英语四人短对话（共5篇）
Maggie & Minnie: Daddy! Daddy!
Daddy: What’s the matter?
Maggie: Daddy, I want some money.
Daddy: For what?
Maggie: I want to buy the candy at the school gate.
Minnie: Yes! They look so delicious!
Daddy: They are unhealthy. I won’t give you money.
Maggie & Minnie: Daddy~~~
Daddy: No way. Please go and do your homework..
Minnie: What can we do now?
Maggie: Let me think.
Minnie: Yes.
Maggie & Minnie: Daddy! I want some money.
Daddy: No way. I won’t give you money to buy the dirty candy.
Maggie: Look, it’s broken.
Daddy: Oh?
Minnie: Here! It’s broken, too!
Daddy: OK! OK! For you!
Maggie & Minnie: Yeah!
Daddy: Remember! Don’t buy the candy!
Reader: Now, Maggie & Minnie have money, they come to the school gate and buy the candy.
Salesman: Candies, candies! Sweet candies!
Maggie & Minnie: How much?
Salesman: You two again? Go away! No money no talk!
Maggie: Is it enough?
Salesman: Wow! Money,money! OK! Good! Candies for you!
【关键词】合作原则；四级听力；会话含意
作为语言学的一个重要学科分支，语用学已经越来越多的应用到日常语言及科学语言的分析当中。关于语用问题，著名哲学家维特根斯坦、人类学家马琳诺维斯基等人早有论及，但是一般认为现代语用学的真正起源于上世纪30年代莫里斯，以及皮尔斯等人的哲学和逻辑学著作中。英语中的pragmatics 这一术语是由美国符号学家和行为学家莫里斯创造出来的。莫里斯在1934年的研究中发现符号有三种类型的关系：符号与符号之间的关系，符号与物体之间的关系以及符号与人之间的关系，而一般认为语用学就是研究说话人与听话人如何使用符号来完成交际行为。作为语言研究的一个重要的领域，语用学的研究重点之一就是研究特定情境中的特定话语，尤其是研究不同语言交际环境中的语言理解与运用问题。也就是说语用学的一个核心 问题就是面对可作多重解读的话语时，听话人如何通过表面语言信息来解读说话人真正意欲表达的含意。而在这一方面做出杰出贡献的学者之一当数英国哲学家格赖斯（Hubert Paul Grice）。1967年格赖斯在哈弗大学做的三次讲座被取名为“逻辑与会话”。格赖斯认为当语言在实际应用时，往往需要非逻辑推理，他将这种通过推理所得出的意义定义为implicature，即本文所特指的“含意”一词。
格赖斯认为要理解人们在会话交际中的有意暗示，靠的是语用推理而不是语言解码，因此他提出的交际中合作原则，强调其中的暗含意义。格赖斯根据这一思想，提出了四条准则，这就是广为大家所熟知的“合作原则”（Cooperative Principle）：
Quantity Maxim （数量准则）：
所说的话应包含所需要的信息；
所说的话不应超出所需要的信息。
Quality Maxim （质量准则）：
不要说自知是虚假的话；
不要说缺乏足够证据的话。
Relation Maxim （关系准则）： 要有关联。
Manner Maxim （方式准则）： 要清楚明白。
避免晦涩；
避免歧义；
避免啰嗦；
要有次序。
以上就是格赖斯提出的著名的合作原则，该原则现在已经广泛的应用于言语分析当中去。大学英语四级是近年来国内最为重要的英语考试之一，越来越多的学生每年参与到该考试当中去，其中听力部分的分值最大，占全部考试的35%，并且也被视为是最难的一部分。而听力考试的第一题型——短对话，因其对话简短，涉及话题范围较广，对话双方话语中的隐含信息较大，而让广大学生深感头痛，本文将试图结合格赖斯的合作原则对一些四级历年真题听力短对话中的会话含意进行分析，以希望有助于广大考生提高短对话部分的分析能力。
应该注意到的是，短对话是通过双方的各说一句话的方式来考验学生的听力水平，因此绝大部分题都是要求考生能够听懂双方话语并能够推断出言语信息之外的隐含信息，所以短对话中的会话内容常常都是通过违背格赖斯的合作原则来推断答案的，下面本文将具体分析几个短对话真题实例，来进一步说明。
（1）M： How about joining me for a cup of coffee？
W： I’d love to， but I’m exhausted. I was up till 3 this morning， writing a paper for my literature class. （CET4，2008年12月第17题）
男士问女士是否喝咖啡的时候，女士本可以直接回答喝还是不喝，可是她却说了超出所需要的信息，首先说了想喝，接着又说自己很累，很累的原因是昨晚写文学论文写到3点，这些都是所需要信息之外的言语，女士是通过违背了格赖斯的数量准则来委婉的拒绝了男士的邀请，既挽回了男士的面子，又达到了拒绝的目的。
（2）W： What would you do if you were in my place？
