大学英语四级写作常用短语
1．经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy
2．人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长 the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard
3．先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology
4．面临新的机遇与挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges 5．人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that… 6．社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development
7．引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention 8．不可否认 It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that… 9．热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/ debate 10.有争议性的问题 a controversial issue 11．完全不同的观点 a totally different argument
12．一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others… 13.就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally, 14．就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on… 15．有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons 16．双方的论点 argument on both sides
17．发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in… 18．对…必不可少 be indispensable to … 19．正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes: 20．…也不例外 …be no exception
21．对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…
22．利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.23．导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in 24．复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon
25．责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement 26.竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation 27.开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision 28．学习知识与技能 acquire knowledge and skills 29．经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychological burden 30．考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration 31.从另一个角度 from another perspective 32．做出共同努力 make joint efforts 33.对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to… 34．为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society 35．打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for… 36．综合素质 comprehensive quality 37．无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach 38.加大了…的可能性 increase the chances of 39．致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to… 40.应当承认 Admittedly，41．不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty 42.满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of… 43．可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information 44．宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources
45．因特网 the Internet（一定要由冠词，字母I 大写）
46．方便快捷 convenient and efficient
47．在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life
48．环保（的）environmental protection / environmentally friendly 49．社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress
50．科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology 51．对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue 52．支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in favor of the former/ latteropinion 53．有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence 54．在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way 55.理论与实践相结合 integrate theory with practice
56.…必然趋势 an irresistible trend of…
57．日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition 58．眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest 59．长远利益.interest in the long run
60．…有其自身的优缺点 … has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages
61．扬长避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones
62．取其精髓，去其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs.63．对…有害 do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to 64．交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information 65．跟上…的最新发展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast with the latest development of …
66．采取有效措施来… take effective measures to do sth.67．…的健康发展 the healthy development of … 68．有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides.No garden without weeds.69．对…观点因人而异 Views on …vary from person to person.70．重视 attach great importance to… 71．社会地位 social status
72．把时间与精力放在…上 focus time and energy on… 73．扩大知识面 expand one’s scope of knowledge 74．身心两方面 both physically and mentally
75．有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to… 76.提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal
77.可以取代 “think”的词 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion/ belief that
