考研英语背诵经典(带翻译)
More than twenty years ago, my hometown was just a small , old and poor town.Most of people were farmers.There were few factories.The people didn’t have enough food to eat and wore old clothes.They had a hard life.Great changes have taken place in the past twenty years.The people have found a lot of ways of making money.Now there are many tall buildings.They are very beautiful.Roads are wide and clean.People can take buses or drive their own cars to go to work.Many people have cell phones and personal computers.People’s living conditions have improved a lot.Thanks to the government’s efforts.my hometown is becoming more and more beautiful.一，在我二十多年以前家乡的巨大变化，我的家乡只是一个小的，老，穷镇。大多数的人是农民。很少有工厂。人们没有足够的食物吃，穿旧衣服。他们有一个艰苦的生活。发生了很大变化，在过去的二十年的地方。人们已经发现了一种赚钱的方式很多。现在有许多高大的建筑物。他们非常漂亮。道路宽阔，干净。市民可乘搭巴士或自己开车去上班。很多人都有手机和个人电脑。人民的生活条件改善了很多。政府的努力下。我的家乡变得越来越美丽。
二、Save the earth
How to protect the environment has become one of the biggest problems in the world.It’s our duty to protect our environment.No matter where we live , we should do something to keep our neighborhood clean and tidy.We can collect waste paper or other waste things for recycling.We should plant more trees and we should prevent those factories from pouring waste water into rivers, lakes and fields.We shouldn’t leave rubbish everywhere and spit in public places.We mustn’t pick the flowers or step on the grass in public.If everyone tries his best to protect the environment , the world will become much more beautiful and our life will be better and better.二，如何拯救地球，保护环境已成为世界上最大的问题之一。这是我们的责任保护我们的环境。无论我们住在哪里，我们应该做些什么来使我们的街道干净整洁。我们可以收集废纸和其他废弃物回收的东西。我们应该种更多的树，我们应该防止浪费浇筑到河流，湖泊和水等领域的工厂。我们不应该到处乱扔垃圾和随地吐痰在公共场所。我们不能选择在公共草地上的花朵或步骤。如果每个人都尽最大努力保护环境，世界将变得更加美丽，我们的生活会越来越好。
三、Improve our environment
Good environment can make people feel happy.To improve the environment means to qualify our life.What should we do to improve our environment ? We should plant more trees.And we should prevent those factories from pouring waste water into rivers , lakes and fields.Whenever we see litter on the ground , we should pick it up and throw it into a dustbin.Don’t spit in public places.Don’t draw on public walls.It’s our duty to keep our earth clean and tidy.三，改善环境良好的环境可以使人们感到高兴。为了改善环境的手段来限定我们的生活。我们应该做些什么来改善我们的环境呢？我们应该种更多的树。我们应该避免浪费浇筑到河流，湖泊和水等领域的工厂。每当我们看到地上有垃圾，我们应该把它捡起来，扔到垃圾桶了。不要随地吐痰，在公共场所。不要利用公共墙。这是我们的责任我们的地球保持干净整洁。
五、Make our world more beautiful!
Protecting the environment is becoming more and more important to humans.It’s our duty to take care of the nature around us.Animals and plants are our best friends., and we should share the world with them.We shouldn’t kill wild animals , and we must protect forests because they are animals’ home.We must plant more trees and grass , they can make the world greener.The more beautiful the world is, the happier lives we will have.Let’s do our best to make the world beautiful.五，让我们的世界变得更加美好！保护环境是越来越重要的人类。这是我们的责任，采取在我们身边的爱护大自然。动物和植物是我们最好的朋友。，我们应该与他们分享这个世界。我们不应该杀野生动物，我们必须保护森林，因为他们是动物的家。我们一定要种更多的树和草，它们可以让世界更绿。越美丽的世界是我们的幸福生活将有。让我们竭尽所能，让世界美好。
六、Keep our school clean
We are studying in this school.It is our duty to keep it clean and tidy.It is not good to spit in public places, such as in the library, in the class.We shouldn’t leave rubbish here and there.Don’t draw pictures on the wall, they influence the look of our school.We should keep the classroom clean and tidy.And we should do some cleaning often.If everyone tries his best to do something useful for our school, I’m sure our school will be more beautiful.六，保持清洁，我们学校在这所学校学习。这是我们的责任保持干净整洁。这是不好随地吐痰在公共场所，如在图书馆中的类。我们不应该在这里和那里留下垃圾。不要画在墙上的照片，它们影响了我们学校看看。我们应保持教室整洁。我们应该经常做一些清理。如果每个人都尽最大努力向我们学校做一些有益的，我敢肯定，我们的学校会更漂亮。
八、How to learn English well
As we know , English has become an international language.It is more popular than any other language in China.English is widely spoken in the world and it is the most useful language around the world.But how to learn it well ?
