写作常用句型

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写作常用句型(精选8篇)

写作常用句型 篇1

7.1文章开头常用句型

万事开头难,写作也莫不如此。正如英语谚语所说,好的开端等于成功的一半(A good beginning is half-done)。加之在阅卷时,文章的开头就是你给阅卷老师的第一印象,因此,掌握好文章开头的技巧显得十分重要。

7.1.1说明现象的常用句型

任何事物的发生与发展都属于某种社会现象或倾向。文章开头时直截了当的提出这种现象,然后进行说明或评论。这种开头方法开门见山,使读者一目了然。

(1)Recently the phenomenon(problem , issue)of „ has aroused considerable concern.(近来,„„现象/问题已引起了)

(2)Recently the phenomenon(question ,problem)of „ has been brought to public attention.(3)One of the pressing(biggest)problems facing our society today is……

(4)One of the hottest topics(most serious problem, most popular things)many people talk about now is…(5)Here and there across the country, a(n)increasing number of……

(6)With the development of science and tachnology, more and more……

(7)Nowadays(Currently/, Recently), there is a growing tendency that……

(8)In the past few years, there has been a dramatic growth(decline)in……

(9)Whenever you see(find)„ ,you cannot help being astonished(surprised)by „(每当你看到/发现„„,你会不禁为„„感到惊讶不已。)

7.1.2阐述对立观点的常用句型

在写作中,当作者要对某个问题提出自己的观点看法时,一般常在文章开头引出人们对所给出问题的不同看法。这种开头方法常用于对某个问题进行争论的议论文体。

(1)When asked about… , the vast majority of people think(believe, say)that …;But other people think(believe, regard, say)that …(当问及„„的时候,绝大多数人认为/说„„。但也有人认为/说„„)

(2)When it comes to …, some people think(believe)that…;Others argue(claim)that the opposite is true.There is probably some truth in both statement, but…(当谈到„„时,有些人认为/相信„„;另一些人却持相反的观点。这两种观点也许都有点道理,但是„„)

(3)There is a much controversy(discussion)nowadays about the problem(issue)of … Those who criticize(oppose, object to)argue that… They believe that…But people who favor(advocate)…, on the other hand, claim(assert)that…(现在围绕„„问题正展开热烈的争论/讨论。那些批评/反对的人认为„„;另一方面,那些赞同/提倡这个„„的人却认为„„)

(4)These days we often hear about…They claim(argue, say)that…But is it true? Close analysis(examination)doesn’t bear out the claim(argument).(最近,我们经常听到关于„„他们声称„„。果真如此吗?仔细分析一下,就证明这种观点站

英语写作常用句型 不住脚。

(5)Now a lot of people believe that…But although…, there is no(little)evidence that…(现在许多人都认为„„尽管„„,却没有证据表明„„)

7.1.3用引用法开头的常用句型

在写作中,所谓的引用就是用人们熟悉的名人名言,常用的谚语、习语、警句等作为文章的开头。这样的开头既生动、富有哲理,又一下子点明了文章的主题,能起到引人入胜的效果。

(1)One of the great men(writers, philosophers, scientists)once said(remarked)that… If this is the case , then the present situation(view , attitude)should make us wonder whether…(有一位伟人/作家/哲学家/科学家曾经说过„„如果是这样的话,目前的趋势/观点应使我们沉思,是否„„)

(2)“Knowledge is power ”.Such is the remark made by Bacon.More and more people have shared this view now.(“知识就是力量”,这是培根的名言。这个观点已为越来越多的人所接受。)

(3)Awareness of ignorance is the beginning of wisdom”.Such is the opinion of one of the greastest men.This remark has confirmed time and time again by many historical events.(“意识到无知便是智慧的开端”,这是一位伟人的名言。这句话一次又一次地被许多历史事实所证实。)

(4)“…”.We are used to hearing such words like those.(“„„”,我们常常听到这样的说法。)(5)“…”.How often we hear such complaint as this!(“„„”我们多么常常听到像这样的抱怨。)

(6)“…”.That’s how one college student(citizen ,official)describe the… Many people have shared the experience like this.(这是一位大学生/市民/官员说起„„的时候的话。许多都与他/她有着同样的经历。)

7.1.4用提问法开头的常用句型

提问法主要用于展开讨论或对有争议性的问题发问。文章的开头用一个即将讨论或解答的问题设问,可以引起思考,唤起联想,立即把读者引入作者的讨论之中,激起读者的浓厚兴趣。

(1)Should(What)…? Attitudes towards(opinions of)…vary from person to person.Some think of(regard,view)…as…Others argue(believe, claim)that…(„„应不应该„„/„„是„„?不同的人对此有不同的态度/看法。有些人认为„„是„„;其他人却争论/认为„„)

(2)How do you think of…? In reply to this question, we must …(你怎样看待„„?在回答这个问题时,我们必须„„)(3)What do you think of …? In answer to this question, we should…(你认为„„是„„?要回答这个问题,我们应当„„)

(4)“Why do(have)…?”Many people often ask the question like this.(为什么„„?许多人经常问这样的问题。)(5)What is…? By my understanding, …is…(什么是„„?据我理解,„„是„„)

7.1.5用于比较法开头的常用句型

(1)For years, …has been viewed(regarded)as…But people are taking a fresh look at it now.(多年来,„„被认为是„„。但是,现在人们正以新的眼光看待它。)(2)Until recently, …was seen(viewed)as …However , that is changing now.(直到最近,„„被认为是„„。可是,现在这种情况正在发生变化。)(3)People used to think that …in the past …But things are quite different now.(在过去,人们常常认为„„。但现在情况却与以往很不同了。)(4)It was once thought that … in the old days, … But few people now share this view.(在过去,人们曾经认为„„。到现在几乎没有人再持有这种观点。)

(5)Several years ago, people…Now people … Why has such a change taken place?(几年前,人们„„。现在,人们„„。为什么会发生这样的变化呢?)

(6)After a good many years of efforts to …, people begin to …(经过多年的努力,人们开始„„)(6)It is a traditional many practice(way)to … But now the pendulum has swung in the opposite direction.(„„是一个传统习惯。但现在钟摆转到反的方向去了。)

(7)In recent years, there is a general tendeney to … According to a study(survey, poll), there is X percent of…., compared with Y percent last year.Why…(最近几年,有一个„„的趋势。根据一项研究/民意调查,和去年的Y%相比,今年有X%的„„。为什么会„„呢?)

7.1.6 用于故事法开头的常用句型

在写作中,一开始就讲述一个作者自己或他人生活中的故事,用生动而熟悉的趣事紧紧地吸引住读者,然后再引 入主题。以故事法弄开首的文章常使用人们习惯的句型,或讲时间、或谈地点、或讲某人„„,与读者思路相通,感情相近。这些故事要和将要讨论的主题相关,它们可从日常生活中轻车熟路地信手。

(1)Some month ago(last Sunday), a friend of mine…The story is not rare.It is one of thousand of…(几个月前/上个星期天,我的一个朋友„„。这个故事并不偶然,它是千百万个„„之一。)

(2)The other day, I … The case is not unusual.It is typical of…(有一天,我„„。这个故事非偶然,它是„„的典型事例之一。)

(3)Once in a street(hospital, newspaper), I saw(learnt)…The problem(phenomenon)of …has aroused nationwide(public)attention(concern).(一次在街上/医院里/报纸上,我看到/了解到„„。这个„„问题/现象已引起全国范围内/公众的广泛关注。)

(4)Once upon a time there was a man who…The story may be unbelievable, but it still has a realistic significance today.(从前,有一个„„的人。这个故事也许令人难以置信,但直到今天,它仍然有现实意义。)

