图解高中英语语法

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图解高中英语语法(精选7篇)

图解高中英语语法 篇1

http://m.meten.com/test/quwen.aspx?tid=16-73675-0 英语语法例句

语言要遵循一定的规则,这种规则即被我们称之为“语法”。许多学生在英语学习中一听“语法”头就大,产生恐惧、厌学的心理。教师要遵循“精讲多练,讲练结合,以练为主”的教学方法,同时还要注意提高学习效率,减轻学生的作业负担,实现语言为交流工具的目的。笔者在多年的教学实践中总结:语法教学要重视例句的选择。

一、代表性

例句的选择在结构上要有代表性,起到掌握这个句型就能够举一反三的作用。历年的高考试题、学生比较熟悉的经典习题等,我们不妨拿来一试。

如,讲动词不定式的主动式和被动式:

She went to the ball not only to see,but also to be seen.(她去参加舞会不仅为了见见世面。也为了出出风头。)

如with复合结构,即with+宾语+宾语补足语:

With two exams to worry about,I have to work really hard this weekend.(2004,北京)

关于情态动词must have done 表对过去情况肯定的猜测:

I have lost one of my gloves.I must have dropped it somewhere.(2005,北京)

二、简洁性

有些教师认为,例句越难越好,难的会了容易的就更会了;还有教师因为学生上课不好好听课,主张选难懂的句子来镇镇他们。其实不然。正如人的认知规律“由易到难”,对于语法学习有困难的学生而言,复杂的例句只会让他们更头痛,对语法更畏惧,对英语学习更没兴趣。选择结构简洁的例句,语言上通俗易懂,读来朗朗上口,学生容易记,也记得牢。

如讲动词不定式的语法功能时: 1.He is always the first to come and the last to leave.(to do 不定式作定语,修饰序数词)2.To see is to believe.(to do 不定式坐主语和表语)对比学习Seeing is believing.(动名词作主语和表语)3.It is easier to say something than to do something.(to do 不定式作句子的真正主语,It为形式主语)对比学习It is easier said than done.三、趣味性

兴趣是产生学习激情的巨大动力。选择内容生动有趣的例句,如谚语、成语、俚语等,这样学生有了兴趣,就愿意多念,念熟了就能由次及彼。如: 倒装结构“so+助动词+主语+谓语+------”: As a man lives,so shall he dies.(有生就有死)As a man sows, so shall he reap.(种瓜得瓜。种豆得豆)

下边还有一个比较级的句子:

The old man was not any more fond of being read to than the old woman.此句的翻译为“那个老头和老太太一样,都喜欢别人读书给他们听”。有学生将它译为“那个老头不喜欢别人给他念书,就喜欢哪个老太太”,这就要闹笑话了。

四、积极性

选择一些内容积极向上的语法例句,如名言警句等。这不仅能让学生掌握相应的语法知识,同时也起到教育的情感目的,起到教育人的作用。

One half of knowing what you want is knowing what you must give up before you get it.知道想要什么,一半在于知道得到它之前必须放弃什么。(表语从句)

Victory will not come to me unless I go to it.胜利是不会向我走来的,我必须自己走向胜利。(条件状语从句)

All that litters is not gold.闪光的并非都是金子。(定语从句)

五、综合性

在实际的语法教学中,很少有独立的语法项目,很多时候许多的语法知识汇集在一个句中。选择综合性较强的例句来讲解,让学生背诵,能起到事半功倍的效果。如:

It was playing computer games that cost the boy much time he ought to have spent in doing his lessons.这个例句综合了:

强调句型:It was---that---

定语从句:---time(that)he ought to have---lessons

情态动词:ought to have spent---

动名词作主语:---playing computer games cost the boy much more time---

总之,适当的例句选择不仅能够让学生理解语法,掌握重点,还能在茫茫题海中减轻学生大量背诵和大量习题的课业负担,有效提高教学质量。教师要注意多研究,多积累,找出更多的语法教学方法。

关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里

图解高中英语语法 篇2

1.“生成语法”Generative grammar, (N. Chomsky) 。

生成语法学不是一般人所理解的语法学。其研究对象是内在性语言, 而不是外表化语言, 是指人脑对语法结构的认识以心理形式体现。生成语法学研究范围限于人的语言知识或语言能力, 而不是语言的使用。生成语法学以描写和解释语言能力为目标, 提出语法假设和理论来揭示其规律, 说明其原因。乔姆斯基说, 与其把生成语法看作一种理论, 不如看作一门“学科”, 其性质和研究方法与以往的语言学有本质的区别, 它是建立在三个基本的假设之上:

(1) 语言是一个自足的认知系统, 语言能力独立于人的其他认知能力。

(2) 句法是一个自足的形式系统, 独立于语言结构的词汇和语义部分。

(3) 描写语义的手段是以真值条件为基础的某种形式逻辑。

2.“认知语法”Cognitive Grammar, (Langacker, R.W) 。

跟“生成语法”注重形式、从形式出发相反, “认知语法”注重意义、从意义出发。Langacker据此提出三个与“生成语法”针锋相对的假设:

(1) 语言不是一个自足的认知系统;对语言的描写必须参照人的一般认知规律。

(2) 句法不是一个自足的形式系统;句法 (和词法) 在本质上跟词汇一样是一个约定俗成的象征系统;句法分析不能脱离语义。

(3) 基于真值条件的形式逻辑用来描写语义是不够用的, 因为语义描写必须参照开放的、无限度的知识系统。

二、用“生成语法”指导基本语法规则教学

众所周知, 英语最基本的语法规则几乎都是固定的。对于基本的语法规则, 学习者几乎不可能从意义出发去掌握这些规则。“A generative grammar views linguistics combinatorially, through use of formal grammars. A generative grammar is defined as one that is fully explicit, in the sense that it consists of a set of rules by which it is possible to decide whether any given sentence is grammatical or not.” (N. Chomsky) 。乔姆斯基在此强调了“rules” (语法规则) 对“explicit” (达意) 的影响。因此, 要想真正学好英语语法, 就要在学习中自觉运用“生成语法”的基本原理:“语言是一个自足的认知系统, 语言能力独立于人的其他认知能力” (N. Chomsky) , 排除来自于母语思维的影响, 牢记语法基本原则, 构建基本的语法框架。具体说来应该掌握以下几个方面知识:

(1) 词类:名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、代词、冠词、介词、助词、连词。

(2) 时态:现在、过去、将来时态, 然后在此基础上拓展相应时态。

(3) 语态:主动语态与被动语态;主动语态用来表示被动语态。

(4) 语气:真实条件与虚拟语气。

(5) 句式:简单句五种基本句式, 八种感叹句的特殊表达。

(6) 从句:名词性从句 (主、宾、表、同位语) , 定语从句, 状语从句体系。

三、用“认知语法”指导对语法难点的理解

在掌握了基本的语法规则之后, 学习者常常会发现对于一些复杂的语法现象难以理解。这时就需要运用“认知”这个概念。“认知语法”认为人类语言由语义单位 (semantic units) 、语音单位 (phonological units) 以及符号单位 (symbolic units) 组成。该理论也是目前为国内大多数人接受的理论模式。“Target structure is the result of conceptualization. It is essentially the coding of language unit and the context.. grammar plays the role of supplying potential conventionalization.” (Langacker) .要使语义单位达到“conceptualization” (概念化) 的结果, 必须先要经过大量“conceptualized”的训练, 也就是说在符合基本语法规则的前提下, 才可能实现这一目标。如下面两句话:

(1) We can’t help her break the code. It’s too elaborate.

(2) We can’t help her breaking the code. It’s too simple.