78．缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relieve stress/ burden 79．优先考虑/发展… give(top)priority to sth.3 80．与…比较 compared with…/ in comparison with 81.相反 in contrast / on the contrary.82．代替 replace/ substitute / take the place of
83．经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water 84．提供就业机会 offer job opportunities 85.社会进步的反映 mirror of social progress 86．毫无疑问 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that… 87．增进相互了解 enhance/ promote mutual understanding 88．充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of
89．承受更大的工作压力 suffer from heavier work pressure
90．保障社会的稳定与繁荣 guarantee the stability and prosperity of our society 91．更多地强调 put more emphasis on…
92．适应社会发展 adapt oneself to the development of society 93．实现梦想 realize one’s dream/ make one’s dream come true 94.主要理由列举如下 The main reasons are listed as follows: 95.首先 First，Firstly，In the first place, To begin with 96．其次 Second, Secondly, In the second place
97.再次 Besides，In addition, Additionally, Moreover, Furthermore 98.最后 Finally, Last but not the least, Above all, Lastly, 99.总而言之 All in all, To sum up, In summary, In a word, 100．我们还有很长的路要走 We still have a long way to go 作文中常用连接词的选择
表示强调的连接词：still, Indeed, apparently, oddly enough, of course, after all, significantly, interestingly, also, above all, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, in any case, anyway, above all, in fact, especially.Obviously, clearly.表示比较的连接词：like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally.表示对比的连接词：by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, instead, but, conversely, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas, unlike, yet, in contrast.表示列举的连接词：for example, for instance, such as, take …for example.Except(for), to illustrate.表示时间的连接词：later, next, then, finally, at last, eventually, meanwhile, from now on, at the same time, for the time being, in the end, immediately, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, recently, soon, now and then, during, nowadays, since, lately, as soon as, afterwards, temporarily, earlier, now, after a while.表示顺序的连接词：first, second, third, then, finally, to begin with, first of all, in the first place, last, next, above all, last but not the least, first and most important.表示可能的连接词： presumably, probably, perhaps.用于解释的连接词： in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms.表示递进的连接词： What is more, in addition, and, besides, also, furthermore, too, moreover, furthermore, as well as, additionally, again.表示让步的连接词：although, after all, in spite of…, despite, even if, even though, though, admittedly, whatever may happen.表示转折的连接词： however, rather than, instead of, but, yet, on theother hand, unfortunately.whereas
短语动词又被称为动词小品词结构 (Verb Particle Constructions) , 它表达一个不可分割的完整动词概念, 或相当及物动词, 或相当不及物动词。其中小品词用介词或副词表示, 如:go on, get up, take off, come out, go in for, look down up on等。
据《柯林斯合作短语动词词典》 (CCDPV) 统计, 最常见的动态动词只有38个, 小品词共48个, 但它们搭配成了多于3000个短语动词并表达数成千上万的意思。词典中详细地列出了这些动态动词和小品词:动态动词共38个, 如cast, do, keep等, 小品词共48个, 如about, before, past。
短语动词中小品词数量虽不大, 但在文章和会话中出现的频率却非常高, 它们形式简单, 语义丰富, 灵活多变, 从而导致了短语动词词义的灵活多变。以“get through”为例:
to get through the hole.穿过洞口。
to get through a difficulty.克服困难。
to get through the exam.通过考试。
短语动词被大量地使用在英语中, 但是在汉语中却没有相似的语言形式。虽然有少数动词后搭配方位词的用法, 如“回来”“回去”等, 但是它们与英语短语动词却不同。汉语中该类词仅存在很少一部分, 并且动词后面接的词也仅仅局限于方位副词, 而且这些词的意思也很容易通过字面判断。但在英语中, 短语动词使用很广, 短语动词中动词后加的小品词语义丰富多变, 与动词搭配后词义更加丰富, 在汉语的同样表达中没有与其对应的词语。
二、非英语专业大学生短语动词中小品词的构建与习得
对于语块 (language chunks) 不同学者给出了不同的定义:
Nattinger&De Carrico (1992) 提出人的记忆中有许多语言单位的预制, 这些就是信息语块。它们由几个词组成的包含更多信息的单位, 这就是语块。
王立非、张大凤 (2006) 认为语块是同时拥有词汇与语法特征的一种语言结构, 它是由多个词组成的有特定活动功能的结构。
段士平 (2008) 认为语块是在人的记忆中大量存在的一种结构, 是介于语法与词汇之间的多词结构。
三、非英语专业大学生短语动词中小品词的构建与习得
对比分析假设研究认为, 语言之间的差异是导致错的原因, 因此在非英语专业大学生在英语短语动词的使用中小品词是最容易出错的部分。非英语专业大学生在使用短语动词时出现的这些小品词的使用错误主要是因为在汉语中没有类似短语动词的结构, 在汉语的同样表达中没有与英语小品词对应的词汇, 这使英语与汉语在这部分产生很大的差异, 这些差异造成了学生在习得短语动词时的困难与使用中的错误。这些差异即母语的负迁移。所以导致了非英语专业大学生短语动词中小品词使用错误主要是母语负迁移引起的。
Pawley&Syber认为第一语言学习者因为积累了大量的程式化语言也就是语块, 所以他们能够有效地学习本族语。语块是作为整体记忆而存在于脑海中的, 因为母语使用者掌握了大量的可以根据需要取用的词汇语块单位, 在实际应用时可随时提取, 并不需要按照语法规则来生成和分析, 这样就大量避免了错误。所以在非英语专业大学生短语动词学习方面, 熟记大量的短语动词语块同样可以保证他们产出现成、正确的短语动词。
熟语原则强调了语块的重要性, 掌握短语动词的语块后, 学生可以在使用时就不会出现小品词与前面东西搭配的错误, 并且这些语块可以随时提取, 既省时又可确保使用的正确性。
综上, 非英语专业大学生在存储和使用短语动词时不能将动词与小品词分开来, 而是要当做整体, 即一个个语块来存储和使用, 并不断地掌握这些程式化的语块, 这样就可以避免母语的负迁移, 在使用短语动词时不会省略或误用动词后的小品词, 这样, 短语动词中小品词就得到构建, 学生能有效地习得短语动词。
参考文献
[1]陈万会.词块的心理现实性及其特征[J].外语学刊, 2008 (6) .[1]陈万会.词块的心理现实性及其特征[J].外语学刊, 2008 (6) .