The best way is to use it all the time.If we can talk in English , think in English we can learn it well.At school , we should learn to hear , speak, read and write carefully.We should spend enough time in practicing English.If we keep on working hard at English , we will be able to be good at it one day.八，如何学好英语好，因为我们知道，英语已经成为一种国际语言。这是在中国比任何其他语言的流行。英语为通用语言的世界，它是全世界最有用的语言。但如何学习它呢？最好的方法就是使用它所有的时间。如果我们能说英语，用英语思考，我们可以学习得很好。在学校，我们应该学会听，说，读，写清楚。我们应该花足够的时间在练习英语。如果我们继续在努力学习英语，我们将能够在这么精彩的一天。
九、How I learn English
Hello, everyone.It is my honor to talk with all of you about how to learn English well.I like English very much.I always preview and master the main idea of the lesson before class.In class , I listen carefully , speak loudly and write carefully and take notes if necessary.After class , I do my homework carefully.I watch English movies and listen to English songs.I have booked an English newspaper.It’s Times English Post , I can learn a lot from it.I am not afraid of remembering the new words because I master many good methods.I hope you work hard at English and make progress every day.That’s all.九，如何学好英语大家好。这是我的荣幸与大家谈谈如何学好英语。本人非常喜欢英语。我总是预览和掌握这一课上课前的主要思想。在课堂上，我仔细听，仔细地大声说话，写笔记，并采取必要。下课后，我仔细地做功课。我看英文电影，听英文歌曲。我已预订一英文报纸。这是时代英语的帖子，我可以从中学到很多。我不记新单词，因为我掌握许多好的方法害怕。我希望你们努力学习英语，天天向上。这样就好了。
十二、I want to be an inventor
TVs, telephone, fridges, cars, planes, computers and many other things are important inventions.They have greatly changed our life.Many people have their ideas and wishes.They want to invent some new things for the world.I am one of them.I want to be an inventor in the future, Inventions can bring fun and happiness to our life and make our daily life more convenient.Our life will become better and better.Now I am student.I will try my best to work hard at my lessons to make my dream come true.十二，我想成为一名发明家电视，电话，冰箱，汽车，飞机，电脑和其他许多东西是重要的发明。这些极大地改变了我们的生活。许多人都有自己的想法和愿望。他们要为世界创造一些新的东西。我是其中之一。我想成为一个在未来的发明家，发明能带来乐趣和幸福，我们的生活，让我们的生活更加方便。我们的生活会越来越好。现在我是一名学生。我会尽我所能，在我工作的经验教训努力使我的梦想成真。
十三、I want to be a tour guide
I want to be a tour guide because Beijing will host the 2008 Olympic Games.There will be many people to come to China from all over the world.Most of them don’t know Chinese.They want to visit many interesting places in China.I can be one of the guides.I can make much money, too.How happy I will be!So from now on , I must study hard.I am going to learn English every day.I will try my best to make it come true.十三，我想成为一名导游，我想成为一名导游，因为北京将主办2008年奥运会。会有很多人从世界各地到中国。他们大多不懂中文。他们希望访问中国的许多有趣的地方。我可以的导游之一。我可以挣很多钱了。我会多么幸福！因此，从现在开始，我必须努力学习。我要每天学习英语。我会尽我所能，让美梦成真。
十四、I like the Internet
