读书报告英文（精选8篇）
Name：李秀清 NO：200841010234 page: 1
Afterthought of “Shuang Leng Chang He”
Friendship
Recently, I read a book named „Shuang Leng Chang He‟which is written by Yu Qiuyu.There are some essays about philosophic theory of human life in this book.However, I was attractive by the essay of friendship for I was told the essence of friendship and learnt how to make friends with others.Friendship is an eternal theme we examine and explore.But what is friendship? What is the real meaning of friendship? As we know, friendship is a life-long treasure.With friends, we share our joys and tears.Friendship is not a commodity with a price, nor should we alienate our friends by questioning or judging their virtues.In traditional culture of China, most of the literary men admire the friendship between Yu Boya and Zhong Ziqi.They hold the point that mountain stream with a knowing ear is the luckiest thing and looking forward to this kind of friendship in their whole life.However, a bosom friend is not easy to find in the real world.It usually comes that the person is your friend today, and tomorrow would be your enemy.Even more, when a person was deceived or betrayed by his friends, he would never trust any friends.Usually, people will try their best to help their friends, even their lives when needed.However they find it hard to forgive the friend who betrayed them.Hence, how to establish friendly relationship is very important and necessary for human beings.There is a Chinese saying goes, you depend on your parents when you stay at home, and you depend on your friends when you go out.This kind of saying indicates that the importance of friends, at the same time it means the value of friends is for dependence.Therefore, will you make friends with a person who has no use for you? Or anyone helped you can become your friends? What do we expect from our friends? From my point of view, a real friend does not care your background, your wealth, your appearance.The truest friend of all is one that reads your very soul, one who is always there when needed.A real friend does not expect something from their friends or depend on his friends.Friendship is an in-depth relationship combining trust, communication, and understanding.Some people hold the idea that finding a friend is like coming home.When you come “home” to a friend, you can relax;unbosoming you pains and sorrows and you needn‟t pretend or act tough.But do not forget one point that is keeping distance between you.Most people of China are likely to ignore this kind of problem, which sometimes causes some unnecessary troubles.From my point of view, we should better keep proper distance with our friends if you want keep a stable relationship.Generally, as a Chinese, people would rather receive excessive kindness than say “NO‟‟ to their friends.In their opinion, a good friend should not turn down their friends, if this happened, their friends would be regarded that they were looked down by their friends and felt loosing face.For example, one of your friends is afraid of exam and he asks for your help during the examination.What would you do? To be or not to be? Even though you are unwilling to cheat in the exam, you still promise to offer help and endure the suffering yourself from treating.Every man alone is sincere.At the entrance of a second person, hypocrisy begins.Emerson said “A friend is a person with whom I may be sincere.I do not wish to treat friendship daintily, but with roughest courage.” From these words, we know that friendship is built on sincerity, and sincerity is based on equality of personality.Without sincerity and equality of personality, people will not trust others and make friends with others in heart.In addition to this, Aristotle also said that wishing to be friends is quick work, but friendship is a slow-ripening fruit.Maybe it only takes one second time to be friends, but you will spend more time to establish friendly relationships.Pure friendship without judgment can enrich our life.We have our own judgments on our friends according to their virtues.Though you find virtues in your friends, he was your friend before you found them.If you choose your friends on the ground that you are virtues and want virtuous company, you are no nearer to true friendship than of choosing them for commercial reasons.Though you may choose the virtuous to be your friends, they may not choose you as a friend.Nevertheless, without judgment does not mean that you should ignore what is right and wrong to support you friends without condition.Unquestioning support will bring disaster finally.From this article, people may feel that it is not easy to find a real friend.In fact the problem is we require too much from friendship, such as the sense of belonging, obligation and other virtues.If we get rid of this kind of demand and fetter, we will understand the friendship clearly and enjoy it completely.Friendship is just like a seed which we should look after carefully.Cherish is a virtue.A friend is a friend;you should cherish the relationship maintain it with hearts.What‟s more, we should
Ericsson, Sweden’s largest tax payer in the IT industry, after a decade of growth, saw its glory fade and faced a serious operating loss when the internal and external problems emerged in 2001.
Opened in 1876 by Lars Magnus Ericsson, Ericsson transformed itself from a repair shop into a monopoly state telephone operators and supplied complete mobile telephony systems, and Ericsson was, until 2003, a world leader in telecom infrastructure equipment.At its early stage, considering the importance of technical innovations, Ericsson had heavily invested in Research and Development (R&D) department, which was the key reason for its success and was still a signifi cant feature in today’s corporation.The 1990s were a prosperous decade for Ericsson and its competitors for the telecom industry, and led by CEO and President Lars Ramqvist, Ericsson could by 1998 report its highest earnings in history and a market capitalization nine times higher than in 1990.
However, when then traditional fixed-line business and the smaller-enterprise systems division experienced a declining in the market, and the exaggerated appearance in 3G caused the overinvestment in the licenses, by the meantime, facing the downturn of the economy, Ericsson was starting to go downward.Kurt Hellstrom, as president with Ramqvist, quickly launched a string of restructuring programs to save the company.
