英语二阅读真题

英语二阅读真题（精选9篇）

英语二阅读真题篇1

Europe is not a gender-equality heaven.In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family—friendly until women are part of senior management decisions,and Europe,s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male .indeed,women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.

The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women-up to 60 percent.This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.

Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family?

“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But i like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.

I understand Reding’s reluctance-and her frustration. I don’t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. Bur, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.

After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position— no matter how much “soft pressure ” is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power--as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.

If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women---whether CEOs or their children’s caregivers--and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.

36. In the European corporate workplace, generally_____.

[A] women take the lead

[B] men have the final say

[C] corporate governance is overwhelmed

[D] senior management is family-friendly

37. The European Union’s intended legislation is ________.

[A] a reflection of gender balance

[B] a reluctant choice

[C] a response to Reding’s call

[D] a voluntary action

38. According ti Reding, quotas may help women ______.

[A] get top business positions

[B] see through the glass ceiling

[C] balance work and family

[D] anticipate legal results

39. The author’s attitude toward Reding’s appeal is one of _________.

[A] skepticism

[B] objectiveness

[C] indifference

[D] approval

40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of ______.

[A] more social justice

[B] massive media attention

[C] suitable public policies

英语二阅读真题篇2

在教学中, 英语阅读理解是考查和测试学生英语能力的一种主要形式, 高考阅读理解的题量逐年增加, 知识面逐年拓宽, 灵活度逐年增大。面对新的形势, 寻找即时的、地道的、活生生的、文化底蕴深厚的阅读材料是很有必要的。而每年的高考真题是不可多得的好材料。因为真题是经过命题专家认真研究分析决定的, 选取的材料也是最近最新的、原汁原味的, 题目的信度和效度也是非常高的。

英语真题中最有价值的部分是阅读理解篇章, 通过对真题的阅读, 可增加词汇量, 巩固语言结构, 提高对长难句的分析能力, 熟悉背景知识, 通晓文化习俗, 了解作者意图。同时也可以将阅读材料改编成完形填空和缺词填空, 还可以就文章的内容进行拓展, 写心得体会, 成为书面表达的写作训练。

一、英语高考阅读真题教学步骤

《普通高中课程标准实验教科书教师教学用书》明确指出, 阅读的基本技能主要指:掌握基本事实, 抓住中心思想, 了解时空顺序, 理解文章内涵, 从上下文猜测不熟悉的语言现象, 分析作者的观点、态度、意图, 读懂图表和说明书等, 分析语篇结构, 获取语言和文化知识, 综合评价文章等。根据语言学专家对于不同阅读目的的划分, 在实际的教学过程中, 我们可以采取四步训练法, 即:reading for information, reading for structure, reading for ideas, reading for writing。具体步骤如下。

第一步:reading for information。通读全文, 先不做题目, 而是了解文本的主要意思。同时在有疑问和重要的地方标注记号, 用简单的语句叙述大意, 也可以直接用文章的主题句来概括。

第二步:reading for structure。对所有标注记号的部分仔细分析, 可以借助词典或向老师同学求助, 重点突破难词和难句, 根据文章大意和上下文, 联系构词法和句法, 分析理解句子, 做到词不离句、句不离段, 在语境中强化词法和句法。这一阶段不能看文章的正确答案和解析, 而是要自己去解释、分析。

第三步:reading for ideas。再重新阅读文章, 经过对生词难句的处理, 阅读已经顺畅了很多, 但仍有一些看似简单、没有任何生词但意思却不容易理解的句子, 需要在再通读中解决。可以结合文章的思路, 分析语篇结构, 对作者的写作手法、逻辑顺序和技巧以及思想进行整理归纳, 以产生新的观点。

第四步:reading for writing。这是阅读比较高的境界, 在一定量的语言输入基础上, 结合读者的自身体验, 选取文章的适当话题发表自己的看法, 这样可以跨越时间和空间的限制与智者先人对话, 并训练语言表达能力, 是有意义的语言输出。

二、英语高考阅读真题教学过程

现以2009年浙江省高考英语阅读理解D篇文章为例, 采取四步训练法进行高考阅读真题教学。这篇文章选材地道、语言优美、有文化底蕴, 而且例子形象生动, 容易让人产生共鸣, 是很好的精泛读教学材料。