The Internet is playing an important part in our daily life.It’s very useful.I often search the Internet for some information.I can read the latest news, do some shopping, and get all kinds of information from it.I can also download the information that I need and I can send e-mails and make telephone calls to my friends on the internet.The most important thing is that I am able to study all my lessons on the Internet.The Internet makes my life more interesting and colorful and it has a wide effect on my study and daily life.I like the internet very much.How about you / Will you have a try ? 十四，我喜欢互联网，互联网正在发挥在我们的日常生活的重要组成部分。这是非常有用的。我经常搜索一些信息互联网。我可以阅读最新新闻，做一些购物，并从中获取各种信息。我还可以下载的信息，我需要，我可以发送电子邮件和打电话给我的朋友在互联网上。最重要的是，我能够研究在互联网上我所有的经验教训。互联网使我的生活变得更有趣，色彩丰富，它有一个对我的学习和生活影响广泛。本人非常喜欢上网。你怎么样/你试试？
二十、Introduce yourself
一般认为, 西方译学研究在20世纪60和70年代的突飞猛进主要得益于语言学的快速发展, 而在近二十年里, 文化研究、文学研究、人类学、信息科学、认知科学、心理学和广义上的语言学等均对翻译学科的发展起了较大的推进作用。然而, 翻译理论作为一门具体学科, 很难超越自身的理论框架而进行全面的反思。一方面, 广泛吸收的营养不断地促进着译学理论的发展;另一方面, 相互冲撞的思潮又同样不停地摇摆着译学理论的方向, 为此, 西方译学可谓丰富多彩, 尤其是近年来, 西方译学理论呈现出百家争鸣的局面。由于西方译学作为一门独立学科, 很难超越自身的理论框架进行较深刻反思, 因此解构主义等思潮的冲击下的西方译学理论所指导下的翻译实践既有成功的范例, 也存在诸多困惑, 隶属于西方译学的英语翻译也莫能例外。
为此, 笔者在进行英语翻译实践的过程中, 也一直在关注着西方文学理论的发展, 试图得到一种能够在新的理论高度对英语翻译高屋建瓴式启发的理论。笔者发现, 兴起于美洲并在20世纪90年代以后蓬勃发展的后经典叙事学, 是在完成解构主义和政治文化批评夹攻之下的日渐衰微的叙事学的拯救的过程中发展起来的。而作为西方叙事学理论的一种全新范式, “这一新的理论范式……与诸多外在要素相关联, 并与已经存在的大量其他的研究方法, 诸如女权主义、巴赫金主义、解构主义、读者反映批评、精神分析、历史主义、修辞学、电影理论、话语分析以及 (精神) 语言等相沟通, 从而形成叙事理论研究融会贯通、向纵深发展的局面……”笔者认为, 在理论上具有前瞻性, 在形式上相对走向成熟又表现为巨大活力的后经典叙事学, 有望高屋建瓴地帮助发现和解决一些西方译学中存在的问题。为此, 笔者尝试性地在后经典叙事学理论视域下对英语翻译做了一些探索。
笔者的探索是从“语境”这个对后经典叙事学与英语翻译理论来说都极为重要的术语入手的。“语境”这个术语是由英国的人类学家马林诺夫斯基1923年提出来的。马林诺夫斯基是人类学功能学派的代表人物, 他在人类学的研究中时常涉及语言问题。英语翻译理论很难绕过“语境”, 恰如D.A.Swinnty指出的, 语境是影响词汇选择的主要因素, 忽略语境因素, 就难以达到对句子的充分理解。因为在交际过程中, 语言的意义通常是根据语境来确定的。而重视“语境”同时也是后经典叙事学的重要特征, 事实上, 由于后经典叙事学对语境的关注和强调, 以至于很多论者干脆又将后经典叙事学称为“语境叙事学”。
必须指出的是, 在英语翻译中, 传统的“语境”几乎是包罗万象的范畴。在后经典叙事学各个流派之间, 语境的含义也不尽相同。胡壮麟先生将语境分为“上下文”、“情景语境”和“文化语境”。伦敦学派语言学家马林诺夫斯基和弗斯的语境理论认为语境只包括“上下文”和“情景语境”。继弗斯之后, 韩礼德更加重视语言与社会的联系, 他认为语言是随语境的变化而变化的。翻译活动中的语境可以是文化语境, 即语篇外的文化背景;情景语境, 即原语读者和目的语读者作为共享的语境知识;文本语境, 即语篇内的信息内容。语用学中的关联理论提出了不同于传统意义的语境观, 在关联理论中, 语境被称为“语境假设”, 在交际过程中双方互明的共知环境称为“相互认知环境”。笔者体会, 这些语境划分方式较难直接指导具体的英语翻译实践。
笔者注意到, 在后经典叙事学中, 申丹教授在描述认知叙事学时认为, 语境不妨分为两大类:一是“叙事语境”, 二是“社会历史语境”。后者主要涉及与种族、性别、阶级等社会身份相关的意识形态关系;前者涉及的则是超社会身份的“叙事规约”或“文类规约” (“叙事”本身构成一个大的文类, 不同类型的叙事则构成其内部的次文类) 。将英语翻译的语境和后经典叙事学的语境相互对照, 笔者受到一些启发, 即前者所指文化语境与后者的社会历史语境有着异曲同工的含义, 而后者的含义更为广泛和细腻, 因而对于英语翻译的具体实践来说, 社会历史是语境有可能具有更为准确的指导意义。笔者同时发现, 后经典叙事学的“叙事语境”, 作为对在特定种类的叙事情境中的文类规约的描述, 则有可能引导英语翻译向特定行业的专有文本格式的规范进行深入探索。基于上述认识, 笔者不揣浅陋, 试提出一种英语翻译的三重语境划分模式, 即社会历史语境、叙事语境 (特定文本格式) 和上下文语境三重语境模式, 旨在抛砖引玉, 求教于方家。
社会历史语境包含了文化语境, 但是在文化语境之外, 还要涉及与种族、性别、阶级等社会身份相关的意识形态关系。在具体翻译实践中, 这种认识的优势就会很快显露出来。例如, 在英语里, “龙”一般被翻译成dragon。事实上, dragon的形象和内涵与中国的龙完全两样的。在西方文化中, dragon是恶魔的象征;西方神话中的英雄人物都以能够亲手杀掉一头dragon为荣;在西方媒介中, dragon被用来象征恐怖主义、德国法西斯、黑社会势力、财政赤字、政治麻烦、火灾等。为此, 在将中国龙给西方读者翻译成英语时, 就要考虑接受者所处的文化环境, 即文化语境问题。而如果我们将要面对一位对于我国本来就有一定政治偏见的西方来访客人翻译“水不在深, 有龙则灵”时, 则不但要考虑到文化语境, 还要考虑到对方的意识形态问题。此时如果把“龙”生硬地翻译成dragon而不加说明, 翻译的效果有可能就会不如人意, 现在已经有学者建议将“龙”翻译成既谐音又形象的“loong”。如果事先考虑到接受者所处的文化环境和个人见解的差异, 在翻译时给以恰当的解释和说明等, 则有可能会事先规避很多不愉快的过程。
同时, 如果我们在翻译的同时, 结合旅游景点的诗意环境, 运用带有诗句意境的英语语句来处理翻译语言, 则有可能意境全出, 产生意想不到的良好效果, 这就是关注了翻译过程的叙事语境。至于结合上下文而选用合适语句的翻译例子不胜枚举, 在此不再赘述。
事实上, 叙事语境的含义远远不仅如此。因为它涉及的是超社会身份的“叙事规约”或“文类规约” (“叙事”本身构成一个大的文类, 不同类型的叙事则构成其内部的次文类) 。在英语翻译中, 这将引申为因要翻译的文类或场景的不同而选择合适的文本形式, 而这些文本形式的格式、语言风格、常用术语等都有特定的要求。