During the two painful years, three cost-cutting programs were announced by Ericsson, aiming at reducing the number of external R&D consultants and temporary workers, as well as cutting travel and other expenses.Moreover, the saving was amounted to SEK50billion.The doubtful analysts and worried staff were challenging the management stabilization of the company.In the fall of 2002, it came as a surprise when an outsider was presented as Ericsson’s new CEO and President:Carl-Henric Svanberg, with no previous experience in the telecom industry.After spending time getting to know the company, its people and technologies, Svanberg invested in the company as he had done in his former firm, showing the signals of his expectation and participation in the future of the company, and added some measures to the continuous restructuring programs.Svanberg felt that was not enough to drive their own destiny and pitched his idea of a fourth saving program to get profi t again..In spite of travelling to Ericsson’s large customers and introducing himself and maintain the relationship, Svanberg dealt with the another major task which was energizing the organization and came up with“seven steps toward regained world leadership”.
But could Ericsson bear another round of cutting with half number of employees?Were the“seven steps”and his focus on soft skills suitable for Ericsson?What Svanberg was facing was really a hard situation.In this report, we will investigate and analyze the changes and measure specifically in Ericsson and provide some advice for its revolution.
Body
1, The Glory
Before 2000, Ericsson was always the leader in the telecom industry.Even today, when talking about setting fiber optic cable, teachers think of Ericsson.However, technology changes more quickly than experts can even think, before Ericsson could enjoy its fame and glory, it has to change its strategy to face new challenges.
2, Three programs
2.1 Established measures
Facing the challenges, the CEOs of Ericsson’s have established some solutions to the tough situation, and you can see the benefi ts and pitfalls as following.During 2001-2003, in the situation that sales decreased, and investors did not want to purchase their stocks, the chairman Ramqvist and Hellstrom came up with mainly three programs to conquer the diffi culties.The aim was to get the breakeven point, and the first solutions were redundancy, cutting down operational expenses but leaving R&D department without changing.As for the second one, it included selling irrelative departments, and merging relative divisions.The previous five market areas, for example, were combined to three, and market units were reduced from 100 to 35 (Narayandas et al.2008) .Last but not least, a joint venture of Sony Ericsson was founded, with the help of Sony company.2.2 Analysis of Ramqvist and Hellstrom’s measures
2.2 Analysis of Ramqvist and Hellstrom’s measures
At the end of the third program, nearly the year 2003, staff had been reduced by another 20000 to 65000.The good news was that a group of large Swedish investors would like to support the company.However, Ericsson still reported an operating loss of SEK 21.3billion (Narayandas et al.2008) .
A look at these measures and results, the operating costs were reduced, and the company could pay attention to where its advantages lied in, and gave the side occupations to othe companies or just sold them.The solutions made the company’s system works more effectively, for example, without the redundan positions and employees, the left employees had to work more actively, unlike before, fi shing in troubled waters.However, some problems still existed, and even more appeared.For instance Ericsson company was currently taking up with 40%of the presence in the declining industry of all mobile phone industry, which mean that the company was not able to make profi t soon with the limited amount of clients.Though Ericsson had cut down large proportion of its divisions it still had stepped into too many industries, which caught much attention from the company.In order to squeeze profi from the leading competitors, Ericsson had to not only invest cash but also people and energy into those products.As a result of that Ericsson could hardly develop its telecommunications equipmen and services to mobile and fi xed network operators, according to the Ericsson website.
Another important effect of the change is that employees were in the condition of fearing being laid-off, with the amount of work increasing, they could hardly manage their work.Employees’loyalty for Ericsson may decrease slightly.
Actually, this was really a time for Ericsson to have a big change for its culture, but the fact still had to be found.
3, The revolution measures established by Svanberg
3.1 An outsider CEO
It is really amazing to know that the new chairman of Ericsson is from a totally different industry, this needs the courage of formal chairman and the outstanding personality of Svanberg himself.Anyway, this is a new beginning of Ericsson.
3.2 Svanberg’s methods
To deal with the difficult situation, especially to comfort the employees, Svanberg tried to maintain the formal management team, and took out of his own money to invest in the company.Also, Svanberg kept cutting down the numbers of employees, and tried to change the culture of Ericsson.So as to cover his disadvantage of knowing the company so little, he regularly met the higher-level managers of Ericsson’s.When he tried to transmit his ideas to the managers, he did an investigation for the them, letting them think of the strength and weakness of the company.After rediscovering the organization they had been working in, the management come up with the steps of going back to the leader of the industry.
3.3 Analysis of Svanberg’s revolution
According to what the last CEOs had done and the results, it was still a tough time for Ericsson, for example, to deal with its losses in profits.Ramqvist and Hellstrom took some measures, however, these measures just solved the external problems.What really mattered is the effect of organizational culture.
