章的思路、结构和主旨，增加词汇量，扩大知识面，培养良好的语感。在中国，由于缺乏真实的语言环境，英语经典美文背诵显得尤为重要。大学生通过背诵大量的经典美文能够增强英语语言学习效果，高校英语教师可以提高英语教学质量。
二、存在的问题
通过对发放问卷调查结果的整理与分析，研究小组发现：大学生在背诵经典英语美文中遇到的问题主要有以下几点：
1.经典美文背诵技巧不足，效果不佳。
教师往往直接给学生布置背诵任务却不传授科学合理的背诵技巧，因此一些学生囫囵吞枣、死记硬背。参与问卷调查的学生中，48.7%的学生表示，所要求背诵的美文对于他们而言只是老师布置的不可避免的任务，在美文背诵过程中对于不认识的单词、过难的句式往往采取蒙混过关的态度，不愿意花时间仔细理解美文的含义、写作技巧等。他们只希望能在任课老师规定的时间之内完成背诵任务，对待这项活动的整体态度消极。
2.背诵陷入遗忘怪圈，压力山大。
79.8%的学生表示，在美文背诵过程中，遗忘是最大的困难。在这些学生中，82.5%的学生表示，在面对篇幅较长的文章时，常出现“顾此失彼”的遗忘现象。其次，背诵完整篇文章后，记忆时间很短暂，收获和付出比例失调。另外，在机械的反复背诵过程中，学生的心理压力不断增加。其中，62.5%的学生表示被动地机械背诵使身心疲倦，无法按时完成任务可能会面临的惩罚也使压力倍增。
3.学生无法自主选择背诵篇目，丧失兴趣。
学生无法自主选择背诵材料，丧失背诵兴趣。大部分学生表示背诵的材料内容是由教师决定的，然而教师选择的背诵材料往往很难引起学生的兴趣。因此，这些提不起兴趣的材料不仅不利于经典美文背诵任务的顺利完成，从长远看更阻碍了学生英语学习积极性和主动性的提高。
三、增强英语经典美文背诵效果的对策
1.学习背诵技巧，拒绝死记硬背。
学生在经典美文的背诵过程中，容易出现死记硬背的现象，不愿意花时间查生词、学短语，以理解文章思路、结构和主旨，导致背诵效率低下。针对这种困境，以下几点背诵技巧可以借鉴：
◆边读边译
第一步，查生词，学短语，词汇和短语是组成一篇文章的基础。在了解其用法和中文释义后，才能走到第二步，明语句，译段落。最后一步，边读边译，反复诵读强化记忆的方式虽然有效但效率低、耗时长。学生可以边读边译，如背诵马丁·路德·金的《我有一个梦想》，可以读一句“One hundred years later， the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.”再译成中文：一百年后的今天，黑人仍生活在物质充裕的海洋中一个贫困的孤岛上。反之亦然。这种背诵方式虽耗时更长，但不易遗忘。
◆分段背诵
分段有两种方式，最常见的是按照文章的段落分段背诵。第二种是在理解文章大意、思路和主旨后，按照自己的理解将其分段背诵。但不能分得太多，否则会减慢背诵速度。
2.走出遗忘怪圈，卸下心理负担。
首先从学生角度出发，教师应该知道：在背诵过程中，导致学生遗忘的因素是多种多样的，例如：文章篇幅长，生词多;死记硬背，没有技巧;英语水平低，背诵困难;不復习等。针对经典美文背诵中的遗忘情况，以下几种方法可以借鉴：
◆让学生认识到遗忘是正常现象，遗忘不等于学习效率低，成绩差，没有语言天赋。
◆帮助学生进行自我分析，是什么原因导致遗忘，再对症下药，提高效率。
◆让学生明白美文背诵不是强制性的任务，在学习期间应该学会自主学习。
◆教师要针对不同层次水平的学生给予不同标准要求，因人而异。
3.加强师生沟通，提高学习兴趣。
兴趣是最好的老师，在经典美文背诵过程中，大部分背诵材料都由教师划定，学生没有参与权和选择权，导致学生产生逆反心理，对不感兴趣的文章，背诵更加困难。针对这一情况，教师要主动加强与学生的沟通交流，阐明情况，表达意愿，只有相互了解才能共同进步。
四、经典美文背诵对高校学生英语学习的影响
谈及英语学习方法，大多数大学生都会想到从“听、说、读、写”这四个方面提高英语水平。但是，近年来，很多学者又重新提到了“背诵”的重要性，如著名英语教学专家胡春洞提过的“诵读和背诵，对于语感的发展是很有好处的”。经典美文背诵对学生英语学习的影响主要体现在以下三个方面：
1.口语能力。
对于大部分英语学习者来说，在学习英语的过程中需要以母语为介质。长此以往，学生在进行口语交流时，脑海里首先会想到中文表达，再将其转换成英文表达，导致在实际交流中出现口语表达不流利、不地道的情况，背诵经典美文能有效解决这一问题。