例如, 科技英语 (EST:English for Science and Technology) 由于描述对象不同, 文体风格也大相径庭。作为特殊英语 (ESP:English for Special Purposes) 的一个分支, 在词汇构成、遣词造句等方面具有其自身的特点, 科技英语文体不以语言的艺术美为追求目标, 它讲究的是逻辑上的条理清楚和思维上的准确严密。科技英语把英语和专业知识完美结合起来, 用专业语言来说明客观存在的事物或事实, 叙述要求客观、真实、明确、简洁, 这就决定了它的文体风格:用词准确、语气正式、陈述客观、专业性强。再如, 中医英语翻译是一项十分艰巨的工作。这主要是因为中医是中国特有的一门医学体系, 从理论到实践都与现代医学迥然不同。而且就其本身而言, 中医又不仅仅是一门单一的医学科学, 而是中国古代文化的集大成者, 其多学科性自不待言。同时, 中医的大部分用语在西方各国语言中都没有对应语, 这更增加了翻译的难度。因此, 要从根本上解决这些问题, 就需要对其进行深入细致的研究分析, 找出解决问题的办法与途径来。英国中医英语翻译家魏迺杰 (Nigel Wiseman) 在谈到中医英语翻译时说:“Chinese medicine is difficult to translate, and there are few people able——and even fewer willing——to do it.”翻译成中文, 大意是说“中医难译, 很少有人能够——甚至更少有人愿意——从事这项工作。”我们看一下《黄帝内经》“上古天真论”中的一段译文。原文: (岐伯对曰) “上古之人, 其知道者, 法于阴阳, 和于术数, 食饮有节, 起居有常, 不妄作劳, 故能形与神俱, 而尽终其天年, 度百岁乃去。今时之人不然也, 以酒为浆, 以妄为常, 醉以入房, 以欲竭其精, 以耗散其真, 不知持满, 不时御神, 务快其心, 逆于生乐, 起居无节, 故半百而衰也。”译文如下:“The sages in ancient times who knew the Dao (道the way to keep in good health) , followed[the rules of]Yin and Yang and adjusted Shushu (术数the way to cultivate health) .[Theywere]moderate in eating and drinking as well as regular in working and resting, avoiding any overstrain[2].That is why they could maintain a desirable harmony between the Shen (神mind or spirit) and the body, enjoying good health and a longer life.People nowadays, on the contrary, just behave oppositely.[They]drink wine as thin rice gruel, regard wrong as right, and seek for sexual pleasure after drinking.[As a result, ]their Jingqi (精气Essence-Qi) is exhausted and Zhenqi (真气primordial-Qi) is wasted.[They]seldom[take measures to]keep an exuberance[of Jingqi (精气Essence-Qi) ]and do not know how to regulate the Shen (神mind or spirit) , often giving themselves to sensual pleasure.Being irregular in daily life, [they begin to]become old even at the age of fifty.”基本上采用的是直译之法。对于中医特有的概念和用语, 使用了文内注解的方法, 即将基本含义以括号的形式附于相关概念之后。翻译时, 有时为了句法结构的需要, 译者不得不增加一些词语。对于这样的增益之词, 译者均置于中括号之内, 以晓谕读者, 从而使其明白何为“经文”, 何为译者增益之词。这就是文本格式的很直观的一种诠释。至于有没有更好的翻译模式呢?在此笔者想说的是, 肯定有。但是这些需要很多人付出相当的努力才能做到。广而言之, 在这个层面上, 不同学科所需的英语翻译文本格式是大不相同的。科技英语不同于商务英语, 中医的英语翻译不同于西医的翻译, 绘画的翻译不同于电影名字的翻译等。在教堂的英语翻译不同于在娱乐场所的英语翻译, 在法庭上宣读的英语不同于在教室上课时用的英语等。事实上, 现阶段, 对这些不同门类的英语翻译的文类规约的探讨正在形成英语翻译中的一个个方兴未艾的热点课题。
总之, 笔者认为, 上述三重语境的划分具有多重的意义, 一方面是较强的实用性, 在进行某一翻译实践之前, 事先按照三重语境的划分模式对将要翻译的对象、文本等进行必要的前期处理, 有事半功倍的效果, 具有操作简便、快捷、准确等特点。同时, 这种语境划分有助于在理论上融入到当下英语翻译中的诸多方兴未艾的热点议题和多样化思考。笔者勉力为文, 陈述管见, 只是希望有更多的人士加入到后经典叙事学的研究行列, 感受到它浓郁的学术魅力。我们相信, 后经典叙事学视域下的英语翻译, 还将会有更多的、更美好的学术前沿领域等待着人们去探索、去开拓。
摘要：本文在后经典叙事学理论视域下重新归类英语翻译的语境, 提出了英语翻译的三重语境划分模式, 将语境分为社会历史语境、叙事语境、上下文语境三个层面, 并例证此种方法兼具操作简便、快捷、准确等特点。
关键词：后经典叙事学,英语翻译,语境
参考文献
[1]James Phelan.Narrative as Rhetoric[M].Columbus:Ohio State University Press, 1996.
[2]申丹.20世纪90年代以来叙事理论的新发展[J].当代外国文学, 2005, (1) .
[3]申丹, 等.英美小说叙事理论研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 2005.
[4]谭军强.发展与共存:经典叙事学与后经典叙事学[J].江西社会科学, 2007, (2) .
[5]马克·柯里.后现代叙事理论[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 2003.