Ericsson was a company with long history, it had rich experience on telecommunications equipment and services to mobile and fi xed network, however, experience was not enough.A company with only history and experience was not a corporation, but a workshop.A company cannot make himself known, so that it lost the ability to compete with his competitors.It was essential to turn the“Ericsson workshop”into the“Ericsson MNC”.Svanberg knew that the company had been damaged by the constant redundancy, so he invited the COO to stay in and invested his own money in the company, which showed his corporative attitude and confidence.He also realized that the employees were still more than needed and some managers were not qualifi ed for his position, so he laid some other employees and the CFO.The new CFO was very young.This was a signal, Svanberg wanted others to know that anyone who was able to work on the position could get what he wanted.After the CEO comforted the employees and solved the conflicts, the organization’s system will work more smoothly and effectively.
As we can see, the changes has a positive effect on the organization.Nevertheless, is it enough for Ericsson to be profi table again?Has the core problems been solved?
4, The overall analysis
4.1 The target and scale of change
Since soon after the glorious year of 1999, Ericsson began to loss profi t, and the situation left Ericsson with no time to prepare, this should be an unplanned and reactive change.The problem including out-of-date management style, ineffective working process, and too many irrelative projects, makes the change a big one.As a result, the change type should be transformational change.The four aspects of the changing should be change the strategy, improve the technology, leave out the unnecessary parts in the organizational structure, and lay off and hire employees.4.1.1 Strategy
4.1.1 Strategy
The industry of IT has changed dramatically since Ericsson fi rst stepped into.Decades ago, a company was able to produce and sell phones as well as build the infrastructure and provide the service.Today, it is not the thing.One, who can do any of these things better than others, will be successful.The problem of Ericsson is not only try to do everything well, but also manage to compete in the other industry.The unwise decision has separated his limited cash fl ows, leaving the core departments in diffi culty.Just like what has happened to Sony.Sony was the world leading corporation in the fi eld of consumer and professional audio-visual products, gaming products, communications products, core components and IT, according to Sony.com.cn.During its expansion, Sony purchased Columbia Pictures and other irrelative companies, which finally made Sony exhausted, even nearly went bankrupt.In order not to go the same way as Sony, the new strategy of Ericsson should be ensuring the core industry, selling off the others and paying most of its attention to the most valuable one.
4.1.2 Technology
No matter when, technology should be the core competitive strength of Ericsson.Have realized this, none of the CEOs shrink the R&D departments.In addition to that, R&D department should be an independent part of the company, which is leaded directly by the top manager.
4.1.3 Structure and people
During the expansion in more than a century, Ericsson becomes a company with unconsolidated structure, and there are meaningless positions with redundant employees.As a result, when profits go down, top managers think of laid-off.It means that the managers knew where the problems lay, they just needed a chance to solve the problem.However, the change is not enough.Even after Svanberg became CEO, there were more people than needed.It was right for Svanberg to keep fi ring people, canceling positions, until everyone left knew what to do and be active.
4.2 Force-fi eld analysis
As we can see from the case, most of the top managers have been staying in the organization for many years.They surely have emotions for the company, but their old-fashioned managing style really delays the development of it.Actually, they are the resistance force in the organization.Because changing means losing the job.On the other hand, the fearful atmosphere of laid-off makes employees annoyed, they can hardly make up their minds to work.It is another resistance factor.For the CEO, he has the support of the investors, as long as the company is profi table, the stock holders will be in favor of the decisions of the CEO.So Svanberg could fi re the unqualifi ed managers.To comfort the employees, top managers should do the following things.
4.2.1 up-date information
Trying to get the credit from the employees, top managers should tell them what is happening among the top managers.Even though employees may be fired, they have the right to know the news immediately.Breaking up the tense atmosphere is good for employees to get down to work.
4.2.2 promote among the employees
After working in the corporation for years, some of the employees are especially outstanding on their position.Usually, these people are trusted by their colleagues.Give them promotion, they will set positive examples for the other employees.Not only themselves, but also the whole corporation will be energized.
4.2.3 Praise and blame
Praise and blame should be clearly displayed in the routine jobs.When employees feel that they are valued, they will contribute more, even without bonus.This is evaluated in Organizational Behavior.
4.2.4 The responsibility chart
At the end of the transformation, some lower-level managers and the employees may be confused of what to do.Top managers have to take out time to make the responsibility chart to help them.At first, it may be time-consuming.As employees are familiar with the new jobs, they can make plans and finish the work by themselves.
4.3 Culture
Culture changing is a big part of the revolution.Whether it is successful or not matters the overall success of the change.Though top managers and other unqualifi ed employees have left, to change the culture, there is still something to do.For example, the belief of Ericsson, that is communication is a basic human need, according to the news, should be spread to the employees.When people know what they are fighting for, they have a firm determination, so that they can go forward.If all the members within the organization have the same feeling, the culture forms.At the end of the case, the organization was right on the position that the old culture was unfreezed, and new one was going to be formed.As long as the new energetic culture is established, it will be great help for Ericsson to get the leader in the industry back.
