考研英语二名词性从句
There is a man downstairs who wants to see you。
楼下有人要见你。
In our factory, there are many people who are much interested in the new invention。
在我们工厂里,许多人对这项新发明很感兴趣。
We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity。
我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有一些国籍标志
She had a balance at her banker’s which would have made her beloved anywhere。
她在银行里的存款足以使她到处受到欢迎
4.状译法
(1)译成表示“时间”的分句
A driver who is driving the bus mustn’t talk with others or be absent-minded。
司机在开车时,不许和人谈话,也不能走神。
(2)译成表示“原因”的分句
He showed no further wish for conversation with Mrs.Smith, who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable。
他似乎不愿再和史密斯太太讲话,因为她现在异常无礼,令人厌烦。
(3)译成表示“条件”的分句
Men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families。
人们极其迫切地要求工作,不管什么工作,只要它能维持一家人的生活就行。
(4)译成表示“让步”的分句
He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use for
尽管他并没有这样的需要,他坚持要再买一幢房子。
(5)译成表示“目的”的分句
He wishes to write an article that will attract the public attention to the matter。
为了引起公众对这一事件的注意,他想写一篇文章。
He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument。
为了证明他的论点,他正在收集确凿的材料以。
(6)译成表示“结果”的分句
They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously throughout the country。
他们企图镇压反抗,结果反抗愈来愈烈,遍及全国。
(7译成表示“转折”的分句
She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was。
关键词:高考,名词性从句,复习,解题
语法是英语学习的基础 , 美国著名语言学家Leonard Bloomfield教授曾说:不掌握语法, 你对英语的学习将无法深入。名词性从句在每一年的高考单选题中都会出现, 因此, 在高考专项复习时, 名词性从句是一个重点。
一、牢记从句概念, 明白从句用途
一个从句在一个复合句子中充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语, 相当于名词, 称为名词性从句。它可以分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
主语从句如:
(2011北京22) What Barbara Jones offers to her fans is hon- esty and happiness.
(2012全国24) It is by no means clear what the president can do to end the strike. (it形式主语)
宾语从句一般在及物动词和介词的后面, 如:
(2012四川17) Scientists study how human brains work to make computers.
(2011上海38) The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of what others actually under- stand.
表语从句如:
(2011山东26) I am afraid he’s more of a talker than a doer, which is why he never finishes anything.
同位语从句一般在一个名词后面, 说明名词的具体内容, 如:
(2012江苏27) The notice came around two in the afternoon that the meeting would be postponed. (同位语从句修饰notice)
二、掌握连接词用法, 熟悉考试重点
连接词在各个名词性从句中的用法都是一样的, 下面简单介绍:
What/whatever在名词性从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语 , 指物。
That在名词性从句中不作成分 , 从句句子结构完整 , 意思也完整。在主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中, that不可以省略;在宾语从句中, that可以省略, 如果有两个并列的宾语从句, 那么第一个宾语从句的that可以省略, 第二个宾语从句的that不可以省略。
Who/whoever在名词性句子中作主语 , 有时候也用作宾语, 指人。
Whom/whomever在名词性句子中只作宾语, 指人。
Which/whichever在名词性从句中作主语、宾语、定语 , 既指人又指物, 指在一定的范围内。
When表时间, where表地点, why表原因, how表方式。
Whether或if翻译为“是否” (区别:whether可以引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句, 后面可以接to do或or not, 引导的从句作介词的宾语) 。
如:
Whoever comes first will receive a gift. (whoever引导主语从句, 在从句中作主语)
It is certain that she will do well in her exam. (it形式主语 , that引导主语从句)
The shocking news made me realize what terrible problems we would face. (what引导宾语从句, 在从句中作定语)
He hasn’t made it known when he is going to get married. (it形式宾语, when引导宾语从句, 在从句中作时间状语)
He could not express what he felt. (what引导宾语从句, 在从句中作宾语)
There is clear evidence that the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain. (that引导同位语从句)
China is no longer what she used to be. (what引导表语从句, 在从句中作表语)
As many as five courses are provided, and you are free to choose whichever suits you best. (whichever引导宾语从句, 在从句中作主语)
三、分析句子成分, 确保考试得分
下面我们来看十道典型例题, 看看怎么做有关名词性从句的单选题目。
①【2012浙江】4.I made a promise to myself __________this year, my first year in high school, would be different.