M： If Paul were my son， I’d just not worry. Now that his teacher is giving him extra help and he’s working hard himself， he’s sure to do well in the next exam. （CET4， 2007年12月第13题）
针对女士提出的问题，男士用了虚拟语气，说如果Paul是他的儿子，他就不会担心。然而Paul不是他的儿子，可见男士知道自己的话语缺乏足够的证据，为了不违背格赖斯的质量准则，他进一步补充说明了自己的假设——老师的额外帮助再加上Paul自己的努力，他一定会成功的，通过这些原因作为证据来说服女士赞同他的话，认同自己的儿子。
（3）W： You’re taking a course with Professor Johnson. What’s your impression so far？
M： Well， many students could hardly stay awake in his class without first drinking a cup of coffee. （CET4， 2010年6月第17题）
女士问男士对于Johnson教授的课印象如何，男士没有直接作答，而是带有讽刺意味的说许多学生必须喝了咖啡才能在他的课上不睡着，通过违背格赖斯的关系准则，男士巧妙的暗示了他对于教授上课枯燥无聊的印象。
（4）W： I need to talk to someone who knows Baltimore well. I’m told you lived there.
M： Oh， but I was really young at that time. （CET4，2009年12月第14题）
女士想了解Baltimore的情况，通过说“我听说你在那里住过”来间接的向男士发出求助的信息。而男士的回答是“哦，但我那时还很小。”男士的回答并没有清楚明白的回答女士的提问，违背了格赖斯的方式准则。他的回答很晦涩，可是我们在言谈的过程中都能明白，男士暗含的意思就是说：你问错人了，我那时候还很小，我现在并不能给你提供什么有用的信息。
通过以上四个例子，本文分别分析了言语交际中违背格赖斯的四条准则的情况，在四级听力真题中这种情况非常普遍。如果考生能熟知格赖斯的合作原则，相信对于提高听力成绩有帮助，并能更好的领悟会话信息之外的含意。
参考文献：
[1]何自然.语用三论：关联论·顺应论·模因论[M].上海教育出版社，2007
1． 数字及计算类题型
提问方式： When will the film start?
When will the concert end？、What time is it now?
How many minutes are left?
How much should the man pay for ______ in total?
What’s price for one pen?
常见句型：
1)A: What time is it now by your watch?
B: It is 3: 45, but my watch is ten minutes fast.Question: what time is it now?
2)A: Hurry up!The concert starts at 7: 30.B: Don’t worry!We still have twenty minutes left.Question: What time is it now?
3)A: The concert starts at 6: 30.B: Oh, it’s already 6:15.We must go now.Question: When will the concert begin?
4)A: Mr.White has being worked for 8 years in the company.B: Mr.Black has being worked twice as long as him.Question: How long did Mr.Black worked in the company.5)A: What can I do for you?
B: I want to buy some pens.There are 9.6 dollars for three.Question: How much does one pen cost?
6)A: I would like to see Professor Brown as soon as possible.B;I’m sorry.The professor became ill on Monday.He’ll probably be back on Friday, but I suggest you might call on Wednesday or Thursday to be sure.Question: When can the women expect to see Professor Brown?
常见情形： __________ fast/ slow
There is still _________ left.I have been __________ minutes late for the film.You still have __________ minutes._______________twice/ three times as much as/ as long as/ as high as_______________ doubles
___________________ dollars for three tickets.Take ___________ pills for three times a day.2.地点及方向问题
提问方式：Where does the conversation mostly probably take place?
Where has the woman/ man just been?
Where are the two persons talking about?