◆背诵的内容之所以称得上经典，就在于其地道的英语表达。
◆经典美文的背诵能提升学生的语音、语调和语感，培养外语思维。背诵文章不是一蹴而就的，学生需要反复推敲行文结构。在这一过程中，学生对英语背诵材料的分析和朗读，以及模仿地道的发音都会帮助提高口语水平。
◆经典美文背诵有助于增强学生在实际交流中“说”的自信心。在以往英语学习中，大部分学生为了考试学英语，只注重“写”而忽略“说”，而在背诵经典美文的过程中，学生不仅学习了英语知识，还在反复朗读背诵中提高了口语表达能力，培养了英语表达的自信心。
2.写作能力。
英文写作一直以来都是教师教学的重点，也是学生学习的重点。英语写作是学习的一大难点，在很大程度上是因为母语一直是大部分学习者学习英语的中介，写作时，学生往往会先想好中文表达方式，再逐个转换成英语，导致学生的作文中出现机械表达、语义不通、搭配錯误等问题。学生在朗读和背诵地道英语文章时，会有意识地记忆规范的单词表达、句式和习惯用语，就算在运用时记忆模糊，也会凭借培养的语感写出一篇流畅的作文。如部编版初中英语九年级教材里的一篇阅读“Full Moon， Full Feelings”，这篇阅读不仅简洁明了地讲述了中秋节的故事，还运用了地道的英语表达句式。学生在背诵这篇文章后，不仅可以将其作为写作素材，还可以积累地道的英语表达。
3.文化意识。
随着时代的发展，各国联系愈加紧密，不断了解、学习外国文化尤为重要。但在传统英语教学中，单纯的知识性教与学习尤为突出，常出现“不考就不学”的情况，当下社会对人才的要求更高，不仅要“考得好”更要“懂得多”，新时代的新人才更需要与世界接轨。经典美文之所以经典，不仅因为辞藻华丽，更因为每篇文章都有它的时代社会意义，其背后有丰厚的文化底蕴。学生在背诵经典美文时，可以反复揣摩笔者的写作意图，了解写作背景，置身于英语语言的文化背景中学习。长此以往，学生能在这种文化熏陶中增强个人文化意识，丰厚文化底蕴。例如，在奥巴马的“Hello， Chicago!”这篇演讲稿中，学生不仅能学习地道、纯正的英语，更能通过这篇演讲学习美国的历史文化。
五、经典美文背诵对高校老师教学的影响
1.通过“美文背诵”展开英语阅读教学。
英语阅读教学无论在哪个学段都存在“浅读、浅教、浅学”的现象，介于这种现象的存在，教师很难借助阅读课堂帮助学生发展语言和思维能力。但借助“英语经典美文背诵”可以督促学生从单词、句型、写作手法及作者和创作背景等诸多方面深入地学习文章。在背诵过程中，教师应强调背诵的语音、语调，还应强调学生使用正确的情感理解和背诵。这样在背诵过程中，学生既加强了语音、语调的训练，又发展了阅读的思维能力。此外，在学生研读美文、背诵美文、学习美文的时候，于教师而言，是一个提升自我的机会。教师同样可以利用背诵的机会深入学习文章，以教师的能力可以深入了解和学习类似的美文和同类作家的美文，以增强教师的语言敏感度，丰富知识储备。在展开阅读教学的同时，还能向学生输出更多的附加知识，让学生的知识储备得以丰厚，同样能激发学生的课外阅读兴趣。
2.通过“美文背诵”展开英语写作教学。
教师开展英语写作教学之所以比阅读教学更难是因为写作是一种综合性技能，不仅需要较强的阅读能力和思维能力，还需要克服汉化严重的现象，培养正确的语感。现阶段许多大学生虽然能通过一系列英语水平测试，但普遍写作得分率低，因为大多数学生的阅读量太少，尤其经典美文阅读量太少，导致词汇量缺乏，复杂句型使用不熟练，文章结构不清晰。这一系列问题在大学生的英语学习中普遍存在。教师要借助“美文背诵”增加学生的阅读量，很多大学英语老师会给学生布置课后阅读作业，但通常这种阅读作业是很自由的，得不到及时的反馈，不存在督促和帮助的效果。大学生的课余生活虽丰富，但很少有学生自觉完成教师布置的阅读作业，往往都是“浑水摸鱼”。而背诵则不同，背诵需要一定的反馈，所以背诵美文对于学生的帮助是实在的。即使是一周背诵一篇美文的阅读量，长久积累下来也能帮助学生有效摆脱写作汉化严重的现象。再加上背诵需要理解每一单词的含义、每一句型的结构，词汇量和句型使用问题会在长期美文背诵的帮助下迎刃而解。
3.多样化的“美文背诵”背诵，提高教学效率。