1、情感与欲望
be pleased with …; be delighted in doing…;
take a pleasure in doing; be worried about;
feel surprised at …
be sorry for …; be angry with sb for sth;
be angry about …(为某事生气);
look forward to doing…; wish to do; expect to do;
long for (long to do); be sick for one’s home;
have a strong desire to do …;
2、健康状况及治疗
be in good shape; be in good (poor )health;
feel weak (well, terrible, sick); have got a high (slight ) fever;
have a slight (bad) cold; take one’s temperature;
have got a pain in …; be good (bad) for one’s health(eyes);
It’s nothing serious. stay in bed until…; save one’s life
3、其它
It (take)sb. some time to do…; It is said that …;
be fit for; be short of; be well dressed;
miss the lecture (train); change…into…;
waste time doing; spend time doing; be busy doing;
have no choice but to do; I can’t help it. be in need of…;
be mistaken about …; fall behind…; catch up with;
on behalf of; instead of; be welcome to do…;
Running, biking and swimming are popular in summer.
Skiing and skating are my favorite winter sports.
4、信件开头常用语
You letter came to me this morning.
I have received your letter of July the 20th.
I’m writing to you about the lecture to be given next Monday.
I’m writing to ask if you can come next week.
How time flies! It’s three months since I saw you last.
Thank you for your letter.
In reply to your letter about (the exhibition this year)…;
Let me tell you that…
5、信件结尾常用语
Please remember me to your whole family.
Give my best regards (wishes) to your mother.
Best wishes.
With love.
Wish you a pleasant journey.
Wish you success. Wish you the best of health. (luck)
Looking forward to your next visit to China.
Looking forward to the pleasure of meeting you.
Expecting to hear from you as soon as possible.
6、问路和应答
Go down this street
Turn night/left at the first crossing
It’s about…meters from here
You can’t miss it
In front of behind at/a the corner(不用in)
Pass two blocks
：“游客纷至沓来”这句话，很多学生不能用英语写出“纷至沓来”这个成语，但是可以用以下几种表达方式：
⑴A large number of visitors come here
⑵There are lots of visitors coming here every day
⑶Many people visit here every day
⑷A lot of people pay a visit here every day
7.多使用过滤性词语使句子连贯：
表列举：for example、for instance、that js to say
标补充：besides、in addition、moreover
表对比：on the one hand、on the other hand、in spite of
表原因：because of、thanks to、due to、owning to
表结果：therefore、thus、as a result、so
表结论：to conclude、in a word、in brief、so sum up
2．人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard
3．先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology
4．面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges
5．人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…
6．社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development
7．引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention
8．不可否认 It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…
9．热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/ debate
10.有争议性的问题 a controversial issue
11．完全不同的观点 a totally different argument
12．一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…
13.就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,14．就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…
15．有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons
16．双方的论点 argument on both sides
17．发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…
18．对…必不可少 be indispensable to …
19．正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:
20．…也不例外 …be no exception
21．对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…
22．利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.23．导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in
24．复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon
25．责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement
26.竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation
27.开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision
28．学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills
29．经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychological burden
30．考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration
31.从另一个角度 from another perspective
32．做出共同努力 make joint efforts
33.对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…
34．为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society
35．打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…
36．综合素质 comprehensive quality
37．无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach
38.加大了…的可能性increase the chances of
39．致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…
40.应当承认 Admittedly,41．不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty
42.满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…
43．可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information
44．宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources
45．因特网 the Internet（一定要由冠词，字母I 大写）
46．方便快捷 convenient and efficient
47．在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life
48．环保（的）environmental protection / environmentally friendly
49．社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress
50．科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology
51．对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue
52．支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in favor of the former/ latter opinion
53．有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence
Let’s start by looking at language for general explanations of complex points. 【解释】
1. In order to
Usage: “In order to” can be used to introduce an explanation for the purpose of an argument.
Example: “In order to understand X, we need first to understand Y.”
2. In other words
Usage: Use “in other words” when you want to express something in a different way (more simply), to make it easier to understand, or to emphasise or expand on a point.