在这两个句子中, 学习者用“生成语法”的原理, 记住了“can’t help sb do sth”, “没法帮助某人做某事”, 但是如果仍这样去理解 (2) , 那就大相径庭了。这时候就需要把语义单位 (semantic units) 和文脉关系 (contextual details) 结合在一起。由于后面的单词“Simple”提供了另外一个语义, 从而理解“can’t help sb doing sth”中“help”实为“prevent”之意。

又如:

(3) Some authors write because they have a story to tell.

(4) Some authors write because they have to tell a story.

初看两句话, 似乎无多大区别。但是这种语序的调整, 带来了意思上本质的不同。“If the target structure is acknowledged by grammar, it can be converted to a perceptible expression, with schematization and conceptualization with or across structures .The expression can be processed either directly or with cognitive interventions like schematization and conceptualization.” (Langacker) 所以, 根据“cognitive interventions” (认知干预) 可知 (3) 为:“有些作家写文章是因为感到有东西可写。”而 (4) 的意思则为“有些作家写文章是因为非写不可。”

四、结语

Ross (1972) 在其论文“The category squish” (《范畴的果酱性》) 中指出了语法中存在的一些概念模糊和范畴模糊的现象:“语法规则不是要么适用要么不适用, 而是在一定程度上适用;语法成分不是要么属于某一语法范畴或要么不属于某一语法范畴, 而是在一定程度上属于。”Quirk (1985) 亦认为语法在某种程度上是一个不明确的体系, 在许多不同范畴或结构之间, 往往缺乏明确的界限, 而且这种模糊性分布很广。学习者在学习语法的过程中一定不要生搬硬套某一种理论。就目前现存的这两种主流的语法理论, 笔者认为也应“模糊”两种理论的界限, 综合运用两种理论中最适用的部分来指导自己学习英语语法。

摘要:本文在对比认知语法与生成语法的基础上, 根据两种理论的基本原理, 用简单通俗的语言阐明其在英语语法教学中的实际应用, 并力图模糊语言理论边界, 根据有利于掌握英语语法的原则, 把两种看似对立的理论统一地运用于英语语法教学之中。

关键词:生成语法,认知语法,英语语法教学

参考文献

[1]RONALDW.LANGACKDER.认知语法基础 (II) ——描写与运用[M].北京大学出版社, 2004, 9.

[2]徐广联.大学英语语法讲座与测试[M].华东理工大学出版社, 1998, 11.

[3]卢植.认知与语言——认知语言学引论[M].上海外语教育出版社, 2006.

[4]王寅.认知语法概论[M].上海外语教育出版社, 2006.

图解语法之名词性从句 篇3

一、名词性从句的分类

名词性从句根据在句子所在成分的不同,可细分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句(见图1)。

二、 名词性从句中连词的判断

名词性从句中的连词包括:连接词that, if/whether, as if, 连接代词who(ever), whom(ever), which(ever), what(ever), 连接副词when, where, why, how等。下面,将结合图2,谈谈如何使用名词性从句中的不同连词。

1. When the news came the war broke out, he decided to serve in the army. (2011辽宁卷)

A. sinceB. whichC. thatD. because

[解析]步骤1:看从句 the war broke out, 不缺成分,连词考虑that, whether/if。

步骤2:看从句,无疑问意义,用that。选C。

2. It is still under discussion the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not. (2011重庆卷)

A. whetherB. whenC. whichD. where

[解析]步骤1:看从句 the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not, 不缺成分,连词考虑that, whether/if。

步骤2:看从句,有疑问意义,且是主语从句,用whether。选A。

3. Before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious the problem itself is. (2011湖南卷)

A. whatB. thatC. whichD. why

[解析]步骤1:看从句 the problem itself is, 缺成分(表语),排除that, whether/if。

步骤2:从句中缺少表语,且指物,表问题的内容,故用what。选A。

4. It was never clear the man hadn't reported the accident sooner. (2011江苏卷)

A. thatB. howC. whenD. why

[解析]步骤1:看从句 the man hadn’t reported the accident sooner, 缺成分,排除that, whether/if。

步骤2:从句中缺少状语,表原因,故用why。选D。

三、 名词性从句中应该注意的其他问题

1. that的用法。

(1) 主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中用that但不能省略。

例如:That they are good at English is known to us all. 大家都知道他们英语很好。(主语从句)

The problem is that we don’t have enough money. 问题是我们没有足够的钱。(表语从句)

She expressed the hope that they would come to China one day. 她表达了他们希望有朝一日能来中国的愿望。

(2) 宾语从句中的连接词that有时可省有时又不可省,在以下几种情况中that不能省略:当that从句和主句谓语动词之间有插入词语或者从句主语之间有插入语时,that不可省略;当that从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时,that不能省;当that作介词宾语时,that不可省略;在动词+it+宾语补足语+宾语从句结构中,that不省略。

例如:Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried. 每个人都知道发生了什么事情,知道她很担心。

I heard it said that he had gone abroad. 我听人说他已经出国了。

(3) that从句作主语和宾语 时,可以用it 来替换成以下几种结构表达。

(A) It is clear / certain / likely / true / surprising that...

(B) It is a pity / shame / good idea / no wonder that...

(C) It is said / reported / believed / known / thought / suggested that...

(D) It seems / happens that.

例如:It happened that I went out last night. (那件事)是我昨晚外出时发生的。

(4) that和what的区别。

that引导名词性从句时,在主从句中不充当任何句子成分,也没有任何含义;而what引导名词性从句时,在主从句中都要充当一定的句子成分,what可以分解成定语从句中的先行词 + 关系代词(即常说的先行词) + that。

例如:It’s a shame that he has made such a mistake. 他居然犯了那样的错误,真是可惜。

(5) 同位语从句与定语从句中that的区别。

同位语从句中的连词that只起连接作用,在从句中不担当任何句子成分;而定语从句中的关系代词that在句中做宾语或主语,宾语与先行词有修饰关系。如果句子是同位语从句,就应用连词that而不能用which。同位语从句一般放在表具体含义的名词后解释名词的含义或内容,如以下名词:news, fact, suggestion, truth, plan, belief, doubt, possibility, idea等,而定语从句只是对先行词的限定和修饰。

例如:They expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again. 他们表达了希望再次来华的心愿。(同位语从句)

The hope she expressed is that they would come to visit China again. 她所希望的是他们能再来中国。(定语从句)

(6) whether和if的用法

① whether和if在宾语从句中可以互换,但是作介词宾语时连接词一般用whether。

例如:It all depends on whether they will come back. 这都要取决于他们是否回来。

② 后面直接跟or not时用whether。

例如:I didn’t know whether or not he had arrived in Wuhan. 我不知道他是否已经到达武汉。

③ 主语从句、表语从句中只能用whether。

例如:Whether the meeting will be put off has not been decided yet. 会议是否推迟举行还没有决定好。

The question is whether they have so much money. 问题在于他们是否有那么多的钱。

④ whether可以引导同位语从句,用以说明前面的名词的内容,if不能。

例如:We ought to discuss carefully the question whether we can do it or not. 我们要仔细商讨这个问题看我们是否能做。

⑤ whether常与or连用表示一种选择,if不能这样用;whether也可与动词不定式连用但if不能。

例如:The question of whether it rains or not is not important to us. 是否下雨这个问题对我们来说不重要。

例如:I have not decided whether to go or not. 我还没有决定好是否去。

⑥ whether可引导一个让步状语从句表示“不管”、“无论”,而if不能。

例如:Whether he comes or not, we will begin our party on time. 不管他来不来,晚会准时开始。

(7) 疑问词 + ever和no matter + 疑问词的区别。

① 疑问词 + ever可引导名词性从句,在主从句中要充当一定的部分。

例如:Whoever breaks the rule must be punished. 谁破坏规矩就要受罚。

② 疑问词 + ever还可引导让步状语从句。

例如:Whoever breaks the rule, he must be punished。谁破坏规矩就要受罚。

③ no matter + 疑问词只能引导让步状语从句。

例如:No matter what you do, you must do it well. 不管你做什么,都要做好。

(8) when和where引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别。

when和where前面的名词若是表示时间、地点的名词,则when和where引导的是定语从句,否则为同位语从句。

例如:They put forward the question where they could get the money. 他们提出了一个问题:从哪儿能赚钱。(同位语从句)