“兴趣是最好的老师”，如何提高学生的学习兴趣一直是所有教师必须面对的一大难题，尤其面对英语这种语言类学科。经典美文背诵有几大关键点，语音、语调，对文章感情的理解，对创作背景和作者的了解，对文章的总结，背诵的时间等，都可以成为评判一位学生是否很好地完成了背诵任务的指标。既然有指标，在每一个不同的关键点上就会有高低之差、优劣之分，教师恰好借这些指标对学生进行褒奖和鼓励。还有一些创造力和想象力比较丰富的学生可以选择背诵的方式，比如配上自己喜欢的背景音乐，或制作幻灯片配合自己背诵，又或者改变文章以讲故事的方式进行背诵等。背诵活动一旦多样化，学生就会更加积极、主动和用心地准备，最终教学效果更好。
六、结语
背诵是一种十分有效的语言学习方法，合理运用英语经典美文背诵对高校英语教学有着非常积极的作用。本文通过走访调查西南科技大学、绵阳师范学院等高校英语教学现状，发现了英语经典美文背诵在高校英语教学中存在的一些问题和不足，提出了三个行之有效的应对策略：学习探究背诵技巧、减轻背诵压力、提高兴趣。合理恰当地运用英语美文背诵方法，增加大学生的有效语言输入，把背诵的英语经典美文灵活运用到语言实践中，必将大大提高大学生学习英语的兴趣和信心，尤其对大学生的英语口语表达、写作能力、文化意识都有着较大的积极促进作用，同时会极大增强英语教学效果，提高质量。
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本文系2019年四川省大学生创新创业训练立项项目(编号：2019CXCY117)成果之一。
作者：裴邦清 吕由 尹怀若 史韵 邓雯 魏雪莲
摘要：英语是语言学科课程，学生学习英语需要进行大量的语言实践，也就是有充足语言的输入输出。英语语言的输入输出包含大量的内容，在英语教学中比较关注学生的经典诵读，促进学生阅读能力的提高。
关键词：英语;经典诵读;阅读能力
一、我国英语教学的现状
由于我国的教育受到应试教育的影响，很多教师追求学生的应试能力，失去了英语学习的具备目标。很多教师对课堂教学目标定位不准确，阅读实践活动较少，学生阅读能力不强，学生学习的自信心不足等问题，这样造成了英语课堂教学质量不高。纵多当前英语阅读课堂教学基本现状，导致当前学生英语阅读能力存在着以下几个方面的问题。
(一)过分注重学生的应试能力
很多教师由于追求学生的考分，课堂主要侧重于知识点的讲解，学会应试，忽略了学生的综合能力发展。。具体表现形式为：学校教师普遍采用”填鸭式”式课堂教学，忽略学生的课堂主体教学地位，整个课堂内容围绕知识点、词汇用法、句式变换等考试必考的题教学，学生学习的积极性不高。
(二)忽视课外阅读指导
大多数英语老师往往把工作精力和课余时间全部花在做好课堂课内学习上，忽视了做好课外阅读教学指导的具体重要性。课堂的时间通常是有限的。在这样有限的学习时间内，教师几乎只能重点指导一下学生的应试考试的方法。只有鼓励学生在英语课堂外积极参与阅读这种方法，才能有效提高每个学生的阅读整体性和阅读表达能力。但是，大多数课堂教学只是一种形式，不能在培养学生阅读能力方面发挥实际作用。
二、英语经典诵读对提高学生阅读能力的意义
(一)以教师为主导走向以学生为中心
在英语学习中，目标是培养学生的基本素养，实际落实学生的主体地位，并通过经典诵读提高他们的思维质量和阅读能力的提升。在学习过程中，学生将通过一定的实际应用形成一套结构化的理论知识，内向转化为个人工作经验，并将自己所学的理论知识和实际认知思维方式外向转化为通过应用知识解决一些新形势下实际问题的态度和思维能力等各个环节，以便学生学习和应用。
(二)激发学生学习积极性
英语的特殊教学地位，导致不能像其他学科一样，能通过实验等教学方法直接让学生直观的学习相关的知识，英语这个学科一般以老师负责讲授课程为主要的教学方法，因此，英语在学生的印象中是乏味的。因此，英语经典诵读的教学在现代英语教学中，不仅能有效的提高激发广大学生在英语课堂上的学习活跃度，增强广大学生自主学习的积极动力，还能让学生更好的投入英语学习之中。
(三)增强课堂的活跃性和趣味性
经典诵读在英语教育的运用，可以有效地帮助教师利用诵读经典激发学生自主学习，将学生从死气沉沉的传统课堂氛围转变到具有活跃性和趣味性的英语课堂上，使学生注意力被吸引到课堂上。
(四)从学科知识走向学科育人
英语学习中培养学生经典诵读就是学生自主学习的过程。在诵读经典的基础上，教师深入解读经典，理解教学内容，将文化知识与学科知识有机结合，通过活动的开展，培养学生的语言能力，培养思想素质和文化意识，特别是在教学育人方面。