A.whether B.what C.that D.how
这道题目中有一个名词promise诺言, 后面的句子是它的内容, 是同位语从句, 句子完整, 意思也完整, 所以答案选C。
②【2012福建】35.We promise________attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.
A.who B.whom C.whoever D.whomever
这道题目的promise是一个动词, 它的结构式promise sb. sth., 接双宾语 , __________ attends the party是宾语从句 , 少了主语 , 指人, 翻译为“任何参加晚会的人”, 所以答案选C。
另有一道题, 跟这道题差不多:We should make what we read is useful.make后接宾语和宾补 , what we read就是宾语从句, what在从句中作read的宾语。
③【2012湖南】26.Everyone in the village is very friendly.It doesn’t matter _____ you have lived there for a short or a long time.
A.why B.how C.whether D.when
It是形式主语, 后面才是主语从句, 句子结构完整, 意思不完整, 翻译为“不管你在这里住的时间短还是长”, 所以答案选C。
④【2012辽宁】34.The newcomer went to the library the other day and searched for ________ he could find about Mark Twain.
A.wherever B.however C.whatever D.whichever
这道题中的for是一个介词, 后面是一个宾语从句, 在从句中find后面少了宾语, 指物, 所以答案选C。
⑤The travelers got to _________ was once an old temple that the workers used as a store.
A.what B.where C.that D.which
这道题很多学生会根据翻译“旅行者到达了某个地方”而选B, 其实这道题目got to后面是作宾语, 是宾语从句, was前面少了主语, 指物, 正确答案选A。
⑥If my memory serves me right, he returned home after % % seemed to be 3 days.
A.all B.that C.what D.it
这道题很多学生会选D, 其实after在这里是一个介词, after ____________ seemed to be 3 days翻译为“三天后”, _________ seemed to be 3 days是一个宾语从句, 前面少了主语, 指物, 所以答案选C。
⑦Energy is _________ makes things work.
A.what B.which C.something D.that
这道题很多学生会选C, 翻译为“能源是一种物质, 可以让其他事物工作”。可以这样分析, is后面是一个表语从句, 从句中makes前面少了主语, 指物, 所以答案选A。如果把C的选项改为something that, 也是正确的。That引导一个定语从句, 修饰something, 在定语从句中that作主语。
⑧__________ is known to us all, Diaoyu Island is part of China.
A.As B.What C.That D.It
这道题主要考查以下三个结构:①As is known to us all, as引导定语从句。②It is known to us all that, it为形式主语, that引导主语从句。③What is known to us all is that, what引导主语从句, 在从句中作主语, that引导表语从句, 在句中不作成分。根据上面的解释, 应该选A。
⑨It is a subject about %% they have argued for a long time.
A.whether B.what C.which D.that
这道题很多学生会选B, 他们认为about是介词, 后面是宾语从句, 从句中argued后面少了宾语。其实这道题关键在argue的用法, argue with sb.about sth., argue是不及物动词, 所以不能选B, 正确答案选C。这道题是定语从句, 先行词是subject, about which是介词加关系代词。
⑩———What’s made Tommy so upset?
———______ the game.It shocked him so much.
A.For losing B.Because of losing C.Lost D.That he lost
这道题很多学生觉得无从下手, 其实这道题的解题关键就是问什么, 答什么。What是对主语的提问, 也就是说回答的是主语, 也就是主语从句, 所以答案选D。That引导主语从句, 句子写完整就是:That he lost the game has made Tommy so up- set.