victory won’t come to me unless i go to it.胜利是不会向我们走来的，我必须自己走向胜利。
all that you do, do with your might;things done by halves are never done right.做一切事情都应尽力而为，不可半途而废。
do nor for one repulse, for go the purpose that you resolved to effort.不要因为一次挫折就放弃你原来决心要达到的目标。
for all pain helps to make us rise, however much we may hate it at the time.一切痛苦都有助于我们奋发向上，不论我们当时是多么憎恨它。
fortune shows her power when there is no wise preparation for resisting her.没有向命运抗争的明智准备，命运便会显示其威力。
good courage breaks bad luck.勇气可以改变厄运。
great works are performed not by strength but by perseverance.大业成于百折不挠，不论力量大小。
he who seize the right moment, is the right man.谁把握机遇，谁就心想事成。hope for the best and prepare for the worst.抱最好的希望 做最坏的大算。
a man can fail many times, but he isn’t a failure until he begins to blame somebody else.一个人可以失败很多次，但是只要他没有开始责怪旁人，他还不是一个失败者。a strong man will struggle with the storms of fate.强者能同命运的风暴抗争。a thousand-li journey is started by taking the first step.千里之行，始于足下。in time of prosperity,friends will be plenty ,in time of adversity,not one amongst twenty.得势时朋友盈门，失势时不见一人,富在深山有远亲，穷在闹市无人问。man errs as long as he strives.失误是进取的代价。
man struggles upwards;water flows downwards.人往高处走，水往低处流。no road of flowers lead to glory.没有一条通往光荣的道路是铺满鲜花的。
nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind on it.世上无难事，只怕有心人。
on life’s earnest battle they only prevail, who daily march onward and never say fail.生活在顽强战斗中，只有每天不屈不挠奋勇向前的人才能取得胜利。
perseverance is falling nineteen times and succeeding the twentieth.只要坚韧不拔，失败十九次之后，第二十次就会成功。
poverty is not a shame, but the being ashamed of it is.贫穷非耻辱 耻贫乃耻。prosperity is not without many fears and disasters, adversity is not without comforts and hopes.幸运中并非不搀杂各种担心与烦恼，而厄运中也并非不存在欣慰与期望。strength alone knows conflict, weakness is below even defeat, and is born vanquished.只有强者才懂得斗争；弱者甚至失败都不够资格，而是生来就是被征服的。the darkest hour is that before the dawn.黎明之前最黑暗。
the drop of rain makes a hole in the stone, not by violence, but by of falling.雨滴穿石，不是靠蛮力，而是靠持之以恒。
the horizon of life is broadened chiefly by the enlargement of the heart.生活的地平线是随着心灵的开阔而变得宽广的。
wish you an endless view to cheer your eyes, then one more story mount and higher rise.欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。
Business before pleasure.事业在先，享乐在后。
Between two stools one falls to the ground.脚踏两头要落空。
What makes life dreary is the want of motive.没有了目的，生活便郁闷无光。Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.— John Ruskin生活没有目标，犹如航海没有罗盘。– 罗斯金
The shortest answer is doing.最简短的回答就是行动。
经典英语短文背诵
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Firstly, health is the secret of happiness(the key to happiness).Only a strong man can enjoy the pleasure of life.Secondly, happiness consists in contentment.A man who is dissatisfied with his present condition is always in distress.无疑的快乐是世界上最宝贵的东西。没有它，人生将是空虚的而且毫无意义的。如果你希望知道如何获得快乐，你须注意下面两点。
健康是快乐的要诀。唯有身体强壮的人才能享受人生的乐趣。快乐在于知足。一个不满于现状的人终是处在痛苦之中。
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务国家。如果每个学生能按照我所说的去做，国家一定会富强。
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我们许多人终是把星期日毫无目的地消度掉。这确实是十分可惜。我们很少能从星期日的宝贵时光中获得益处。虽然星期日是被指定为一个休息的日子，但是我们却应好好利用它。我们知道我们学校的功课通常是不够的。我们应时常利用星期日来阅读参考书。如此我们的知识就会增加了。此外，我们必须从事运动或郊游以便强壮我们的身体。
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要做的工作。这是不易之定理。
懒惰是勤勉的反面。它是万恶之源泉。一个懒惰的人只享受玩耍和寻乐。他命运注定失败是毫无疑问的。我们不应学他的榜样。
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Health is the best treasure(which)a man can possess.Money can do many things, but it cannot buy happiness.However, so long as man has good health, he can enjoy the pleasures of human life.In order to insure good health we must pay attention to three things.They are-nourishing food, fresh air and proper exercise.我们大家都希望快乐，所以我们应该好好保重健康。一个病人因为失去健康而很少快乐。健康是一个人所能拥有最好的财富。钱能做许多事情，但是它却不能购买。然而，只要一个人有良好的健康，他就能享受人生的乐趣。
为了保证良好的健康，我们必须注意三件事情。它们是营养食物，新鲜空气和正当运动。
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hundred false ones.Friends who flatter you to your face are not true friends.We must make friends with those who have good character and kindness of heart.On the other hand, we should do our best to a void keeping company with bad people.一个小心选择朋友的人一定会从他们那里获得益处。为什么？因为在这个世界里假朋友比真朋友要多。有一个真朋友要比有一百个假朋友来得好。凡是当面奉承你的朋友不是真朋友。我们必须和凡是具有良好品格和心地善良的人交朋友。反过来说，我们应尽力避免结交坏人。
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However, she is good-natured and treats others sincerely.For this reason, all her neighbors are only too glad(pleased)to make friends with her.They consider her a model woman.She is a typical housewife.She keeps the(her)house neat and clean and looks after us with extreme care.She often says to us, ―You cannot study too hard.‖
我母亲是中国老式女子。她太保守无法跟上时代。然而，她性情善良，待人诚恳。基于此种理由，所有她的邻居都十分高兴和她结交朋友。他们认为她是模范女子。她是一位标准的家庭主妇。她把家保持整洁。她小心翼翼地照顾我们。她时常对我们说：“你们越用功越好”。
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当有人和你意见不同或开罪你的时候，你切不可发脾气。为什么？因为这样做是无用的（用of no use）。你应当忍耐并且保持冷静，唯恐和他争吵。你必须知道忍耐不是弱而是一种美德。我希望人人都实行它。
另外，忍耐也会带给我们成功。当你在工作中遭遇到困难的时候，灰心是无用的。你必须继续作战直到最后胜利属于你为止。
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一下。
无疑的，消遣的种类很多，诸如打球，集邮，钓鱼，园艺，溜冰等等。
就我而言，我大大喜欢园艺。每当我有闲暇的时候，我习惯于种花。我把它们看作是我最称心如意的伴侣。
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无疑的，中 山 先生是我一生知道的最大的人物。他建立中民國，所以我他為我的國父。他致力革命凡四十年。他的目的是清朝手里解放中國。他曾遭遇屡次的失败，但他却一点也不灰心。那是不需说的。结果，他终于达到目的。
（1）2004年真题。Directions: Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should: 1)describe the drawing, 2)interpret its meaning, and 3)support your view with examples.You should write about 200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.真题分析：
