情态动词的用法和考点整合(共7篇)
情态动词近几年的考查要点:
1.情态动词的基本用法,要求考生准确把握说话者的态度和语气。
2.情态动词表示推测和可能性,特别是“情态动词+have done”形式。
3.“can,shall,should,must”表示的特定语气。
4.“should/needn’t/could/might+have done”表示的特定语气。
一、情态动词的基本用法
考点1 can与could的用法
表示“能力、许可、可能性”等。在口语中,can可以代替may表示许可,而may比较正式;could可以代替can,语气较为婉转。
He is only four,but he can read.他仅四岁,但已能读书。
Can/Could I come in?我可以进来吗?
Can he be in the office?他会在办公室吗?
考点2 can表示常有的行为和情形
can表示常有的行为和情形,意为“有时会;时而可能”。
He can be very tactless sometimes.他有时相当莽撞。
It can be quite cold here in winter.这里的冬天有时还真够冷的。
考点3 be able to的用法
1.表示现在的能力等同于can,表示过去的能力等同于could;be able to可以用在will后边,也可以用于完成时(have been able to)。
He was able to/could drive when he was fifteen.他十五岁时就会开车。
The baby has been able to walk.这个婴儿已经会走路了。
2.was/were able to表示过去有能力并且成功地做了某事,相当于managed to do something/succeeded in doing something。
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out.大火很快蔓延到整个宾馆,但是大家都跑了出来。
考点4 may与might的用法
1.表示许可或征询对方许可,有“可以”的意思。用作此意时,它的否定形式可以用may not,表示“可以不”;但表示“不可以、禁止、阻止”等意思时,常用must not(mustn’t)代替may not。
You may go now.你现在可以走了。
He said that I might use his telephone.他说我可以用他的`电话。
―May I watch TV after supper?我晚饭后可以看电视吗?
―Yes,you may./No,you mustn’t(may not/had better not)。是的,可以。/不,你不可以。
2.表示可能性,有“或许、可能”的意思,“may或might+动词原形”都表示可能性。用might则语气更加不肯定。
They may/might have a lot of work to do.他们可能有很多工作要做。
考点5 must与have to的用法
1.must表示“必须、应该”。否定形式must not(mustn’t)表示“不应该;不许可;不准;禁止”等。在回答must的问句时,否定式常用need not(needn’t)或don’t have to 表示“不必”,而不用must not,因为must not表示“禁止”。
The work must be finished as soon as possible.这项工作必须尽快完成。
―Must I be home before eight o’clock?我必须8点前到家吗?
―Yes,you must./No,you needn t(don’t have to)。是的,你必须。/不,没必要。
2.have to表示“必须;不得不”,在这个意义上与must很接近,但must表示的是说话人的主观看法,而have to表示的却是客观需要。have to比must有更多的形式。
The TV set is broken. I have to buy a new one.电视机坏了。我不得不再买台新的。
He had to go,because his mother was ill.他不得不离开,因为他母亲病了。
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3.must表示“偏偏;非得;一定要”等意思。
If you must go,at least wait until the storm is over.如果你一定要走的话,起码也要等到暴风雨结束。
考点6 need的用法
用作情态动词时,need表示“需要”,主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中,一般不用于肯定句。在回答need的问句时,肯定式常用must/have to,否定式用needn’t。
―Need I arrive by ten o’clock tomorrow?我明天必须在十点前到达吗?
―Yes,you must./No,you needn’t.是的,你必须。/不,没必要。
You needn’t come so early tomorrow.你明天不必来这么早。
考点7 shall的用法
1.在疑问句中,shall用来征询对方意见或请求指示,用于第一、第三人称。
Where shall I wait for you?我在什么地方等你?
2.在陈述句中,shall表示给对方的命令、警告、威胁、决心或允诺等,用于第二、第三人称。
You shall be sorry one day,I tell you.我告诉你,你早晚有一天会后悔的。
Don’t worry.You shall get the answer this very afternoon.不要着急,今天下午你就会得到答复。
3.用在法律、规则等条文中,意为“应……;须……;得……”。
The fine shall be given in cash.罚款应以现金缴纳。
It shall be unlawful for any person to keep any wild animal in captivity.任何一个人圈养任何一种野生动物都是犯法的。
考点8 should和ought to的用法
1.表示“劝告、建议、责任、义务”,常译作“应该”。这时ought to比should的语气稍重一点。
You should keep your promise.你应该信守诺言。
Young people should learn how to use computers.年轻人应该学会使用电脑。
You are his father.You ought to take care of him.你是他父亲,你应该照顾他。
2.表示预期或按道理“应该;想必;一定”。
The photos should be ready by 12:00。照片应该在十二点前准备好。
You should know him well,for you worked with him for years.你应该很了解他,你和他在一块儿工作了好几年。
考点9 will的用法
1.will表示“意志、意愿”,可用于多种人称;would是will的过去式,表示过去时间的“意志、意愿”,可用于多种人称。
I will tell you all about it.我愿把事情全部都告诉你。
He won’t go with us.他不愿和我们一起去。
2.will在疑问句中用于第二人称时,表示询问对方的意愿或向对方提出请求,若用would,语气比will婉转,指现在时间。
Will/Would you please open the window?你把窗户打开好吗?
Would you like some coffee?想要点咖啡吗?
考点10 dare的用法
用作情态动词时,表示“敢;敢于”,和need一样,也是主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中。
He daren’t speak English before such a crowd,dare he?他在众人面前不敢说英语,是吧?
考点11 used to和would的用法
1.used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态(暗示现在已不如此)。
―Did you use to go there to see your brother?/Used you to go there to see your brother?你过去常去那儿看你兄弟吗?
―Yes,I did(used to)。/No,I didn’t(usedn’t)。是的,经常去。/不,不经常去。
He used to be in good health.他过去的身体很棒。(暗示现在身体不好了)
2.would表示过去的习惯动作,不表示状态。
When he was there,he would go to that coffee shop at the corner after work every day.他在那里的时候,每天下班之后就去拐角处的那家咖啡店。
used to表示动作时和would可以互换,他们的区别在于,used to强调现在已不这样,而would则不强调现在是否这样。
They would/used to come to my house to play on Sundays.他们过去在星期天经常来我家玩耍。
考点12 had better的用法
had better表示“最好(做……)”。
We had better go now.我们最好现在走。
Breakfast had better be eaten before 8 o’clock.吃早饭最好在八点以前。
考点13 may well和may as well
1.“may well+动词原形”是一种常用结构,意为“很可能;完全能”,相当于to be likely to。
He may well be proud of his son.他大可为儿子感到自豪。
Her appearance has changed so much that you may well not recognize her.她的模样变化太大,你很可能认不出她来了。
2.“may as well+动词原形”意为“最好;满可以;倒不如”,相当于had better或have a strong reason not to。
We may as well stay where we are.我们留在现在的地方倒也不错。
You may as well do it at once.你最好马上做这件事。
1.(高考新课标卷)I ______ use a clock to wake me up because at six o’clock each morning the train comes by my house.