第一步:让学生阅读文章, 了解文章大意, 并将生词和重要词句画出来。这一步骤五分钟内完成。阅读后请了四个学生分别说出该文的大意:“When hearing bad news, some people will be very angry.”“We should receive it with a calm state of mind.When facing bad news, we should learn to accept it.”“Everyone will hear bad news.We should face it.”“Big winners know, when delivering any bad news, they should share the feeling of the receiver.”前面三个学生的回答差不多, 都是从读者的角度来看待。第四个学生的回答直接引用了文章的句子。对于这四个答案, 让学生讨论哪个比较接近文章的真正意思。对于理解的偏差, 问题在哪里呢?带着这个问题, 我们进入了第二步reading for structure。

第二步:此时给学生三分钟的时间把所画的难点部分列出来。

首先是词汇问题。我们会碰到以下几种情况。第一, 误看单词, 如把poor看成pour, diner看成dinner, fist看成first;第二, 单词掌握不牢固, 如exhausted, broad, professionals, appreciated, 还有对关键词deliver意思的不确定, 在教材中学过的有“送报纸”“接生孩子”的意思, 在这里“deliver bad news”学生有点转不过弯来;第三, 不能利用构词法知识识别生词, 如misfortune, employee, merrily, 尤其是merrily, 当提示“Merry Christmas”时, 学生才知道它的含义。其中最重要的词就是文章中的unsympathetic, 文章用了“a smiling neighbor, with a broad smile, cheerfully, merrily”来衬托当事人沮丧、焦急的心情, 从全文的理解不难猜出是“幸灾乐祸的, 毫无同情心的”意思, 但也有一些学生把握不到位。

其次是句型结构。在这篇文章中有两个句型值得一提。It’s not the news that makes someone angry...这句很好地烘托了主题, 但很多学生理解为定语从句, 对典型的句型掌握不到位影响了整体的理解。另外是虚拟语气的倒装用法:Had my neighbor told me of the upcoming rainstorm with sympathy, I would have appreciated his warning.Had the Greyhound salesclerk sympathetically informed me that my bus had already left, I probably would have said, “Oh, that’s all right.I’ll catch the next one.”对于这块知识掌握不扎实的学生, 在理解时会有云里雾里的感觉。

在reading for structure阶段, 学生可以学习和巩固许多语言知识, 如第二段中的“strike sb on the face”, 第四段中的两个句子“A doctor advising a patient she needs an operation does it in a caring way”和“A boss informing an employee he didn’t get a job takes on a sympathetic tone”的结构完全一样, 分词短语作定语来修饰主语。

第三步:在这步中, 主要了解作者的写作手法、逻辑顺序和技巧以及思想。如文章的第一段用古埃及法老的故事引出作者的想法, 很多学生在做第一道题目时对选项“introduce a topic”弄不清楚, 这里的introduce仅仅理解成“介绍”, 就很难选择了;第二、三段则是作者用亲身经历的两件事来说明第一段中法老的做法, 表达了作者在接到坏消息时的愤怒心情, 由此引出下段对于传递消息, 尤其是坏消息时一种恰当态度的重要性。这样的写法让读者容易产生共鸣, 易于接受作者的观点, 文章的主题句“Big winners know, when delivering any bad news, they should share the feeling of the receiver”的出现就顺理成章了, 形成了一篇很好的说理文章。接下来, 作者用“unfortunately”作为关联词, 谈到很多人在很多场合没有这种“share the feeling of the receiver”的意识, 又是两个情景问句, 让读者身临其境地感受对于幸灾乐祸的、毫无同情心的这种态度的愤怒, 用“land your fist fight on their unsympathetic faces”来佐证了“Dreams of head-cutting”, 这样第三个题目就迎刃而解了。最后, 作者用了两个虚拟语气的句子, 对前面谈到的两个例子进行了假设, 一种恰当的态度可以改变很多事情, 大家会心存感激, 缓和气氛, 首尾呼应, 引出结束语:Delivering bad news properly is important in communication.这也就是第四个题目“What is the main idea of the text?”的答案。

第四步:这是一篇很好的文章, 尤其可以在学习语言之后学生可以学习一些为人处世、做人做事的道理, 对于现在的学生有现实的教育意义。因此, 在读完之后, 可以让学生就“How to deliver bad news after reading this passage?”进行讨论。在讨论的基础上, 让学生写一篇题为“What do you think of the passage?What can you learn from it?”的读后感。