(5)I have a friend who…Such a problem we often meet in our daily life.(我有一个朋友,他/她„„。在我们的日常生活中常常会遇到这样的问题。)

7.1.7用于以观点法开头的常用句型

文章开宗明义第一句就直接点出主题或阐明自己对某个问题的看法。这样的开头直截了当,开门见山,第一句就是全文的中心或主题。

(1)Nothing is more important(foolish, undesirable, essential)than …which is commonly held by…(没有比„„更重要/愚蠢/令人讨厌的了。现在„„普遍持有这种„„。)

(2)Nowhere in the world has the idea of …been more popular than …(世界上没有哪个地方比在„„更流行„„的观点了。)

(3)Maybe it is time to have a fresh look at the idea /attitude that…(也许现在给我们以新的眼光看待„„的观点了。)(4)Now people in increasing numbers are beginning to recognize(realize, be aware, accept)that…(现在越来越多的人开始意识到/接受„„。)

(5)Now people become increasingly aware of the need(importance)of…(现在人们日益意识到„„的需要/重要。)

7.1.8以定义法开头的常用句型

以定义法开头的文章,常对一种事物的本质特征或一个概念的内涵和外延作确切而简要的说明。这样,读者会逻辑地围绕定义思考下文。

(1)What is …? …refers to …(什么是„„?„„指的是„„。)

(2)The term “…” here means that …(这里,术语“„„”意思是„„。)

(3)When we talk about …, most of us think that …is …(当我们谈论„„的时候,我们大多数人认为„„是„„。)

7.2文章正文部分的常用句型

正文部分是文章的灵魂和精髓所在,该部分写作质量的好坏与文章的得分密切相关。正文部分其实就是对文章的主题进行深化、说明、论证,用令人信服的事例、推理等各种方法来支持、阐述主题。下面列举出写作该部分常用的方法及句型。

7.2.1用因果法论述的常用句型

任何事物的发生与发展都不是偶然的,在它的背后一定有某种原因。同样,某种原因必然能导致一定的结果。原因和结果间并不完全一一对应,常常会出现一果多因或一因多果的情况。因果法在分析和解释某一事物,某一现象时十分常用。

(1)There are probably many(several, a number of)reasons for this dramatic change in …First…Second…Finally...(也许„„显著变化的原因有许多/好几个。第一„„第二„„第三„„)

(2)Why did(have are)…? For one thing …For another …Perhaps the most important reason is…(为什么会„„?首先,„„其次,„„也许最重要的原因是„„)

(3)It is not easy to offer the reasons for this phenomenon which involves several complicated factors.For some… For others…(要说出该现象的理由不容易,因为这种现象涉及了好几个复杂的因素。一些„„;另一些„„)

(4)You don’t have to look very far to find out the reason why …(找到„„的原因不很费力。)

(5)Why …? The answer to this question involves many complex factors(reasons).In the first place,…In the second place,…Firstly,…(为什么„„?回答这个问题要涉及到许多复杂的因素/原因。首先,„„;其次,„„;最后,„„)

(6)A number of factors could account for(contribute to, lead to, result in)the…(许多因素将说明/导致„„)

(7)The cause for…perhaps, are complicated.They include…Perhaps the main cause is…(„„的原因也许很复杂。它们包括„„。也许主要原因是„„)

(8)Thanks to(Owing to, Due to, Because of, As a result of)…(多亏/由于/因为„„)(9)…not only because …but alse because…(„„不仅是因为„„,同时也由于„„)(10)One tends to regard the …as a result of…(人们往往把„„认为是„„的结果。)(11)…is partly(solely)responsible for the …(„„要对„„负部分/全部责任。)

(12)There are a number of grave consequences of …Perhaps the most consequence is…(这里有很多„„的严重后果。或许最严重的后果是„„)

(13)It will exert a profound influence on…(它将对„„产生深远的影响。)

(14)The effect of …has not been confined to …It alse …(„„的影响不久局限于„„。它也„„)(15)It brings some serious consequences of…(它带来了一些„„的严重后果。)

7.2.2用于比较、对照论述时常用的句型

在写作中,特别是在写议论文时,常常要对两种观点或两个事物进行比较与对照,分析它们各自的优劣,然后得出令人信服的结论,做出正确的选择。

(1)The advantages of A are much greater than the disadvantages A entails.(A的优点比它的缺点大得多。)

(2)The advantages derived from A far outweigh the disadvantages from B.(和B相比我们从A中换取的益处更大。)(3)Although A has a advantage of …, it can’t be compared with B in…(尽管A在„„方面有更大的优势,但在„„方面却不能和B相比。)

(4)When then advantage and disadvantage are compared , the most striking conclusion is quite obvious.(当对其优、缺点进行对比时,最清楚的结论就显而易见了。)

(5)A means nothing when B is taken into consideration.(当考虑到B的时候,A就没有什么意义了。)

(6)Indeed, A plays a more /less important role when compared with B.(的确,和B相比,A起着更重要/不很重要的作用。)

(7)A may be superior to B, but it has its own problems.For one thing …For another …(A也许优于B,但它自身也存在问题。首先,„„;其次,„„)

(8)In spite of disadvantages B has, it has its beneficial affects.(尽管B有这些劣势,但它还有其有利的方面。)

(9)There is no doubt that it has both negative affects and positive affects.(毫无疑问,它既有副作用也有积极的作用。)(10)However, it is not without weaknesses(limits).The principal one is …Besides, …(不过,它并不是没有缺点/局限。主要的缺点/局限是„„。此外,„„)

(11)A and B have several things in common.Both …(A和B在许多地方有共同之处。它们两者都„„)(12)There are some marked differences between A and B.Unlike B, A…(A和B之间有显著的区别。和B不同,A„„)(13)A and B are different in several ways.(A和B在好几个方面都有不同之处。)(14)A…, on the contrary(on the other hand, whereas)B…(A„„,相反/而B„„)

(15)Both A and B …But they are quite different as to …Unlike B, A…(A和B都„„。但就„„方面来说。它们有很大的差异。和B不同,A„„)

7.2.3用于批评驳斥某种观点时的常用句型

不破则不立。写作者要阐述自己的观点,常需要对不同的或不赞成的观点进行批驳。写作时,一般先引出要驳斥的观点,然后直接进行批驳。

(1)Although everyone believes that …I doubt whether the argument bears much analysis.(尽管人人都认为„„,我怀疑这个论点是否经得住分析。)

(2)Although the popular belief is that …, a recent study(survey, investigation)reveals that…(尽管普遍认为„„,但最近的一项研究/调查揭示„„。)

(3)While the tendency to … is understandable, one may wonder whether …is fair.(虽然„„的趋势是可以理解的,但人们可能会想这„„是否公平。)

(4)Although it is widely accepted that …,it is unlikely to be true that…(尽管大家都认为„„,但„„却不大可能是真的。)

(5)Many people claim(argue)that But this claim(argument)may be questioned.(许多人声称/争论说„„。但这种观点值得怀疑。)

(6)The majority of people have been taken in by the idea that …There is no such thing as the good …for …(大多数人都被„„观点所欺骗。对„„来说,事情却没有那么好。)

(7)They may be right in saying that …, but they seen to fail to take notice of the fact that …(他们说„„,那也许是正确的,但他们是乎没有注意到„„)

(8)It is true that …, but it doesn’t follow that …(„„这是对的,但这并不等于说„„)

(9)Admittedly, …, but it doesn’t necessary mean that…(必须承认,„„但这并不意味„„)

(10)Some people suggest that…But what these people fail to see is that…(有人建议„„。但那些被人们忽视的是„„)(11)There is an element of truth in these arguments, but they ignore a deeper and more essential fact…(在这些论点里的确有正确的成分,但他们忽视了一个更深层次、更重要的事实„„)