三、英语经典诵读对提高学生阅读能力的作用
(一)诵读是一种深层次的阅读
成功的经典作品阅读必须基于对语言文学材料的基本意义、结构和表达形式的准确理解。而在阅读一篇经典作品时，学生必须清楚地准确解释一篇文章的表面上意义和结构如何与文章中短语、段落和词组相紧密连接，使整个文章连贯一致，从而便于分析和准确表达文章的中心思想。因此，理解是学习经典作品阅读和语言阅读的一个高级阶段。
(二)诵读加强对语言现象的理解
纯单纯的学习阅读和训练听力容易导致学生的语言环境处于被动或相对被动的思维状态。此外，语言环境也也决定了学生语言情感思维的整体形成。通过阅读的学习，我们不仅可以不断加强学习英语中的语言思维环境，克服母语的情感环境。
(三)诵读可以弥补缺少的泛听和泛读
关注经典文章的细节就是经典阅读的独特之处。因为学生不仅需要特别注意掌握经典阅读的基本内容，还要特别注意掌握虚词和实词的语法，这种对文章细节的深刻关注可以显著帮助学生提高对经典文章的阅读理解。文章的泛读和英语听力只需要理解文章的一般含义，而忽略细节。然而经典阅读恰恰是学生克服这一知识缺陷的一种有效途径。这种"补偿策略"对于为了确保良好的经典阅读学习进度和不断提高学生阅读表达速度来说是必要的。
四、英语经典诵读对提高学生阅读能力的运用
(一)延伸阅读，老师推荐
学生的阅读能力有限，对英文经典的理解距离遥远，很难找到自己的英文经典。因此，教师应推荐阅读材料，组织阅读任务，并结合课本和课程的进展推荐适合学生的阅读材料，以激发他们学习英语的兴趣，并最大限度地提高经典阅读的效率。
(二)同步学习，老师与同学一起学习
在具体的阅读教学过程中，教师可以与学生一起阅读文章，一起学习文章，充分发挥阅读导师的纽带作用，调动广大学生的阅读积极性，与学生进行深入的交流。有时还可以给学生一个阅读示范，以进一步提高他們对学生句子和情绪的理解，帮助学生提高阅读技巧。
综上所述，学生阅读英语经典不仅可以让他们感受到原汁原味的英语，增加他们对西方文化和西方语言习惯的了解，提高他们说英语的能力。此外，经典阅读的这种方法还可以有效增加学生的英语词汇量和英语阅读量，这对促进学生英语阅读理解能力的不断提升和素养提高以及学生的基本素养等都有很大大的帮助。
参考文献：
[1]王宗炎.朗读与英语学习[J].外语与外语教学，2002 (8)：51.
[2]宋晓玉.经典诵读对儿童英语学习的影响[J].青岛大学，2012(4).
[3]林俊.诵读经典，品味书香——初中学生英语名著阅读与语感阅读法研究[J].海外英语，2014(4).
作者：罗兴云
标题：布什：我眼中的美国[名人名言]
President Bush delivers his preference for US-style values at Tsinghua University, but emphasizes Washington's hope for better relations with Beijing.
President Bush, perhaps taking a leaf from<注1> his wife's gift for teaching, delivered a primer<注2> on the America he knows to Chinese university students, telling them that "in a free society, diversity is not disorder. Debate is not strife, and dissent is not revolution."
Speaking before an audience of 240 Tsinghua University students in the school's main auditorium,<注3> the president said, "Life in America shows that liberty, paired with<注4> law, is not to be feared....A free society trusts its citizens to seek greatness in themselves and their country."