Conclusion
Just like what Svanberg has said, Ericsson is a giant in its industry.It is not so easy for a giant to be knocked down, so as Ericsson.The situation is really tough, but with the right person and direction, Ericsson can surely be profi table again.Recently, Ericsson is concentrating on infrastructure, rather the manufacture, but the net sales and gross margins are all positive, which shows the change has been in effect.Still, the most serious problem is about the culture.In order to adapt the tense competition in the industry, Ericsson should have an effective system and culture to work with.
参考文献
[1]Das, Vincent et al. (2008) Ericsson: Leading in Times of Change. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing
[2]A leading ICT player (2012) Company Facts. Available at: http://www.ericsson.com/thecompany/company_facts (Accessed: 25 May 2012)
[3] Sony Global (2012) . Available at: http://www.sony.com.cn/about_sony/sony_global/2062.htm (Accessed: 25 May 2012)
[4] Financial Reports (2012) Investors. Available at : http://www.ericsson.com/thecompany/investors/financial-reports (Accessed: 25 May 2012)
[5]Jason, Jeffery et al. (2009) Organizational Behavior. Dongbei University of Finance and Economics Press
而成。这本书专门谈论青年人应该怎样读书、怎样治学，全书共分为“怎样读书”“漫谈教学”“确立志趣”“训练思想”“治理国学”“论学书简”六卷。
【关键词】读书；胡适；治学
【中图分类号】G632 【文献标识码】
第一卷，就“怎样读书”进行了详细的阐述。关于怎样读书，胡适在书中主要从什么是读书、为什么读书、读书的习惯重于方法以及找书的快乐等四个方面进行了详细的阐述。例如，胡适在《读书》一文中就读书的方法讲到读书的两个要素：第一要精，第二要博。还有就是他在《读书的习惯重于方法》中讲到“青年人要读书，不必先谈方法，要紧的是先养成好读书，好买书的习惯”。
第二卷，“漫谈教学”。就教学这一块看法，欧阳教授摘取了胡适先生的《中学国文的教授》《再论中学的国文教学》《黄谷仙论文审查报告》《谈谈大学》《大学的生活》《教师的模范》等六篇文章，主要讲述中学国文的教学方法、我国大学的历史以及学科选择的重要性、教师的模范作用等等。
第三卷，“确立志趣”。它摘取了《中国公学十八年级毕业赠言》《赠言北京大学哲学系毕业纪念》《中学生的修养与择业》《赠予今年的大学毕业生》《一个防身药方的三味药》等五篇文章；主要阐述了作为一个学生不管他毕业与否，都不能抛弃学问，即使毕业之后也应该培养一种“业余”兴趣。
第四卷，主要从“训练思想”上来进行阐述。欧阳教授摘取了胡适先生的《少年中国之精神》《思想的方法》《智识的准备》《中国哲学里的科学精神与方法》《谈谈四健会的哲学》等五篇文章。这些文章主要谈论都是一个问题，那就是需要有一个科学的思想；我们不能一味地去接受，需要拥有自己的思想，并且用事实去证明。
第五卷，主要阐述的是“治理国学”。其摘取胡适先生的文章有《清代学者的治学方法》《一个最低限度的国学书目》《治学的方法与材料》《评论近人考据〈老子〉年代的方法》《考证学方法之来历》《校勘学方法论——序陈垣先生的〈元典章校补释例〉》《考据学的责任与方法》。这些文章的内容都是围绕着科学的方法来进行阐述的，治理国学需要一套科学的治学、考证方法。
第六卷，“论学书简”。欧阳教授在本卷主要摘取胡适先生的一些书信，主要包括：《做人与读书—致胡祖望》《要“小题大 做”—复吴晗》《只有真话可使这个民族独立自主—答陶希圣》《文字不可轻作—致罗尔纲》《龟兔之喻—致吴健雄》《学术工作的“为人”与“为己”—致王重民》《思想不可变成宗教—答陈之藩》《存疑精神与宗教信仰—答朱文》《训练良好的工作习惯—复陈之藩》。胡适以这些书信与朋友谈论读书与治学需要以科学的态度去面对，还应该找到科学的方法，不能一味地去接受，应该具有自由的思想。
读后心得
在这些文章当中，有教人们怎样读书的，有教人们怎样去养成良好的读书习惯的，还有教人们怎样获得科学的治学方法的经验总结；同样，他的这些文章当中还有对我国传统学术当中的科学精神与方法的提炼以及对年轻人即使步入了社会也要坚持自我学习的劝诫等等。这些浅显易懂的话语都是出自胡适先生的切身体验，他将深刻的道理用最朴素的语言来进行表达，这些话语当中包含了非常强烈的科学精神，体现了一代中国知识分子对于我国下一代的深深的关切之情。胡适先生在文章中提到，人们在读书的时候需要“勤、谨、和、缓”以及“不苟且”，还需要做到“有几分证据，说几分的话”，这些发自肺腑的经验之谈不仅对莘莘学子有很大“点醒”作用，对于那些已经毕业并踏入社会开始进入工作岗位的有志青年来说同样有着非常大的促进作用。胡适先生的这些至理名言对于现如今社会上的一些不良学风，如急功近利、心浮气躁以及极度的夸饰等有着很好的教育意义，对于人们养成良好的读书与学习的习惯有着很好促进作用，有利于改善社会上的一些不良风气。
评价
胡适先生不愧是我国近现代著名的学者以及思想家，他在文学上所取得的成就就像孔子在文学上的成就以及德国的康德在哲学上所取得的成就一样，我们可以对他进行赞美甚至批判，但是他的成就是真实存在、不容忽视的。
《读书与治学》这本书是胡适先生一些与读书、治学有关的代表性文章的汇总，这些文字都是胡适先生终身积累的丰富的读书与治学经验以及研究。在文章当中，他的一些关于怎样读书、怎样养成良好的读书习惯以及对年轻人的劝诫和治理国学等等的见解非常的独到与精辟，值得人们去借鉴与学习。但是，同样他文章中的有一些观点与思想是不值得提倡与学习的，例如他将大学毕业生列为少数特权分子以及逃往台湾之后言论中对大陆的敌视与诋毁等等。