图解高中英语语法 篇4

以图表方式简化对语法规则的说明,系统性扩充相关要点;例句清晰简明,有助于理解语法结构并实际应用。练习包括口头及书面两种方式,针对听、说、读、写等多项技能整体设计,内容丰富,形式多样,实用性与趣味性

强,便于及时检查学习成果,巩固提高。设置多种互动性极强的分组对话和开放式自由讨论活动,主题及例句贴近学生生活,使语法学习与实践应用紧密结合。章节容量适宜,安排合理,资源丰富,方便学习与教学。套色印刷,版面清晰,编排精致,好学易懂。

英语b级语法重点总结语法 篇5

名词可分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单、复数之分。

1.不可数名词只用单数形式。如果要表示数量多少,需在其前面加量词来表达。如:a piece of news(一条新闻);two pieces of advice(两条建议)

2.名词所有格的构成是名词加“’s”,如:Mary’s room;如原词已有复数词尾-s,则只加“’”,如:the students’ hall, 通常用于有生命的存在物的名词;名词所有格也可以由介词of加名词构成,通常用于无生命的存在物的名词, 如:the window of the classroom.

B.例题讲解

What a beautiful house! Especially there are many ______.

A. furniture B. furnitures C. pieces of furniture D. pieces of furnitures

高中英语语法总结 篇6

动词的语态主要分为两种:主动语态与被动语态主动语态指主语是谓语功作的执行者,则为主动关系。被动语态指主语是谓语动作的承受者,则为被功关系。

I have done the job.(主动句)

The job has been done.(被动句)

1.被动语态根据时态的不同,可分为以下几种类型:

一般现在时:am/is/are+done;

一般过去时:was/were+done

现在进行时:am/is/are+being done

过去进行时:was/were+being done

将来时 :will/would+be done,be going to be done, be to be done

现在完成时:have/has +been done

过去完成时:had+been done

将来完成时:will+have been done

2被动语态门主功语态一样具有不同时态,其时态的变化取决于时间状语,其时态的变化形式由其助动词be的事态变化形式来体现

The house is being painted now.(现在进行时被动语态)

Eru0ugh has been said to him about it.(现在完成时被动语态)

The furniture was bought last week..(过去时被动语态)

Youll be punished one day.(将来时被动语态)

3.被动语态的意义

(1)不知道或没必要指出行为、动作的执行者(无须加buy短语)

Colour TV sets are sold in that shop.

Football is plated all over the world.

(2)突出和强调行为或动作的承受着。

History is made by the people.

The wounded soldiers have been saved by those people.

(3)有时主语较长,可后置。

Its said that we have won the game.

4.在使役动词makr及感官动词see ,hear….等动词的被动语态形式后面出现的作主语补足语的不定式须加不定式符号“to“

The teacher made Tom answer it again.(主动语态,不加“to” )

Tom was made to answer it again.(被动语态,加“to“ )

5.短语动词的被动语态要注意不可丢失其附加的介词、副词或短语。

look at,laugh at,send for,call on,carry out, listen to,take care of ,make use of,depend on,pay attention to,hand in,put on,look up,give up〕等.

6. be+过去分词可以是被动语态形式,也可以是系表结构形式。区别是,系表结构表示主语状态或特征,不带by短语;而被动语态是表示主语的一个被动动作,可以带by短语。

The job was well done.(系表结构)

The job was well done by a skilled worker.(被动语态)

The composition is well written.(系表结构)

The composition is written with great care;.(被动语态)

7.原来主动语态中的宾语如果是从句,变为被动语态时,要用形式主语it.

It has been known to him that many friends will come to see him.

It is said that this book has been translated into several languages.

8.有一些动词不能用被动语态。

break out,take place,happen,belong to,cost,suit,fit,have,let, wear, weigh. suffer, pass, kill the time, enter, last, meet(遇见),join(参加),fail等

9.宾语为反身代词时,不用被动语态,只用主动语态形式。

The man introduced himself as Mr. Wang.

10.有些动词或情态动词常用所接的不定式来表示被动意义。

如:happen,pretend,seem,used to,ought to,appear等。

The house used to be painted white.

The job has to be done before dark.

On the way we happened to be caught in the rain.

11.有些动名词在want, need, require和介词worth后形式为主动,意义为被动。

12.有些动词用主动形式来表示被动意义。如:clean, sell,look,lock,open,write,read,wash,feel等。

This kind of cloth washes easily.

These books sell well.(好卖)

The door doesnt lock.

The door cant open.

This pen writes very well.

13.除助动词be可以构成被动语态外,get, become等词也可以+过去分词构成被动意义。

She was unhappy because she didnt get invited to the party.

(。)主谓一致。

主谓一致指的是句子的谓语动词与其主语在数上必须保持一致,句子的主语是第三人称单数,其谓语动词须用单数,主语是复数,则谓语动词用复数。

1.主谓一致的三个原则。

英语中的主谓一致主要遵循三个原则:意义一致原则、语法一致原则和就近原则。这三个原则常常发生矛盾,但当发生冲突时,意义一致原则为优先考虑的原则。

(1)语法一致原则:

主语和谓语通常是在语法形式上取得一致,即主语是单数形式,谓语动词也应采取单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语动词也应采取复数形式。

She is a girl.她是女孩。

They are all girls.她们都是女孩。

The professor and writer is invited to many universities to deliver lectures.

这位教授兼作家被邀请到很多大学作报告。

(教授与作家是同一个人,是单数.)

The old are very well taken care of in our city.老年人在我们城市被照顾得很好。( the old指所有的老年人,指一类人,为复数概念。)

(2)就近原则:

谓语动词的人称和数由靠近它的主语决定。

There is a book,two pens and three pencils on the desk.

书桌上有一本书,两支钢笔和三支铅笔。

There are two pens,a book and three pencils on the desk.

书桌上有两支钢笔,一本书和三支铅笔。

Either my sisters or my mother is coming.

不是我的姐妹们就是我的妈妈要来。

(3)意义一致原则:

主语形式上是单数,但表达复数意义,那么谓语动词要用复数形式;或主语形式上是复数,但表达单数意义,则谓语动词也采用单数形式。

The police are still running after the murderer.

警察还在追杀人犯。

The news was very exciting.

这则新闻令人激动。

My family were watching TV at 7 oclock.

7点钟的时候,我们全家人在看电视。

My family has moved three times.我们家搬过三次。

2.主谓一致的应用。

(1)单一主语的情况。

单一主语指的是由一个中心名词或名词短语构成的主语,其主语与谓语的一致情况如下:

①不定代词作主语

a.不定代词either, neither, each, one, the other, another,someone,somebody,something,anyone,anybody,anything,everyone, everybody, everything, nobody, no one, nothing等作主语时,谓语动词常用单数、

b. none作主语时如果指人或可数的物,表数目,谓语动词单复数形式皆可;如果指不可数名词,表量,谓语动词用单数。

Jimmy has used up all the money. None is left.

吉米把所有的钱都用光了,一点没留。

c. neither/either of+复数名词或复数形式的代词,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数。

Neither of these words is correct.

这些单词没有一个是正确的。

d. the other two(…),the other three(…)another two( ... ) , both等作主语时谓语动词用复数、

Five people came to help,but another three were still needed.