At the end of his remarks, the president fielded<注5> questions for 20 minutes with the young audience, clearly enjoying the exchange. When one young woman asked why he wouldn't like his daughters, Jenna and Barbara, to come to China and attend this historic university, Bush told them: "I'm afraid they don't listen to me anymore, if you know what I mean." He said the Chinese youngsters certainly have an amazing country and he thought his daughters should visit it.
The president told the students he was speaking on the 30th anniversary of President Richard Nixon's trip to China that changed the two countries' relationship. Nixon's visit was a trip designed to "end decades of estrangement and confront centuries of suspicion."<注6> During the years since, "America and China have exchanged many handshakes of friendship and commerce.""In fact, Americans feel a special responsibility for the poor and the weak. Our government spends billions of dollars to provide health care and food and housing for those who cannot help themselves ... Many of our citizens contribute their own money and time to help those in need. "
Bush said his "country certainly has its share of problems and faults. Like most nations, we're on a long journey toward achieving our own ideals of equality and justice. Yet there is a reason our nation shines as a beacon<注7> of hope and opportunity, a reason many throughout the world dream of coming to America."We are a free nation, where men and women have the opportunity to achieve their dreams. No matter your background or circumstance of birth, in America you can get a good education, start a business, raise a family, worship freely and help elect the leaders of your community and country. You can support the policies of our government, or you are free to openly disagree with them. Those who fear freedom sometimes argue it could lead to chaos, but it does not, because freedom means more than every man for himself."
Bush told the students: "We are a nation of laws. Our courts are honest and independent. The president can't tell the courts how to rule and neither can any other member of the executive or legislative branch.<注8> Under our law, everyone stands equal. No one is above the law, and no one is beneath it.
"All political power in America is limited and temporary, and only given by a free vote of the people.<注9> We have a Constitution, now two centuries old, which limits and balances the powers of the three branches of our government: judicial, legislative and executive."
主题
经典英语演讲
颇具影响力的大型英语演讲比赛已成为展现当代中国大学生的英语水平和思想风貌,以及各高校英语教学水平的舞台,因而得到全国各级院校的积极响应。经典英语演讲下面是学习啦小编为你整理的几篇三分钟经典英语演讲主题，希望能帮到你哟。
三分钟经典英语演讲主题篇一
youth is not a time of life, it is a state of mind ; it is not rosy cheeks , red lips and supple knees, it is a matter of the emotions : it is the freshne; it is the freshneof the deep springs of life .
youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity of the appetite , for adventure over the love of ease. this often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20 . nobody grows old merely by a number of years . we grow old by deserting our ideals.
years wrinkle the skin , but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul . worry , fear , self –distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust .
whether 60 of 16 , there is in every human being ‘s heart the lure of wonders, the unfailing childlike appetite of what’s next and the joy of the game of living . in the center of your heart and my heart there’s a wirelestation : so long as it receives messages of beauty , hope ,cheer, courag
三分钟经典英语演讲主题篇二
ladies and gentlemen, boys and girls,
i am chinese. i am proud of being a chinese with five thousand years of civilization behind. i’ve learned about the four great inventions made by our forefathers. i’ve learned about the great wall and the yangtze river. i’ve learned about zhang heng(张衡)and i’ve learned about zheng he(郑和).who says the yellow river civilization has vanished(消失)?i know that my ancestors have made miracles(奇迹)on this fertile land and we’re still ma-ki-ng miracles. who can ignore the fact that we have established ourselves as a great state in the world, that we have devised our own nuclear weapons, that we have successfully sent our satellites into space, and that our gnp ranks no. 7 in the world? we have experienced the plunders (掠夺) by other nations, and we have experienced the war. yet, based on such ruins, there still stands our nation----china, unyielding and
unconquerable!
i once came acroan american tourist. she said, “china has a history of five thousand years, but the us only has a history of 200 years. five thousand years ago, china took the lead in the world, and now it is the us that is leading.”my heart was deeply touched by these words. it is true that we’re still a developing nation, but it doesn’t mean that we can despise (鄙视) ourselves. we have such a long-standing history, we have such abundant resources, we have such intelligent and diligent people, and we have enough to be proud of. we have reasons to say proudly： we are sure to take the lead in the world in the future again, for our problems are big, but our ambition (雄心) is even bigger, our challenges (挑战) are great, but our will is evengreater.
i am chinese. i have inherited (继承)
black hair and blackeyes. i have inherited the virtues of my ancestors. i have also taken over responsibility. i am sure, that wherever i go, whatever i do, i shall never forget that i am chinese!
thank you.