A.couldn’t B.mustn’t C.shouldn’t D.needn’t
解析 考查情态动词。根据下文“at six o’clock each morning the train comes by my house(每天早上六点有火车从我家附近驶过)”,所以我没有必要用时钟叫醒我。答案:D
2.(20全国卷)I’m going to Europe on vacation together with John if I ______ find the money.
A.can B.might C.would D.need
解析 考查情态动词。此处考查的是“can”的基本意义“能,能够”。句意为:“如果我能够弄到那笔钱,我就和约翰一起到欧洲去度假。”答案:A
3.(年上海卷)The new law states that people ______ drive after drinking alcohol.
A.wouldn’t B.needn’t C.won’t D.mustn’t
解析 考查情态动词。句意为:“新的法律规定酒后驾车是绝对禁止的。”备选项中只有“mustn’t”表示“禁止、不容许”的意思。”答案:D
4.(2012年重庆卷)―______ you interrupt now?Can’t you see I’m on the phone?
―Sorry Sir,but it’s urgent.
A.Can B.Should C.Must D.Would
解析 考查情态动词。must表说话者极不耐烦和生气的语气。句意为:“―你现在一定要打断我吗?难道你看不到我在打电话吗?―对不起,先生,事情很急。”答案:C
5.(2012年江苏卷)Days later,my brother called to say he was all right,but ______ say where he was.
A.mustn’t B.shouldn’t C.wouldn’t D.mightn’t
The core concept in both meaning is'necessity', with socially-oriented (necessity being interpreted as an obligation, as in[1], and knowledge-oriented (epistemic) necessity being interpreted as conclusion, as in[2].[1]a.You must wear a seat belt when driving.[1]b.You must concentrated on one thing at a time. (表示应尽的义务, 即表示说话人的intention) .[2]a.look at that house!Those people must have a lot of money.[2]b.It must be hot in there with no air conditioning. (表示推测) ."Have to"can be used for obligations as in[3], and conclusions, as in[4].[3]a.When I was in school, we had to wear school uniform.[3]b.He was really big, he had to be over seven feet tall. (表示由于外部法律制度, 规章制定所必须应尽, 承担的义务) .[4]a.Do we really have to go to this meeting?[4]b.Yes, and we will have to present our report.在表示义务是, there is generally a preference for using have to when the obligation seemsto come from some u n c o n t r a l l a b l e external source that compels an action, as in[5].也就是说在表示义务时, 如果是由于外部因素, 外部的力量使我们不得不从事某个行为时, 而且该行为是不受人的控制而引起的, 即have to表示的是外部的力量, 是客观的, 比must更加委婉, 更能有效地促进说话人与听话人之间的社会关系。[5]a.E x c u s e m e, but I have to sneese.b.I'm really thirsty, I just have to get something to drink.[5]a。对不起, 我要打喷嚏了。我们说打喷嚏是不能让人控制的, b.也是一样的, 我渴了就要喝水, 也是不受人为控制的。在这种情况下我们最好用have to。[1]a。当你开车的时候, 必须要扣好安全带。B。当你做的事的时候一定要全神贯注。这两句话都表明说话人有意图让别人去做什么。Must表示义务时是基于人与人之间的社会关系, 社会地位, 表示说话人根据自己已有的社会关系, 社会经验, 社会地位, 社会权利, 要求听话人按照自己的意图, 愿望, 想要听话人去做什么事。这种关系通常是指:师生关系, 上下级关系, 领导与员工之间的关系, 医生与病人, 长辈对晚辈之间的关系。
我在盘县五中任教的这几年, 我的学生经常这样写请假条:比如我父亲生病了, 我必须要向你请假。Because my father is ill, I must ask for leave.我们用交际法来看看must合不合适, 在社会人际关系中, 这里是学生和老师之间的关系, 学生用must, 表明了学生的地位高于老师, 学生有这份权利要求老师必须请假给他, 要求老师必须这样做, 好像学生是领导, 要求下属必须这样做。事实上是这样是吗?当然不是, 事实恰好相反, 学生用must非常不恰当, 应当用have to。
用交际法讲解语法中的情态动词must和have to, 的用法, 到底是用mus还是have to, 这主要取决于说话人和听话人之间的社会关系。如果是上下级关系, 上级具有social power, social experience, according to what is known, 来要求听话人去做什么, 表明说话人根据自己的意图想要听话人去做什么事, 这时候最好用must。如果是由于外界的力量, 外界的因素要求听话人不得不做什么, 并且想要很好的促进说话人和听话人之间的social relationship, 这个时候最好用have to.同理其他的情态动词也都是可以根据人与人之间的社会交际关系来使用的。
英文的情态动词(Modal Auxiliary Verbs)主要有十个:can/could, may/might, will/would, shall/should, must和ought to。情态动词是用在实义动词前面,以增添某种意思。比如我们来比较下列句子用与不用情态动词的差别:
1) John isn’t in class. He is sick.
约翰今天没上课,他病了。
2) John isn’t in class. He must be sick.
约翰今天没上课,他一定是病了。
1)句没有使用情态动词,只用了一般现在时态is,表达的是一个客观陈述。2)句用了情态动词must,则表示说话人的主观猜测。所以,我们看到,因为有了must,使2)句比1)句带有更多的主观色彩,意思有所不同了。我们再看看下列3)句:
3) I must go to school today.
今天我得上学去。
比较2)句和3)句,我们发现两句中的同一个情态动词must意思是不一样的:2)句中的must表示推测,而3)句中的must表示“必须”。
有时,甚至同一个句子也可能因为不同的语境,句中情态动词有不同的含义,比如:
4) He must drink a lot of milk.
这句话如果出自一个医生之口,我们显然就会把它理解成是医生对病人的一个忠告,这时我们就把这句话理解为“他得多喝牛奶”,言外之意,说明喝牛奶对他的健康是有好处的。因此,此时must表示的是“必须”之意。我们再想象这句话可能出现的另一个场景,比如有一天在商店里我看到一个人买了很多牛奶,这时我可做出推断说“He must drink a lot of milk.”显然我要说的是“他准是爱喝很多牛奶”。因此,此时must表示的是“推测”之意。
推测现在
尽管情态动词意思众多,但它们有一个共性用法——表示推测,即英文中除了shall之外其它9个情态动词都可以表示推测,也就是表示说话人对某件事情发生的可能性大小做出判断。我们来看下面这篇短文,讲到了上网可能使人消沉:
5) Internet may cause depression. Internet use may cause a decline in psychological well-being, according to research at Carnegie Mellon University. The fact that Internet use reduces time available for family and friends may account for the drop in well-being, researchers hypothesized. Faceless, bodiless “virtual” communication may be less psychologically satisfying than actual conversation, and the relationships formed through it may be shallower. Another possibility is that exposure to the wider world via the Net makes users less satisfied with their lives.