(12)This opinion sounds reasonable at first thought.A close analysis of it , however ,would reveal how groundless it is.(咋一想,这个观点听起来有道理。不过,仔细分析发现它是多么站不住脚啊。)(13)Some people argue that…but more often than not, the opposite is usually true.(14)It takes no sense to argue for …, but object to…(有些人认为„„,但通常正确的却是相反)

(15)It would be foolish to believe that…And it would be more foolish to think that…(相信„„是愚蠢的。认为„„就更加愚蠢。)

(16)The fatal flaw in the view is that it fails to take …into account.(这个观点的致命错误是它没有考虑到„„)

7.2.4用于举例说明时常用的句型

在写作中作者为了说明自己的观点,往往需要引用具体的事例加以说明。这些例子由于是发生在我们生活周围活生生的具体事例或为我们所熟知的事件、他人(一般常是广为人知的人物)轶事,因而显得真实可信,具有很强的说服力。

(1)For example(For instance)…(例如„„)

(2)…is frequently cited as a common example of…(„„是一个经常被引用的例子。)(3)A good case in point is best provided by…(„„提供了一个恰当的例子。)(4)As an example of …we may take…(作为„„的例子,我们可以列举„„)(5)This society is filled with the examples of…(社会中充满了„„的例子。)(6)Take , for example , a man who…(例如,有一个„„人。)

(7)A very similar example can be cited from…(可以引用的相似的例子是„„)

(8)Numerous other instances might be quoted easily, but this will be sufficient to show that…(还可以很容易地引用其它无数的事例,但这已足够说明„„)

(9)Let us suppose(imagine)that you…Would you …? 我们来假设你„„。你将„„?)(10)Just think of…(思考一下„„)

(11)Just imagine what would happen if …(想象一下如果„„,将发生什么呢?)

7.2.5用于推理论述的常用句型

推理法常用于分析阐述作者观点,引出作者的判断和见解;通过假设、让步等推理手段来得出结论。(1)It seems quite unlikely(possible, likely, impossible)that…(„„似乎有可能/不可能。)(2)There is very chance(likelihood, possibility)that…(„„似乎很可能。)(3)Chances are that…(很可能„„)

(4)It is perhaps more accurate to say that…(说„„,也许更正确些。)(5)It is extremely necessary to say that…(说„„,这非常必要的。)(6)It is …that really matters(counts)…(„„是真正重要的。)

(7)What really disturbs(interests, surprises)us is…(使我们真正烦恼/感兴趣/吃惊的是„„)(8)It is shocking to find that…(令人震惊地发现„„)(9)No wonder that…(无怪乎„„)

(10)We have much to be said for(against)the view that…(我们很有理由支持/反对„„)

(11)We can …;we can…But we can never…(我们可以„„;我们可以„„。但我们永远不能„„)

(12)Traditionally, our society has held a negative attitude toward…(从传统上讲,我们社会一直对„„持否定态度。)(13)If that is the case, we may…(如果是那样的话,我们可以„„)

(14)If our efforts were devoted to…, we would…(如果我们致力„„的话,我们将会„„)(15)Anyone with the slightest knowledge of…knows that…(稍有点„„知识的人都知道„„)(16)A careful study of…can help us to…(对„„仔细的研究可以帮助我们„„)(17)It is almost impossible that …(没有„„,„„几乎是不可能的。)(18)The more…the more…(„„越„„,„„就越„„)

7.2.6用于引用数据进行论证的常用句型

写作时,作者常引用一些统计数据把问题呈现在读者面前,然后加以分析。这些数据来源非常广泛,常见的主要借助于报刊、电视等大致媒体,社会机构或政府部门公布的调查数据和结果。用这些具体的数据作为论证材料,使读者觉得生动和真实可信。

(1)According to the recent survey(poll, consults),…has increased(decreased,spiraled)…from X percent to Y percent(at a rate of X percent,by X percent, to X percent)…(根据最近的一次调查/名义调查/普查,„„从X%增加/降低/上升到Y%;„„以X%的比例上升。„„增加/降低了/到X%。)

(2)According to the national Health Organization, …increased X times compared with 1990(from1981 to 1998).(据世界卫生组织统计,和1990年相比/从1981到1998,„„增加了X倍。)

(3)A report by the State Statistical Bureau points out that the number of …is half(twice)as much as the national average.(国家统计局的一份报告指出,„„数量是全国平均数的一半/两倍。)

(4)According to reliable(official)statistics(data)provide by …the percentage(rats, number)has almost doubled, as against(compared with)1990.(据可靠/官方统计,和1990年相比,这个比例/数字已几乎增长了一倍。)

(5)It makes up X percent of the total.(它占总数的X%。)

7.3文章结尾常用句型

众所周知,任何文章只要有头就要有尾,以使整篇文章结构完整、和谐。从历年阅卷的经验来看,任何虎头蛇尾的文章都不可能获得好的成绩。一般来讲,文章的结尾对整篇文章起三个重要作用:一是总结全文,使其前后照应,从而加强读者对文章要点的印象;二是提出解决所论及问题的方案或建议;三是促使读者对该问题的前景或未来发展趋势进行深层次的思索。

7.3.1用于总结法结尾的常用句型

总结性的句型主要用于通过文章前面内容的讨论,进而总结出文章的中心思想和主要观点。(1)From what has been discussed above, we may safely come to the conclusion that…(从上面的讨论我们可以有把握地得出结论„„)

(2)Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably reach the conclusion that…(考虑到所有的这些因素,我们有理由得出结论„„)

(3)The analysis we have made leads to an unshakable conclusion that…(从我们所作的分析,可以得出一个不可动摇的结论„„)

(4)In a word, we should…(总之,我们应该„„)

(5)In conclusion, it is more important than…(总之,它比„„更重要。)

7.3.2用于预示后果的常用句型

在作者表明自己的观点、态度以及建议后,有时用揭示后果型句子来说明如果某一问题得不到解决,或不采取某种措施、行动的话,将会产生某些不良甚而严重的后果,进而更加引起读者对文章主题的关注。

(1)We must look(search)for an immediate measure(action), because the present situation of …If it is allowed to continue , it will certainly reasult in the heavy cost of …(我们应该寻求一个立即解决的措施,因为目前„„的趋势。如果听任其发展下去,就会给„„造成重大损失。)

(2)No doubt, if we can’t improve the situation, it is very likely that …will put in danger.(毫无疑问,如果我们不能改变这种状况,很有可能有„„的危险。)

(3)Obviously, if we are blind to the problem ,the chances are that …will be put in danger.(很明显,如果我们对这个问视而不见,很可能有„„的危险。)

(4)Any person who ignores the warning would pay a heavy price!(任何忽视这个警告的人将付出沉重的代价。)

(5)Any society that fails to learn from the lesson would come to no good end.(任何社会如不从中吸取教训,必将产生不良的后果。)

(6)We need to take a fresh look at the matter more seriously, otherwise ,we are doomed to fail.(我们需要以新的眼光更加严肃地看待这一问题,否则,我们注定会失败的。)

7.3.3用于以建议结尾的常用句型

在文章作者揭示出所存在的问题,表明自己的观点、立场后,常常在文章结尾时针对该问题的解决提出建议性的意见。其中包括建议和具体的解决问题的方法。

(1)It is suggested that great efforts should be made to achieve the goal.(有人建议,为实现这个目标,应作出更大的努力)(2)In short , we should …;we must …(总之,我们应该„„;我们必须„„。)

(3)In any case , it must …;it ought to …(在任何情况下,它必须„„;它必须„„)(4)We need to …;we need to …(我们需要„„;我们需要„„)

(5)What we need is …;what we need is …(我们所需要的是„„;我们所需要的是„„)