三分钟经典英语演讲主题篇三
as we all know, we will celebrate our 60th year of independence. ** years is a short history for any country, however, many people’s dreams have come true. as a middle school student , i’m very glad that i have the chance to celebrate the 60 anniversaries
in the past **years , our standards of living really has changed dramatically. in the past, parents often worried about their children lacking eating and wearing. in that time, we did not see a number of overseas brands in china , and the pursuit of fashion become the subject of life. in the past, people often communicated by
writing letters or taking telegram. today nearly every people use mobile phones to communicate with everyone at anywhere. a succession of changes has affected us , which leads us to live a more happier life.
in the past 60 years, china has scored impressive achievements in its development. china’s economy , especially in the latest 30 years, runs at an average of percent，with its gdp jumping from billion us dollars to over trillion us dollars. as the same time, the technology of chain has improved rapidly. the “gold seven’ lunch is the best evidence. the most pride of china is the success of “ beijing olympic games”, which exhibits a harmonious china to foreigners.
in the end , let us bless our dear county to have a bright future together.
最近中国科学院(Chinese Academy of Science)
出版了关于其最新科学发现与未来一年展望的年度系列报告。
Chinese Academy of Science recently published an annual report about its
latest scientific findings and the prospect of the next year.
系列报告包括三部分：
科学发展报告，高技术发展报告，中国可持续战略报告。
The reportconsists of three parts:
science development,more advanced technology development
and the sustainable strategy of China.
第一份报告包含中国科学家的最新发现，诸如新粒子研究与H7N9病毒研究的突破。 The first one includes the
latest findings of Chinese scientists, such as the research of new particle and
the breakthrough in the study of H7N9 virus.
该报告还突出强调了未来几年需要关注的问题。
第二份报告公布了一些应用科学研究的热门领域，如3D打印和人造器官研究。Furthermore, it highlights some
problems we need to focus in next few years. The second one announces some
heated fields in applied science. For example, the 3-dimension print and the
study of human organs.
第三份报告呼吁加强顶层设计，以消除工业升级中的结构性障碍，并促进节能减排。The third one suggests people enhance the top design in
order to get rid of the structural obstacles in industrial upgrading and to
promote the energy-saving and emission-reduction.
Maybe it is true that we do now know what we have got until we have lost it.it is also true that we do not know what we have been missing until it arrives.
或许这是真的，直到失去后，我们才知道曾经拥有过什么;只有拥有时，我们才知道正在失去着什么。
Giving someone all your love is never an insurance that they will love you back.Do not except love in return，but if it dose not ，be content it grew in yours.
给一个人你所有的爱并不意味着他(她)一定会爱你，不要期望爱的回报。即使真的没有回报，我们也要感到满足，至少爱已经滋生在我们的心底。
It takes an hour to like someone，and a day to love someone，but it takes a lifetime to forget someone.
喜欢上一个人需要一小时，爱上一个人需要一天，但忘记一个人却需要一生的时光。 Do not rely on one’ s appearance;it can deceive. Do not rely on wealth, even that fades away. Rely on someone who makes you smile, because it takes only a smile to make a dark day seem bright.
不要信赖一个人的外表，那是会欺骗人的;不要依赖金钱的力量，那是会褪色的。相信一个能让你微笑的人，因为只需一个微笑，就会使你眼前的阴霾烟消云散。
There are some moments in life when you miss someone so much that you just want to pick them form you dreams and hug them.
生命中总有这样的瞬间，当你十分思念一个人时，你就渴望能在梦中见到他(她)，和他(她)拥抱在一起。
Dream what you want to dream; go where you want to go; be what you want to be, because you have only one life and one chance to do all the things you want to do.
梦想你所梦想的，去你想去的地方，成为你想成为的人……因为你只有一次生命和一个机会，去做所有你想做的所有事。
May you have enough happiness to make you sweet, enough trials to make you strong, enough sorrow to keep you human, enough hope to make you happy.
足够的快乐让你变得甜蜜，足够的磨难让你变得坚强，足够的悲哀让你变得人性，足够的希望让你变得快乐。
Always put yourself in others’ shoes. If you feel that it hurts you, it probably hurts the other person, too.
永远为他人着想，如果你感觉到那伤害了你，那也一定伤害了他人。
The happiness of people do not necessarily have the best of everything; they just make the most of everything that comes along their way. Happiness waits for those who cry, those who have been hurt, those who have searched, and those who have tried, for only they can appreciate the importance of people who have touched their lives.
人生之幸，不在于拥有一切，而在于凡事能尽力而为。幸福等待那些哭泣的人、曾被伤害的人、苦苦寻找的人、疲惫不堪的人——唯有他们能够真正珍惜人生路上曾经帮助过他们的人。
The brightest future will always be based on a forgotten past. You can not go on well in life until you let your past failures and heartaches go off.