(上网可能会使人消沉。卡耐基·梅隆大学的一项研究表明,上网可能会引起心理健康水平下降。研究人员认为,经常泡在网络上必然会减少与家人朋友相处的时间,从而导致心理健康水平下降。那种看不见、摸不着的虚拟网上交流给人们带来的心理满意度可能会低于现实中的面对面交流,而网络上的交往也可能较为肤浅。另外一个原因可能是,上网者通过网络所接触到的世界比真实世界要大得多,这可能会使他们对自己的现实生活感到不满意。)
我们看到上文突现部分中的may,并不是大家所熟悉的表示“允许、可以”之意,而是表示某种程度的推测。在英文中,对现在或当前情况的推测,我们可以用“情态动词+动词原形”这一结构,当然不同用词表明说话人对某件事的确信程度不同,下列我给出一个肯定程度的差别比较:
6) A: Why isn’t John in class?
B: He is sick.
100%肯定,客观事实的陈述。
B: He must be sick.
90%肯定,很有把握的陈述。
B: He may be sick.
50%肯定,不太有把握的陈述。
B: He could/might be sick.
25%肯定,很没有把握的陈述,只是提供一种可能。
当然,以上数字不是绝对的,只是为了让大家比较直观地了解不同情态动词所表达的确定程度的差别而已。比如,用must肯定要比用could或might表示说话人的把握要大得多。用could或might,说话人只是为约翰没来上学提供一种解释而已,他的言外之意会是:
He might be sick. I don’t really know. He could be at home watching TV. He might be at the library. He could be out of town.(他有可能病了,但我真的不肯定,也有可能在家看电视,也有可能在图书馆,还有可能出门了。)所以,这里到底用什么词,比如是must还是might或是may,完全取决于说话人当时的确信程度。
我记得以前在大学的English Corner上,为了让我们这些“哑巴”学生张口说句英文,外教可是想尽了各种办法。其中一个绝招就是带我们做各种游戏,这样我们可以一边做游戏一边用英语讨论、交流,从而也练习了口语。有一个游戏是这样的,就是让小组里一位同学在脑子里想一个常见或常用的物品,然后其他组员去猜。但猜的时候,要用一般疑问句对这个东西的性质特征进行发问,比如“Is it white?”,而不能问“Is it white or black?”这样的选择问句,也不能问“What color is it?”这样的特殊问句,因为对方只能回答“Yes / No”。我们就这样一边发挥想象,一边围绕它的特征一点点追问,这样逐渐把思考的范围缩小,最终才能猜到答案。比如,一个同学提示说到:
7) A: I am thinking of something made of metal that you can find in my pocket.
A: 我在想的东西是金属做的,你可以在我口袋里找到的。
然后围绕这个线索,其他同学就跟着猜。但也有同学因为不知道规则,一上来就七嘴八舌地这样猜起来:
B: It could be a pen. (可能是笔。)
C: It could be some keys. (可能是钥匙。)
D: It might be a paper clip. (可能是曲别针。)
E: It may be a small pocket-knife. (可能是小刀。)
F: It could be a coin. (可能是硬币。)
……
因为就这样漫无目的地瞎猜,所以在这样场合用must这个极为确信的词就不合适了。当然这样直接猜是违反游戏规则的。不过,我们也就因此学会了情态动词的推测用法。
再比如在《老友记》(Friends)里,有一场戏里Chandler正在搞网恋,在网上认识一个女孩,两人感情急剧升温。这时Phoebe却给他泼冷水,提醒Chandler不要当真,因为对方可能是一个90岁的老人,或者是一个双头怪物,甚至是一个男人也说不定。
8) Phoebe: Are you the cutest?
Chandler: I’m afraid I might just be.
Phoebe: You know, what I think is so great that you are totally into this person and yet for all you know she could be like 90 years old, or have two heads, or it could be a guy.
Chandler: Okay, it’s not a guy, all right, I know her.
Phoebe: It could be like a big giant guy.(对方可能是一个彪形大汉。)
当然,Phoebe在这里只是故意打击Chandler而已,因此这里她的推测纯属胡诌,不足为信,因而她也就选用了肯定程度最低的一词could,而没有用may甚至must。
否定推测
我们也可以对当前的情况做一个否定的推测,比如:
9) A: The restaurant is always empty.
B: It isn’t good.
100%肯定,客观事实的陈述。
It can’t/couldn’t be good.
90%肯定,很有把握的陈述。
It may not be good.
50%肯定,不太有把握的陈述。
It might not be good.
25%肯定,很没有把握的陈述,只是提供一种可能。
纵观以上阐述,我们发现以下四点是值得读者注意的:
A.在否定推测中,没有must,因为must表示推测一般只用在肯定句中,否定的mustn’t常用于表示命令别人不要做什么,译为“千万别”。
B.与must相反,can表示推测不能用在肯定句中,只用在否定句和疑问句中。因此,must不能在否定句表示推测这一空白正好由can’t来填补,也就是说表示推测的must,否定时要改为can’t,而不是mustn’t。比如:
You must be joking. You can’t be serious.
你准是在开玩笑,你不可能当真吧。
C.在肯定推测时could肯定程度很小,但在否定推测时,couldn’t则表示十分确信,译为“不可能”。
D.Could,might虽然是过去形式,但在这里并不是表示过去推测,而是表示现在推测。
对现在的推测,我们常用的情态动词就是must/may/might/could,在否定句中还有can’t(来替换must)。不过will和should也可以用来对现在的推测,肯定程度等同于must。比如:
10) Ring his home number. He誰l be at home now.
给他家打电话吧,他现在会在家。
用will,表示“我肯定他在家”,相当于:He must be at home now.
11) A: Someone is knocking at the door.
B: That誰l be the postman.
A: 有人在敲门。
B: 准是邮递员。
12) A: This should be the 5th Street up here.
B: It’s not. I think you should have turned left at the last intersection.
A: 这儿应该就是第五大街了。
B: 不是。你应该在上个十字路口左转。
前面提过,每个情态动词都有很多意思,而不同意思就有不同的用法。所以,情态动词用法和词义变化多端、纷繁复杂,因此也是更让我们中国学生“摸不着头脑”的一种英语谓语变化形式。这也可以理解,因为情态动词即是说话人微妙心态变化的反映,native speakers就是通过运用各种功能强大的情态动词以极其微妙的方式来“言传心声”的。我们本期所讨论的情态动词的推测用法是很常用的,读者朋友关键是要掌握不同用词所表达的不同肯定程度,并注意此时的might/could并不表示过去的行为,而是表示发生可能性较小的推测。
思维训练
读者朋友可以仿照所给的例子,针对下列情景做出推测:
例子:
A: I am thinking of something made of metal that you can find in my pocket. What could it be?