(6)It is high time that … Here are a few examples of some of the measures that might be taken immediately.(该到了„„的时候了。这里只是现在应该立即采取的措施的几个例子。)

(7)Although it can’t be solved immediately, still there are ways.The most important is …Another way is…(尽管它不可能立即得到解决,但还是有办法的。最重要的是„„。另外一个办法是„„)

(8)Awareness of the problem is the first step toward the solution.(意识到这个问题是解决它的第一步。)

7.3.4用于说明重大意义的常用句型

如果作者在结尾时明确指出所讨论问题的重大意义,读者就会更加重视该问题。让读者认识到该问题的解决将会产生的深远意义及光辉前景,以引起他们的共鸣。

(1)Following these methods may not solve all the problems, but they are worth the efforts.It will benefit …;it will contribute …(也许遵照这些方法不能解决所有的问题,但它们值得去努力。它将利于„„;它将助于„„)

(2)The suggestions mentioned above may not guaranyee the success, but they deserve our efforts.It will help …;it will benefit …(上面所提出的建议也许不能保证成功,但它们值得我们去努力。它将助于„„;它将利于„„)

(3)The importance of …cannot be overstressed.It will…;it can …(„„的重要性再怎样强调也不过分。它将„„;它能„„)

(4)The significance of … cannot be overemphasized.It can…;it will…(„„的重大意义再怎样强调也不过分。它能„„;它将„„)

(5)Anyhow it has a profound influence, for it stands for a sharp break with the traditional notion of…(无论怎样,它有着深远的影响,因为它和传统的„„观念有很大的区别。)

(6)Anyway, whether it does us good or harm, one thing is certain that it will undoubtedly …(不过,无论它对我们是有害还是有益,有一点是肯定的,那就是它无疑将„„)

(7)We are entering a new era which requires …(我们正进入一个新的纪元,它要求„„)

7.3.5用于以号召结尾的常用句型

作者提出建议和指出重要性后,许多问题作者作为个人肯定无法解决,所以,他必须呼吁读者行动起来,或督促相关部门采取行动或对所讨论的问题引起高度重视。

(1)It might be time to take the advice of…and to put special emphasis on the improvement of…(应该到听取„„建议并特别重视„„的改善的时候了。)

(2)It is time that we put an immediate end to the unhealthy phenomenon of…(该我们马上结束„„这种不良的现象了。)(3)It is essentinl that effective measures shoud be taken to prevent the tendence.(采取各种措施防止这种趋势非常重要。)(4)There is no doubt that further attention must be paid to the problem of…(毫无疑问,一定要进一步地重视„„问题。)(5)Obviously, ….If we want to …, it is vital that …(显然,„„。如果我们要想„„,„„就很重要)

7.3.6用于以引用语结尾的常用句型

如果说引用语作为文章开头能起到点明主题、引人入胜的效果的话,以引言作为文章结尾却能达到画龙点睛,一语概括全文的效果。这样的结尾呼照前文、生动、富有哲理,使读者回味无穷。

(1)Edison is right in saying that …(爱迪生说„„,这是正确的。)(2)“No pains, no gains.” Yes, if you …, you … should …(“不劳就无获”。是啊,如果你要„„,你就应该„„)(3)Yes, as …once said,”…”(是啊,正如„„曾经说过:“„„”)

7.3.7用于联系自己谈感想的常用句型

对某个问题有了解的办法和方向以后,除了建议人怎么做以外,写作者应联系自己的实际表明为该问题的解决尽某方面的努力。这种从我做起的态度具诚、真挚的效果,更令读者信服。

(1)As a young college student, I should be aware of…(作为一个大学生,我应该意识到„„)

(2)As builders of the 21st century, we should be responsible for…(作为21世纪的建设者,我们应对„„负责任。)(3)As a youth of new China, I will…otherwise, I will not live up to…’s expectation.(作为新中国青年,我将„„。否则我将辜负„„的希望。)

7.4图表作文写作常用句型

图表作文是大学英语四、六级考试和研究生英语考试中常见题型,掌握其常用句型十分重要。由于它只是属于论说文中的一种,因此许多相关句型我们在前面第部分(文章正文部分写作的常用句型)中已经给出,现在让我们再一次重复部分句型,使大家能熟练地掌握。

(1)As can be seen from the table(graph, chart, diagram)…(从图表中可以看出„„)(2)According to the table(graph, chart, diagram)…(根据图表„„)

(3)As is shown in the table(figure, chart, diagram)…(正如图表中所表明„„)

(4)It can be seen from the table(figure,chart,diagram,figure,statistics)that(从图表中可以看出„„)(5)There was a very dramatic(slight,sharp,rapid,marked,steady)rise(increase,fall,decrease,deline,drop)…(……有一个显著/轻微/稳定的上升/增加/下降。)

(6)A…, while(on the other hand ,whereas)B…(A„„,而/另一方面B却„„)(7)A makes up X percent of the total.(A占总数的X%。)(8)A is about twice as much as B.(A是B的两倍。)

(9)One may see that there is a general tendency of …(我们可以看到„„是一个普通的趋势。)(10)A is considerably(rather, somewhat, a bit, a great deal)smaller(bigger, cheaper, higher)than B.(A比B要小/大/便宜/高得/多一些。)

(11)A is exactly(almost, nearly, more or less, just)the same as B.(A和B完全/几乎一样。)

(12)In 1990, it increased form X percent to Y percent of the total.(1990年,它由占总数的X%上升到Y%。)(13)By comparison with 1990, it decreased from X percent to Y percent.(和1990年相比,它由X%上升到Y%。)(14)The figure(percentage, number)has nearly(more than)doubled, compared with that of last year.(和去年相比,这个数字/比例已经翻番。)

(15)It has increased(decreased dropped)almst two and half times(twice, six times), compared…(和„„相比,它已增加/下降了几乎两倍半/两倍/六倍。)

(16)The number(percentage)is half(four times)as much as that of 1990.(这个数量是1990年的一半/四倍。)

(17)By 1990, less(more than)X percent of college students(workers, housewives)perferred to…(到了1990,不到/超过X%的大学生/工人/家庭主妇宁愿„„)

(18)The number(rare)was X percent, less than a half of the 1990 total.(这个数量/比例为X%,不足1990年总数的一半。)(19)There are a several(number, three)reasons(causes)for this significant increase(change, decline).First… second,...;finally…;(这种显著的增加/变化/下降有几个/三个原因。第一,„„;第二,„„;最后,„„)

(20)The change(increase decline)in … mainly results from(is due to, is owing to)the fact that.(„„的变化/增加/下降主要是因为„„)

(21)A number of factors could account for(lead to, result in, contribute to)the change(increase, decrease)in…(导致„„变化/增加/下降有许多原因。)

7.5英语书信写作常用语

7.5.1常用开头语

(1)I am delighted to hear form you.(非常高兴收到你的来信。)(2)How nice it was to hear form you.(收到你的来信多好啊。)

(3)I’m very pleased to have received your letter which…(非常高兴收到你的来信,在信中„„)(4)With great delight I learned that…(我了解到„„非常高兴。)(5)I’m very glad to hear that…(我十分高兴地听到„„)

(6)I’m sorry it has taken me so long to reply to you …(抱歉,我耽误了许久才给你回信。)

(7)I can’t tell you how much your letter delighted me …(收到你的信,我说不出我心里有多高兴。)(8)Thank you for how your letter of May 14, telling me that…(感谢你在5月14日的信中告诉我„„)(9)Your letter of Friday arrived this morning.(今天上午收到了你星期五写来的信。)

7.5.2常用结束语

(1)I hope to receive an early and favorable reply.(盼能早日收到佳音。)(2)Expecting to hear from you soon.(盼早日回复。)

(3)I am looking forward to your early reply.(盼早日回复。)(4)I am looking forward to seeing you soon.(盼早日见面。)

(5)We thank you for a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.(你能在方便的时候尽早回复,我们将感激不尽。)(6)Please give my love(regards, best wishes)to …(请代我向„„问好/祝福。)(7)Kindest regards to you and your family.(请代我向你全家问好。)

(8)Hoping you will keep fit, study hard, and work well.(希望你身体健康,学习努力,工作顺利。)(9)All good wishes.(祝你万事如意。)

写作常用句型 篇2

【真题链接】Sorry, I am too busy now.If Ihad time, I would certainly go for an outing with you.