学生的书面练习又是很好的改错训练材料。教师可以事先打印好, 让学生改错, 然后一起欣赏, 也可以让学生评分, 鼓励学生去发现文章中值得借鉴的地方, 丰富自己的表达, 从而提高自身的英语写作水平。

三、英语高考阅读真题教学反思

英语高考阅读真题教学是以高考真题为载体, 对阅读材料进行深入挖掘, 从而扩大词汇量, 巩固语言知识, 熟悉英语国家的文化背景, 深入了解英语国家人士的语言思维, 从而扩展学生的阅读思路, 训练学生的阅读技巧, 培养学生的思维能力, 进一步提高英语能力。教师在教学中也要注意以下一些问题。

1. 教师要积极研读高考阅读真题, 利用精泛读

结合的办法, 选取一些文章给学生泛读, 教师做简单的讲评, 对于内容丰富、语言优美、底蕴深厚的文章进行精读, 激发学生的兴趣, 保持阅读的激情, 可以使学生有很大的收获, 从而提高学生的语言能力。

2. 在高考阅读真题教学中, 要结合高考词汇

表, 对于高频词和常见的短语搭配、语言结构要做到落实, 真正让学生掌握, 做到在阅读中学习, 在学习中巩固, 在巩固中提高。

3. 在教学中, 不要急于做文章后的选择题, 要

2015年考研英语阅读真题精析篇3

整体情况

纵观2015年考研英语的整张试卷，总体难度趋于平稳，这符合研究生考试的一贯风格。究其原因有二：首先，考研英语的内容取材在近十年已经非常稳定，主要集中在诸如The Economist、Business Week、Time、The Scientist等期刊，取材的稳定性就决定了文章在内容难度上不会有太大波动;其次，对于这样一门有可能决定上百万人命运的考试，在试题难度上玩“过山车”显然有违这门考试的精神。除了2010年第一次在考研英语中考查了新题型排序题（阅读理解Part B）导致当年这道10分的大题得分率很低（那一年，艺术生国家线下调近10分），其他所有年份的试题难度都基本相同。

针对今年考生们反映的阅读理解难度偏大的问题，笔者认为也有两个原因：其一，今年阅读理解的第一篇文章内容是王室退位，中国考生对这一话题比较陌生;其二，历年考研英语阅读的四篇文章在难易程度上都有区别，难、易文章的排列顺序也有所不同，而今年把相对较难的文章放在第一篇的位置，因此很多考生还未充分“热身”就被弄了个措手不及。

给2016年考生：在考研英语大纲对考试题型不做太大调整的情况下，新一年的试题难度依然以稳定为主旋律。

真题解析及备考建议

下面笔者从词汇、长难句和命题规律三个方面来具体评析2015年考研英语的阅读部分。

1考研英语高频词汇的重复规律还在延续

考研英语大纲要求的词汇量是5500，每一年实际考查到的卷面词汇量为3700左右，排除掉the、of、be动词、don’t、have等常见高频词后，真正考查到的单词量在3000左右（其中还有大量的中学词汇）。因此，事实上真正达到考研英语级别的单词只有2000个左右（通常称之为考研英语核心词汇，这些词在考研英语词汇书《恋练有词》中做了详实分类）。在这2000个核心词汇的范围内，每年有大量的单词被重复考查，例如2015年考研英语阅读Text 3中的主题词statistics （n. 统计学;统计数据）、statistical （adj. 统计的）、journal （n. 期刊）、impact （n. 影响），以及Text 2中出现的privacy （n. 隐私）等。

词汇重复现象的出现主要是由于考研英语阅读文章取材于近年的同类期刊，谈论的话题具有鲜明的时代性，在同一领域、同一时代发生的事件往往存在关联，这也就导致了表达所用的词和短语可能重复出现。例如，法律是近年常考的题材，笔者猜想，这与依法治国的时代背景密不可分。在考前冲刺的最后半个月，笔者在微博（新浪微博@唐迟老师）中为考生罗列了近三年真题中的核心法律词汇，其中supreme court、constitution、authorize、justice、legitimate、trial、defense和illegal分别出现在了本次考试阅读部分的Text 2和Text 4中。这其实不难理解，两篇文章都谈到phone hacking （电话窃听）导致的隐私泄露问题，当然就免不了涉及法律的相关内容。谈到这个话题，相信考生马上就能联想到2013年世界范围内的热点话题——发生在美国的“电话监听”事件。由此再来想“考研英语高频词汇的重复规律”就不会感到意外了。