相关短语所涉及的地点：
1)have a headache/ check my body/ prescribe some pills/ there is something wrong with my knee/ have a good rest-------in the hospital/ at the clinic
2)open a saving account/ deposit some money/ withdraw 200$/ exchange some money/ exchange rate/ pay the loan------bank
3)passengers/ take off/ luggage/ find a window seat/ 10 minutes late because of the frost/ The No.881 flight has been cancelled./------airport
4)beef/ steak/ fried chicken/ Chinese food/ lamb/a cup of coffee/ some beer/ have some soup/ Could I take your order, sir? / delicious food, satisfactory service/ pay the meal----restaurant/ fast-food restaurant
5)have the letter sent/ parcel/ package/ I need some stamps/ post code/----post station
6)reserve the room/ double room/ single room/ check in/ check out/ wake-up service---hotel
7)return the books/lend some books on literature/geography/history----library
8)buy some books / color pen/ note book/ a pair of towel-----stores/ grocery Examples:
1)A: Please tell me how much you should give me for my 100 U.S.dollars.B: If you wait a moment, I’ll find out the rates of exchange.Question: Where does the conversation mostly probably take place?
2)A: What can I do for you?
B: Well, I’d like to send this parcel to Britain.Question: Where does the conversation mostly probably take place?
3)A: Hello.I wonder whether I can book my room for another two nights? B: Yes, No problem.Question: Where does the conversation mostly probably take place?
4)A: What can I do for you, sir?
B: I’d like some fried chicken and a bag of chips, please.Question: Where does the conversation most probably take place?
5)A: Where are you going, Tom?
B: I am going to buy some fruit.Question: Where is the man going?
3.人物职业与关系类题型：
提问方式：What/ Who is the man/ woman?
What is the men’s / woman’s profession/ occupation?
What is the probable relationship between the two speakers?What relation is the man to the woman?
常见人物职业和关系：
Student and teacher: failed in the exam, are absent in the Chinese class, hand in your paper
finish the experiment, next/ last term
Doctor and patient: What is the matter with you? /What seems to be the trouble? / take three pills for three times one day/ Your body is OK.But you’d better have a good rest/ feel tired and can’t have a good sleep
Customer and servant: What can I do for you? /Can I help you? / Can I take your order? /Could I see a menu?
Wife and husband: turn on/down the radio/ TV set/ Could you pass me the sugar?/ get up/ washing machine/ wash clothes/ kitchen
Father and son
Strangers: How do you do!/ Nice to meet you? / Excuse me/ Could you tell me the way to …?
How can I get to the bank?/ I am a stranger too.Shop assistant: skirt, shirt, shoes, color, a small/big size/ Do you offer any discount/ How much is it if I buy _________?
Policeman: identity card,Traffic policeman: Could I see your license?
Examples:
1)A: Would you like to see a menu?
B: No, thanks.I already know what I want to order.Question: What is the probable relationship between the two speakers.2）A: I’m not feeling well today.B: Take the medicine three times a day and have a rest.Question: What is the probable relationship between the two speakers.3)A: What is your sister’s job?
B: She started as a nurse and now is a doctor.Question: What is his sister now?
4.逻辑推理类型题：
提问方式：What can be inferred from the passage?
What does the man/woman mean?
What happened to the man/ woman?
What does the speaker think about the problem?
Examples：
1）A: I have no idea of what color to paint my room。
B: What about green? It’ll give you a sense of peace and quiet.Question: What does the woman suggest?
2）A: If you lend me a hand, I can finish this work in about one hour.B: I’d like to, but I don’t have a computer.Question: what does the man mean?
3）A: Jane, can you get the report ready this afternoon?
B: No problem.You can take it with you to the meeting.Question: What do we know about the man?
4）A: May I smoke here?
B: No, you mustn’t.But you may do so outside.Question: What do we learn from the conversation?
5.其他类型问题：
转折引导： pay special attention to the sentence following “ but, however.I’d like to.But ……”, “ I am sorry.But I …..”
对原因提问：pay special attention to the sentence following or around “ because, as a
result, for, hence”.Sometimes the cause and effect relationship is implied, without any connective words.对方式提问通常用“ how”，此时要留心“ by…., by means of…, in the way of …..”类词。
Examples:
1）A: Let’s go shopping tonight.They’re having a big sale n the shopping mall.B: I don’t think I can make it.I have a big exam tomorrow.Question: Why won’t the woman go with the man?
2)A: Do you often go the football match?
B: I used to go quite often, but seldom now.Question: What do we know about the man?
3)A: Why can’t I get a return ticket for the train?