只要我们牢记名词性从句的概念, 掌握连接词的用法, 懂得分析句子成分, 就可以完全掌握名词性从句。
参考文献
[1]张道真.张道真实用英语语法.北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2002, 5.
[2]郭凤高.英语语法实践指南 (第二版) .上海:复旦大学出版社, 2001, 11.
1.名词(nouns)n.:
名词是词性的一种,也是实词的一种,是指代人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。名词可以独立成句。在短语或句子中通常可以用代词来替代;名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词(Common Nouns);专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等,专有名词的首字母要大写。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness。2.代词(pronoun)pron.: 代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词有:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种。
3.数词(numeral)Num.: 数词是表示数量或顺序的词,数词分为基数词和序数词和分数词三种。基数词就是表示数量多少的词,序数词就是表示第几的词。4.形容词(adjective)adj/a.:
形容词是很多语言中均有的主要词类中的一种。形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质,状态,和特征。5.副词(adverb)副词是一种用来修饰动词、形容词,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。副词是一种半虚半实的词。副词可分为:时间副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词、连接副词、关系副词、频率副词和说明性副词。6.动词(Verb)v.:
动词是用来表示各类动作的词汇。基本上每个完整的句子都有一个动词,要表示第二个动作时可使用不定词、动名词、对等连接词、不及物动词、及物动词从属连接词或增加句子等方法。
7.冠词(article)art.:
冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义。它一般用在名词的前面,修饰名词,表示特指的某种物质。有时它也用于形容词前面,例如the old,the poor,指怎么样的一类人。冠词不能离开名词独立存在,它表示的主语数量或者特征。但是在专有名词前面不能用冠词。8.介词(preposition)prep.:
介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词,在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词,或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语或介词宾语。
介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词。介词有at,in,before,after,on,by,with等。9.连词(conjunction)conj.:
连词是一种虚词,它不能独立担任句子成分,只起连接词与词、短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为4类:并列连词、转折连词、选择连词和因果连词。10.助词:(auxiliary)aux.: 助词是附着在词,短语,句子的前面或后面,表示结构关系或某些附加意义的虚词。助词有结构助词,时态助词,语气助词三种。11.叹词:(interjection)interj.: 叹词是语法学术语。表示感叹、呼唤、应答的词。判断词
判断词表示判断“是”或“否”的词语,常用no,yes,not。一般条件状语从句的连词都有是否的意思,例如if、whether。情态动词
情态动词本身有一定的词义,但要与动词原形及其被动语态一起使用,给谓语动词增添情态色彩,表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,认为其可能、应该或必要等。情态动词后面加动词原形。
1)情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。2)情态动词除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
3)情态动词不随人称的变化而变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。4)情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式、分词等形式。感叹词
感叹词是用来表示说话时表达的喜、怒、哀、乐等情感的词。它不构成后面句子的一个语法成分,却在意义上与它有关联,后面的句子一般说明这种情绪的性质、原因。感叹词是英语口语中最富有表现力的词语之一,用途甚广。下面是感叹词的用法: Oh 表示惊讶、指责、痛苦、称赞、懊恼等,可译为“哦”、“哎呀”、“噢”“啊”、“呀”等。例如:
(1).“Oh, who was that?” Mr.Black asked.“哦,是谁?”布莱克先生问。(2).“Oh, how blind you are!” he cried.“哎呀,你们真瞎!”他大声道。其他
1、动名词:动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。它可以支配宾语,也能被副词修饰。动名词有时态和语态的变化。
2、动词不定式:由to+动词原形构成。不定式是一种非限定性动词。而非限定动词是指那些在句中不能单独充当谓语的动词,可分为不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。
1.Father goes to his doctor for ____ about his heart trouble.A.an advice
B.advice
C.advices
D.the advice 2.We work out the plan, and now we must put it into _____ A.fact
B.practice
C.reality
D.deed 3.We miss the last bus;I’m afraid we have no ___but to take a taxi.A.way
B.choice
C.possibility
D.selection 7.If by any chance someone comes to see me, ask them to leave a____ A.message
B.letter
C.sentenceD.notice 8.He has done some ____on that subject from various angles over the past ten years.A.research
B.a research
C.researches
D.the research 9.After dinner he gave Mr.Richardson ___ ride to___CapitalAirpot.A.the;a
B.a;the
C./;the
D./;a 10.It is often said that___teachers have___ very easy life.A./;/
B./;a
C.the;/