【句型解读】该句型表示与现在、过去, 及将来事实可能相反的假设。其if从句的谓语形式分别为“过去时 (be用were) ”“had+过去分词”和“动词的过去时”/“should+动词原形”或“were to+动词原形”;主句谓语形式分别为“would/should/might/could+动词原形”“would/should/might/could+have+过去分词”和“would/should/might/could+动词原形”。

【温馨提醒】

●“If it were not for…I/they…would...”句型意为“如果不是……/如果没有……/要不是……, 我/他 (它) 们……就会……”。其中, “If it were not for...”是表示与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句, were不能用was来代替。主句用“would+动词原形”表示虚拟语气。

●“If it had not been for…I/they…would/should/might/could+have+过去分词”句型意为“ (过去) 如果不是……/ (过去) 如果没有……/要不是 (过去) ……, 我/他 (它) 们……就 (可能) 会已经……”。其中, “If it had not been for...”是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句。主句用“would/should/might/could+have+过去分词”表示虚拟语气。

【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。

1.如果不是因为她不会唱歌, 我将会邀请她来参加聚会。

If___________the fact that she can'tsing, I would invite her to the party.

2.如果我的汽车性能更可靠些, 去年夏天我就会开车去拉萨而不是坐飞机去了。

If my car___________more reliable, I____________to Lhasa instead of flying last summer.

Keys:1.it were not for 2.had been;wouldhave driven

句式二、用介词短语表达虚拟条件的句型

【句型解读】在英语中, 除了用if从句表示虚拟的情景外, 还可以用but for“要不是”和without“没有”等介词 (短语) 来表达虚拟的条件, 相当于条件状语从句。

【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。

没有你的慷慨帮忙, 我不可能熬过那段痛苦的日子。

I couldnt have gone through that bitterperiod_____________your generous help.

Key:without/but for

句式三、宾语从句使用虚拟语气的句型

【句型解读】表示“建议 (suggest, advice, propose, recommend) 、要求 (demand, request, re-quire) 、命令 (order, command) ”等主观意向的动词后的宾语从句使用虚拟语气, 其谓语动词由“should+动词原形”构成, 其中的should可以省略。

【温馨提醒】

●动词wish后接宾语从句时, 从句谓语动词可以根据对现在、将来、过去的虚拟愿望分别采用过去式 (be动词用were) 、“would/could+动词原形”“had+动词过去分词或could/would+have+动词过去分词”等形式。

【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。

1.他们要求给予每个成年男子选举权。

They demanded that the right to vote__________ to every adult man.

2.彼得希望他读大学时学的是法律, 而不是文学。

Peter wishes that he__________lawinstead of literature when he was in college.

Keys:1. (should) be given 2.had studied

句式四、“it be+adj.+for/of sb.+to dosth.”句型

【真题链接】I thought it would be useful forrhim to learn Chinese at an early age.

【句型解读】结构中, 如果不定式前面的形容词说明不定式的特性, 其逻辑主语一般由for引出;若形容词是描写人的品德、素质的, 说明逻辑主语的特征, 如kind, honest, clever, wise, sensible, nice, thoughtful, brave, bold, foolish, stupid, wrong, cruel等, 则不定式的逻辑主语就用of引出。

【温馨提醒】

●有时不定式的动作执行者不是句子的主语, 此时就需要在不定式前面加一个名词或代词来充当其逻辑主语, 构成不定式的复合结构。

【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。

1.我打算在大学学习艺术史, 因此访问法国对我来说是很重要的。

I plan to study history of art at university soit is important___________France.

2.我们认为他问那位女士的年龄是不礼貌的。

We think it impolite___________thelady her age.

Keys:1.for me to visit 2.of him to ask

句式五、“be+形容词+不定式”句型

【真题链接】Wewere astonished to findthe temple still in its original condition.

【句型解读】该句型中, 不定式位于作表语、表示心理活动或情绪的形容词后面, 作原因状语。

【温馨提醒】

●这样的形容词主要有:happy, kind, surprised, frightened, angry, shocked, glad, delighted, disappointed, sorry, anxious, proud, clever, safe, dangerous, lucky, pleased, fortunate, right, astonished等。

【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。

虽然看到我们很惊讶, 但是教授给了我们一个热烈的欢迎。

Though____________us, the professorgave us a warm welcome.

Key:surprised to see

句式六、“动词+it+宾语补足语 (adj./n) . (+for sb.) +不定式 (动名词或从句) ”句型

【真题链接】The fact that she was foreignmade it difficult for her to geta job in thatcountry.

【句型解读】当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作宾语且其后跟有宾语补足语时, 通常会在宾语补足语前使用形式宾语it, 而将真正的宾语移至句末, 构成该句型。

【温馨提醒】

●该句型中的动词通常是think, find, feel, believe, take, consider, make, suppose等。

【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。

1.我们觉得让我们的国家成为一个更加美好的地方是我们的责任。

We____________our country a betterrplace.

2.这两个女孩长得很相似, 不熟悉的人很难将她俩区分开来。

The two girls are so alike that strangers_________ one from the other.

Keys:1.feel it our duty to make 2.find itdifficult to tell

句式七、“动词 (have, take, put, like等) +it+that/when (if) 从句”句型

【真题链接】Legend has it that the origin of the Dragon Boat Festival is to recall the soul of Qu Yuan. (江苏卷)

【句型解读】“动词 (have, take, put, like等) +it+that从句”“动词 (enjoy, hate, love, like, dislike, appreciate, prefer等) +it+when (if) 从句”“动词 (see to, look to, insist on, stick to, depend on, answer for, rely on等) +it+that从句”三类结构中的形式宾语it无实际意义, 由于英文句法结构的需要, 其后没有宾语补足语。

【温馨提醒】

●“动词 (take it for granted, bring it tosb.’s attention, owe it to sb.等) +that从句”结构中的形式宾语it也无实际意义, 其后也没有宾语补足语。

【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。

1.如果你愿意教我如何使用电脑我将非常感谢。

I’d____________you would like to teachme how to use the computer.

2.你放心, 他会来接你的。

You may____________he’ll come to meetyou.

Keys:1.appreciate it if 2.rely on it that

句式八、“状语 (方向、地点、时间副词或表示方位、地点的介词短语) +不及物动词+主语 (名词) ”句型

【真题链接】There remainsa certain doubtamong the people as to the practical value of theproject.

【句型解读】主语是名词、谓语动词是be, remain, live, come, stand, lie, exist, go, run, rush, flee, walk等不及物动词时, here, there, out, in, on, up, down, away, back, now, then等表示方向、地点、时间的副词放在句子的开头, 引起全部倒装, 描述一个生动的情景。

【温馨提醒】

●当谓语动词为be, come, sit, live, stand, lie, exist等不及物动词, 表示方位、地点的介词短语作状语置于句首时, 或当主系表结构中由表地点的介词短语所作的表语置于句首时, 也使用该句型

【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。

1.有一会儿什么也没发生, 接着就有一阵欢呼声。

For a moment nothing happened, ____________all shouting together.