本题承袭了考研漫画内容简洁、寓意深刻的风格。一个满头大汗的运动员正冲破了一次长跑比赛的终点，而在终点的不远处，赫然标着两个大字“起点”。通过漫画的题目“终点又是新起点”，考生很容易就可以抓住本题的中心论点：在人生道路上，我们不能仅仅满足于一两次的成功，而只有不断地追求，我们才能取得进步和发展。这也符合哲学上事物是不断发展的这一趋势和真理。针对这类人生奋斗类的题型，一般提纲都会要求考生举出事例，即使提纲没有要求，考生最好也能够写出一两个事例，以增强文章的说服力。一般来说，在这种情况下，举残疾人、先进人物等的例子会比较切题，有效地加强文章的力度。思路拓展：（见下题）范文：
The picture presents a young runner who just finishes a long run and arrives at the finish line, sweating and smiling.While he stand at the end, a sign stating “beginning” lies not far away from his position, indicating that “an end means a new beginning”.It is true that when a runner reaches the end of one race, he needs to realize that his immediate task is how to achieve the next goal, instead of indulging the past glory and accomplishment.The identical truth applies to every individual, organization, and nation, that setting new goals continuously is the source of advancement.The deaf and mute American girl Helen Keller is a typical example of our case, as she had spent her whole life struggling and striving for one goal after another.It is not surprising that she finally turned out to be an excellent writer.Equally, businesses and industries should keep setting new tasks in order to preserve their competitiveness.Microsoft, for instance, never ceases creating new products the company launched Vista, Office 2007 and Exchange Server recently though it is already being such a huge conglomerate.In short, it is non-stop efforts that lead to progress.译文：
该图展示了一个运动员刚完成一场赛跑、达到终点，他满头大汗但是却非常满意地微笑着。在他所站的终点标志附近，该图标出了“起点”的标志，说明了“终点是新的起点”。
确实，当一个运动员跑到终点的时候，他必须马上意识到他的下一个任务是达到新的目标，而不是沉湎于过去的荣耀和成就。同样的道理也适用于每一个个人、组织、以及国家，即不断地设立新的目标才能不断地前进。
聋哑的美国女孩海伦.凯勒是这方面的一个典型例子，因为她一生都在为一个接一个的目标而努力和奋斗。因此，她最后变成了一个优秀的作家并不令人惊讶。同样的，工商界如果想要保持它们的竞争力，就要不断地为自己设立新任务。例如，微软公司作为如此大型的一个集团，也从来没有停止创造新产品的脚步，该公司在最近发布了Vista, Office 2007 和Exchange Server三大产品。总的来说，永不停止的努力才能引领进步和发展。闪光词汇及词组：
sweating and smiling: 这里我们要介绍英语中的一种特殊的修辞方法，叫做alliteration，即“头韵”。一般在汉语以及英语中我们讲究压尾韵，而英语中经常可以把一些开头的辅音相同的单词组合在一起，读起来也非常琅琅上口。考生如果能在平时有意识地收集这些头韵组合，在考试中用上一两个，会大大为文章添彩。类似的短语还有我们在“经典应用文背诵”部分中提到的safe and sound。“He has more brawn than brain”，他四肢发达头脑简单。achieve: v.达到，完成 glory: n.荣耀，光荣 accomplishment: n.成就 identical: adj.同一的，同样的 advancement: n.前进，进步 turn out to be: 变成 conglomerate: n.大集团 launch: v.发行，投放市场 non-stop: adj.不停的 万能句型：
The picture presents„ It is true that„
„is a typical example of our case „ it is not surprising that„ „ Equally„ In short„（2）2007年真题。
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing.In your essay, you should: 1)describe the drawing briefly, 2)explain its intended meaning, and then 3)support your view with an example/examples.You should write on ANSWER SHEET 2.真题分析：
在这道最新的考研题目中，出题漫画较往年显得更加生动有趣，寓意也十分明显。在一位球员即将进球的瞬间，球员和守门员都显得犹豫不决。球员认为守门员长得极其高大从而挡住了球门，使他的攻击几乎变成了“mission impossible”（不可能完成的任务）。同时，守门员却觉得自己太渺小而球门太大，守门的任务十分艰巨，同样也是“mission impossible”。对于有中文文化背景的学生来说，很容易就可以联想到《孙子兵法》中说的“知己知彼，百战不殆”，也就是说，只有充分了解自己和对手的所有优缺点，我们才能够有足够的信心取得最终的胜利。从这一点上我们可以继续引申，说明无论是个人、组织甚至对于国家来说，无论遇到什么情况，都要正确的评估自己以及具体事例的特点，从而充满信心地去取得应该取得的成就。思路拓展：
关于人生价值类的题目在短短几年时间内竟然考了两次，这必须引起我们的高度重视。出题者的思路也是可以理解的，正在参加考研的大学生们都风华正茂，处于人生扬帆的关键时刻。这个时候大学生们需要树立正确的世界观、人生观和价值观，从而有助于他们在将来的人生道路上取得成功。
人生价值的内容包罗万象，有对成功的理解、对生活的态度、对知识和学习的定位等等，以及如何面对困境和挫折、如何正确认识金钱和人生的关系等等。这一类话题并不总是热点话题，但又和许多领域紧密相连，特别是和教育领域的相关话题有关。同时，我们在许多社会现象中也可以发现人们不同的人生价值，媒体上也经常组织相关的大讨论，考生应予以密切关注。范文：
This picture shows a critical moment that can occur in any soccer game—a players is about to kick the ball while the keeper is fully ready for the attack.Interestingly, the player and the keeper are experiencing quite opposite psychological processes: the player thinks the task is extremely difficult as the goal is quite small compared with the huge keeper, while the latter fears that the goal is too enormous for him to protect.It is conspicuously indicated that in order to gain confidence and achieve success, we not only need to attain a thorough understanding of ourown merits and disadvantages of ourselves, but also those aspects of our opponents.Both the player and the keeper merely focus on their own faults and their counterparts’ advantages, leading to their hesitation at the key time.In a recent interview of hurdler Liu Xiang, he revealed that his success is partly owed to his training team’s study of his strong competitors around the world, so that he can learn from the others and is more confident when facing any new race.Just as the ancient Chinese philosophical book The Art of War concludes, if you know yourself and your enemy, you’ll never lose a battle.译文：
该图展示的是一场足球比赛中的关键时刻——一个球员正准备要进球，而守门员正全力准备回击这次进攻。有趣的是，球员和守门员正在经历相反的心理历程：球员认为这项任务非常艰巨，因为球门如此之小而守门员长得高达威猛；守门员却害怕球门太大而他自己太渺小，很难保护球门。
这幅图告诉我们，为了取得信心、达到胜利，我们不仅要对自己的优缺点有充分的了解，而且还要对对手的优缺点有充分了解。但是，图中的球员和守门员只想到了自己的缺点和对手的优点，因此在关键时刻踌躇不前。
在对著名中国运动员刘翔的一个最近的采访中，他透露了自己的成功部分归功于他的训练队详细研究了他在世界各国的对手们的特点，因此他可以学习他人的优点，于是面对比赛的时候更有信心。就像中国古代著名的兵书《孙子兵法》总结的那样，知己知彼，百战不殆。闪光词汇及词组： be about to: 将要, 正打算 psychological: adj.心理上的 enormous: adj.巨大的，庞大的 attain: v.获得，达到 merely: adv.仅仅
counterpart: n.相对物或人 hesitation: n.犹豫，踌躇 glorious: adj.光荣的 race: n.赛跑
The Art of War: 《孙子兵法》 万能句型：
This picture shows a „ moment that can occur in It is conspicuously indicated„
1、求学信