Example: “Frogs are amphibians. In other words, they live on the land and in the water.”
3. To put it another way
Usage:This phrase is another way of saying “in other words”, and can be used in particularly complex points, when you feel that an alternative way of wording a problem may help the reader achieve a better understanding of its significance.
Example: “Plants rely on photosynthesis. To put it another way, they will die without the sun.”
4. That is to say
Usage:“That is” and “that is to say” can be used to add further detail to your explanation, or to be more precise.
Example:“Whales are mammals. That is to say, they must breathe air.”
5. To that end
Usage: Use “to that end” or “to this end” in a similar way to “in order to” or “so”.
Example: “Zoologists have long sought to understand how animals communicate with each other. To that end, a new study has been launched that looks at elephant sounds and their possible meanings.”
Adding additional information to support a point 并列
Students often make the mistake of using synonyms of “and” each time they want to add further information in support of a point they’re making, or to build an argument. Here are some cleverer ways of doing this. 【衔接两个点的时候，不要总是用and】
6. Moreover
Usage: Employ “moreover” at the start of a sentence to add extra information in supportof a point you’re making.
Example: “Moreover, the results of a recent piece of research provide compelling evidence in support of…”
7. Furthermore
Usage: This is also generally used at the start of a sentence, to add extra information.
Example:“Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that…”
8. What’s more
Usage:This is used in the same way as “moreover” and “furthermore”.
Example: “What’s more, this isn’t the only evidence that supports this hypothesis.”
9. Likewise
Usage:Use “likewise” when you want to talk about something that agrees with what you’ve just mentioned.
Example:“Scholar A believes X. Likewise, Scholar B argues compellingly in favour of this point of view.”
10. Similarly
Usage: Use “similarly” in the same way as “likewise”.
雅思写作：动物保护题目常用的句子短语
动物权利活动者继续威胁恐吓对有争议的动物研究实验室所属的公司.Animal rights activists are continuing a campaign of threats and intimidation against scores of companies linked to the controversial animal research laboratory.核心的极端主义分子
key extremist
被认定有罪
be convicted for...该公司合法进行医药试验
The firm is licensed to carry out testing for pharmaceutical.进行重要生物医药研究而不受到威胁或者骚扰
to conduct vital biomedical research research without being harassed and threatened."
用活动物做临床试验
using live animals in clinical training program
鼓励使用模拟技术取代活动物
to endorse the use of simulation technologies to replace live animale use in sergery training program
1、we should give the same emphasis to A that we give B.我们应像重视B一样重视A2、on the exterior……but on the interior…… 表面上。但实际上。。
3、first and foremostbesideslast but not least首先、此外、最后但并不是最不重要的4、on account of由于、因为
5、provided that….=on condition that = if如果
6、fall upon dark days处于艰难困苦中
7、my thanks go to….我要感谢。
8、well-rounded development全面发展
9、yeiled to sb向某人让步
10、every coin has two sides = no garden has no weeds任何事情都有两面性
11、The sky is so high that every bird can fly freely.天高任鸟飞
12、Restrain from doing sth忍住不做某事
13、(to)rise to fame 成名
14、Growing/increasing individuals = more and more people 越来越多的人。。
15、It is no exaggeration to say…说某事是毫不夸张的16、For my part = from my own perspective = in my opinion在我看来