2.山脚下坐落着一个村庄。

_____________a village.

Keys:1.then came voices 2.At the foot of the mountain lies

句式九、以“only+状语”开头的句子使用倒装语序的句型

【句型解读】当only位于句首, 修饰、强调状语 (副词、介词短语、从句) 时, 句子的主体部分要用部分倒装语序, 即把其中的助动词或者情态动词提到主语的前面。

【温馨提醒】

●在强调句中, 被强调部分是only所修饰的状语时, 句子的主体部分不用倒装。例如:

It wasonly when I reread his poems recent-ly thatI began to appreciate their beauty.只是在最近我重读了他的诗, 我才开始欣赏他们的美。

●如果only修饰的是句子的其他成分, 则句子的主体部分也不用倒装。例如:

Only Cinderella’s foot fitperfectly and sothe prince chose to marry her.只有灰姑娘的脚完全吻合, 于是王子娶她。

【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。

只有那时我才真正开始感谢爸爸和他的信仰。

____________I truly begin to appreciate Dad and his faith.

Key:Only then did

句式十、“It is/was+强调部分+who/that+其他成分”句型

【真题链接】It was in New Zealand thatElizabeth first met Mr.Smith.

【句型解读】该句式是强调句型。其中, it, that/who无词汇意义, it为强调词, 引出强调成分, that/who只起语法连接作用。

【温馨提醒】

●如果被强调的部分在句子中作主语且指人时, 用who或that来连接都可以, 如果是其他成分, 则一律用that来连接。

【即时演练】根据汉语提示, 完成句子。

首先想到骑车从沿湄公河源头到终点旅游的是我的姐姐。

_______________first had the idea to cycle along the entire Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends.

Key:It was my sister that/who

巩固练习:

根据汉语提示, 完成句子。

1.事实上, 如果我们今天听到的话, 我们当然不能理解。

2.要不是约翰最近受伤了, 我们昨天就把他的名字填在比赛名单里了。

We would have put Johns name on the racelist yesterday___________his recent injury.

3.简苍白的脸色表明她生病了, 她父母建议她做一次体检。

Janes pale face suggested that she___________ ill, and her parents suggested that she ____________a medical examination.

4.医生认为您最好休个假。

The doctor thought it would be good_________a holiday.

5.我们认为他们在几周内完成生产计划是可能的。

We think it possible__________their production plan within a few weeks.

6.当她1960年来到贡贝时, 对女性来说住进大森林是件罕见的事情。

When she first arrived in Gombe in 1960, itwas unusual___________in the forest.

7.我讨厌人们满嘴含着食物说话。

I_________people talk with their mouthsfull.

8.我喜欢秋天清爽明朗的日子。

I__________in the autumn_________theweather is clear and bright.

9.在长江和嘉陵江的交汇处是重庆——中国最大的城市之一。

10.重要的不是谁是对的, 而是什么才是对的。

商务英语常用句型浅析 篇3

摘要:商务英语有自己独特的文体特征和句型特色。其实很多句型都是由规律可循的。本文精选了商务英语中的常用句型,并进行了英汉互译,还对每个常用句子进行了解析。

关键词:商务英语;常用句型;分析

中图分类号:H314 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1671-864X(2016)11-0156-01

1、In view of the unusually big size of our order, we hope you will offer us more favorable terms.

译文:鉴于我方的大量订购,我希望贵方能提供更优惠的付款条件。

分析:通常,大批量的订购能获得价格方面的优惠。如果彼此之间早就进行过很多次交易,索要优惠一般都会得到满足。

2、In order to expand mutual business, well accept usance L/C this time.

译文:为了扩大双方业务,这次我们将接受远期信用证。

分析:远期信用证其实也就是非即期信用证。

3、Its our usual practice to require payment by sight L/C, so we cant set a precedent(先例) for this transaction.

译文:即期信用证支付是我方的通常做法,这笔交易我们不能破例。

分析:这是常用的谈判技巧,拒绝对方要求的常用理由。一般来说,除非是双方有长期业务关系,否则一般不会轻易破例。

4、In view of the large amount involved in this transaction, we hope youll agree to our request for installment payment.

译文:由于这笔交易的货款数目巨大,我们希望贵方能同意我方分期付款的要求。

5、Wed like to make a down payment first, and then after the delivery, we pay off the rest of them in four payments.

译文:我方希望先付定金,其余款项在发货后分四次付清。

分析:通常来说余款是一次结清的,但是如果是买方市场的话,卖方也可能做出一些让步。

6、As you usually clear your accounts promptly, we wondered why the July account for US $5,400 was not paid last month when it was due.

译文:由于你方一般都很快结账,我们想知道7月份的5400美元上月已到期,你方为何还未支付。

7、With an eye to future business, well adopt payment by equal installments within three months.

译文:为了今后的业务,我们采用三个月内分期等额付款的方式。

8、We enclose our check (money order) for US$28,000 in settlement of your Invoice No. 324 of 10th July.

译文:随信附上我方支票(汇款单),以结算贵方7月10日出具的324号发票的28000美元。

分析:常用句型,用于结算货款等场合。

9、In terms of payment, we could only accept confirmed, irrevocable L/C.

译文:关于支付方式,我们只接受保兑的,不可撤销的信用证。

10、In compliance with your request, we exceptionally accept delivery against D/P at sight, but this should not be regarded as a precedent.

译文:按你方要求,我们破例接受即期付款交单,但只此一回,下不为例。

分析:即使最后被迫让步,也不要让人感觉自己毫无主见和地位。也是要给对方一点适当的回击,下不为例就是很好用的四个字。不要让对方觉得得到照顾是理所当然的。

11、除非你方能设法降低价格,否则成交希望很小。

译文:Business opportunity is rather remote unless you can see your way to reduce your prices.

分析:这一句语气很强硬,通常用于最后通牒。

12、相关信用证应由卖方可以接受的第三国银行开出。

译文:The relative L/C should be issued through a third country bank acceptable to the seller.

13、在签合同之前,我们有必要讨论支付方式。

译文:Its necessary for us to discuss the terms of payment before concluding this transaction.

分析:这是准备商议支付方式之前的一句套话。

14、为保证你方连续生产和合同中规定的准时交货,我方同意履行以下支付条款中规定的义务。

译文:In order to guarantee your continuous production and punctual shipment stipulated under this contract, we agree to excute the obligations specified in the following payment terms.

分析:常用的商務套话。其实商务英语中很多句子都是由规律可循的,我们要去发现和抓住这些规律,这样就能更好理解商务语言。

15、由于贵方呆板的支付条件,我们抱歉双方已无磋商余地。

译文:We very much regret that on account of your rigid payment terms, there is no room for negotiation.

分析:这也是最后交易谈崩的常用句式。

英文写作常用句型指导 篇4

一、用于驳性和比较性论文

1. In general, I don’t agree with

2. In my opinion, this point of view doesn’t hold water。

3. The chief reason why… is that…

4.There is no true that…

5. It is not true that…

6. It can be easily denied than…

7. We have no reason to believe that…

8. What is more serious is that…

9. But it is pity that…

10. Besides, we should not neglect that…

11. But the problem is not so simple. Therefore…

12. Others may find this to be true, but I believer that…

13. Perhaps I was question why…

14. There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to…

15. Though we are in basic agreement with…,but

16. What seems to be the trouble is…

17. Yet differences will be found, that’s why I feel that…

18. It would be reasonable to take the view that …, but it would be foolish to claim that…

19. There is in fact on reason for us so believe that…

20. What these people fail to consider is that…

21. It is one thing to insist that… , it is quite another to show that …

22. Wonderful as A is , however, it has its own disadvantages too。

23. The advantages of B are much greater than A。

考研英语写作常用句型 篇5

家庭人口多好还是家庭人口少好是一个非常通俗的主题,不仅是城里人,而且农民都经常谈论这个问题。

Weahter a large family is a good thing or not is a very popular topic which is often talked about not only by city residents but by farners as well.