Directions: You want to study at a certain foreign university.Write a letter to ask about the situation there as regards accommodation and fees, possible scholarsips, and what qualifications one needs for acceptance.Dear Sir or Madam，I am a Chinese student who wish to apply for admission into your prestigious university.My plan is to start my course next term, and I would be grateful if you would be kind enough to provide me with certain essential information.First, what qualifications do I need to follow a course of study at your university? I already have a bachelor’s degree from Beijing University, but I wonder if there are any further academic requirements.Second, how much are the tuition fees? Although I intend to be self-supporting, I would be interested to hear if there are any scholarships available for international students.Third, what is the situation as regards accommodation?
I look forward to your reply, and to attending your esteemed institution.Yours sincerely, Li Ming（124）
2.订购信
2005年考研英语大纲样题： Directions: You are preparing for an English test and are in need of some reference books.Write a letter to the sales department of a bookstore to ask for: 1)detailed information about the books you want, 2)methods of payment, 3)time and way of delivery.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use “Li Ming” instead.You do not need to write the address.(10 points)
Sample letter:
Dear Sir or Madam，I am writing for information about test preparation materials for the IELTS test.I wonder if you have a vocabulary book covering the words required for IELTS, as well as past examination papers with keys and model essays.Besides, how should I pay for these books---by cash, cheque, or any other means? If possible, I would like to use my credit card.Finally, how will these books be shipped and when is the approximate time I can receive them? The express mail is preferable if the additional charge is not too much.I would appreciate it if you would send me a reply at your earliest convenience.Yours sincerely, Li Ming（2）（recite）
Re: Ordering NETEM Books
Dear Sir or Madam，As I am planning to take the National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates(NETEM), please give me particular accounts as regards names, authors, publishing houses and prices of these books.I also need to know the terms of payment and after-sell service.If you have these books for sale, I would like to mail order them.Please let me know if I could pay for them by money or do you accept credit card.I wonder if it is convenient for you to deliver these books by EMS by September 1, 2006 to the following address: Li Ming Room 433, Student Dormitory NO.12 Beijing University Beijing, 100871(110)
Yours sincerely, Li Ming 3.投诉信
Directions: You live in a room in college which you share with another student.You find it very difficult to work there because your roommate always has friends visiting.He/She has parties in the room and sometimes borrows your things without asking you.Write a letter to the Accommodation Officer at the college and ask for a new room next term.You would prefer a single room.Explain your reasons.Dear Sir or Madam，I am writing to express/air dissatisfaction/disappointment/concern regarding accommodation.I would prefer to move into a single room next semester, as I find the present sharing arrangement inconvenient.I must explain that the reason for my dissatisfaction is my roommate’s inconsiderate behavior.For one thing, his friends are constantly visiting him;for another, he regularly holds noisy parties.To solve this problem/surmount this difficulty/improve this situation/crack this hard nut, I hope to draw the attention of the authorities concerned.I am sure you will agree that the only solution is for me to move into a room of my own.Therefore, I would be grateful if you could find a single room for me, preferably not in the same building but as near to the college campus as possible.Yours sincerely, Li Ming（128）.4.求职信
Directions: You want to apply for the following post/position: Waiter/waitress required for evening work.Write a letter to Mr.Byron describing your previous experience, and explaining why you would be suitable for the job.Dear Mr.Byron，I am writing to express my interest in your recently advertised position for a waitress.Enclosed with this letter is my resume, which further details my previous work experience and qualifications.Not only do my qualifications and work experience make me a perfect candidate for the job, my personality is well suited to working as a waitress.I am a very friendly person who can quickly establish rapport with people of all ages.I would like to meet with you at your earliest convenience, to discuss the possibility of working at your restaurant.Thank you for your consideration of my application.I look forward to meeting you in the near future.Yours sincerely，Li Ming（111）
5.感谢信
Directions: After being involved in an accident, you were looked after by another person.Write a special letter to express your thanks.Dear Xiaoqiang，I am writing to express my heartfelt gratitude.I am referring to that unfortunate accident the other day, when I was knocked off my bike by a taxi.If it had not been for your timely assistance in giving me first aid, I fear that the consequences might have been much serious.Everyone agrees that it was your quick-witted response in that emergency that has led to this satisfactory outcome.Although nowadays people in mounting numbers talk about the need to be unselfish, we see very few people practice what they preach.If there were more people like you, this world would be a much nicer place.Yours sincerely, Li Ming（107）
6.邀请信