人生的美境，在于对过去的忘却。忘却过去的失败和悲伤，你才能继续幸福的生活。
When you were born, you were crying and everyone around you was smiling. Live your life so that when you die, you are the one who is smiling and everyone around you is crying. 你出生时，你在啼哭，周围的人却为一个新生命的诞生而微笑。终其一生，随风而逝的时候，你在微笑，周围的人却为失去一个生命而哭泣。
PS：
也许大家想象不到这篇文章的来历，这是一张英语试卷上的一篇阅读，前前后后已经做过三次了。
“but it is also true that we do not know what we have been missing until it arrives.” 当某件事到来，我们才会发现，我们正在失去着什么。
这是让我感受最深的一句话。刚开始苦苦思考却无法理解，但老师举了一个例子后，便感触颇深。
当我们真的踏出考场，六月的阳光洒在年轻的脸上，或许才会明白，曾盼望的这一瞬间，我们正在与太多的事情错过。
中文是我自己翻译的，水平太低，把原文的诗意都译没有了。(希望有高手能把它再翻译一次，因为这确实是一篇不错的文)。
题目为自己加。
翻译句子
1 The subject of social science inquiry is patterned social regularities. A search for these regularities shows that most human behavior, from big and momentous acts to small and insignificant ones, is patterned.
2Wall Street is living on borrowed time. Since the October 1987 crash securities trading has been depressed, retail investors have hurried out of stocks and the issues of new share stocks has been decreased sharply.
3In fact, the collection of these lists has been enough to pull down our vanity; for the more one looks at what is available in an unfamiliar field, the more urgent, the desire one feels to abandon the affectations of the editor and assume the modesty the student.
4 Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, custom beliefs, and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, undeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us.
5While populations were low and stable little permanent damage was done, but with a steady increase in the size and number of human communities the forest and soil have little time to recover.
6Doctors are men who prescribe medicines of which they knew little, to cure diseases of which they knew less, in human beings of whom they knew nothing.
7Being born female and black were two handicaps Gwendolyn Brooks states that she faced from her birth, in 1917, in Kansas.
8We must checkthe conclusion in practice , and should not blindly rely on such as was reached merely by calculation.
1 社会学研究的对象是社会普遍现象的规律. 一项对于这些普遍现象的研究显示, 人类行为, 从重大显著的行为到渺小细微的部分, 都是有规律存在的.
2. 华尔街依存于借来的时间. 自从1987年10月的金融危机以来, 证券交易低迷, 散户投资者争相退出股票市场, 新股发售量显著下降.
3 实际上, 这些清单已经足够扯下我们的自负, 当一个人不断地在一个他不熟悉的领域寻求些什么, 他就更迫切地想抛弃作为编辑的造作, 重拾学生的谦虚. 4 文化是某一群人的所有传统, 信仰, 生活方式的集合. 从这个角度来说, 每个群体都有文化, 不管它看起来多么蛮荒, 穷困, 未开化.
5当人口数量少且稳定, 破坏是小型的, 但是当人口社会的规模不断扩大, 森林和土壤便没有足够的时间复原.
6医生是一群这样的人, 对他们开的药所知不多, 对它治疗的疾病所知更少, 而对用药的人一无所知.
7身为女人而且是黑人被Gwendolyn Brooks称作是她自1917年出生在堪萨斯便面临的两项缺陷.
8我们必须在实践中确认, 而不应盲目地倚赖仅凭计算得出的结论
中小学课外辅导专家
英语经典短文
一、How to use an English-Chinese dictionary? When you are reading something in English, you may often come across a new word. What’s the best way to know it? You may look it up in an English-Chinese dictionary. It will tell you a lot about the word: the pronunciation, the Chinese meaning and also how to use this word. But how can you know where the word is in thousands of English words? How to find it in the dictionary both quickly and correctly? First, all the English words are arranged in the alphabetical order. In the dictionary you can first see the words beginning with the Ietter A, then B,C,D,E…That means if there are two words “desert”and “pull”,” “desert”will be certainly before“pull”.Then if there,are two words both beginning with the same letter,you may look at the second letter.Then the third, the fourth…For example, “pardon”is before “plough”, “judge”is before “just”,etc. Do you understand how to look up a word in a dictionary? The dictionary will be your good friend,I hope you’ll use it as often as possible in your English learning.二、Travel by bike
If you go to visit London, you’ll see a lot of buses and cars on the road. You’ll also see a lot of bikes because more people travel by bike. There are a lot of reasons for this. First, it is very cheap to buy a bike, and it is quick, too .You often have to wait for a bus for half an hour. When the bus comes, there are so many other buses and cars on the roads that the bus moves very slowly.