已经有五个人来帮忙了,但我们还需要三个

e. all指人时作主语,谓语动词用复数;指全部事情时,谓语动词常用单数‘

All the work was finished.

所有的活都干完了

All is going well一切都很正常.

f.在each… . and each,every….and every,no….and no,many a. . . and many a等由and连接并列单数主语的结构中,谓语动词用单数、

Each boy and each girl has got a seat.

每个男孩和女孩都有一个座位.

Every man and everv woman is at work.

每个男人和女人都在工作.

No sound and no voice is heard for a long while.

很长时间没有听到一点声音

Every boy and every girl likes the film star.

所有的男孩和女孩都喜欢这个电影明星

g. such山作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式应根据其意义而定、

Such is Stephen Hawking,who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much.

这就是史蒂芬霍金,遭受着巨大痛苦而作出巨大成就的人。

Such as have plenty of money want more money.

那些有足够钱的人还想要更多的钱。

②集合名词作主语

a.有些集体名词,如people, cattle, police等形式上是单数,但意义上是复数,谓语动词需用复数。

People are talking about the accident happened yesterday.

人们还在谈论昨天发生的那场事故。

b.集合名词,如audience(观众),army, class, crew船员),company(公司),crowd(人群),enemy, family, group, government(政府),public (公众),population(人口),team(队员)等作主语时,若作为一个整体看待,谓语用单数;若着眼于组成该集体的一个个成员或个体时,谓语就该用复数。

The population in China is very large and 80% of the population live in rural areas.

中国人口很多,其中80%的人住在农村。

c. 有些以-sh, -ese , -ch结尾的表示国家、民族的形容词与the连用时表示复数含义,谓语动词用复数如the English, the Chinese,the French等

The English are a polite people.英国是一个礼仪之邦。

③以复数形式结尾的特殊名词作主语

a.以一ics结尾的表示学科名称的名词作主语时,谓语用单数.

Politics is taught in our school.

我们学校开设政治课。

b.专有名词如国名、人名、书名、组织机构等作主语,形式上即使是复数,谓语动词也要用单数,如the United Nations, the United States,the New York Times等。

Lu Xuns works sells well. 鲁迅的著作很畅销。

c.有些名词如。arnings, thanks, goods, leavings(残渣,剩余),clothes, trousers, belongings(财产),savings, scissor,等作主语,其谓语动词只能用复数形式

The family were saved but the belongings were lost.

这一家人获救,但损失了所有财产。

d. means , sheep , (leer, crossroad、等单复数同形的名词作主语,谓语动词根据其单复数而定

Each means has been tried to solve the problem,but none is effective.

每一种方法都试过,但没有一个是有效的。

④含有修饰语的名词作主语

a一些由两个对应部分组成一体的复数名词,如trousers , pants, glasses, scissgrs等作主语,前面若无a pair of, a suit of, a set of, a series of等这类单位词,通常作复数用,谓语动词作复数。若带有单位词,则由单位词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数形式。

My shoes are under the bed.我的鞋在床下。

His black trousers are too long.他的那条黑裤子太长了。

Your glasses are on your nose.你的眼镜在鼻子上。

但若这类名词与a pair连用时,谓语动词往往用单数。

This pair of shoes is made in Beijing.这双鞋子是北京制造的。

There is a pair of glasses on your bed.你的床上有副眼镜。

b. a number of意为“许多”,修饰可数名词复数时谓语一般也用复数:the number of意为“……的数目”,作主语时,谓语只能用单数

A number of the other plants were found in America.

在美洲还发现了许多别的植物。

The number of people who travel by plane in China is larger than ever before.

在中国乘飞机旅行的人数比以往多了。

c.只修饰可数名词的量词several, a few, few, quite a few, a great manv(of...)作主语,谓语动词应用复数形式;其修饰的名词作主语、谓语动词也应用复数形式

Usually few regard their work as a pleasure. 通常很少有人把工作当成娱乐。

d. some, plenty of, a lot ( of) , lots( of)等词既可修饰可数名词,又可修饰不可数名词,谓语的形式应根据所修饰词而定、

A lot of students are coming to the meeting.

很多学生要来参加这次会议。

A lot of work is to be done to prepare for the conference.

为了准备会议,还有很多工作要做。

〔注意」a quantity( of) , ( large )quantities( of)作主语或其修饰的名词作主语,谓语动词应根据quantity的单复数形式而定。

Quantities of money are needed to equip the school.

学校安装设备需要很多钱。

A quantity of story books has been bought for the children.

为孩子们买了大量的故事书:

e. a great/ good deal( of),a little,quite a little,a large amount( of)等修饰不可数名词的量词作主语或修饰的名词作主语,谓语动词只能用单数形式

A great deal of time was wasted playing but ought to have been fully used.

很多时间在玩耍中浪费掉了,但本应好好利用的

f. ”more than one十单数名词”尽管意义上是复数,但因中心词是单数形式,谓语也必须用单数以符合语法一致的原则在“more+复数名词+than one”结构之后,谓语常用复数.

More than one person was injured in the accident.

不止一人在这次事故中受伤-

More members than one are against the proposal.

反对这项提议的会员不止一个

g. “one or two +复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用复数

One or two students were planting trees yesterday afternoon.

昨天下午有一两个学生在植树

h.表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡的复数名词与pass, go by,waste, use, spend等词连用时,谓语动词用复数

Five years have passed since I joined the Party.我入党五年了

i. one or two 后接复数名词,谓语要用复数但在“a/an十单数名词+or two”结构之后,谓语却常用单数

One or two days are enough for this work.=A day or two is enough for this work.

干这活一两天就够了

j. the rest(of…),the remaining,part(of...),one half( of…)等词或短语作主语和它们所修饰的名词或代词作主语,谓语动词应根据主语所表达的单复数而定

Part of his story was not true.他讲的故事有一部分不是真的。

Part of the foreign teachers in our school are from Canada.我们学校一部分外籍教师来自加拿大.

k.当“几分之几(百分之几)+ of+名词”结构作主语时,一般也应根据of后的名词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数”one and a half +复数可数名词”作主语,谓语一般用单数.

This is because two thirds of the earths surface is made up of vast oceans.

这是因为地球表面积的2/3是由广阔的海洋构成的

Two thirds of these tasks have been completed.

这些任务已经完成了三分之。

One and a half days is all I can spare.

我只能抽出一天半的时间

It is reported that in this area one in four people suffers from lung cancer.

据报道在此地区有四分之一的人患肺癌(一般情况下,one in ten作主语和其修饰的名词作主语,谓语动词用单数形式)

(2)非谓语形式、从句作主语

①单独的不定式、动词的一ing形式作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式:如果多个非谓语动词连在一起表达同一概念,谓语动词用单数形式;如果表达不同概念,谓语动词用复数

Persuading him to join us seems really hard.

劝他加入我们似乎很难。

To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit.

早睡早起是好习惯。

To work and to live are two different things but they are always together.

虽然工作和生活是两件不同的事情,但是它们永远相伴 。

②that,what,who,which,when,where,why,whatever, whoever,whichever, whenever, whereve:等引导的从句作主语或单独引导疑问句时,应根据概念上一致的原则决定谓语动词的数

“That .lack has gone abroad makes us all surprised.

杰克出国去了使我们都很惊讶

Who is Abraham Lincoln?林肯是谁?

Who are talking with each other?谁在相互讨论?

(3)以并列结构作主语的主谓一致

① and及both... and...

a. 一般来说,两个单数主语用and连接起来,表示两个不同的人或物,谓语动词用复数;但如果两个并列的单数主语在意义上指同一个人、同一个事物或同一个概念,谓语动词必须用单数

A smile and handshake show welcome.微笑和握手表示欢迎

The poet and writer has produced many works.这个诗人兼作家写出很多作品、

b.并列主语由or, either.. . or. . . , neither... nor. . . , not only…but also…连接时,谓语动词常与邻近的主语保持人称、数的一致

Either the teacher or the students are to blame. 或者是老师,或者是学生要受到责备

Not only the students but also their teacher doesnt know about it.