Directions: You want to invite some friends to a party.Write an invitation letter to them individually, elaborating on the reason why such a party should be held, and what activities will be arranged for them.Dear Xiaobao，I will hold a dinner party at my house on April 1, 2006 to celebrate Mr.Old Fish’s marriage with Miss Fujiwora.As you are a close friend of us, we would very much like you to participate in the celebration and share our joy.The occasion will start at seven o’clock in the evening, with the showing of their wedding ceremony.This will be followed by a dinner party.At around ten, we will hold a small musical soiree, at which a band will perform some works by Bach and Strauss.If you do not have any prior appointment on April 1, we look forward to the pleasure of your company.Yours sincerely, Li Ming(113)7.商业信（确认信）Dear Sir or Madam，We have recently received a rather large order for personal computers from a company in your city whose name and address are as follows: China Machinery Import and Export Co., 1, Zhongguancundajie Street, Haidian District, Beijing.They asked us to open a credit account.As it is entirely a new customer to us, we shall highly appreciate you if you will give us any information regarding its financial standing and business capacity.It is hardly necessary for us to assure you that whatever information you give us will be treated as strictly confidential.We assure you of our readiness to reciprocate at any time.Yours sincerely, Li Ming
8.备忘录
Directions: You are the president of a company.Write a memo to Percy Shelley, the vice-president on the employee’s training on computer, telling him the need to train the employees, detailed information, and ask him to write a plan.Date：January 14, 2006 To：Percy Shelley, Vice President From：Li Ming, President Subject：Computer Training of the Staff As we discussed earlier this week, I agree with you that our firm is faced up with problem of the high rate of computer illiteracy of the staff.We need to make up a plan for training our employees in the new field.I would like you to design our own in-house computer-training program.We had better classify the employees and put them through the program in turn.Write up a brief proposal, describing what you think the program should cover.Assume the class runs four hours a week for ten weeks.Also, assume people have no prior computer knowledge or any formal course work in computer science.（128）9.文章摘要
1)A third kind of thinking is stimulated when anyone questions our beliefs and opinions.We sometimes find ourselves changing our minds without any resistance or heavy emotion, but if we are told that we are wrong we resent the imputation and harden our hearts.We are incredibly heedless in the information of our beliefs, but find ourselves filled with an illicit passion for them when anyone proposes to rob us of their companionship.It is obvious not the ideas themselves that are dear to us, but our self－esteem, which is threatened.We are by nature stubbornly pledged to defend our own from attack, whether it be our person, our family, our property, or our opinion.We may surrender, but rarely confess ourselves vanquished.In the intellectual world at least, peace is without victory.Few of us take the pains to study the origin of our cherished convictions;indeed, we have a natural repugnance to so doing.We like to continue to believe what we have been accustomed to accept as true, and the resentment aroused when doubt is cast upon any of our assumptions leads us to seek every manner of excuse for clinging to them.The result is that most of our so-called reasoning consists in finding arguments for going on believing as we already do.2)A third kind of thinking occurs when we are told that our beliefs and opinions are wrong.We may have been heedless in their information, but our self-esteem will not permit us to change.We may have to give up, but we are not convinced.We do not study the origin of our beliefs;we believe as we have been accustomed to believe, and we seek arguments for continuing to believe as we already do.（75 words）公告 1.Directions: The Students’ Union of your department is planning an English Speaking Contest.Write an announcement which covers the following information: 1)the purpose of the contest, 2)time and place of the contest, 3)what is required of the candidates, 4)details of the judges and awards.You should write about 100 words.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use Department of English at the end of the announcement.English-Speaking Contest To improve students’ ability to speak English and enrich after-class activities, the Students’ Union of Department of English is organizing a school-wide English-speaking contest to be held on Tuesday next week(14 January)at the Students’ Recreational Center.Those who are interested in taking part in it may sign up with the monitor of their classes before Friday this week.Five overseas teachers will be invited to be judges.The first six winners will be given awards.Everybody is welcome to be present at the contest.(96 words)The Students’ Union Department of English
2、Directions: Your journal is planning to publish an issue.Write a contributions wanted which covers the following information: 1)the purpose of the issue, 2)time and methods of delivery, 3)other details.You should write about 100 words.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Contributions Wanted
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