同时，笔者还要提醒备考2016年研究生考试的考生，以往记拼写和中文释义这种孤立记单词的方法已经远远满足不了当下考研英语的要求，考生还必须了解这些词的用法，特别是在考研英语中的考法。例如，本次考试阅读部分Text 3中board一词取的是“董事会，委员会”的含义，而非一般词汇书中的第一个释义“木板”;novel一词考的是其形容词含义“新颖的”，而非常见的名词含义“小说”。Text 4中的主题词integrity的一个常见释义是“完整性”，而在文中的意思是“诚信”，考生如果不知道后者，在阅读文章时就会遇到极大的障碍。

给2016年考生：①词汇复习的范围要详略得当，把重点放在近年真题中出现的核心词汇上;②拒绝孤立背单词，结合真题例句来背单词，在考研复习的前三个月将《恋练有词》中的核心词汇过完三遍。

2长难句是读文章和做题的关键

相较于2014年，本次考试阅读部分的长难句数量有所下降，但长难句的长度却丝毫不逊色。例如，Text 2的末句长达62个单词，是名副其实的长难句，如下所示。

Orin Kerr， a law professor， compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th： The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

当考生迷信所谓的解题技巧时，千万不要忘记，考研英语是一门英语语言考试，因此英语的“硬实力”不可忽视。通过长难句的考查，命题者立马就能让妄图只想通过所谓技巧来做题的考生“现出原形”。命题者如何做到这一点呢？很简单，对长难句设置题目即可，Text 2的最后一道题目针对的就是上面这个长难句。

考研小作文英语二真题篇4

47. Directions:

Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student, write him an email to

1) tell him about your living habits, and

2) ask for advice about living there

Dear John,

I am Li Ming, your future roommate and a new arrival from China who is coming over here for further education. I am writing this letter to let you know about me and ask for some suggestions for my future life in America.

First, I am a quiet person so that your keeping silent would be highly appreciated. Second, I like cooking and I wonder whether it is okay to you that I cook Chinese dish at home, because the preparation for Chinese cuisine may produce much smoke. Third, I want to buy a car but I know nothing about traffic rules in America. Would you please give me a lesson about traffic laws in US.

Wish you reply soon.

Yours sincerely,

考研英译汉英语二真题篇5

Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

Most people would define optimism as endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half fall. But that’s exactly the kind of false deerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimists means being in touch with reality.” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor, According to Ben- Shalar,realistic optimists are these who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.

Ben-Shalar uses three optimistic exercisers. When he feels down-sag, after giving a bad lecture-he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that mot every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction, He analyzes the weak lecture, leaning lessons, for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the ground scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.

【参考译文】

大多数人认为乐观是无尽的欢乐，如同总是有半杯水的杯子。但那是一种绝不会为积极心理学家所称道的虚假的快乐。哈佛大学的Tal Ben-Shahar教授说，“健康的乐观主义意味着要活在现实之中。”在Ben-Shahar看来，现实的乐观主义者会因势利导，而非求全责备。

考研英语二翻译真题及解析篇6

分析：众所周知，英语二与英语一在翻译题上是有不小的差距的，首先从题型上就与英语一不同，英语二翻译部分是两段话的翻译，具有连贯性，这样可明显降低翻译难度，而英语一是五句话的翻译，这无疑需要考生联系上下文才能准确翻译出句中的代词、新词等。

2014年考研英语二翻译与往年选材新的特点不同，今年的翻译题选自09年三月份的时代杂志，但依旧保持往年的难度，内容贴近生活，易于理解。文章中并没有特别难理解的句子出现，有一些常见的从句和复合句，考生只要平时在做《考研真相》和《考研圣经》的过程中，多注意书中长难句分析部分，这部分摘录出真题中长句、难句进行框架分析，考生可以很直观的理解并学习其中分析句子的能力和翻译要领，长此以往，英语二的翻译题部分就基本可以拿到不错的成绩。

2014考研英语二真题完型填空文章出处

原文出处：时代杂志

原文标题：A Primer for Pessimists

刊登时间：March,

原文节选：Most people would define optimism as being eternally hopeful, endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half full. But that’s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality,” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor who taught the university’s most popular course, Positive Psychology, from to . “It certainly doesn’t mean thinking everything is great and wonderful.”