不仅仅是学生,还有他们的老师都对此一无所知_

Neither you nor I am fit for the work.

你和我都不适合干这个工作-

Are neither you nor I fit for the work?

你和我都不适合干这个工作吗?

(4)假性主语的主谓一致

with,together with(连同),along with(和一起),as wellas(也),like(诸如),such as(诸如),as much as, no less than(和一样),rather than(而不是),including, besides, but,except, in addition以除……之外)等短语后的主语称为假性主语,谓语动词仍然根据原主语而定,不跟假性主语一致。

The boy with his dog is here.

这个男孩在这儿,还有他的狗

No one but your parents was there then.

那时,除了你的父母没有别人在那里

Tom,together with Mary and Alice,is going to swim this afternoon.

汤姆今天下午要和玛丽及艾丽丝去游泳

The teacher,including his students,is going to see Professor Smith.

那位老师和他的学生们将去看望史密斯教授、

(5)由there , here引导的主语不止一个时,谓语通常和最邻近的主语保持一致、

There is a lake and some hills around it.

它被一个湖和几座刁、山环绕着、

(6)定语从句中的谓语动词应视先行词的单复数而定,先行词是单数,定语从句中的谓语动词也用单数,先行词是复数,定语从句中的谓语动词也用复数

Those(people)who are for this plan are to sign your nameright on this paper.

同意这个计划的在这张纸上签名

I will always treasure the moments that were full of pleasures.

我将永远珍惜充满欢乐的时光:

The news that has been published in todays newspaper isnt true.

今天报纸上发布的新闻不是真的。

(7)在倒装句中谓语应与后面的主语保持一致。

On the wall hang some pictures by Picasso.

墙上挂着一些毕加索的画。

(8)运算数词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。

Three times five is fifteen. 3乘5等于15

Five minus four is one. 5减4等于1。

Seven times four makes twenty-eight. 7乘4等于?g

(9)表示数量的“one and a half+复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词要用单数。

One and a half bananas is left on the table.

桌子上还剩有一个半香蕉。

One and a half hours is enough一个半小时足够了。

六、知识*能力聚焦

1. off prep.&adv.离开,分开

(1)prep.

The hall rolled off the table.球从桌上滚落

Keep off the grass.勿践踏草地

He entered a big house off the high street. 他进入了一所离大街不远的大房子。

The ship sank off Cape Horn. 这艘轮船在合恩角外沉没了

(2)adv.

The town is still five miles off%amaN. 那小镇尚在五英里之外-

We are still some way off.

我们仍有一段距离(如距目的地)要走

Please tell them that the meeting is olf

请告诉他们会议已经取消了。

〔常用短语〕

take sth. off sth. 扣除,减去

fall off 跌落

knock sth. off sth.把某物从另一物上.放掉

wipe sth. off sth. 把某物从另一物上擦掉

along the coast 沿着海岸

off the coast 海岸外/在海上

on the coast海岸上/在海岸

The British Isles are a group of islands that lies off the west coast of Europe.

不列颠群岛是一组位于欧洲西海岸不远处的岛屿

Wuhan lies on the Chanjiang River.

武汉位于长江边

2. face n.脸vt.转向,面向

(1)n.

Judging from his worried face,we knew that he must have had some trouble.

从他焦急的脸色判断,我们知道他肯定有麻烦了.

(2)vt.

-How does the house face?这房屋面朝哪边?

-It faces ( to the ) east.朝东。

I was faced with new problem.我面临着新的M题

〔常用短语〕

in( the) face of不顾(问题、困难等)

lose ones face失面子,丢脸

fight in the face of公然反抗

face the music 由于自己的决定或行为而接受批评或承担后果

3. range n. &vt.

(1)n.山脉,视觉(听觉)范围(区域),射程

There is a magnificent range of mountains in the borderland. 在边境地带有连绵不断的雄伟山脉。

The tree is within range of vision.这棵树在视野之内

( 2 ) vt.(在一定范围内)变化,排列

The prices of the dolls range from$5 to$100. 这些布娃娃的价格从5美元到100美元不等

The discussion ranged over various problems. 这次讨论涉及了种种问题

4. design n.. &v.

( 1 )n. 图样,设计,图案;目的,意向

This is a design for the garden.

这是那座花园的设计图

We dont know if it was done by accident or by design.

我们不知道那是偶然的,还是故意的。

His evil designs were frustrated.

他的罪恶意图未能得逞

(2) v.设计,控制

She is designing dresses for the singer.

她在为这位歌手设计服装

He designed a plot for tits new novel.

他为他的新小说拟定情节

This weekend party iNas designed to bring the two musicians together.

这次周末聚会的用意是使两位音乐家见面

〔常用短语〕

by design故意地,蓄意地;

have designs on/against对…… 抱不良企图,图谋加害于;

design stfi. for sb. /sth.设计,制图,构思

5. influence n.&v.

( 1 )n. 影响,支配,作用

the influence of the moon on the tides 月球对潮汐的作用

These so-called friends of hers have a bad influence on her. 她那些所谓的朋友对她影响很坏

He has a strange influence over the girl. 他对这个女孩子有一种奇妙的影响

Her influence made me a better person. 受她的影响,我变好了

(2) v. 影响,感化

The rice crops will be influenced by the weather. 稻谷的收成将受到气候的影响

It is clear that her paintings have been influenced by Picasso. 她的画显然受到毕加索的影响

What influenced you to behave like that? 是什么支配你那样做的?

6. refer vi. ( referred, referred, referring)涉及,提到( to);查资料;参与;针对;提交,交付

He referred to pollution in his report last week. 上周在报告中他提到了污染问题、

The shop referred the complaint to the manufacturers. 商店把投诉转交给制造商

refer to 意思是“提到,谈到,涉及,衣考,查阅”

refer to sb. /sth. as 意为“称某人/某物为……”,to是介词,不可省略

be referred to( as) 是refer to的被动式,意思是“把......称作”

When f was saying that I wasnt referring to you. 我那样说的时候,指的并不是你、

The huge clock in London is referred to as“Big Ben”. 伦敦的大钟被称为“大本钟”

They referred to their friendly teacher as“Mother”. 他们把和善的老师称为“妈妈”

7. compare vt. &vi.比较,对照;比作

He cannot compare with Shakespeare as a writer of tragedies.

作为一个悲剧作家,他无法和莎士比亚相比

compare... with意为“把......与……进行比较/相比”

compare... to... 意为“把……比作......”,含“比喻”之意

compare with sb. /sth.意为‘和某人或某事物相比或值得相比”

Its necessary to compare English with Chinese in English study.学英语时有必要把英语和汉语进行比较

Compare this with that,and youll which is better. 把这个同那个比较,你就知道哪个更好了

He began comparing himself pith the students. 他开始把自己和学生比较起来

Young people are often compared to the rising still. 年轻人常被比作初升的大阳

The writer of the poem compares his loser to a rose. 诗的作者把他的爱人比作玫瑰。

[注意]

compare 的过去分词作状语时,compared to 和 compare with在应用上无区别,常被用于句首或句末。

This hardship is nothing,compared to/with those the Red Army faced on the Long March.

和红军长征比起来,这点苦算不上什么

Compared to/with many girls,she was indeed very lucky.

与许多女孩相比,她的确算很幸运了

8. percent n.百分之……

percent表示“百分之…”,相当于%,其前往往是一个具体的数字

percentage表示“百分比,百分率”,其前不能是一个具体的数字,只能被high , low等形容词修饰。

-What percentage of babies died of this disease last year?