B: It could be a pen. It could be some keys. It might be a paper clip. It may be a small pocket-knife. It could be a coin.
A: I was thinking of the keys in my pocket.
1. Something has four legs and is found on a farm.
2. Something is sweet and you can eat it.
3. Something you can play on a large field.
4. Something that has wheels.
读者朋友若对本文有什么疑问或感想,或是在学习过程中遇到任何语法难题,请e-mail到:clintzhang36@163.com。我们将请作者回复,并选取问题刊登。一经选用,我们将免费为您寄送《新东方英语》杂志一本,所以请在来信或邮件中写明通信地址。
回音壁
读者王金花来信:
张老师:
您好!我是一名大三的学生,结识贵刊已经一年多了,非常喜欢它。尤其是这个栏目,帮助广大的英语学习者答疑解难,是学习的好帮手,它在读者与您之间架起一座桥梁。
我有一些问题想请教您,下面两个句子怎么翻译:
(1). I do not teach because teaching is easy.
我认为应该译为:我不教书因为教书容易。可是却译为:我选择教书并非因为教书容易。
(2). The poetry is very realistic. I do not care for it very much.
我觉得应译为:这首诗是写实的,我很不喜欢。而答案却是:这首诗是写实的,我不太喜欢。这是为什么呢?这里有什么语法问题吗?望您赐教!谢谢您!
张满胜回复:
王金花同学:
你好。感谢你的来信及所提出的问题。我先来回答你的第一个问题。你所给的这个英文句子“I do not teach because teaching is easy”在没有上下文的情况下是有歧义的,也就是说该句可以有两种翻译:“我不教书因为教书对我来说太容易”和“我选择教书并非因为教书容易”。比如我可以就这两种翻译分别给出以下不同的语境。
1)I do not teach because teaching is easy for me. I want to do something more challenging.
我不教书因为教书对我来说太容易,我想做一些更有挑战性的工作。
2)Certainly I do not teach because teaching is easy for me. Teaching is the most difficult job in the various ways. Nor do I teach because I think I know answers, or because I have knowledge I feel compelled to share.
我选择教书,并不是因为教书对我来说很容易,相反我选择教书的工作在许多方面是最难的。也并不是因为认为自己学识渊博因而想要急切去炫耀。
显然,对于上述句1)的译文,我们应该比较好理解,因为这正好就是英文的字面意思。句2)的译文则较难,因为它涉及到英文里一个重要的语言现象——否定转移,即句2)中的否定词not虽然还是跟在do后边,但不是否定teach,而是否定because从句中的形容词easy,也就是说not easy,这就是所谓的否定转移。由此可见,because的否定句会有歧义的——not既可以否定主句谓语,也可以否定从句谓语。具体要看上下文。但对于某些句子,只能有一种理解,比如:
3) I don’t study English just because I like to.
这句话显然不能理解成:我不学英文,就是因为我喜欢它。而只能翻译为:我学英文并不是因为我喜欢英文(而是因为其他原因,比如工作需要)。也就是说这里也是发生了否定转移,not否定的是like。这种否定转移在口语中,说话人一定会重读被否定的词,如easy和like。由此,这种否定转移并不仅限于because从句中,在简单陈述句中也会出现,此时被否定的词不一定是句子谓语,而是句中其它被重读的词,比如:
4) I didn’t spend three hours repairing your vacuum so it could sit in the closet.
我花了3小时把吸尘器修理好并不是为了把它放在储藏室不用。
此句sit重读,即被否定,所以not不是否定spend,不能译成“我没有花3个小时”。
5)He won’t go to just any school.
此句中any重读,即表明它被否定,所以原句意思不是说他不愿上学,而是强调他并不是随随便便上一个学校就算了,而是对上什么学校是很挑剔的。英文里这种否定转移的思维习惯是我们中国学生很不熟悉的,所以要特别留心。
至于第二个问题则较简单,这里not否定very much,一般译为“不是非常”,如果是强调否定,我们就会说成not at all或not in the least这种形式。
祝学习进步!
那到底为什么叫情态呢?这个两个字啊也不好理解。这里我说一下,情态这里其实它的意思是语气,也就是语气助动词是更好的名称。那情态动词表达的是语气,比如说我们有一个情态动词很常见,叫should你应该做某事,you should do that。这就叫强硬的语气。
再比如说 would you go with me?试探性的.问,唉你可以跟我一起走吗?would you go with me?这个时候呢特别害怕别人说啊我不跟你走。would you go with me,这就是一种试探性的语气。
再比如说 could you speak English?这个could you就比这个can you要更加的礼貌,所以同样有一个礼貌的语气。再比如说它还有虚拟语气在里面,比如说I could have been a better student,could have done这里的could就表达的是一种虚拟语气,我本来就可以成为一个更好的学生,这里用的是could。好,总结一下情态动词表语气,它并不是动词,它是助动词,一定要用在动词之前协助着一起成为谓语。它更好的名称呢叫做语气助动词。这就好理解了。又表语气又是助动词,所以情态动词呢更好的说法叫语气助动词。
那接下来,我们重点看一下can到底怎么理解。can呢表示能够嘛,那一定是接动词,因为can是助动词,刚才讲了那一定是接动词,can do一定是动词原形。因为这里涉及到一个助动词的规则,就是但凡出现助动词的话,我任何变形式都变的是助动词,不能再变动词,那这个时候谓语动词就只能用动词原形。
情态动词的特殊用法是历年高考的考查热点。下面我们以实例进行解析,帮助同学们更好地掌握该内容。
1. _____ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.
A. Would you be B. Should you be
C. Could you be D. Might you be
解析:答案为B。Should you be fired = If you should be fired。英语中should是一个常用的情态动词,但它可用于条件状语从句中,表示语气较强的假设,意为“万一,竟然”。
2. -What’s the name?
-Khulaifi. _____ I spell that for you?
A. Shall B. Would C. Can D. Might
解析:答案为A。Shall I/we . . . ? 是用来表示征求对方意见或建议的常用句型,它不表示将来。注意:shall的这一用法也适用于第三人称的疑问句中。例如:Shall he come to see you?(要不要他来看你?)
3. John, look at the time. _____ you play the piano at such a late hour?
A. Must B. Can C. May D. Need
解析:答案为A。此题考查must的特殊用法。这里must表示与说话人相反的愿望或语气不耐烦,意为“偏偏,偏要”。注意:近几年must表示“偏偏,偏要”这一用法已成为高考的一个热点。
4. -Must I turn off the gas after cooking?
-Of course. You can never be _____ careful with that.