附注
本书虽为欧阳哲生教授汇编而成，但其中的文章都为胡适先生一生中不同时期所创作。
A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens, who was born in Portsmouth, England in 1812.As the second of eight children, Dickens had to go to work at the age of twelve to support his poor family, and he lived a difficult childhood.This troublesome time scarred him deeply and provided him with substantial material for such stories as Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, and Great Expectations.Though just accepted only little education, Dickens became a famous writer through his struggling self-learning and extremely hard work, and he was the representative writer of realism in the 19th century.Charles Dickens lived in the period of transition between feudalism and capitalism, when the industrial revolution originated in England swept through Europe.As large numbers of workers invaded into urban centers to earn a living, the bourgeois took advantages of the surplus of labor by keeping wages low.The poor thus remained poor, and often lived in a narrow and filthy environment.Dickens’ writing depicted various directions about this society, and provided a keen, sympathetic chronicle of the plight of the urban poor.A Tale of Two Cities mainly about the great atrocities of French aristocrats compelled the poor citizens to resist violently.Doctor Manette spent eighteen years as a prisoner in Bastille because he intended to expose the atrocity after learning that
Marquis Evrémonde killed a beautiful farmwife and her younger brother because of his brother’s lust.After Doctor Manette was free again, his daughter Lucie got married with Charles Darnay, Marquis Evrémonde’s nephew, but chose to live in England because he could not accept the cruel injustices of the French social system and the snobbish and cruel values of his uncle.However, Marquis Evrémonde continued his atrocities.After his crazy carriage crushed over a farmer’s little baby as if nothing happen, he was killed at night.A revolutionary storm was brewing.Mr.and Mrs.Defarge were the revolutionaries in the poor Saint Antoine section of Paris.They wanted to kill all French aristocrats, including Charles Darnay.Mr.Defarge used to be Doctor Manette’s servant, so he was kind to Manettes, while his wife’s heart burned with longing for revenge.At last, Charles Darnay was judged to death, But Sydney Carton, a lawyer who loved Lucie deeply, willing to die instead of Darnay, as they had similar appearance.From my personal point of view, the person A Tale of Two Cities described astounded me very much.Some of them were cruel, crazy and reasonless, while some of them were kind, moral and had own mind.Sydney Carton was the person I thought the most.He was a smart attorney, without his help, Mr.Stryver could not solve any cases.But he was lazy, alcoholic, and cared nothing and nobody, he even could not find any interests in his own life, it seems that he lived just for wasting life.But he loved Lucie deeply.Finally, he