17、Indispensable = essential = necessary 必要的、必不可少的18、In terms of….就。。而言
19、Spring from….来源于。
20、All in all = in a word总之
21、Coincident with….= with……与。。一致
9. at the party 在聚会上
10. potato chips 炸土豆片，炸薯条
11. in the end 最后
12. make mistakes 犯错误
13. go to the party 去参加聚会
14. have a great/good 玩得开心
15. give sb. some advice 给某人提一些建议
16. go to college 上大学
17. make(a lot of)money 赚(许多)钱
18. travel around the world 环游世界
19. get an education 得到教育
20. work hard 努力工作
21. a soccer player 一名足球运动员
22. keepto oneself 保守秘密
23. talk with sb. 与某人交谈
24. in life 在生活中
25. be angry at/about sth. 因某事生气
26. be angry with sb. 生某人的`气
27. in the future 在将来
28. run away 逃避;逃跑
29. the first step 第一步
30. in half 分成两半
31. solve a problem 解决问题
32. school clean-up 学校大扫除
33. ask sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事
34. give sb. sth. 给某人某物
35. tell sb. to do sth. 告诉某人做某事
36. tooto do sth. 太而不能做某事
37. be afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事
38. advise sb. to do sth. 劝告某人做某事
39. It’s best (not) to do sth. 最好(不)做某事
40. need to do sth. 需要做某事
初二英语常用短语2
1. come true (梦想、希望)实现;达到
2. Can I ask you some? 我能问你一些吗?
3. How do you like? 你认为怎么样?
4. Thanks for doing sth. 因做某事而感谢。
5. What do you think of? 你认为怎么样?
6. much+ adj./adv.的比较级 得多
7. watch sb. do sth. 观看某人做某事
8. play a role in doing sth 在做某事方面扮演重要的角色
9. one of+可数名词的复数 之一
10. talk show 谈话节目
11. game show 游戏节目
12. soap opera 肥皂剧
13. go on 发生
14. watch a movie 看电影
15. a pair of 一双;一对
16. try one’s best 尽某人最大努力
17. as famous as 与一样有名
18. have a discussion about 就讨论
19. one day 有一天
20. such as 例如
21. dress up 打扮;梳理
22. take sb.’s place 代替;替换
23. do a good job 干得好
24. something enjoyable 令人愉快的东西
25. interesting information 有趣的资料
26. one of 之一
27. look like 看起来像
28. around the world 全世界
29. a symbol of 的象征
30. let sb. do sth. 让某人做某事
31. plan to do sth. 计划/打算做某事
32. hope to do sth. 希望做某事
33. happen to do sth. 碰巧做某事
34. expect to do sth. 盼望做某事
35. How about doing? 做怎么样?
36. be ready to do sth. 乐于做某事
37. try one’s best to do sth. 尽力做某事动词不定式做宾语
38. think of 认为
39. learn from 从获得;向学习
一．常用与开头的短语、句式
1）with the（rapidly）growing popularity of（computers/private cars）in China，the quality
of our lives has been considerably changed
随着(电脑/私家车)的迅速普及/流行，我们的生活质量发生了相当大的变化。
2)With the（rapid）growth of（economy/population），many problems such as（water shortages / waste of energy / lack of professional management）are beginning to surface.随着(经济/人口)的（快速）增长，很多问题比如（水的不足/能源的浪费/专业化管理的缺乏）正开始出现（浮出水面）。
3）With the development of（science and technology/market economy），more and more/an increasing number of people come to realize that …
随着(科技/市场经济)的发展，越来越多的人们开始意识到…
4)Currently there is a widespread/serious concern over(illegal publication/drug abuse/negative
influence of western cultures).目前，（非法出版/药物滥用/西方文化的消极影响）正受到广泛地/严重的关注。
5）Nowadays ,a heated discussion about…is under way in China.some people believe
that …,whereas others argue that…
目前，中国正进行着关于…的热烈讨论。有些人认为…然而另外的人认为…
二．引述段落提出问题时常用的句式、词语：
@There are many reasons why…
@The reasons why …are as follows
三．展开段落论证时常用的句式、词语：
（1）表层次：
①、第一层次（首先）First，Firstly，In the first place，First of all，To begin with，For one thing
②、第二层次（其次）Second，Secondly，In the second place，Next，Then，For another，③、第三层次（第三点）Third，Thirdly，Besides，In addition，Furthermore，What
is more , On top of(此外，还有), Moreover，④、最后一点（最后）at last，lastly，finally，in the last place，last of all
（2）表示举例：for example, for instance, like, such as, take … for example ,In point of(说