2.There is no denying the fact that…

无可否认,空气污染是一个极其严重的问题:城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extemerely serious problem:the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

3.As is known to all,…

众所周知,假冒伪劣商品损害了消费者的利益。

As is known to all,fake and inferior commodities harm the interests of consumers.(=do a lot of harm to the interests of comsumers)

4.More and more people are realing the importance of …

现在越来越多的人认识到法制教育的重要性。为了维护社会治安,我们每人都应该接受法制教育。

Tody an increaasing number of people have realized that law education is of great importance .In order to keep law and order,very one of us is supposed to get(=receive)a law education.

5.FromwhatIhavementionedabovewecanseeclearlythat…

从上面我所提到的,我们可以清楚地看到,电视暴力对青少年的影响是极其深远的。

初中英语作文写作常用句型 篇6

Neither/Nor+be/助动词/情态动词+主语——也不……

例如:(1)He can sing a lot of English songs,so can she.他会唱很多英语歌曲,她也是.

(2)She speaks English very well,so do I.她英语说得好,我也是.

(3)Li Lei hasn’t read this book,neither has Lin Feng.李蕾没看过这本书,林风也没看过.

注意点:这两个初中英语作文写作常用句型都表示和前面所陈述的内容相同,用倒装句.要注意和 “so+主语+be/助动词/情态动词——确实是”相区别,试对比一下例(2):

A:She speaks English very well.她英语说得很好.

写作常用句型 篇7

一、通过语料库获取句型

刘世铸 (2009) 选取了目前世界上最大的“大英语料库” (Bank of English) 中比较具有代表性的四个语料库, 以部分情感词汇为关键词搜索情感意义的语法模式, 即句型模式。这四个语料库包括两个书面语子库, 两个口语子库, 共97, 907, 135词, 并且包含典型的英国英语和美国英语。由此可见, 刘世铸的研究结果涵盖了大多数含有情感词汇的情感意义的语法模式。搜索发现, 以下8种句型具有明显的情感意义:

人称主语+系动词 (be或feel) +情感形容词

He is/feels happy.

人称主语+系动词 (be或feel) +情感形容词+介词+名词短语

He is/feels proud of her achievements.

人称主语+系动词 (be或feel) +情感形容词+that从句

He is/feels angry that she lied to him.

人称主语+系动词 (be或feel) +情感形容词+动词不定式

He is/feels glad to do it.

非人称主语+系动词 (be或feel) +情感形容词+人称宾语

The book is interesting to him.

人称主语+情感动词+名词短语

He likes the countryside.

非人称主语+情感动词+人称宾语

The movie attracts us.

名词短语+make+人称宾语+情感形容词/情感动词

The music makes us excited.

前四个模式都以人称作为主语, 并且通过be或feel连接。Be型情感主要体现较持久的情感, 即情绪, 而feel型主要体现短暂的情感。这四个模式的区别在于情感形容词的补语成分, 模式 (1) 没有补语成分, 模式 (2) 、 (3) 、 (4) 分别由介词短语、从句和动词不定式作补语。学生对这8个模式的熟悉程度不同, 如一般都已经完全掌握模式 (1) 和模式 (6) , 却可能较少使用模式 (7) 和模式 (8) 。教师可以根据学生的情况, 加大对其他句型模式的练习。

以上8种模式以情感词汇为中心词搜索所得, 而情感词汇不是情感意义的必备要素。例如, The child cried不含情感词汇, 却能间接表达情感。因此, 要获取情感意义的更多句型, 还需要通过其他手段。

二、通过及物性过程结构获取句型

人们在现实世界中的所见所闻、所作所为、所感所想都在语法中得到分类整理, 这就是及物性语法系统 (Halliday, 1994) 。及物性语法系统把人类的经验分成六种不同的过程: (1) 物质过程 (material process) , (2) 心理过程 (mental process) , (3) 关系过程 (relational process) , (4) 行为过程 (behavioral process) , (5) 言语过程 (verbal process) 和 (6) 存在过程 (existential process) 。这六种过程中, 除了存在过程, 其他五种过程都能直接体现情感意义。

心理过程是表示知觉、情感和认知等心理活动的过程, 由感知者、心理过程和感知现象三部分组成, 感知者和感知现象都可以作句子主语。心理过程的基本结构是“感知者+过程+现象”或“现象+感知过程+感知者”。心理过程中的感知者通常是人, 有时候也可以是拟人化了的动物, 如The cat doesn’t like the milk。心理过程中的感知现象可以指具体的人 (如a man) 或物 (如a watch) , 也可以指抽象的东西 (her beauty) 或发生的事件 (a quarrel) 。

过程动词为情感动词的心理过程能表达情感意义, 因此, 我们可以通过心理及物性结构得出情感意义的两种句型模式:

情感者 (人称主语或拟人化主语) +情感动词+现象 (人、物、事件或抽象事物)

Helikeshisteacher/hisnew watch/swimming/challenges.

The dog likes his owner/bones/playing with children.

现象 (人、物、事件或抽象事物) +情感动词+情感者 (人称主语或拟人化主语)

The girl/story moved us deeply.

The fish pleases the piggish cat.

模式 (9) 与 (6) 、模式 (10) 与 (7) 其实属于同样的句型, 但是表达角度不同。模式 (6) 、 (7) 侧重语法方面的描述, 便于学生对该句型的记忆。模式 (9) 、 (10) 侧重语义角度的描述, 有助于学生理解该句型的意义, 让学生能更准确地使用这两种句型。

关系过程可以说是那些有关‘是’的过程, 但这并不是存在意义上的‘是’, 而是指两个分开的实体之间建立的某种关系。所以, 关系小句有两个部分:某物被看作‘是’另一物。英语的关系过程有三个主要类别:

(a) 包孕X is a.

(b) 环境X is at a. (在这个小句中, ‘is at’代表‘is at/in/on/for/with等’。)

(c) 属有x has a.

这三个类别又各有两种不同的表达方式:属性 (a是x的属性) 和识别 (a是x的识别身份) 。在包孕式属性句中, 属性可以是一种心理品质, 和心理过程相当, 因此包孕式属性句也能表达情感意义。表达情感意义的包孕式属性句有三种表现形式, 其中两种是通过语料库得出的句型 (1) 和句型 (5) , 还有一种就是本文提出的表达情感意义的句型 (11) :

It is+情感形容词/分词/情感名词+that从句

It is encouraging that you won in spite of every difficulty.

It is a pity that you lost the game.

环境属性结构和属有属性结构也能表达情感意义, 但要通过语法隐喻手段, 详见本文第三部分。

物质过程表示做某件事的过程。行为过程涉及的是诸如呼吸、咳嗽、叹息、做梦、哭笑等生理和心理活动。言语过程是通过讲话交流信息的过程。人类的情感有时会通过一些生理、心理或言语、动作表现出来, 如痛哭、大笑、喊叫、责骂等。因此, 情感意义可以通过一些物质过程结构、行为过程结构和言语过程结构表达:

行为者/行为者身体或身体某部分+行为过程 (笑、哭、摔打、颤抖、打呵欠等) 。

He pulled a long face.

言说者+言语过程 (表扬、赞美、歌颂、责骂、呵斥等) 。

She complained to me her suffering.