A. enough B. too C. so D. very
解析:答案为B。can/could not(never) . . . too是一个固定搭配,意为“无论……也不过分,越……越好”。
5. Some aspects of a pilot’s job _____ be boring, and pilots often _____ work at inconvenient hours.
A. can;have to B. may;can
C. have to;may D. ought to;must
解析:答案为A。考查can表示一时的可能性、偶尔发生的事情,意为“有时会”。这个考点在近几年高考中备受青睐。第二空表示“不得不”。
6. -When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
-They _____ be ready by 12:00.
A. can B. should C. might D. need
解析:答案为B。should可用于肯定句中,表示说话人较为婉转的推测,并留有余地,具有“可能;该”之意。
7. When he was there, he _____ go to that coffee shop at the corner after work every day.
A. would B. should C. had better D. might
解析:答案为A。would此处表示过去反复发生的动作或行为,意为“总是,习惯于”。
8. -Excuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report.
-You _____ have my computer if you don’t take care of it.
A. shan’t B. might not
C. needn’t D. shouldn’t
解析:答案为A。在表达“许诺、警告、意图、命令、决心”等,且主语为第二、第三人称时,须用情态动词shall。
9. You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman _____ be so rude to a lady.
A. might B. need C. should D. would
解析:答案为C。should可用在表示惊奇、怀疑、不满等语气的名词性从句中,意为“竟然、竟会”。这一点也是近年高考的热点。
10. Many people agree that _____ knowledge of English is a must in _____ international trade today.
A. a;不填 B. the;an C. the;the D.不填;the
解析:答案为A。句中的must为名词,意为“必需的物品、不可缺少的东西”。如果同学们对must作名词的用法掌握较好,则非常有助于对该题的理解与解答。
11. How _____ you say that you really understand the whole story if you have covered only part of the article?
A. can B. must C. need D. may
解析:答案为A。can可用在疑问句、否定句中,表示说话者对那人所说的“只看了文章的一部分,就知道整个故事”感到怀疑和惊讶。
12. The fire spread through the hotel quickly but everyone _____ get out.
A. had to B. would
C. was able to D. could
解析:答案为C。was/were able to表示经过努力而成功地做成某事,相当于managed to do/succeeded in doing;而could只表示过去具备某种能力。
13. There’s no light on - they ____ be at home.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. shouldn’t
解析:答案为A。该题考查情态动词表推测。情态动词表推测时,must用于肯定句,can用于否定和疑问句。
14. Tom, you _____ leave all your clothes on the floor like this!
A. wouldn’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. may not
解析:答案为B。此处mustn’t表示强烈的否定,意为“千万别,一定不要”。
15. _____ we never forget each other.
A. May B. Can C. Must D. Should
解析:答案为A。此处may用于祈使句中,表示祝愿。整句意为“愿我们彼此永不相忘。”又如:May you return in safety. (愿你平安归来。)
练习:
1. Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How _____ it be that he was late for opening ceremony?
A. can B. should C. may D. must
2. Naturally, after I told her what to do, my daughter _____ go and do the opposite!
A. may B. can C. must D. should
3. It has been announced that candidates _______ remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.
A. can B. will C. may D. shall
4. “The interest ___________ be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides,” declared the judge.
A. may B. should C. must D. shall
5. You can’t imagine that a top student ______ have failed in the college entrance examination.
A. might B. need C. should D. would
6. Football, as is known to the world, _______ be exciting and inviting.
A. should B. might C. can D. will
7. -_____ he open the door?
-Yes, please.
A. Shall B. Will C. Can D. Would
8. The World Wide Web is sometimes jokingly called the World Wide Wait because it _____ be very slow.
A. should B. must C. will D. can
9. -Isn’t that Ann’s husband over there?
-No, it ______ be him-I’m sure he doesn’t wear glasses.
A. can’t B. must not C. won’t D. may not
10. It’s nearly seven o’clock. Jack _____ be here at any moment.
A. must B. need C. should D. can
11. What should we do if it _____ tomorrow?
A. should snow B. would snow C. snow D. will snow
12. You _____ use my bike on condition that you give it to me before I leave here.
A. should B. must C. ought to D. shall
(Keys: 1. A 2. C 3. D 4. D 5. C 6. C 7. A 8. D 9. A 10. C 11. A 12. D)
虚拟语气考点透析
考点一、虚拟语气的基本用法
1.与现在事实相反的虚拟语气,基本结构为:主语+动词的一般过去时(be动词用were)+其他成分+if+should/would/could...+动词原形+其他成分。例如:
①If it were not for the fact that she ______ sing,I would invite her to the party.
A.couldnt B.shouldnt C.cant D.might not
解析 句意为:如果不是因为她不会唱歌的事实,我会邀请她来参加那次聚会的。that从句为同位语从句,描述的是事实,用陈述语气。正确答案为C。
2.与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,基本结构为:主语+动词的过去完成时+其他成分+if+should/would/could...+have done+其他成分。例如:
If the weather had been better,we could have had a picnic.But it ______ all day.
A.rained B.rains C.has rained D.is raining
解析 句意为:如果天气好的话,我们是能够去野餐的,但是下了一天的雨。句子前半部分陈述的是与过去事实相反的事情,所以用了虚拟语气。下了一天的雨是事实,所以用陈述语气。因为是发生在过去的事实,所以正确答案为A。
3.与将来事实相反的虚拟语气,基本结构为:主语+动词的一般过去时/should do/were to do+其他成分+if+should/would/could...+动词原形+其他成分。例如:
If I ______ plan to do anything I want to,Id like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible.
A.would B.could C.had to D.ought to
解析 句意为:如果我能够计划做我想做的事情,我想去西藏并且尽可能多玩一些地方。句子描述的是与将来事实相反的事情,所以正确答案为B。
考点二、含蓄虚拟条件句
这样的虚拟句不含有if从句,而是以but for/without/or/otherwise等引导的句子代替if从句,主句的谓语动词的形式与前面虚拟语气的基本用法相同。例如:
Thank you for all your hard work last week.I dont think we ______ it without you.
A.can manage B.could have managed
C.could managed D.can have managed
解析 由语境可知这里要表达的意思是:如果没有你们辛勤的工作,我们不可能处理好这件事。很显然,这是对过去发生的事实的虚拟,所以要用could have done,故应选B。
考点三、主从句时间不一致的虚拟条件句
在有些虚拟条件句中,主从句时间不一致,应根据不同情况区别对待。例如:
Its hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ______ in love,at the age of seven,with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.