B: Sorry.We haven’t started such a kink of service yet.Question: Why can’t the man have a return ticket?
4)A: Do you go to office by bus or by bike, Mary?
大学英语四级考试中听力短对话的话题基本是衣、食、住、行等日常生活中常见的话题或与学校生活相关的话题。例如:2006年12月四级考试中的听力短对话出现了圣诞节礼物、喜爱的食物、买歌剧门票以及会说几种语言等话题。听力短对话虽然短小,但是不应忽视,如果掌握方法,这部分得高分还是很容易的。要答好这部分题目,首先要区分说话者的性别,其次是弄清说话者的观点,最后再排除干扰项,得出答案。下面我们首先来看看听力短对话的常考题型和提问方式,再根据它们的特点分析一下短对话的解题技巧。
一、短对话的题型大体上分为以下五类: 1.时间类:这类题目经常以when来提问。
例如:W: Your library books are due on December 13th.If you have not finished using them by then, you may renew them once.M: Thank you very much.I only need them for a few days.Q: When must the man return his books to the library?
2.地点及场所类:经常以where提问,比如问对话发生的地点。这类题在听力对话题中比较简单,考生只需掌握表示地点及方位的介词短语,抓住其中的关键场景特点,就能辨认出对话发生的场所。当你听到boarding一词的时候,应该马上联想到机场。
例如:M: I need to cash this check?
W: Will you step right over to the teller’s window, please?
Q: Where is the conversation most probably taking place?
3.数字类:一般来说需要进行简单的换算,这类题目比较简单,是听力中的拿分题。
例如:W: Do you live in a college dormitory?
M: Yes, I do.It’s a six-man suite, but at the moment only four of us live there.Q: How many people share the suite now?
4.人物关系及身份类:此类对话提供一个情节,能反映所涉及人的关系或身份。人物关系及身份类题型几乎每次考试都会出现,我们可以通过抓关键的特征词来判断。四级听力中常见的人物关系及身份有teacher and student, librarian and student, shop assistant and customer, doctor and patient, waiter(waitress)and customer。
5.活动类:这一类谈话内容可涉及上课、娱乐、工作、日常生活等各种情况。
例如:M: Professor Smith asked me to go to his office after class.So it’s impossible for me to make it to the bar at ten.W: Then it seems that we’ll have to meet an hour later at the library.Q: What will the man do first after class?
二、短对话的提问方式通常包括以下六种:
1.问“是什么、要什么”等。例如:
What is the man’s answer? What does the woman want for lunch?
What kind of books does the man want to borrow?
2.问“做什么”。例如:
What will the man do first after class? What does the woman tell the man to do first?
What will happen if John fails the exam?
What does the woman want the man to do?What would the woman most probably do?
3.问“什么含义”。例如:
What does the woman mean?
What does the man mean(imply)?
What does the woman’s answer suggest?
4.问“从对话中能获得什么信息或结论”。例如:
What do we learn from the conversation?
What do we learn about John from the conversation?
What do we learn about the taxi driver?
5.问“对某人或某事有什么看法”。例如:
What does the man think of Miss Brown?
What does the woman think of the plan?
6.问“对话可能是在什么场所发生的”。例如:
Where does this conversation most probably take place?
Where does this conversation most likely occur?
Where are the man and the woman?
总之,短对话的提问方式通常是特殊疑问句。除了以上这些提问方式,通常还有提问时间、提问人物关系及身份、提问数字等。无论是哪种提问方式,都是和听力的对话内容和题目类型相对应的,只要我们把握了对话的重要考试&大信息就可以快速正确地选出答案。
三、短对话的四个解题技巧:
1.可以利用录音正式开始之前的几分钟——播放考试说明的时间,快速浏览选项,对所谈论的话题和相关的信息有个大概的了解。比如看到下面的选项:
A)At the airport.B)In a restaurant.C)In a booking office.D)At the hotel reception.我们就可以推断这个题目很可能问的是对话发生的地点,属于地点类题型。所以我们在听的时候就要特别注意谈话的环境和对话中出现的关于场所的词语。在平时的学习中应掌握一些常用的句型。比如向他人提出建议或请求时,往往采用委婉的方式来表达。
表示建议的常用句型:If I were you, I’ll...Why don’t you...? How about...? Maybe you’d better...Perhaps we can...表示请求的常用句型:I wonder if you...Would / Could you tell me...?I’ll appreciate it if you...2.另外我们可以边听边做速记,当遇到一时难以判断的题时,可以等听力结束后再回过头来仔细推敲,避免在某一题上花太多时间。遇到内容较复杂的谈话时,记在不同选项旁的关键词可以帮助我们很快找到正确答案。比如在解答有关数字类的题目时,速记就显得尤为重要。
3.在把握细节的基础上,我们要全面掌握整体意思,排除貌合神考试&大离的选项。在所提供的四个选项中,有三个是干扰项,干扰项的设计通常是提供一个读音与对话中某一词组十分相似的选项或提供一个在对话中出现过的词,以达到干扰效果。例如:
M: Registration always takes so long.W: What bothers me is all the people who cut in line.Q: What bothers the woman?