去年婴儿死于这种疾病的百分比是多少?

-One percent.百分之一

9. would like to do原音做草事

would like sb. to do宁愿要某人做某事

would like to have done本打算做但没做

Id like to pay you a visit next week. 下周我打算拜访你。

Hed like me to look after his pet dog. 他愿意让我照看他的宠物狗。

Id like to have gone with you,but I was busy then. 我本打算同你一起去的,但当时我很忙。

10. check n. &vt.

(1) n. 检查,核对;发票,支票

We should have a check on the quality of all goods leaving the factory.

我们应当对全部货物在出厂前进行质量检查

We have kept the SARS in check for a year now. 到目前为止我们已控制SARS这种疾病一年了

Ive lost the check for my coat. 我把大衣的发票弄丢了

I always pay bills by check.我总是用支票付账

(2) vt. 阻止,制止,控制;核查;调查;托运或寄存

Will you please check these figures? 请检查这些数字有无错误好吗?

Check your coat at the door. 把你的外套寄存在入口处、

〔辫析〕check,examine,test

check指核对,核实,特别是对数量或质量加以验证;

examine着重指检查、研讨及审查;

test指测验、检验、测试一个人的.某种能力

Please check in at the airport an hour before your plane leaves.

你要在飞机起飞前一个小时到机场办理登机手续。

I examined students in English. 我测验学生英文。

Id better have my eyes tested. 我该去检查视力了。

11. across prep.(表示运动)横过,越过,(表示位置)在……的对面

The old man walked across the road. 那个老人小心地走过马路

He lives across the street from us. 他住在我们对面的大街上

A boy helped a blind man across the street. 一个小男孩帮助一位盲人过马路

[辫析] across,past,through

across表示“横过,横穿,越过”,它的含义与on, over有关,侧重于动作在某一物体或某一地方的表面进行。across作介词还可表示“在……讨过”;作副词表示“对过”或“横过”。

past表示从某物旁边经过

[注意] past是介词,不可与动词pass相混淆。

We walked past the hospital.=We passed by the hospital. 我们从医院旁边经过

through表示“通过,穿过”,它的含义与in有关,侧重动作在某一物体空间里进行,含有从中间通过之意。through还可表示“凭借”“(做)完”等意。

The ship sailed across the Atlantic. 这只船横渡过了大西洋

She is talking to the neighbour across the garden fence. 她正隔着篱笆与邻居说话:

He was absent-minded and walked past the station. 他走路时心不在焉而走过了车站。

The policeman forced his way through the crowd. 警察奋力穿过人群

He walked through the street and found nothing alive. 他走过街道,没有发现有生命的东西。

12. in the south of, to the south of与on the south of

in the south of 在...... 的南边(部),通常指某一范围之内;

to the south of 在……在南边,强调越出了某一范围;

on the south of 在...... 南面,强调两者毗部,接攘。

He lives in the north of Scotland.他住在苏格兰北部

The church is to the south of London. 那座教堂在伦敦的南边。

China faces the Pacific on the east.中国东临太平洋。

〔注意〕我们只有笼统地指明方向时,可以不出现介词。

Shandong is north of Fujian. 山东位于福建北部

South of the mountain,there is a big river. 山的南部,有一条大河。

13. cover v.盖,掩盖;行过(路程);报道;读

n.盖子,封面,封底,包皮

〔常用短语〕

cover sth. 盖住……

cover... with 用……盖住……

cover 30 pages 读三十页

be covered with... 用……覆盖

cover an area of… 占地面积为,…

cover 2,000 li 走了两千里

cover a conference 报道会议

under cover 隐藏着

under the cover of 在……的掩护下,趁着

The book with a hard cover is more expensive. 精装书比较贵

Flood water covered the fields by the river. 洪水淹没了河边的田地。

Rubble covered the pavement.人行道上铺了碎石块。

The chief editor sent a reporter to cover the event. 主编派记者去报道这一事件

Her lectures covered the subject throughly. 她的演讲对这个问题阐述得很透彻

The Red Army men covered 25,000 1i during the Long March.

长征中,红军走过了两万五千里

〔辫析〕 discover,uncover, find out

discover指“发现”某种本来存在、而以前未被发现的事物或不为人所知的东西。

find out常用来指“弄明白、搞清楚、查出(某一真相)”,作“发现”讲时,是指发现一种无形而隐藏的东西。

uncover还可表示“发现、揭露、暴露”等意思,一般用于贬义,其宾语常常是:relic遗物、古迹,plot阴谋、圈套、(秘密)计划,conspiracy共谋、阴谋

Do you know who discovered America? 你知道是谁发现美洲的吗?

Think it over and youll find out the answer to the question. 仔细想想,你就会找到问题的答案

He uncovered the famous picture. 他揭开了那幅名画的覆盖物

14. work n.作品;成果;制品

v.运转;开动;工作

Almost everyones success is achieved by hard work. 几乎每个人的成功都是靠艰苦的劳动获得的。

This vase is a wonderful piece of work. 这个花瓶是一件了不起的作品

He likes 0. Henrys works. 他喜欢欧亨利的作品

[辫析]work on,work at,work out

work on和work at都可以作“致力于;从事于”解释,相当于be engaged in,常常可以互相代替。但当表示“克服(困难);解决(难题)”时,较倾向于用work at;在表示“致力于创作或制造时”,较倾向于用work on

work out“解出,找出答案”,可以看作是work on的结果,相当于find或have got,

Here he worked on a short film,which won him a job as the youngest film director in the world.

他制作了一部短片,这使他获得了一份工作,并成为世界上最年轻的电影导演。

Its said that hes working at/on a new novel. 据说他正在写一部小说

He liked to work at difficult problems in maths. 他喜欢解数学难题。

We have made up our minds to research on till we work out the facts of what has caused the pollution.

我们决心研究下去,直到弄清导致污染的根源

15. more than:表示“多于,超过,不仅仅,不止”

more... than;表示“与其说,倒不如说”

no more than表示“不过,仅仅;同一样不”

not more than表示“至多,不超过”

More than one member was against the plan. 不止一个人反对该计划

There are more than sixty students in our class. 我们班有60多个学生

He is more than our teacher and he is our friends. 他不仅仅是我们的老师,也是我们的朋友

His father is more disappointed than angry. 他父亲与其说是生气,倒不如说是失望

The little boy is not more than 5 years old. 这个小男孩不超过五岁。(最大只有五岁)

The little boy is no more than five years old. 这个小孩只有五岁。(言年龄小)

[注意]more than one和many a后均跟可数名词单数,谓语动词用单数,但是more十可数名词复数+ than

one作主语时,谓语动词用复数

Many a student likes playing football. 不止一个学生喜欢踢足球。

More workers than one were for his opinions. 不止一个工人支持/赞成他的观点。

16.“由于,因为”的几种表达方式

because+从句

because of+n .

thans to十n.

owing to十n.

due to+n.

as a (the)result of十n.

on account of十n.

(1) because为从属连词,后跟一个完整的句子构成原因状语从句而because of则是一个介词短语,后接名词或动名词

He didnt ao to school because of his illness.

= He didn’ t go to school because he was ill. 他没去上学是因为生病了。

He was punished by his teacher because of his cheating on exams.

=He was punished by his teacher because he cheated on exams. 他因考试作弊受到老师的惩罚。

( 2 )thanks to这一短语介词,含有、‘幸亏、多亏、亏得、依赖、依靠、由于、因为”等意思几它引导的短语,可以表达正面意思(近似于原意“感谢”),也可用于讽刺口吻中(近似于讽刺口吻的“感谢”)它引导的短语在句中用作状语时,大多放在句首,也可以置于句末.

My mother is getting better and better,thanks to the doctor.