became a hero, because he sacrificed his life to save Darnay.I didn’t know why the author spent so many words to form such a strange guy at frist, he used his life to love Lucie, after all.But now, I caught it.Perhaps the terrible Carton symbolized the terrible old France, and his change in the end shown that everything could change, including the old France, a new and fine society would replace the violence.Then, Charles Darnay.He was worthy of esteem or respect.He displayed great virtue in his rejection of his uncle, Marquis Evrémonde.Money and power meant nothing to him, if they came from exploitation and oppression.Even though he had to inherit his uncle’s bequest, he left them to the poor and lived in London throught his own effort.When he realized that he must go back to Paris to help Gabelle, one of his servants, and make right the wrong his uncle had done, he acted without hesitation because he knew that was his duty.He even refused Carton’s help after he was judged to death.I thought, Charles Darnay was a shiny diamond in that cruel and violent society, and he was a hope, the hope of equality and peace.Third, Mrs.Defarge.How crazy this woman was.Nobody could stop her steps toward revenge, except the death.Although it said that wherever there is oppression, there is resistance, I didn’t agree with Mrs.Defarge totally.Her resistance was inhumane, insensible and endless.For just as the aristocracy’s oppression had made an oppressor Mrs.Defarge herself, so will her oppression, in turn, make oppressors her victims.In the end of the novel, her death by a bullet from her own gun.It shown the
By charles Dickens
A Tale of two Cities occupies a significant place in the canon of Charles Dickens’s works.The story set in Paris France and London England in 1757, Dr.Manette was sent to the Bastille because of a letter which denounced the crimes of the Marquis St.Evremonde.As there was no information about him that everybody thought he was dead.Two years later, his wife was dead for heart-broken and his daughter Lucie Manette was adopted by Jarvis Lorry, one of his friends.With 18 years past, Dr.Manette was released and reserved by his former servant Defarge, a former domestic of Dr.Manette’s who had housed the doctor since his release.Meanwhile, Lucie Manette had grown up and as soon as she knew that her father was still alive she travelled to the French suburb of Saint Antoine.On the way to look for her father, she came across and fell in love with Charles Evremonde called Darnay.Actually, Darnay was Marquis St.Evremonde’s nephew but knew nothing about his family.Despite of hatred, Dr.Manette agreed to the marriage for the sake of his daughter’s happiness.A thunder of revolution was on the way, Defarge’s hotel was the connection for all actions.His wife was eager to revenge and recorded the cruelty of the nobility in the scarf.In 1789, the Revolution finally broke