A.wouldnt have fallen B.had not fallen
C.should fall D.were to fall
解析 句意为:如果不是我在七岁时爱上家乡的Melinda Cox图书馆的话,很难想象今天的我会是什么样子。主句描述的是与现在事实相反的事情,从句描述的是与过去事实相反的事情。正确答案为B。
考点四、名词性从句中的虚拟语气
在含有表示坚持、建议、命令、要求等含义的名词性从句和在it做形式宾语或形式主语的复合句中,宾语补足语是necessary/strange/essential/natural/a pity/a shame等表示惊奇、惋惜或者理应如此等含义时,从句中的谓语动词需用should+动词原形,其中should可以省略。例如:
Dont you think it necessary that he ______ to Miami but to New York?
I agree,but the problem is ______ he has refused to.
A.will not be sent;that B.not be sent;that
C.should not be sent;what D.should not send;what
解析 问句句意为:难道你不认为必须把他送到迈阿密而不是纽约吗?句子表示理应如此的意思。正确答案为B。
情态动词考点透析
考点一、情态动词基本含义的考查
情态动词的基本含义,一直是高考考查的重要内容。例如:
1. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone______get out. A. had to B. would C. was able to D. could
解析:考查情态动词的基本含义。had to:不得不; would:表示意愿或过去常常;could倾向于表示经过长期训练而获得的能力;was able to 表示经过努力而能够做到的事或成功地做了某事。因此,答案是C。
分析:高考对情态动词基本含义的考查,仍然集中在常用的情态动词上。对常用情态动词的含义,要掌握的既准确又要全面,特别是shall, should, can, may 四个常用情态动词的含义较多,不易理解,复习时应当引起重视。
二、情态动词表示推测的考查
对情态动词表示推测的用法,是高考考查情态动词的一个重要方面。例如:
1. Sorry, Im late. I______have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again .
A. might B. should C. can D. will
解析:might have done : (过去)可能做过某事;shouldhave done :本应该做某事。根据本句提供的情境Im late 表明说话人可能把闹钟关上了。答案是:A。
分析:高考对表示推测的情态动词集中在must, can, could, may, might上,准确掌握它们使用的场合,是解决问题的关键。Must 用于肯定陈述句,表示肯定推测;can, could用于疑问或否定陈述句,表示可能性推测;may, might用于陈述句,表示可能性推测;用于否定陈述句中,cant (不可能)的语气比may not(可能不)强。此外,还要注意有对过去和对现在两种情况的推测,对过去推测用情态动词+have done ,对现在推测用情态动词+ 动词原形。
三、情态动词表示虚拟的考查
情态动词+have+过去分词表示与过去事实上相反的情况,也是高考单项选择题涉及到情态动词的一个重要方面。
1. There was a lot of fun at yesterdays party. You______come, but why didnt you?
A. must have B. should
C. need have D. ought to have
解析:ought to have done 表示本来应该做某事而实际没做,should do 表示现在应该做某事,与题中 at yesterdays party 表示的时间不一致。所以选D。
分析:高考对情态动词表示虚拟用法,表示与过去事实相反的情况。近几年高考,主要侧重should (not)have done 这一句式上,表示本来不该做却做了或本来该做却未做的事,在复习时,还应关注其它几种虚拟形式,如need (not)have done 表示本来需要做而未做或本来不需要而做的事等等,以做到有备无患。
考点四、情态动词与助动词混合考查
1.Tom ,you didnt come to the party last night?
I______, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do .
A. had to B. didnt C. was going to D. wouldnt
解析:had to:不得不;didnt:没来;was going to:打算来;wouldnt:不愿来。句意:汤姆,昨晚你没来参加舞会吗?我本打算来,但我突然记起有作业要做。But是关键词,所以答案是:C。
2.Your phone number again? I______quite catch it .
Its 86184867.
A. didnt B. couldnt C. dont D. cant
解析:记住电话号码并非难事,未完全听清楚电话号码并非能力的事,此处只是说没有完全听清楚电话号码,所以,应选A。
【精选试题】 名校模拟题及其答案
1. I still havent thanked Aunt Lucy for her present. Its time you _____.
A. do B. did C. had D. would
2. If I hadnt been lucky enough to meet you. I really _____ what I would have done.
A. dont know B. hadnt known
C. wasnt knowing D. wouldnt know
3. Ive told everyone about it. Oh, Id rather you _____.
A. dont B. hadnt
C. couldnt D. wouldnt
4. It has been raining for a day, but eventhough it hadnt rained, we _____ there by tomorrow.
A. cant get B. wont get
C. hadnt got D. wouldnt get
5. Do you know his address? No, I also wish I _____ where he _____.
A. knew, live B. knew, lives
C. know, lives D. know, lived
6. Isnt it about time you _____ to do morning exercises? Yes, it is. Would you like to join us?
A. begin B. have begun
C. began D. had begun
7. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ____ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.
A. wouldnt have fallen B. had not fallen
C. should fall D. were to fall
8. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he ____ a goal.
A. had scored B. scored
C. would score D. would have scored
9. If only he _______ quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now.
A. lies B. lay
C. had lain D. should lie
10. Without the air to hold some of the sunsheat, the earth at night ____ for us to live.
A. would be freezing cold B. will be freezing coldly
C. would be frozen cold D. can freeze coldly
11. I forget where I read the article, or I _____ it to you now. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
A. will show B. would show C. am going to show D. am showing
12. It looks as if he were drunk. So it does. _____.
A. Hed better give up drinking
B. He shouldnt have drunk so much
C. Health is more important than drink
D. I wonder why he is always doing so
13. Mary looks hot and dry So _____ you if you had so high a fever.
A. do B. are C. will D. would
14. He will come tomorrow. But Id rather he _____ the day after tomorrow.
A. will come B. is coming
C. came D. had come
15. All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he ____ badly wounded and that he ____ at once.
A. should be; be operated on
B. were; must be operated on
C. was; should be operated
D. was; be operated on
16. ______ smoking, he would not have got cancer in the lung.
A. Was he given up B. Had he given up w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
C. Did he give D. If he gave up
17. I still havent thanked Aunt Lucy for her present. Its time you _____.
A. do B. did C. had D. would
18. Do you know his address? No, I also wish I _____ where he _____.
A. knew, live B. knew, lives w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
C. know, lives D. know, lived
19. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ____ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
A. wouldnt have fallen B. had not fallen
C. should fall D. were to fall
20. Without the air to hold some of the suns heat, the earth at night ____ for us to live.
A. would be freezing cold B. will be freezing coldly
C. would be frozen cold D. can freeze coldly
21.________ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.
A. Would you be B. Should you be
C. Could you be D. Might you be
22.You cant imagine that a well-behaved gentleman _____ be so rude to a lady.
A. might B. need C. should D. would
23.Excuse me. But I want to use your computer to type a report.
You _____have my computer if you dont take care of it .
A. shant B. might not C. neednt D. shouldnt
24. He _____ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldnt be enjoying himself by the seaside.
A. should B. must C. wouldnt D. cant
25. I ______ have been more than six years old when the accident happened.
A. shouldnt B. couldnt C. mustnt D. neednt
26. There _____ be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school.
A. mustnt B. shant C. shouldnt D. neednt
27. I was on the highway when this car went past fol. Lowed by a police car. They ______ at least 150 kilometers an hour.