多亏了医生,我母亲才一天天康复起来(感谢的口吻)

Thanks to your help,I passed the test. 幸亏有你的帮助,我通过了刚验〕(正面意思)

(3) owing to意为“由于,因为”,在句中通常用作状语,可置于句首或句末。

Owing to my absence,they had to put off the class meeting till next week.

由于我不在,他们只好将班会推迟到下个星期.

Xiao Wang could not come to the ball(,)owing to a bad cold. 因为得了重感冒,小王没能去打(踢)球.

(4) due to意为“由于”,它引导的短语在句中一般用作表语或定语,但在很多场合也可与owing to通用,作状语. 这一用法在现今英语中也很流行,但不如owing to那么严谨.

The accident is due to your careless driving. 那件意外事故归因于你驾驶不小心.

(5) as a ( the) result of意为 “ 由于......的结果”,一般用作状语。

He was late as a result of the traffic jam. 由于交通阻塞,他迟到了。

(6) on account of意为“因......缘故,由于”它引导的短语在句中通常作状语,可置于句首或句末。

The train was delayed on account of a heavy snow. 由于一场大雪火车来迟了。

17. such pron.这样的物(事、人)

adj.(无比较级和最高级)这样的,如此的

One such dictionary is enough. 这样的词典一本就够了

We are not such fools as to believe him. 我们不是那样的愚人,竟会相信他。

〔注意〕(1 )such放在名词前时,这个名词带或不带形容词都可以。such可在句中修饰不可数名词,而so不可以这样用。

(2)such一般用来加强语气,强调名词或形容词的意思。若有比较的意思时常用like this/that的形式来表达。

[辨析]such as, such...as, such...that

such as(用于列举事物)

such...as...(用于定语从句)

such...that(引导结果状语从句)

There are many books in the library such as novels,storybooks and picture books.

这家图书馆有很多书,诸如小说、故事书、图画书之类.

I went to the shop and bought such things as bread,wine and vegetables.

我去商店买了这些东西,如面包、葡萄酒和蔬菜。

He is such a lovely student as every teacher likes. 他是如此可爱的学生,以致于每个老师都喜欢他

Such things a, you have bought are not good value for money. 你买的这些东西根本不值所花的钱。

She is such a beautiful girl as many young men love.

=She is such a beautiful girl that many young men love her. 她是如此的漂亮,以致于很多年轻男子喜欢她。18. Between France and Spain is another mountain range-the Pyrenees.

法国与西班牙之间横亘着另外一条山脉------庇里牛斯山。

当地点状语放在句首时,所引导的句子应用完全倒装,即地点状语十谓语十主语+其他

On her left sat her husband.她左边坐着她丈夫。

Beyond the river lives an old fisherman. 有个老渔夫住在河的对岸:

所谓完全倒装,就是将谓语动词置于主语前。完全倒装一般具有以下两个条件:①谓语动词是单个(即不带情态动词、助动词或be动词)的不及物动词,且只限于一般现在时或一般过去时;②主语只能是名词。完全倒装一般有以下四种情况:

(1)以here等副词开头引出的完全倒装

在描述情景时,为了使景象更生动,有时把here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, off , away等方向性副词位于句子开头时,句子用完全倒装。此时,①句子主语必须是名词;②谓语动词通常是be,come , go, run, rush, fly, follow, fall等表示位移的不及物动词,且为一般现在时态;③其中的here ,there不是表示地点,而是用以引起对方注意。

Here comes the bus.汽车来了。

There goes the bell.铃响了。

Here are some advertisements about cars. 这儿有几则有关汽车的广告。

(2)以表语或状语开头引出的完全倒装

有时为了强调,或者为了使句子平衡,或者为了使上下文连接得更加紧密,就将表语和地点状语(多为介词短语)置于句首,谓语动词也常置于主语前,构成完全倒装。

Among the people was a man named Brown. 在这些人中有一个叫布朗的人。

On the top of the hill stands an old temple. 这个山顶上有一座庙。

(3 )there be结构及其变体的完全倒装。

There is a tall tree in front of the house. 这所房子前面有一裸大树。

〔注意〕在there be结构中,可以代替be的还有以下动词:live,lie,stand,appear,rise,remain,happen,come,go等。

Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. 从前,在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。

(4)直接引语放在句首引起的完全倒装。

若直接引语的部分或全部放在句首,并且说话人是名询时,将say或ask置于说话人前,构成完全倒装。

“Are you ready?”asked the teacher. “准备好了没有?”老师问道。

"It is unbelievable!”said Alfred Butts. 阿尔弗雷德布滋说,“这真叫人难以置信!”

19. There is a mountain range called the Alps. 有一座山脉叫做阿尔卑斯山脉。

called the Alps被叫做阿尔卑斯山脉,此处,called the Alps是过去分词短语作后置定语,相当于which is called the Alps,这是一个定语从句,过去分词作定语,表示被动和完成。

a boy named Jack一个名叫杰克的男孩。

They built a monument in memory of the people killed in the war.

他们建了一座纪念碑,用以怀念在战争中遇害的人们。

不定式、过去分词和现在分词的被动式作定语的区别: 这三种形式作定语,主要体现在动作发生的时间上。

(1)过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,或是没有一定的时间性。

Have you read the novel written by Dickens? 你读过这本狄更斯写的小说吗?

He is a man loved and respected by all. 他是个受众人爱戴的人。

(2)现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生:

Listen!The song being sung is very popular with the students.

听!现在唱的这首歌很受学生欢迎;

(3)不定式的被动式作定语时,表示一个未来的动作。

The question to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one.

明天会上讨论的这个问题是个很重要的问题

试比较:

a house being built now一座正在被建造的房子

a house to be built next year一座要建造的房子

a house built last year一座去年建成的房子

20. Paris is the capital and largest city of France,

situated on the River Seine.巴黎是法国的首都,也是法国最大的城市,坐落在塞纳河畔。

如果两个名词指两个人或物,通常每个名词前都要加冠词;如果两个名词指同一个人或物,一般只用一个冠词。

He sent her the red and the white roses.

他送给她红玫瑰和白玫瑰(两种)

He sent her the red and white rose.

他送给她红白相间的玫瑰(一种)

The driver and the manager went to the company.

司机和经理一同来到公司。(两个人)

The driver and manager went to the company.

经理自己开着车来到公司。(一个人)

21. None of them speaks Spanish.没有一个人说西班牙语。

none pron 没有一个,无一

None of the money on the table is mine. 桌上的钱没有一分是我的。

None of us enjoy getting up early.我们中间没人喜欢早起

But none of them has been turned to stone yet! 但是他们谁也没有变成石头!

no one, none,nothing的用法

(1 ) no one单独使用,只用于指人,可以回答who提出的问题

-Who will get to station?谁要到车站去?

-No one.没有人。

(2) none一般与of短语连用,指人或物。none of the boys/the money/them中,none强调数的概念。none可以回答how mane ,how much提出的问题

He has many friends. But none of them can really help him when he is in trouble.

他有许多朋友,但当他遇到困难时却没有一个能真正帮他。

-How many Chinese stamps do you collect? 你收集了多少中国邮票?

-None一张没有。

(3) nothing表示“什么也没有,没有东西”,是全部否定,作主语、宾语或表语。

Nothing can stop us marching forward. 没有什么东西能阻止我们前进

22. The expanded European Union has a population of more than half a billion people,twice as big as the population of the United States. 扩大后的欧盟拥有五亿多人口,这个数目是美国人口的两倍。

(1)population n.

population的用法要注意以下四点:

①当问及国家、城市、地区等有多少人口时,可以用。

What is the population of China? 中国有多少人口?

②表达拥有多少人口时,我们常用have a population of.... 或some place with a population of. . . 。

China has a population of more than 1.3 billion people.