out, when the Bastille was captured and the King was tried and put to death as well as many other aristocrats.Gabelle, an old servant of Darnay was in danger.And in order to rescue him, Darnay went to France.But when he arrived, the French Revolution was on going.He was arrested but saved by Dr.Manette as the revolutionaries treated Dr.Manette as a heroic.However, when a letter written by Doctor Manette 18 years ago unveiling Evremonde’s cruelty was found, he was rearrested.During this time, Dr.Manette tried to save Darnay, but he relapsed into a trance state and was unable to do anything.Through a series of coincidences, Carton discovered that one of the men who testified against Darnay at his trial several years earlier was working as a spy in France.Carton loved Lucie and determined to sacrifice himself to death to save Darnay.On the day of Darnay’s execution, Carton used his physical resemblance to Darnay and his ability to manipulate the spy to pull off the ultimate sacrifice.He managed to send Darnay out of the prison and into a waiting carriage that also included Dr.Manette, Lucie, and Mr.Lorry.He told no one of his plan, and not even the Manettes knew it.They were waiting in their carriage for Carton, fully expecting that he would join them and that they would leave France in a hurry.The rest of the family was in danger because of Madame Defarge, who wanted to denounce all of them.Actually the peasant that the Evremonde brothers murdered was her brother, and she wanted revenge against Darnay and
2) A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.吃一堑，长一智。
3) After black clouds, clear weather.否极泰来。
4) After death, the doctor.放马後炮。
5) A good appetite is a good sauce.饥不择食。
6) A good example is the best sermon.身教胜似言教。
7) A good face is a letter of recommendation.好的相貌就是一封推荐的介绍信。
8) A good fame is better than a good face.好的名望胜於好的相貌。
9) A good friend is my nearest relation.良友如近亲。
10) A good marksman may miss. 智者千虑，必有一失。
11) A good maxim is never out of season.至理名言不会过时。
12) A good medicine tastes bitter.良药苦口，忠言逆耳。
13) A good winter brings a good summer.瑞雪兆丰年。
14) A happy heart makes a blooming visage.心花怒放，笑逐颜开。
语言是人类思维的工具。随着社会的发展，各民族语言越来越完善。但任何民族的语言，都不是孤立存在和发展的，只有与其他民族语言不断碰撞和交融，才能更加丰富。
罗先生《语言与文化》一书以语词的涵义为切入点，联系人类学与社会学，跨越语言学、民族文化、宗教信仰等领域，丰富了语言研究的内容，开拓了语言研究的新领域，较全面地阐述了语言与文化的关系。陈章太曾评价此书：“《语言与文化》一书的出版，开拓了我国语言研究的新领域，标志着我国社会语言学进入了预备、草创阶段，其意义是很大的。”
先生将全书内容分为六段：第一，从词语的语源和演变推溯过去文化的遗迹;第二，从造词心理看民族的文化程度;第三，从借字看文化的接触;第四，从地名看民族迁徙的踪迹;第五，从姓氏和别号看民族来源和宗教信仰;第六，从亲属称谓看婚姻制度。
浏览全书，我个人对第二、第三章有一点初浅的体会。
第二章：从词语的语源和演变看过去文化的遗迹
作者开门见山提出观点：在各国语言里有许多语词现在通行的涵义和他们最初的语源迥不相同。接着通过大量举例详细分析说明。比如英语中“pen、wall、window、style、needle”等单词的词源及其所反映的文化遗迹;北美印第安语中反映文化遗迹的例子。
对于中国古代语言与文化的关系，作者主要从文字的角度，通过分析古代汉字的字形结构，探讨语言文字的意义与文化的关系。
作者首先列举出以“贝”为部首的字，考察其与钱币有关的原因，主要源于古代曾用贝壳当做交易的媒介物。作者引用《说文解字》“古者货贝而宝龟，周而有泉，至秦废贝行钱。”进行考证。尽管现在早已不用“贝”作为交换媒介，但在文字形体上还能看出古代货币制度的痕迹。
另外，作者参照许慎《说文解字》解释，说明“安”“家”等字与古代观念、古代习俗等的文化关系。“安”《说文》注：“静也，从女在宀下”，是个会意字。意为女孩子安静地呆在家里。从汉字结构，可见中国古代对女性的束缚。
对于“家”字，作者见解更是大胆独特：他认为许慎《说文解字》的解释未免牵强，而肯定段玉裁的注解。作者从古汉语中“家”的字形分析，从而推测原始民居建筑上面住人，下面养猪，这一推测是有一定道理的。
语言文字是表达和反映思想的符号，语言与文化互相影响，互相作用;语言是文化的一部分，并对文化起着重要作用。语言是文化的基石——没有语言，就没有文化;语言又受文化的影响，反映文化。可以说，语言反映一个民族的特征，它不仅包含着该民族的历史和文化背景，而且蕴藏着该民族对人生的看法、生活方式和思维方式。对汉字的形体结构进行分析，的确可以寻求其中蕴含的文化发生发展的种种迹象。
第三章：从造词心理看民族的文化程度