A. should have been doing B. must have been doing
C. could have done D. would have done
28. Ive taken someone elses green sweater by mistake.
It ______ Harrys. He always wears green.
A. has to be B. will be C. mustnt be D. could be
29. Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you.
Thanks. You ______ it. I could manage it myself.
A. neednt do B. neednt have done
C. mustnt do D. shouldnt have done
30. Lucy doesnt mind lending you her dictionary.
She _______. Ive already borrowed one.
A. cant B. mustnt C. neednt D. shouldnt
【答案与解析】
1.
【解析】选B.Its time you did 为 Its time you thanked Aunt Lucy for her present 之略。按照英语语法,its time 后从句通常要用过去式。
2.
【解析】选A.虽然前有虚拟条件句, 后有使用了虚拟语气的宾语,但 I dont know 却宜用一般现在时,因为 I dont know 表述的是现在的真实情况,句意为我要不是有幸遇到你,我真不知(指现在不知)我会做出什么蠢事来。
3.
【解析】选B.Id rather 后接从句时,从句谓语的时态规律是:用过去式表示现在或将来,用过去完成式表示过去。
4.
【解析】选A.we cant get there by tomorrow 为客观事实,故宜用陈述语气。
5.
【解析】选B.第一空填 knew,因为 I wish 后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气(即用过去式表示现在的想法);第二空要填lives,即用陈述语气,因为 where he lives 是一个客观事实,而不是 I wish 的内容。
6.
【解析】选C.Its time / Its high time / Its about time 等后接从句时,从句谓语通常用过去式。
7.
【解析】选 B.此题涉及错综时间虚拟条件句,主句与现在事实相反,条件句与过去事实相反。句意为:要不是在七岁时就迷上了 Melinda Cox 图书馆,我真不能想像我如今会在做什么。
8.
【解析】8. 选 D.这是otherwise 引出的含蓄虚拟语气,再根据前面的 hesitated 可进一步知道这是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,由此可推知答案选 D.
9.
【解析】选 C.if only意为要是就好了,其后的句子谓语要用虚拟语气,同时根据 as the doctor instructed 中的过去时态可知从句是与过去事实相反,故选 C.
10.
【解析】选 A.without 引出的介词短语为一个与现在事实相反的含蓄条件句。
【答案】C
11.
【解析】.根据上文的语境可知句中的 or 隐含有一个虚拟的条件,即 or=if I didnt forget where I read the article(要是我没忘记我在哪儿读过这篇文章的话但事实上忘了)。
【答案】B
12.
【解析】关键信息是It looks as if he were drunk 中的虚拟语气,句子既然用了虚拟语气,也就是说,他喝醉了不是事实,只是他的言行好像是醉了,所以此题的最佳答案是D.
【答案】 D.
13.
【解析】 由于空格后的 if 条件状语从句的谓语用的是虚拟语气(这是很重要的信息),所以主句要用 would 而不用 will,即答案应选D.
【答案】D
14.
【解析】按照英语习惯,would rather 后接that 从句时,从句谓语通常要用虚拟语气,即用过去式表示现在或将来, 用过去完成时表示过去。
【答案】C
15.
【解析】insist后的从句谓语有时用should+动词原形这样的虚拟语气,有时不用,具体要看该谓语动词所表示的含义。一般说来,若该谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生,或尚未成为事实,则用虚拟语气;若该谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生,或已经成为事实,则要用陈述语气。分析上题的句意,可知只有选D最合适。
【答案】D
16.
【解析】是因为时态前后有矛盾。由于主句谓语是would not have got,这表明是对过去事实作出的假设,所以从句谓语应该是 had given up,而不是像D项那样用一般过去时。另外,当虚拟条件句中有 had, should, were 等词时,通常可以省略 if,并将 had, should, were 提前置于句首。
【答案】B
17.
【解析】Its time you did 为 Its time you thanked Aunt Lucy for her present 之略。按照英语语法,its time 后从句通常要用过去式。
【答案】B
18.
【解析】第一空填 knew,因为 I wish 后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气(即用过去式表示现在的想法);第二空要填lives,即用陈述语气,因为 where he lives 是一个客观事实,而不是 I wish 的内容。
【答案】B
19.
【解析】 此题涉及错综时间虚拟条件句,主句与现在事实相反,条件句与过去事实相反。句意为:要不是在七岁时就迷上了 Melinda Cox 图书馆,我真不能想像我如今会在做什么。
【答案】B
20.
【解析】without 引出的介词短语为一个与现在事实相反的含蓄条件句。
【答案】A
21.
【解析】句意:万一你被解雇,给你的医疗救助和其它方面的福利也不会被取消。
【答案】B
22.
【解析】句意:你想象不到这么一个表现良好的绅士竟然会对一个女士这么粗鲁。
【答案】C
23.
【解析】shall此处表示警告。
【答案】A
24.
【解析】B此处考查情态动词表示推测的用法。should have done表示过去应该做而实际并没有做,因此淘汰A项。would不用来表推测,因此淘汰C项。B基与D项虽然都可以表示推测,但B项表肯定意义而D项表示否定推测,意为不可能,根据句意:他肯定已完成了他的工作;不然,他就不会在海边玩得那么愉快了。可知此处需要肯定意义,因此淘汰D项。
25.
【解析】B本题考查情态动词的用法。must表示推测只能用于肯定句,否定句用can或could 代替。shouldnt have done 表示本来不该而实际上却做了某事.neednt have done表示本来不必而实际上却做了均不合题意。本句的意思是:当事故发生时我不可能超过6岁。
26.
【解析】C should(按道理)应该;句意:既然你在驾校时做了大量练习,那么通过这次考试理不应该有困难。
27.
【解析】B 第一句话使用了一般过去时,由此可知第二句话是对过去事情的猜测,需用must have done.本题意为我正在高速公路上行驶,这时一辆警车跟随着着这辆车从旁边经过。它们一定是以至少每小时150公里的速度行驶。故选B。A项表示本应该,C项表示本能够不合题意。
28.
【解析】D 本题考查情态动词的用法。句意是我错拿了别人的绿色 毛衣,那可能是Harry的,他总是穿绿色的毛衣。四个选项中could表示推测。mustnt 表示 禁止has to 表示不得不will 表推测时,表肯定语气太强。
29.
【解析】B根据句意可知Catherine对对方为她打扫了房间表示感谢并提到对方本来不必为她打扫房间。很显然对方打扫房间是过去所为,表达去不必做某事用neednt have done sth.
30.
can,could和be able to可用来表示能力。be able to可用于各种时态,且was / were able to表示“成功做了某事”。例如:
Though the earthquake hit the village, all the villagers ______ move to the safe areas.