到…,关于)
（3）表示解释：as a matter of fact, honestly /frankly speaking, in this case(假若这样的话)
（4）表示强调：above all, certainly, indeed, especially, particularly, actually, needless to say,（5）表示原因： because, because of, as ,since, for,Owing to , due to, on account of, on the
ground of/ on grounds of , as a result of, now that, seeing that…,considering/given that…
（6）表示条件：if,in case(of),in that case,in the event(of)(一旦，如果)，providing/providedthat,(假使)，on/uponcondition that(假如，在…条件
下)，on the understanding that(在…条件下)
四．总结性段落常用句式、词语：
@简言之 in a word，in summary，to sum up ,in short，in brief
@总之，in conclusion，on the whole，altogether，in general, generally speaking
@因此，so，thus，hence，therefore。consequently
@结果，in consequence（of）
as a result
@由此可见。。it will be seen from it that
@如上所述，我们可以得出结论:
As has been said above，we can conclude that/draw a conclusion/reach a conclusion / come to a conclusion that…
五．基本句型
@It is hoped that we should place much emphasis on / pay more attention to …
希望我们能重视…
@To conclude，we can see that the best way/the possible solution is...最后，我们可以看到最好的方法/有可能的解决方法是…
@In short，… are the major problems to be solved to …
总之，…是我们为…所要解决的主要问题。
@In order to make our world a better place to live,we should make great efforts to…
为了使我们的世界成为更好的居住地，我们应该努力…
@In a word，there are three suggestions we must follow: …Only in this way can we
（achievegreat success）。
总之，我们必须遵循以下三条建议….只有这么做，我们才能（成功）。
@It is time for us to take an active part in…
是我们该积极参与…的时候了。
@Let us work hand in handto（solve these social problems）
让我们共同努力来解决这些社会问题。
@I appeal to everyone to…
我号召每个人都…
@Taking into account all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that…
考虑到所有这些因素，我们可以得出…的结论。
六．连接短语
@ 然而while，whereas，but，however，nevertheless
@ 尽管如此in spite of that，despite this，regardless of…
@ 但在另一方面but on the other hand
@ 与…相比in comparison with。。(as)compared to / with。。
@ 对比之下in contrast(to)
@ 相反 on the contrary，instead
@ 他们的区别如下 The differences are as follows:
The differences can be described as follows :
@ A与B之间的不同在于….The difference between A and B is / lies in / exists in / consists
jump at (=to be eager to accept)抢着接受,
jump on (=scold, tell of) 叱责
junior to sb 年纪较…轻, 职位较…低
(be) keen on 喜爱, 渴望
keep a close watch on ( =keep a sharp lookout for) 密切注视
keep…to oneself(=keep secret)不告诉别人
to(the best of) one’s knowledge 据…所知
at large(=at liberty, free) 在逃, 逍遥法外 at large(=in general) 一般来说, 大体上 ;at large(=at full length; with details)详细地
lean against (背)靠着…
at least 至少; at most 至多
(not) in the least 一点(也不), 丝毫(也不)
at one’s leisure 在…有空的时候
lend itself/themselves to适合于(某用途)
at length (=after a long time, at last)终于;at length (=in detail, thoroughly)详细地
go to any length想一切办法, 尽一切力量
be liable to (=be subject to)易于的,应受(罚)
be liable for 对…应负责任的
lie in 在于
in life 一生中
for life 终身
in the light of (=considering; taking into account) 考虑到, 根据
throw light on ( = make clear, explain) 使…更为清楚, 提供线索, 阐明
in line with(=in agreement with)符合,一致
long for(=want very much)渴望,希望得到
for long 很久,很长时间(否定句疑问句中)
before long (=soon)不久, 过了不久以后
in the long run (=in the end)从长远来说,最后; in the short term (从短期来说)
(be) at a loss 不知所措
.major in 主修(某课程)
economize on (=save sth instead of being wasteful) 节省
have an effect on 对…有影响
be in effect (=be in operation) 有效
go into effect 生效 (近: come into effect; take effect; be brought into effect)
in effect (=in fact, really) 实际上
give effect to (=carry out) 实行,使…生效