Ben-Shahar, who is the author of Happier and The Pursuit of Perfect, describes realistic optimists an “optimalists”―not those who believe everything happens for the best, but those who make the best of things that happen.

In his own life, Ben-Shahar uses three optimalist exercises, which he calls PRP. When he feels down―say, after giving a bad lecture―he grants himself permission (P) to be human. He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction (R). He analyzes the weak lecture, learning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there’s perspective (P), which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.

英语二阅读真题篇7

一、教材分析

本课教材使用的是初中英语译林版八年级下册第二单元课文内容。这篇课文将用两个课时完成教学。第一课时的主要任务是让学生熟悉课文内容,了解Kitty的香港迪斯尼乐园之行的相关细节,初步使用新词汇,并可以根据提示完成课文复述。

二、教学目标及教学重难点

本课知识目标是学习新词汇,了解Kitty在香港迪斯尼乐园的活动。在落实知识目标的同时,培养学生阅读的能力,尤其提取信息、整合信息的能力。并培养持久学习兴趣和信心,使学生乐于分享,善于合作。

本课的教学重点是:学生通过几次不同要求的阅读课文,了解Kitty一家在园内一天的主要活动,以及她们的感受,并对课文内容按时间先后进行梳理,便于记忆、理解和运用。教学难点是根据要求询问信息、提取信息、整合信息,并按时间顺序复述课文内容。

三、教学过程

1.热身环节激发兴趣。T:What’s your hobby? Can you guess what my hobby is? Yes,I like travelling.I’ll show you some pictures of a city.Can you guess what it is? 教师呈现香港购物和港口的PPT,学生看图说话,热身的同时,打开学生思维,激发学习愿望。

2.导入环节作好铺垫。通过小对话和图片展示,消除学生畏难和紧张的情绪,并迅速激活同学们的英语思维,为接下来的课文教学作好铺垫。在这个教学环节中,教师通过图片呈现,帮助学生盘活旧词汇,学习新词汇。同时,树立信心,培养学生语言成篇输出的能力。当堂检测使学生在适度的紧张中,巩固学习效果。

3.阅读环节捕捉信息。第一步,快速浏览,回答问题:Q1.Who visited Hong Kong Disneyland? How long did they stay there? Q2.Did they enjoy themselves in Hong Kong Disneyland? How do you know?学生在老师的指引下,第一次接触文本,通过略读,查找相关信息。第二步,细节查找。教师呈现更多的细节问题如:How did they get to Disneyland? What did they meet on the way to a restaurant? 等,帮助学生熟悉课文的同时,培养正确理解能力、快速反应能力、捕捉信息能力。在此基础上,教师追问Can you ask more questions? 学生以pair-work的形式,互相问答。

精读课文,要求学生根据时间顺序,找出更多细节。而最后的学生互相提问环节是本课的亮点。在这个环节中,既培养了学生的开放性思维,又养成了他们勤思考、多动脑、主动学习的好习惯。

4 . 笔头练习巩固成果。在前两步泛读和精读的基础之上,教师再引导学生完成书本page 25上的笔头练习,同进适时板书关键词。

练习的主要功能是训练学生口头表达能力,并以笔头练习的形式巩固口头训练效果。同时教师用读一读、想一想、问一问、写一写的多种形式的训练,调动学生多种感官参与,提高课堂学习效率。板书为本课重点短语,既校对答案,又为下一环节的课文复述降低了难度。

5.复述课文减负增效。在问、读、写的基础上,再帮学生理清课文框架。根据板书框架,先复习词组,再用词组完成课文内容复述。通过多种途径的输出,巩固当堂学习效果,降低了学生课后的课业负担,真正做到了减负增效。

四、教学反思

1.培养了开放性思维。在导入课文时,教师以半开放的方式,多处引导学生输出旧词汇,并能以旧带新。在课文细读时,教师鼓励学生根据课文内容进行提问,这既促使学生接触文本,又培养了学生开放性思维,提高了他们询问信息、输出信息和自主学习的能力。在教师的鼓励和启发下,学生通过自己的观察和思考,提出问题,解决问题,感悟语言功能的同时,创新思维得到发展。同时,学生在尝试中升华了学习情感,变得更自信和勇于探索。