D.the;a 11.Mrs.Taylor has ___8-year-old daughter who has ___gift for painting---she has won two national prizes.A.a;a
B.an;the
C.an;a
D.the;a 12.John is ___university student.A.the
B.a
C./
D.an 13.Alice is fond of playing ___piano while Henry is interested in listening to ___ music.A./;the
B./;/
C.the;/
D.the;the 14.Many people agree that ___ knowledge of English is a must in ___international trade today.A.a;/
B.the;an
C.the;the
D./;the 15.Charlie Chaplin was considered one of the greatest actors in ___history of ___ cinema.A./;/
B.a;the
C.the;the
D.the;a 16.There are several pretty girls standing under the tree, but___are known to me.A.neither
B.none
C.no one
D.all 17.The gold watch had belonged to for years, but the police refused to believe it was ___.A.me
B.my
C.mine
D.I 18.You’d better by ____some fruits when you go on a trip.A.youself
B.myself
C.yourself
D.you 19.All girls wear beautiful clothes.Some are dressed in red;___in green.A.other
B.another
C.others
D.the other 20.In some restaurant, food and service are worse than ___ used to be.A.they
B.it
C.them
D.that 21._____ martyrs heroically lay down their lives for people.A.Thousand of
B.Thousands of
C.Many thousands
D.Three thousands 22._____of the earth is water.A.Three four
B.Three fourth
C.Three fourths
D.Three fours 23.Five hundred yuan a month ___ enough to live on.A.are
B.is
C.is being
D.has been 24.---How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
---It was great.We visited some friends, and spent the _______days at the seaside.A.few last sunny
B.last few sunny
C.last sunny few
D.few sunny last 25.Can you believe that ____ a rich country there should be ___ many poor people? A.such;such
B.such;so
C.so;so
D.so;such 26.He was hit by a bullet but ___he was only ____wounded.A.lucky;bad
B.luckily;badly
C.luckily;slightly
D.lucky;slightly 27.The boy looked ___, but his weak breath suggested that we was still ___.A.dying;alive
B.dead;living
C.dead;alive
D.dying;living 28.There must be ________ with the machine.A.something serious wrong B.wrong seriously something
C.something seriously wrong
D.wrong seriously something 29.---The new dress looks very nice___you.---Thank you.I’m glad you say so.A.for
B.at
C.in
D.on 30.The old lady___ a pair of thick glasses gets on the bus.A.in
B.having
C.with
D.on 31.We walked ___TAM square to the Monument ____the people’s heroes.A.across;to
B.across;of
C.through;for
D.pass;to 32.Although he is young, ___he can speak two foreign language.A.but
B./
C.and
D.however 33.My brother is favor of playing football, ___ my sister insists on going swimming.A.when
B.because
C.while
D.so 34.”Sugar___milk?”“Milk ___no sugar, thank you.”
A.or…but
B.and…but
C.or…and
D.and…and 35.You must get there on time, at six tomorrow, ___ we’ll leave without you.A.but
B.and
C.otherwise
D.for 36.We had not traveled very far across the channel ___ the engine failed and we had to float about on the sea.A.before
B.while
C.when
表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
数词的用法
1)倍数表示法
a. 主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+ as + adj. + as
I have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。
b. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ the size (amount,length…) of…
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。
c. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ 形容词(副词)比较级+ than…
The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.
d. 还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍
The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.