I traveled to work by bus for about four years. I often arrived at work late and tired. Then one day, about two years ago, a friend of mine said, “ I go to work by bike. Why don’t we travel together?”
“Because my bike is old.” I answered, “And there are so many buses and cars on the roads. I’ll feel frightened
“You needn’t feel frightened!” said my friend. “If you follow me and we ride slowly, you’ll be fine.”
The next day I brought myself a new bike. Although we went slowly, we arrived ai work quickly. It took 40 minutes to go to work by bus, but only half an hour by bike! Now I don’t feel afraid. I love going go work by bike. I take a different road every day. I arrived at work very quickly. I’ve got a little more money now, and more important, I feel healthy.
Many people think in the same way as I do. That’s why you see a lot of bikes on the road. Next year you’ll see more, I am sure. Perhaps in the future we will have roads for bikes only. I hope so.
三、American food habits
Generally speaking, American food is rather bland and inspired. Salads are popular and are served all the year round. Many American people are “calorie” conscious. This is evident in menus offering “low calorie” or “weight watchers” meals. In markets one can find “No Cal” drinks (meaning without calories) such as ginger ale or cola. “Diet” foods without sugar or salt are also available in food stores. Waiters in American restaurants tend to assume that everyone drinks coffee. If a waiter suddenly asks “Now or later?” what he means is “Do you want coffee with your meal now or later?” Many American drinks
Coffee with their meal. When dining out in the US we can ask for tea, milk,coke,bear and so on, if we prefer these to coffee, American restaurants cannot serve beer, wine, or liquor unless they are licensed to do so. The main course in American meals is usually meat, fowl, or fish, but rarely is more than one of these
上海宝茁教育济南学习中心
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中小学课外辅导专家
七、Insects We often think of insects as being harmful. This is not quite true. Many insects are harmful. For example, flies carry disease. Other insects carry disease, too. Farmers are at war with insects most of the time. Hungry insects kill plants in the fields. Farmers spray the fields to get rid of these insects. Does this mean that all insects are harmful? No. Many are of great help to man. Bees make honey. Without bees and other insects, many trees would have no fruit. Silkworms make silk. Some insects eat other insects that kill fruit trees. Have you ever seen a praying mantis? People who do not know about the praying mantis sometimes kill it. They think it is harmful. But this insect is of great help to farmers and gardeners. It eats insects that kill plants.
Long ago, many people thought of most insects as enemies. Today, we know the difference between harmful insects and those that help us.
八、Special language Can you see the rabbit’s tail? When a rabbit sees something dangerous, it runs away. Its tail is white and moves up and down as it runs. Other rabbits see the tail moving, and they run, too. They know that there is something danger. The rabbit has told them something without making a sound. It has given them a signal. Many other animals use this kind of language. When a cobra is angry, it raises its hood and makes itself look fierce. This warns other animals. When a bee has found some food, it goes back to its home. It cannot tell the other bees where the food is by speaking to them, but it does a little dance in the air. This tells the others where the food is. Some animals say things by making sounds. Sometimes we humans speak in the same way. But we have something that no animal has-a large number of words. No animal has the wonderful power of language. People living in different countries make different kinds of words. Today there are about fifteen hundred different languages in the world. The words you know are called your vocabulary. You should try to make your vocabulary bigger. Read as many books as you can. When you meet a new word, find it in your dictionary. Your dictionary is your most useful book.
九、A good idea Mike and Tom had studied in the same class. After they had finished middle school, Mike went to college but Tom found work in a factory. The young man likes smoking very much and it’s bad for his health. Now he coughs day and night and he’s too weak to work. So he was sent away. He spent all money on smoking and sometimes he has little food to eat. Once Tom met Mike in the street. Mike finished college and began to work in a post office and was paid much. When Tom knew about it, he asked Mike to lend two hundred dollars to him. Mike found it was difficult to refuse and agreed. A year later Mike was going go marry and needed a lot of money. He told Tom about it. Tom said he would pay off the debt the next month. But three months passed and Tom did not pay off his debt. And one day Mike went to his house again and said, “Haven’t you found any ideas to pay off your debt?”
“Yes, I have.” Answered Tom. “ If you help me, I’ll pay off my debt at once.” “what’s it?”
“Please lend me five hundred dollars again.” Said the man. “I shall pay you back two hundred dollars, and I’ll pay Mr. White back two hundred dollars, and I’ll spend one hundred dollars on some bread and a newer coat.
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