2.课堂教学效率高。这是一堂实在而高效的课。在本节课中,教师用多种训练形式和手段,结合一个个小而明确的任务,一环接一环地促使学生获取信息、处理信息、使用信息,发展了学生用英语解决实际问题的能力。同时,教师注意到学习者有学习疲劳的可能,因此以individual-work,pair-work,group-work等多种形式的训练相结合的方式,既增加了学生语言实践的机会,提高了课堂教学效率,又培养了合作精神。

3.学生快乐积极。在本节课中,教师充分发挥了多媒体的优势,图片的插入和使用恰到好处。在多处细节处理上,教师的设计和提问贴近学生实际,使学生有话可说。本课以Kitty一家的迪斯尼乐园之行为主线,教师创设轻松、活泼的语言情境,学生在这样的情境中体验、交流、互动、合作,快乐而积极。

摘要：随着世界政治多元化和经济全球化的发展趋势日趋明显,对公民外语素质的要求也日益提升。提高外语教学的质量,使今后的公民能在多元文化的地球村中更好地生存和发展,成为当前的重要课题之一。目前我们初中使用的牛津英语教材贴近学生和社会生活实际,材料取于生活,用于生活,给人一种自然、地道和具有现代气息的语言魅力。课堂教学是落实知识、培养能力、提升兴趣的主要场所,教学活动是落实课程理念的重要途径。

英语专项训练任务型阅读系列二篇8

Harvard University health policy researcher Ellen Meara says scholars have found some clues as to why some groups of people have more or less disease than others. She says one important factor in people’s health is the amount of education they have．

In her most recent paper, Meara looked at data from the United States census. These counts of people occur every 10 years. Meara and her colleagues examined data from several decades．

“We looked at life expectancy(预测寿命)at age 25,” Meara says．

“How many additional years can you expect to live if you arrive at age 25 and your education has stopped at high school, or sooner？ Versus how many years, can you expect to live if you’ve reached aged 25 and you’ve gone on to at least some college…”

Meara says they found that in 1990, a 25-year-old who only had some secondary school could expect to live for a total of 75 years. In 2000, a 25 year old with some secondary education could also expect to live to the age of 75．

In contrast, for a better educated 25-year-old, they could expect to live to the age of 80 in 1990. Someone with a similar education level in the year 2000, could expect to live to be more than 81 years, 816 years to be exact．

Meara says, not only do better-educated people live longer to begin with, but in the past ten years, more educated people has made gains in the length of their lives. Meanwhile, the life expectancy hasn’t changed for less educated people．

Some of these gains can be explained. Meara says researchers know that people who are more educated are more likely to quit smoking cigarettes, or not start at all, compared to people with less education．

“I think it’s a reminder not to be satisfactory, “Meara says.” Just because a population overall appears to be getting healthier, it doesn’t always mean that those advantages and successes that many people have enjoyed really extend into all parts of the population. And I think that’s something to really pay attention to regardless of whether you live in the US or elsewhere.”

Meara points out that education can often determine income-people with more education frequently make more money. This makes them aware of health care, and purchase other resources and services that can keep them healthier. But the data on income do NOT show that people who make more money are automatically healthier．

Meara says education is key. People need to be educated in order to take advantage of opportunities for better health.

（南京市第四中学王静提供）

考研英语一阅读历年真题篇9

The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media – such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role， companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.

Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media ， such marketers act as the initiator for users‘ responses. But in some cases， one marketer’s owned media become another marketer‘s paid media – for instance， when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ，which we believe is still in its infancy， effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson， for example， has created BabyCenter， a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income， the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective， gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing， and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.

The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker， more visible， and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media： an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers， other stakeholders， or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks， for instance， are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.

If that happens， passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products， putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case， the company‘s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful， and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor， for example， alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign， which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.

31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are

[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.

[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.

[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.

[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.

32. According to Paragraph 2，sold media feature

[A] a safe business environment.

[B] random competition.

[C] strong user traffic.

[D] flexibility in organization.

33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media

[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.