A)Registration.B)When the line breaks.C)How long the line is.D)People who don’t wait their turn.其中,B)、C)两项都出现了“line”一词,这是在对话中出现过的,许多考生可能被误导选B),而实际上让女士厌烦的是“people who cut in line”,因此选项D)“People who don’t wait their turn”才是正确的。
（One day, the class is over ,student A and B walk together.）
A: Labour Day is coming, we should relax a little on vacation, what are you going to do.B: I have no idea no.How about you?
A:I intend to go to the Baotu Spring ,It’s said that it is a good interest of place.B: En ,yes ,it is the first spring of the world.A: Why not go with me? I believe you will be satisfied with it.B: About it let me think.(Student A and B come across C.)
C: Hi!What do you discuss?
A: Hi!We are talking about the plan of the Labor Day.C: Where do you plan to go?
A: Baoto Spring.Visit together?
C: Oh!No!I have been there in the Tomb Sweeping Day.B: Really?How about the sight of it?
C: Very great!There are so many birds and trees.When I go there I was attracted by the beauty of the scenery deeply.B: Really?
C: Yes.The surroundings is so good,beyond description.There are some photoes in my moblephone,have a look.B:How great!Is this Baotu Spring?
C:Oh,no!It is Baizheng Spring.In fact,there are many other springs,such as Mapao Spring,Dukang Spring whose funtain(泉水)is so clear and sweet.A:It sounds great!Are there some fishes in these springs?You know I like fish very much.C: Oh.There are many kinds of fishes with different colors, red, black, even colorful.I am sure you will be lost in the beautiful scenery.B:En,it is a great meal to eyes.My desire to visit there become stronger and stronger.C:It is only a part of the Baotu Spring.A:It is said that there are many historical relics,such as Memorical Hall of Li Qingzhao.C:Oh,yes!Except it,Jinan Massacre(惨案)Memorical Hall is also worth visiting.The Massacre is our stigma(耻辱),which happened on May Third.A: It is of great significance to pay a visit on Labor Day.B: Wonderful!I decide to visit there.A:Ok！
C:May you have a good time!
A:Thank you!What about you ?
C:En,I want to climb Mount Tai.A:Mount Tai?Unattainable feeling!
B:It is so famous for its majesty(雄伟).A:When you go there?I mean when you climb the Mount Tai,Evening?
C:Of course.I intend to watch the sunrise.The view from the top of the hill was superb(美丽极了).B:A good pursuit!I hear that the top of the Mount Tai is very cold,you’d better wear enough clothes.A: en, health and strength is above all gold.C: Oh, yes!Thanks for your advice.Now I have to search some information about how to get to Mount Tai.See you later!
A:Take care of yourself!
B:See you!
D: Hi, what are you doing? Is it Student C?
B: Oh, he is busy preparing to go on holiday.D: Holiday?
A: En, yes, Labor Day, we intend to go to Baotu Spring.What’s your plan?
D: Oh, I don’t have an idea.Now I’m not sure if I have a free time.B: Why? What happened?
D: you know, I have applied for the National Sports Volunteer, the train may be started recently.B: That is a pity!
D: Yeah, I’ve always wanted to climb Mount Tai.As a Shandong person, it is very pity not to climb Mount Tai.A: Never mind.It’s also meaningful to train as a volunteer.D: Of course, on the other hand, my dream can also come true on Summer Day, in a word;I believe I can reach the top of Mount Tai some day.B: May you make it!
A: Where there is a will there’s a way.D: Thanks, have a wonderful time, see you later.A: See you!
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