语言的生命存在于人类社会对它的使用过程中。语言因人类认识事物和互相交流的需要而产生，随着人类社会的发展而逐渐完善。语言作为一种社会现象，在漫长的历史画卷中留下了它发生、发展、变化或消亡的轨迹。
社会发展是语言发展的动因。社会发展越快，语言中词汇的新旧交替、词义的改变和语法改进的速度也就越快。作者从造词心理看民族的文化程度的见解有其合理性。文中列举了云南的少数民族把妻叫做“穿针婆”，称结婚为“买女人”等等，通过这些词语直接反映出少数民族经济落后、文明程度低的事实。
中国古代重视畜牧业，表示牲畜的词语大量出现。犙：三岁的牛;牭：四岁的牛;羜：五个月的羊。随着社会的发展，已不作如此细致的分类，这部分词语已逐渐消失。
罗先生“从造词心理看民族的文化程度”的观点我很认同。但我个人有些困惑，中国有许多方言区，是否所有的词语都能从这一角度出发进行探究。如陕西方言中把“蹲”叫“圪蹴”，把“观察”称为“相端”等，这从造词心理角度如何解释其文化程度呢?
语言是社会的产物。同一事物，所处的地理位置不同，受各种条件的制约，故其称谓也不尽相同。这涉及到方言与普通话之间的差异问题，不单单是民族文化程度的原因。
《语言与文化》一书最独到之处，是罗先生在最后一章《总结》中，对前面论述内容作了简明的概括。通过作者的总结，读者能够整理杂乱的思绪，加深对书中要点的认识。这样的布局可谓匠心独具。
王均先生在2004年再版的《语言与文化》序言中说道：罗常培先生没有家学渊源的门第优势。他之所以成为中国现代语言学的奠基人之一，语言学界的一代宗师，全凭“玩儿命的苦干”。罗先生始终关注国际学术动态，关注少数民族语言与文化的联系。正是先生这种严谨的治学态度和吃苦耐劳的品质，才成就了他语言大师的地位。
王均先生称赞罗常培先生为“一位开拓型的语言学大师”，这是丝毫不过分的。罗常培先生以其敏锐的观察力，细腻的思维方式，实事求是的治学精神，发现了许多我们司空见惯而又不以为意的事物和现象，运用语言学、社会学加以阐释，对中国语言学的发展有很大的作用和影响。
摘要：语言文字是一个民族文化的载体, 中华民族历史悠久, 中华文化的载体汉语和汉字, 是迄今世界上使用人数最多、最丰富的语言文字之一。语文出版社出版的罗常培先生著写的《语言与文化》一书, 涉及传统文字、音韵、训诂学知识, 又有对少数民族、西方民族语言的研究。它从语言学研究扩展到语言与民族文化关系的研究, 可谓新颖独特, 被认为是中国文化语言学的开山之作。罗常培先生的著作, 篇幅不长, 但资料丰富, 角度新颖, 见解独特。
关键词：语言与文化,体会,收获
参考文献
[1]罗常培著《语言与文化》北京出版社2004年1月
[2]陈明远编著《语言学和现代科学》四川人民出版社1983年11月
关键词：《蒲寿庚考》；桑原骘藏
该书作者桑原骘藏，是日本东洋史京都学派的代表人物，師从日本著名东洋史学家那珂通世。桑原骘藏于1909担任京都帝国大文科大学教授，讲授东洋史，一直留校直到退休。该书有以下几个特点：
首先是视野广阔，详略有序。东洋史由那珂通世于1895年提出，他认为“在西洋史之外，另立东洋史学科，讲授以中国历史为主的东亚诸国的历史。”
桑原骘藏对东洋史的看法是，“在地域上，以东亚中国为主，兼涉与东亚历史有关的南亚、中亚的意识沿革涵盖了满蒙、西藏等边疆地区以及印度、西域、朝鲜、蒙古、安南等周边异族民族和国家。在内容上，是以中国历史为主，还宽泛地包含了地理、经济、宗教、艺术、政治等诸多领域在内的大历史。”他的观点在《蒲寿庚考》一书中都有所体现。全书以中国东南沿海的港口为为中心，讲述各个贸易港的兴衰与管理、居民生活等情况，在相关注释中介绍与中国通商的东南亚各国的位置、风土人情等。这要结合具体章节说明，如第二章藩客侨居中国之状况，讲的是对藩商的管理、藩商在中国的生活情况以及他们的社会习俗，考证了昆仑国的位置，大食到中国的航程时间，介绍南洋贸易船只的构造、与航海有关器械的使用，外国人对国人的称呼，该章涉及的内容较多，较全面的体现了东洋史的研究范围。
其次是作者精于国学，引经据典。一直以来，日本研究中国的学派分为两大主流，一是东京学派，一是京都学派，按照学术谱系来看，桑原骘藏属于京都学派，该学派精通中国的传统典籍，有深厚的国学根基，在论证问题上经常旁征博引。在第三章蒲寿庚之先世中，涉及很多零散琐碎的描述，桑原骘藏引经据典，一一详解，如[注十六]大食之蔷薇水（第101页），他先截取《太平寰宇记》百七十六中有关蔷薇水的记载：“其（占城国）王释利因得漫遣其臣蒲诃散等，来供方物，中有撒衣蔷薇水一十五瓶。”随后点名《册府元龟》中的使臣萧诃散是蒲诃散的误写。不仅如此，他还再从南宋初蔡绦的《铁围山丛谈》检索出蔷薇水制法的记载。在此注释中既有官修文集，又有个人记述。对个人笔记的运用，更是随处可见，他引用《萍洲可谈》、《岭外代答》、《梦粱录》等笔记中的很多记载，此处不再类举。在有的注释中，他还以历史事实或古人的习惯来解释，如第四章的[注三]蒲寿宬（第124页），列举古人兄弟命名的规律所在，古人名字之间也存在联系；[注五]楚材晋用主义（第125页），运用史实说明“华人素不排斥外人。”随后附举了汉唐引用之实例。在书中对唐宋诗词的运用倒是不多，第一章[注二十八]Zaitun名称之解释（第32页），引用宋赵令衿“偶然游宦刺桐城”和王十朋“刺桐为城石为笋”，别处很少见到诗词的运用。
再次是考证严密，博采众说。同时，他又受到东京学派的影响，他强调“科学的历史”，十分注重文献的收集与考证，以确凿的史料来求证历史事实，如果没有充足的证据便不会下结论，正如他所说“没有调查的事我绝对不说。”如他在第四章[注二十一]蒲寿庚降元之年（第140页），便采用了各类史料予以考辩，先后采用了清绍远平的私人著作《元史类编》卷十八中的记载；“蒲寿庚……见宋军不可支，以全军来降。”他认为此说不可信；又采用正史《元史·世祖本纪》至元十四年（西一二七七）六月条和《元史·董文炳传》至元十四年四月文炳谒世祖时语的记载推出蒲寿庚之降元在至元十四年四月前；再又结合《宋史·瀛国公本纪》景炎元年（西一二七六）即至元十三年十二月条：“蒲寿庚、知泉州田真子以城降”的记载，又加上宋陈仲微《宋季三朝政要》附录：“景炎元年十三月[元军]至泉州，蒲寿庚降。”的描述，最后他得出结论蒲寿庚之降元“景炎元年十二月说最可信。”在这一节中，我们可以看出桑原骘藏严谨缜密的治学态度，他兼采诸说，再详细对比，最后才下结论。桑原骘藏在说明问题时还参照诸说，先列举各家之言，在表明自己的立场，最后详细考证，如第一章[注五]Khanfou之位置（第9页），先后介绍了Khanfou为杭州说、为广州说两种说法，接着他以“新旧《唐书》及当时各记录，”断定Khanfou为广州；[注二十八] Zaitun名称之解释（第32页）；第三章[注三十三]外人称中国为唐（第80页）解释Taugas时也是列举诸说，最后考证。
同时，桑原骘藏还十分注重利用西方的资料来研究中国，他不仅精通汉语，还可以熟练的运用英、法、德文。无论是上文列举的外文文献中几处地名的考证，还是南海各国位置、人名的考证，都在使用不同语种外文，如乃劳特《印度中国见闻录》、希尔德与柔克义《中古地理新资料之赵汝适》等。
以上内容就是读了《蒲寿庚考》一书后的感想，此书无论是在论证还是在考据方面，都堪称经典之作。
参考文献：
[1][日]桑原骘藏（著），陈裕菁（译）. 蒲寿庚考[M].北京：中华书局，2009.