或China is a country with a population of more than 1.3 billion people. 中国有十三亿多人口

③当population置于句首充当句子的主语时,且其前有分数、百分数修饰时,谓语动词用复数。

About 80% of the Chinese population are Han people. 中国人口的80%是汉族

Two thirds of the population of this area are farmers. 这一地区三分之。的人口是农民

④修饰population这个词,常用big, large, small,而不用much, many等。

China has a large population.中国人口众多

(2) twice是名词,在这里表示倍数,倍数的表示法常有以下四种:

① A is... times + adj. /adv.的比较级+than B

This bridge is three times longer than that one. 这座桥比那座桥长三倍。

At least,the train runs five times faster than the boat. 火车的速度至少比小船快五倍

② A is... times as + adj. /adv.的原级+as B

This bridge is four times as long as that one. 这座桥是那座桥的四倍长

At least,the train runs six times as fast as the boat火车的速度至少是小船的速度的六倍

③ A is... times the size/ length/ width/ height/ depth+of +B

This bridge is four times the length of that one. 这座桥是那座桥的四倍长

After the experiment,the plant is six times the height of what it was before.

试验之后,植物的高度是原来的六倍

④ The size/length/height/depth/width+of A+is+… times of+B

The length of this bridge is four times of that bridge. 这座桥是那座桥的四倍长

Your room is three times as big as mine.

Your room is twice bigger than mine.

=The size of your room is inree times that of mine.

=your room is three times the size of mine. 你房间的面积是我房间的面积的三倍

构式语法对英语语法教学的启示 篇7

语法教学在中学英语教学中起着举足轻重的作用,现行的中学英语语法教学方式单一,多以传统语法为基础,强调规约性,对描写性重视不够;强调语法形式,对意义关注不够,使得学生对语法学习的兴趣和热情不高。脱胎于认知语言学的构式语法(construction grammars)从理论上揭示语言的本质、结构和功能,对语言学习理论也产生了很大影响。构式语法强调通过对语言的使用形成以概括(generalization)为基础的语言习得机制,所倡导的语言习得理念可以为中学英语语法教学提供新的视角。本文以构式语法理论为基础,探索构式语法理论对中学英语语法教学的启示及其蕴含的教学理念。

二、构式语法简介

20世纪90年代,Adele E.Goldberg&Kay共同提出了构式语法(construction grammar)。构式语法,这一从认知语法中派生出来的新型语法理论日益受到学者们的亲睐。构式语法与生成语法所主张的原子组合观不同,构式语法认为语言是“规约语言单位的结构化清单,强调构式形式与功能的统一表征”。Goldberg认为“任何形式或意义的一些方面不能从其组成部分或其他先前已有的构式中完全推知的语言表达形式都看作是构式”。构式语法主张从句法、语义、语用、文化等角度来系统分析构式。

构式语法强调语言的实际学习和使用情况,在构式语法看来,语言能力就是使用自然语言构式的能力。构式语法认为语言是由形式各异的构式组成的,因此对语言的习得就可以归结为对构式的习得。首先习得范围狭窄的构式,通过反复的练习逐渐习得一些具体的语言结构,最后习得抽象复杂的构式。

三、构式语法对英语语法教学的启示

构式语法在英语语法教学上与生成语法所持的观点不同。传统的语法教学仅要求学生记住语法规则和结构,忽视理解语法本身的意义,以机械性操练为主,师生课堂互动机会少,学生只是死记硬背。此外,生成语法试图归纳出一套放之四海而皆准的规则来解释语言的本质及现象。然而,事实并非如此。例如:The more you practice,the easier it will get.这句话的结构与一般句子不同,所以生成语法的规则可能无法解释这句话的本质。相反,构式语法在上述问题中可能会更有解释力。

构式语法认为,语言是由各种类型的构式组成的,所有构式都是形和义的配对体。构式语法将构式看作是语法的基本组成部分,认为语言中的词素、词汇、词法和句法是一个连续体。这一主张对英语语法教学有下列启示作用:

1.构式语法强调语法是由构式组成的,每个构式都有独特的意义。因此,教师在语法教学中要让学生明白每个基本构式的含义,而不是忽略含义不加考虑的背诵语法规则。根据这一思想,教师在日常教学中要将语法放在具体的生活情境中,这样可以生动的突显语法本身的意义,促进理解。

2.构式语法强调词汇和语法之间并非泾渭分明而是构成了一个意义的连续体。这一思想对英语语法教学的启示是:要将词汇和句法相结合。两种构式的自然衔接可以让学生更加流畅的习得语法、使用语言。学习语言的目的是用语言来表达想法。从这个角度看,割裂词汇构式和句法构式的连续关系是十分不妥的,这也就进一步表明了教学过程中要秉承词汇构式、句法构式并重的理念。

3.从具体构式到图式构式,再到具体构式的主张可以为日常的英语语法教学提供指导。例如,对高中英语“虚拟语气”的讲授,教师可以将其放在真实的情境中并采用归纳的方式。在真实的情境下展示一系列与“虚拟语气”有关的句子,通过观察句子特征,了解该语法要传递的意义,引导学生找出规律,总结出相关语法构式。这样的做法符合意义与形式统一理念。教师在今后的语法教学中也可以借鉴此种模式。例如,在讲授“过去进行时”时,可以从带领学生复习之前学过的构式现在进行时入手,通过转换时间状语向学生逐渐呈现含有过去进行时的句子,最后设置信息沟与学生在真实语境下交流互动,引导学生归纳出语法构式。这样的做法更加注重构式形式与意义的互动性与交流性。

4.之前提到的The more you practice,the easier it will get.这句话可以用构式语法来解释。该句子的构式为“The X-er,the Y-er”。这种构式可以被看作是一种图式性构式,教师在课堂上如果能将这一思想深入浅出地传递给学生,用这一理念向学生解释该句子,语法学习效率会提高。儿童在日常语言实例中不断进行抽象、概括,进而得到一系列的语言构式。从这个角度看,构式语法中蕴藏着一些以人为本的思想,笔者认为这与现今的“学生中心论”相契合。

四、结语

传统的教学语法过多地关注语法形式,忽略意义,不符合语言的教学与学习规律,给语言学习,特别是外语学习带来了一定的难度。构式语法以语言运用作为认知基础,把构式看成是形式与意义及功能的结合体,强调构式作为整体的构式义。构式语法强调以概括为基础的构式习得观,认为语法构式来源于学习者对其语言运用实例的抽象和概括,符合语言学习和外语学习的一般规律。

构式语法视阈下的语法教学内容包括形式和意义两部分,形式部分包括构式的语音特征、形态特征和句法特征:意义部分包括语义特征、语用特征和语篇功能特征,构式的形式和意义之间的对应关系由“象征对应连接链”连接。在语法教学过程中,教师应尽可能创建特定语境,尽可能展现语法构式形式和意义的各个层面。根据构式语法的理念,语法构式的教学应遵循从具体构式到一般构式、从原型构式到非原型构式、从简单构式到复杂构式的教学方法;强调构式的形式与意义并重。

参考文献

[1]Goldberg,A.E.etal.2005.“The role of prediction in construction-learning”.Journal of Child Language 32.

[2]Goldberg,A.E.2006.Constructions at Work.Oxford:Oxford University Press.

[3]Goldberg,A.E.2006.Constructions at Work:The nature of generalization in language[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.

[4]Goldberg,A.E.2009a.The nature of generalization in language[J].Cognitive Linguistics(20):93-127.

[5]Goldberg,A.E.2009b.Constructions work[J].Cognitive Linguistics(20):201-24.

[6]Ellis,N.C.2006.Cognitive perspectives on SLA[J].AILAReview(19):100-21.

[7]Ellis,N.C.&T.Cadierno.2009.Constructing a second language[J].Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics(7):111-39.

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