在这些结构中, 有时情感意义通过过程动词间接反映, 如He ground his teeth and his lips quivered, 有时借助修饰过程动词的情感副词表达, 如He broke in impatiently。

三、通过概念语法隐喻获取句型

Halliday (1994) 的及物性过程模式把小句的概念功能解释为一种过程的表征, 涉及三个步骤:

(1) 选择过程类别:物质、心理、关系、行为、言语、存在, 它们体现为:

(2) 及物性功能的配置:动作者、目标、感知者、方式等, 它们代表过程、参与者以及可能的环境成分, 它们依次体现为:

(3) 词组-短语类的序列:动词词组、名词词组、副词词组、介词短语及其各种次类。

这个框架意味着 (1) (2) (3) 之间有一种系统性的关系, 即意义转化为词汇语法的过程有一个自然的顺序。按照这个自然顺序形成的表达式就是该意义的典型体现方式, 其他表征方式都是从典型方式发展而来的, 这就产生了语法隐喻。Halliday (1994) 把事物表达的典型方式称为“一致式”, 从一致式发展而来的称为“隐喻式”。在系统功能语法中, 及物性过程体现的意义是概念意义, 所以表征及物性过程的隐喻式被称为概念语法隐喻。举例来说, 对于Mary saw something wonderful这个句子, 我们可以选择说成Mary came upon a wonderful sight。在这里, 原来的心理过程saw被表达为物质过程came upon, 知觉者Mary变成了参与者a sight。第二个句子就是一个从心理过程转变为物质过程的概念语法隐喻表达式。

名物化是生成语法隐喻的唯一最强有力的资源。通过这种方式, 过程 (一致式中的动词) 和特性 (一致式中的形容词) 被重新措辞为名词。本文在第二、三部分指出的句型中, 情感意义主要通过情感动词或情感形容词直接体现, 其次通过行为、言语动词间接体现。这些句型都可以通过名物化转化为隐喻表达式。表达情感意义的包孕属性关系过程一致式“人称主语+系动词 (be或feel) +情感形容词”能生成的隐喻表达式最多。我们以He is painful/angry为例来看包孕属性关系过程一致式如何转化为多种隐喻式。

包孕属性关系过程一致式可以表征为物质过程隐喻式。原句的情感形容词转化为情感名词后, 可以做主语, 如Anger welled up in his breast, 也可以作宾语, 如He showed his anger。包孕属性关系过程一致式还可以表征为环境属性关系过程隐喻式, 原句的情感形容词转化为情感名词后, 作环境式的表语, 如He is in pain。包孕属性关系过程一致式也可以表征为属有属性关系过程隐喻式, 情感名词也作表语, 如He has a sense of pain。

邹为诚 (2000) 发现, 英语学习者经常在完成语义理解以后, 不自动对语言形式加以关注, 大部分学生在语言理解任务完成后抛弃语言形式, 或者只吸收极少的语言形式。这也是学生在英语写作中句式运用不熟练, 出现单一甚至支离破碎的句子的原因。因此, 句式的习得在外语教学中至关重要。为了给英语句式教学提供更多、更系统的句型, 本文以情感意义为例, 从语料库、及物性过程结构和概念语法隐喻三方面总结了情感意义的英语句型。从语料库和及物性过程结构总结出来的句型极其常用, 学生学习起来比较容易。概念语法隐喻句型则是学生学习的难点, 但是它又是英语写作不可或缺的因素, 是培养外语学习者概念流利的重要途径 (张凤娟, 2011) 。因此, 教师在句式教学中, 既要注意系统化, 也要根据句型的难易程度, 分步骤、分阶段, 循序渐进。

参考文献

[1]Halliday, M.A.K.An Introduction to Functional Grammar (2nd edn.) .London:Arnold, 1994.

[2]刘世铸.基于语料库的情感评价意义构型研究.外语教学, 2009 (2) .

[3]邹为诚.语言输入的机会和条件.外语界, 2000 (1) .

掌握一个句型,为写作增分添彩 篇8

1. Born in Linzhou City, Henan Province in October, 1978, Liu Yang, China’s first female astronaut into space, was selected for her excellent skills and psychological qualities. 中国第一位进入太空的宇航员刘洋,出生于1978年10月的河南省林州市,因为她出色的技能和心理素质被选中。

2: Born in Honolulu, Hawaii on August 4th, 1961, Barack Obama, the first African-American President of the USA, received Nobel Peace Prize in 2009.美国首位黑人总统巴拉克·奥巴马出生于1961年8 月4 日夏威夷檀香山,2009年荣获诺贝尔和平奖。

从以上的例子来看,描写人物时常用以下句型:

Born in +地点+on (具体哪天)/in +时间, sb., 同位语(身份),谓语+...

此句型不但高级,而且所包含的信息量大,非常实用。该句包含了一个人的出生时间、地点、籍贯、身份和成就等信息。2012年高考题中的基础写作就正好用得上该句型。

高考原题

你接受了一项写作任务,要为英语校报写一篇人物介绍。

[写作内容]

请根据以下信息,介绍一位传奇人物

姓 名:Allan Stewart

国 籍:澳大利亚

出生日期:1915年3月7日

世界纪录:2006年获硕士学位时年龄最大

学习态度:挑战自我,永远为时不晚

第一个学位:1936年获得

第二个学位:医学博士

第三个学位:80多岁时决定学习法律,2006年获得硕士学位

第四个学位:2012年通过网络学习获得,善于合理安排学习时间,受到老师表扬

*硕士学位:master’s degree; **博士:doctor

[写作要求]

只能用5个句子表达全部内容

请看官方提供的参考范文:

Born on March 7, 1915, Allan Stewart, an Australian, become the oldest man to obtain a master’s degree over the world in 2006. He believed that one is never too old to challenge oneself. He got his first degree in 1936 and then his doctor’s degree in medicine. In his eighties, he decided to study law, after which he obtained his third degree in 2006. In 2012, he managed to get his fourth degree by online learning and won praise from his teacher for his good time management in study.

该范文的第一句就是用前面所讲句型来表达的,包含了姓名、国籍、出生日期、世界纪录等信息。

灵活运用

运用以上句型,用英语表达以下各句:

1. 世界顶尖的钢丝行走表演者阿迪力, 1971年7月1日出生在中国新疆一个杂技世家,是中国高空走索跨越江河第一人。

2. 著名的游泳运动员迈克尔菲尔普斯(Michael Phelps),1985年出生于美国马里兰州(Maryland),在2008年北京奥运会共赢得8枚金牌。

3. 杂交水稻之父袁隆平出生于一个贫穷的农民家庭,获得“2005感动中国年度人物”的称号。

4. 黑人民权领袖马丁路德金(Martin Luther King)1929年出生于美国,毕生致力于为黑人的权利、平等和自由而战的斗争中。

5. 中国著名画家徐悲鸿,1895年7月出生于江苏省宜兴县,通过把西方绘画的技术融入到中国画中发展了自己的绘画风格。

6. 介绍杰出的中国钢琴家朗朗。

出生时间:1982年6月14日

出生地点:辽宁沈阳

评价:深深地影响并推动了流行音乐的发展

参考译文

1. Born into a family with a great tradition in acrobatics on July 1, 1971 in Xinjiang, Adili, a world-renowned Chinese wire-walker, is the first Chinese to cross a river on a wire.

2. Born in Maryland, USA in 1985, Michael Phelps, a famous swimmer, won totally eight gold medals in 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.

3. Born into a poor farmer’s family, Yuan Longping, father of Hybrid rice, was rewarded 2005 CCTV Moving China Award.

4. Born in 1929 in the USA, Martin Luther King, a black man and a civil rights leader, devoted himself to the campaign of fighting for the rights, equality and freedom of black people.

5. Born in Yixing, Jiangshu Province, in July, 1895, Xu Beihong, the famous Chinese painter, developed his own style by mixing Western art into Chinese art.

6. Born in Shenyang, Liaoning on June 14, 1982, Lang Lang, an outstanding Chinese pianist, greatly influenced and pushed forward the development of pop music.

(作者单位:深圳市新安中学)

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