to no effect 不起作用,没有取得任何效果
(be) of no effect (=useless) 无效
to the effect that 大意是…,主要内容是…
to that effect 是那个意思的…
emerge from ( =appear, become known ) 出现, 暴露(问题 意见等)
place(or put, lay) an emphasis on 强调, 把重点放在…上
encourage sb in 鼓励; encourage sb in his/her work 鼓励某人工作; encourage sb in his/her idleness 怂恿某人游手好闲
come into existence (=begin to exist)开始存在; come into use开始使用; come into effect开始运转; come into fashion开始时新; come into action开始行动; come into power开始执政; come into sight进入视野;come into blossom开花;
(be) in existence存在 come into existence 出现
expect…of 在…期望…
at the expense of在损害…情况下,以…为牺牲
expose…to…使暴露于…, 使…受(危险,风险)
be exposed to… 面临…, 受到…
beyond expression (=in a manner that cannot be expressed) 无法形容, 说不出的
give expression to 表达, 表现 find expression in 表现
to …extent 在…程度上
in the extreme (= extremely) 极其
look sb in the eye 正视, 打量(某人)
close (shut) one’s eyes to不理会,视而不见
in one’s mind’s eye 在心目中, 在想象中
in the twinkling of an eye 一眨眼,转眼间
keep an eye on(=keep a watch on)照看,监视
in the eyes of in one’s eyes ( = in the judgment of ) 在某人看来, 在某人眼里
on the face of it (=judging by what one can see) 表面看来
in the face of 面对着(困难等情况)
in one’s face当着某人的面; face to faced面对面; face up to 大胆面向
fail in (=be unsuccessful in) 失败
in good faith(=honestly, sincerely) 真诚地
keep faith with 对…守信用
lose faith in 对…失去信心
on faith 毫无怀疑地, 依赖地
faithful to (=loyal to) 对…忠诚
fall into the habit (of) 养成…习惯
fall short of (=fail to reach a desired result, standard, etc) 没达到, 低于
familiar with 熟悉,了解
have a fancy for ( =like sth without the help of reason) (没有道理地)喜欢, 想要
take a fancy to (=become fond of) 喜欢
by far 远, 非常 (与比较级或最高级连用)
far from 远远不是
far from 非但不…(而且)
in fashion(=stylish, most modern)时兴,流行
after the fashion (of) 依照…
find fault with(=complain about; criticize)找毛病，对…吹毛求疵
at fault (=in the wrong, blamable)有错
in favour of 赞成
be in favour with 受宠, 受偏爱; out of favour with 失宠, 不受宠
in one’s favour(=to one’s advantage)对有利
(be) favourable to(=advantageous)有利的
fear for (=be afraid for the safety of sb or sth) 为…担心
for fear of (=in case of; because of anxiety about) 以防, 由于怕
in fear of (=afraid for the safety of) 担心
feed (sb) on sth 靠吃…, 用…喂养
be fed up with(=be unhappy, tired about sth dull) 厌烦, 腻了
feel like (=have a desire for) 想要
fill in 填写
fill out ( =fill in )填写
set the world on fire=set the flames on fire(=do sth remarkable)有突出成就
play with fire (=take great risks)干冒险事
set sth on fire(=set fire to sth)使着火,放火
at first sight(=when first seen)乍一看,一见
for the first time 第一次 (作状语)
in the first place 首先, 第一
fit into 刚好放入
fit in with ( = suit , fall into agreement) 合适, 相配, 一致
(be) fit for (=right and suitable for) 适合
focus on (=concentrate on) 集中在…上;focus sth on 把…集中在…上
be fond of 喜欢
(be) in force 有效 , 实施
go into force 开始生效
by force 靠武力, 强行
force…on 把…强加给…
in the form of 以…形式
be fortunate in 幸运,有好运气
free of charge 免费
be freed from 免受, 没有…
encourage sb in …with sth 用…鼓励某人做某事
on end (=continuously) 连续地
(be) at an end (=finished) 结束了
no end of (=very many/much) 很多,大量
in the end (=finally, eventually) 最终
at one’s wit’s end (=not knowing what to do or to say) 无法可想, 智穷计尽
end up with 以…而结束
come to and end (=finish) 结束
end in 以…为结束
engage in 或 be engaged in 忙于,从事
enter for (=put the name on a list for) 报名参加
enter into (=begin) 开始(谈话, 谈判等)
enter on / upon (=begin) 开始 (一个时代 一种生涯 一段任期等)
be entitled to (=be given the right to do sth)有权…,有资格…
be equal to 等于