2)分数表示法
构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数:1/3 one-third ; 3/37 three and three-sevenths
六、形容词及其用法
形容词(adjective),简称adj.或a.,很多语言中均有的主要词类中的一种。主要用来修饰名词的词,表示事物的特征。形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态,和特征的程度好坏,与否。
形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如:
something nice
以-ly结尾的形容词
1)friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。
2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词。
daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early
The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily.
用形容词表示类别和整体
某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry
多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) --出处--材料性质,类别--名词
a small round table;a tall gray building;a dirty old brown shirt;a famous German medical school
七、副词及其基本用法
副词(adverb,简写为adv)是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。副词是一种半虚半实的词。副词可分为:地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词和连接副词。
副词的排列顺序:
时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。
注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。
I don’t know him well enough.
There is enough food for everyone to eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat.
兼有两种形式的副词
1) close与closely
close意思是“近”; closely 意思是“仔细地”
He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely.
2)late 与lately
late意思是“晚”; lately 意思是“最近”
You have come too late. What have you been doing lately?
形容词与副词的比较级
八、动词
动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词(Transitive Verb)、不及物动词(Intransitive Verb),缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。
在英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语,可以把动词分成两种:及物动词与不及物动词。 及物动词 vt. 字典里词后标有vi. 的就是不及物动词。不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象(即宾语)。若要跟宾语,必须先在其后添加上某个介词,如to,of ,at后方可跟上宾语。 及物动词: 又称“他动词”。又称“外动词”。动词的一种。它所表示的动作常涉及动作者以外的事物,如“吃”、“穿”、“读”、“写”等。字典里词后标有vt. 的就是及物动词。及物动词后必须跟有动作的对象(即宾语),并且可直接跟宾语。
不及物动词:字典里词后标有vi. 的就是不及物动词。不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象(即宾语)。若要跟宾语,必须先在其后添加上某个介词,如to,of ,at后方可跟上宾语。具体每个动词后究竟加什么介词就得联系动词短语了
系动词
1)状态系动词:用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:He is a teacher.
2)持续系动词:用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。
3)表像系动词:用来表示“看起来像”这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:
He looks tired.他看起来很累。
4)感官系动词:感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:
This kind of cloth feels very soft. This flower smells very sweet.
5)变化系动词:这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如:He became mad after that.自那之后,他疯了。
6)终止系动词:表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out, 表达“证实”,“变成”之意,例如:The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。
九、连词
连词是一种虚词, 它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如:and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both…and, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, (and)then等等。
not…but… 意思为“不是……而是……” not 和but 后面的用词要遵循一致原则。
They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.
比较so和 such
其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many,few,much, little连用,形成固定搭配。
so + adj. such + a(n) + n.
so + adj. + a(n) + n. such + n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. (pl.) such +n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. [不可数] such +n. [不可数]
so foolish ;such a fool so nice a flower;such a nice flower
so many/ few flowers;such nice flowers so much/little money;such rapid progress
so many people ;such a lot of people
十、介词
介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词,在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词,
概念:
1)介词(是prepositions,简称prep),又称前置词,是英语中最活跃的词类之一,连接主语和表语。特别是一些常用介词的搭配力特别强,可以用来表示各种不同的意思。英语里大部分习语都是由介词和其他词构成的。介词在句中一般不重读。在定语从句“介词+who/which”的结构中,不能用that 代替who/which。She is a good student from who we should learn.
【考研英语二名词性从句】推荐阅读:
考研英语翻译之同位语从句翻译技巧06-02
高三英语从句练习07-01
英语从句中的省略06-08
考研英语复试听力:高频考研英语听力词汇12-03
英语专业考研方向及英语专业考研复习时间表07-04
考研英语复习06-30
考研英语难度11-19
考研英语攻略12-07
考研复试英语介绍09-18