A. wouldB. could
C. were able toD. need
分析 C 尽管地震袭击这个村庄,村上的人成功地撤到了安全地带。were able to表示“成功做了某事”。
can和could表示有能力,但不一定做到。例如:
He could be in time for the first class this morning, but there was a traffic accident. 他本可准时到校上第一节课,但路上发生了交通事故。
can和may可用来表示“允许”或者征求对方的意见(请注意在疑问句和答句中的用法):
—Could I visit you again next Christmas?我能在明年圣诞节再来拜访您吗?(语气委婉)
—Yes, you can. / No, I’m afraid not. 好啊。/ 恐怕不行。
—May I watch TV after finishing my homework? 做完作业可以看电视吗?
—Yes, you may. / No, you mustn’t. / No, you’d better not. 可以。/ 不行!/ 最好别看。
will / would在疑问句中用于第二人称时,表示询问对方的意愿或向对方提出请求,后者更为婉转:
Will / Would you get me some souvenirs when you visit Shanghai Expo?你可以在参观上海世博会的时候给我带些纪念品吗?
在疑问句中,shall 用来征求对方的意见或者请求指示:
Shall I fetch some orange juice for you? 要不要我给你拿些橘子汁来?
Since everybody is here, shall we start the meeting now? 既然每个人都到了,我们开会吧?
There’s an applicant for the interview. Shall he come in right now? 有位来应聘的。要不要他马上进来?
must表示“必须,应该”,是说话人的主观意愿;否定式mustn’t表示“不应该,不准,禁止”等:
We must observe the traffic rules. 我们必须遵守交通规则。
You mustn’t farm on the Internet as a student, which costs lots of time. 作为学生不能网上种菜,那很耗时间的。
have (has) to表示客观上的“需要,不得不”,强调来自外界的义务:
It is time for the PE lesson. I have to go now. 是体育课的时间了,我得走了。
He is old enough now. You don’t have to worry about him. 他年龄不小了,你不必为他担心。
shall用于第二、三人称,表示说话人的命令、警告、威胁、强制等意思:
If you didn’t do as I told you. You shall not watch TV this evening. 你没按照我说的去做,所以你今晚不能看电视。
No one shall smoke in this area. 任何人都不可以在这个地方吸烟。
should 表示职责、义务、劝告等,主观性强:
You shouldn’t judge a man always by his appearance. 你不应该总是以貌取人。
should和ought to的含义大致相同,ought to 强调义务或责任时,比should语气强:
You ought to go and see Mary tomorrow. 明天你应该去看玛丽。
will和would表示决心、意志、意愿等,用于各种人称:
I will make the computer work even if I have to stay up all night. 哪怕我熬夜也要修好电脑。
She will help you if you can’t finish cleaning the classroom before 5:00. 如果你在5:00前不能完成打扫教室的任务,她会帮助你的。
表示推测的情态动词有must, can, could, may, might, should等。must表示推测时,意思是“一定、准会”,语气肯定,有把握,只能用于肯定的猜测,可以推测现在正在发生的动作和过去发生的动作。can和could表示推测时,往往用于否定句或疑问句,can’t表示“一定不”。
may, might表示推测时,意思是“可能、也许”,语气没有must肯定。may, might表推测时,还可以用于否定句,意思是“可能不、也许不”,但不用于疑问句。might不表示过去时态,只是语气上比may更委婉,表示可能性更小。should表示推测时,其语气比较肯定,并暗示其推测有一定的事实依据或者合乎客观常理。例如:
This book should be found easily in the library. 在图书馆应该很容易找到这本书的。(说话人认为,图书馆应该有很多这类书籍,所以应该很容易找到。)
He must have enjoyed the film Avatar, otherwise, he wouldn’t want to see it a second time. 他一定很喜欢电影《阿凡达》,否则他就不会再想看第二遍了。
—Someone called you while you were away, but he didn’t say who he was. 你不在时有人打你电话了,但他没说他是谁。
—Thanks. Who can it be?谢谢!他会是谁呢?
Look at that car! It must be driving at least 150 kilometers an hour. 看那车开得多快!起码每小时150公里。(must be driving表示对现在正在发生的事情的肯定猜测)
There is no one in the classroom. All the students must have gone to the Charity Bazaar. 教室里没有一个人,学生一定都去Charity Bazaar了。(must have gone表示对过去事情的肯定猜测)
could have done / might have done“本来能够做而实际上没有做”,用来表示对过去没有做成某事的遗憾或责备;should have done / ought to have done“本应该做某事而实际上没有做”,用来表示责备或后悔;shouldn’t have done / ought not to have done“本不应该做某事但却做了”,用来表示责备或后悔;needn’t have done“本来不必做却做了某事”。例如:
You should / ought to have come to the meeting earlier. 你应该早点来开会。
He shouldn’t / ought not to have treated his parents like that. 他不应该那样对待自己的父母。
As you worked late yesterday, you needn’t have come this morning. 因为你昨晚熬夜工作,没有必要今天上午来的。
—I stayed at a hotel while in London. 在伦敦期间我住在旅馆。
—Oh, why not contact Grace? You could have stayed at her home. 哦,你为何不联系格雷西?你本来能住她家的呀!
should意为“竟然”,表示惊奇、遗憾:
I’m surprised that you should be late today. 我很惊讶你今天竟然会迟到。
need表示“需要,必须”,多用于疑问句和否定句中:
—Need we buy a laptop?我们有必要买笔记本电脑吗?
—No, we needn’t. / Yes, we must. 没有必要。/ 有必要。
dare表示“敢”,多用在疑问句和否定句中:
Dare you swim across the river?你敢游到河对面去吗?
She dare not speak in public. 她不敢在公共场所说话。
need和dare作为行为动词时,其变化与一般动词相同。作实义动词的dare在否定句中其后的to可以省略:
We need to think it over. 我们需要仔细思考。
She didn’t need to do such a part-time job to cover her tuition expense. 她没必要打工去挣学费。
—Who dares to go? 谁敢去?
—I don’t dare (to) ask her. 我不敢去问她。
即学即用
1. It has been announced that all the passengers ______ remain in their seats until the plane lands safe.
A. couldB. will
C. needD. shall
2. —It’s nearly 7 o’clock. John ______ be back!
—Yes. I dare say he ______ be doing his extra work in his office now.
A. can; mustB. will; might
C. should; mustD. must; may
3. He asked for a sick leave yesterday; otherwise he ______ to buy the Expo tickets for you.
A. will goB. went
C. would have goneD. had gone
4. —Could I have the name of the girl who wears long hair next door?
—Ok, if you ______ know it, her name is Diana.
A. canB. must
C. mayD. should
5. Considering his ability and experience, he _____ better. What a pity!
A. need have done
B. must have done
C. can have done
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