be/ feel equal to (=have enough strength, ability etc) (某人)能胜任,能应付 on equal terms(=on and equal footing)平等地
be equipped with 装备有,装有
(be) equivalent to(=equal in value, amount, meaning) 相等于, 相当于
in essence (=in its/one’s nature) 本质上
at all events (=in spite of everything, in any case) 不论怎样, 无论如何
in any event (=whatever happens in the future) 无论如何, 不管(将来)怎么样
in the event that(=if) 假如, 如果 in the event 结果, 实际情况是(常与but连用)
in the event of(=in case of)万一,即使发生时
except 除…以外; besides 除…以外还有
except (=but) 除了。
except for (=apart from) 除…以外
(an) exception to …的例外
with the exception of (=except, apart from) 除去…, 除…以外
in excess of (=more than) 超过
exchange…for 以…交换
exclusive of (=not taking into account; without) 不包括
in excuse of 作为…的借口
exert…on… 对…施加…
exert oneself to do sth 努力,使劲
in front of 在…前面 in the front of 在…前部
furnish…with (=supply) 向…提供
in general (=in most cases, usually)通常
catch (or get) a glimpse of 瞥见(强调结果) take a glance(or look) at看一眼(强调动作)
be good for 对…有好处;对…有作用;be good at 擅长于; be good to 对…好
in good time(=early)早早地(做完到达等)
for good (=for ever) 永远地, 长期地
take…for granted (=assume to be true) 把…认为理所当然的
be grateful to sb for sth 因…感谢某人
on the ground(s) fo (=because of) 由于…
fall to the ground (计划希望等)失败,落空
on one’s guard(against) 谨防, 警惕;(be) on guard 站岗
guard against (=defend, keep safe)警惕,防止 guard…against 警卫…防止
guess at 猜, 估计
by guess 靠猜
be guilty of 犯有…罪或过失
be in the habit of习惯于
break off (a habit) 改掉(某种习惯)
break sb of (a habit)使某人改掉(某习惯)
get (fall) into the habit of养成了…的习惯
come to a halt (=stop) 停止; 停住
at hand 在手边, 眼前(附近)
by hand 用手工(做)
hand in glove(with) 狼狈为*, 密切合作
in hand )在手边 )(=under control)控制住
in the hands of 由…掌握, 控制, 负责
live from hand to mouth勉强度日,现挣现吃
at the head of 在…的前头
head for (=move towards) 向…方向前进
hear of (=know about) 听人说起, 听说过
at heart (=in reality) 内心里, 实际上
in one’s heart (of hearts)内心深处,事实上
by heart (=by memory) 熟记, 背(诵)
to one’s heart’s content 尽情地
with all one’s heart全心全意地,真心实意
hinder…form(=stop…from)阻碍,使不能做
be (go) on holiday 在(去)度假;go on holiday = go for a holiday
be (feel) at home (=to be comfortable; not feel worried) 感觉合适，无拘束，熟悉
be honest in诚实
in one’s honour (or in honour of)祝贺,纪念
on one’s honour 以某人的名誉担保
hope for 希望(某事发生),希望有
to one’s horror 令某人感到恐惧的是
in a hurry (=hastily) 匆忙地
be identical with(=exactly alike)和完全相同
be identified with 被视为与…等同
in ignorance of 不知道…
be ignorant of ( = lacking knowledge) 对…不了解,不知道
(an) impact (on) 对…的强烈影响
impose…on 把…强加给
impress…on 给…留下印象
make (leave) an impression on sb =give sb an impression 给…留下印象
under the impression that有的印象,认为
improve sth(make sth better)把原物改进;improve on(=produce or be sth better than…) 另做一物比原物更好
improve in (=get better) 有改进, 好些
improvement in 表示原物有改进,好转
include…in 把…列在…里面
inclusive of 把…包括在内
independent of 独立的,不受约束的
indicative of 表明, 说明
be indifferent to (=not interested in)对…漠不关心, 冷淡, 不在乎
(be) inferior to(=less good in quality or value) 比…差; superior to比…好
inform sb of sth 通知, 告诉
be innocent of 无罪的,无辜的
insist on (=order sth to happen) 坚持要
instead of (=in place of) 代替，而不是…
instruct…in (=teach) 教指导训练某人…
insure…for 把…保险(多少钱); ensure 使安全; assure…(of) 使…确信,保证
insure…against 保险…以防
intend…for 打算把…给
(be) intent on 专心致志, 坚决
in the interests of 符合…的利益;be interested in 对…感兴趣
interfere in干涉, interfere with打搅,干扰
at intervals 每隔一会儿, 每隔一段距离
intervene in 干预
invest in 投资
be involved in (=become connected or concerned) 卷入, 参加
by itself (=alone, without help)单独地,靠自己
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