Unit19 词汇(人教版高二英语下册教案教学设计)（精选5篇）
1.To be, or not to be -that is the question.
生还是死--这是个问题。
这句话是莎士比亚的戏剧《哈姆雷特》中的一个名句。意为“To live or not to live-that is the question.对于这种名句名言类的，在平时写作中可以采用仿似的修辞手法，给人印象深刻。根据家喻户晓的成语或谚语，临时更换其中的某个部分，造成新的成语或谚语;或者根据古今名言警句，在保持其原句不变的情况下，更换其中部分词语，这种修辞方式叫仿似。
eg. To lie or not to lie-the doctor’s dilemma.
撒谎还是不撒谎--医生的难题。
To do it or not to do it is not the only question.
做还是不做这事不是唯一的问题。
2.Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.
戴王冠的头是不能安于他的枕席的。
①本句表语uneasy放到句首，引起完全倒装，这主要是因为主语过长，为了句子平衡，我们常常把形容词放于句首。
eg. Gone are the days when we used “foreign oil”.
我们用“洋油”的时代过去了。
Present at the meeting were the scientists, who came from different countries.
出席会议的是科学家，他们来自不同国家。
②(lie在此用作系动词，表示“处于某种状态”，它的过去式和过去分词分别为lay, lain.)
eg. The machine lay idle all week.这机器整整一周没有开动。
The dust has lain undisturbed for years. 尘土积在那儿很多年了。
③wear表示“穿着”指状态，可以用进行时;宾语除衣服鞋帽外，还可以是首饰，服饰，发型等。
eg. He’s wearing a new coat. 他穿着一件新大衣。
Does your brother wear glasses?你的弟弟戴眼镜吗?
He wears his hair very short.他留着短发。
She wears a string of pearls around her neck.
她的脖子上戴着一串珍珠项链。
wear还可作“(面容等)显露，呈现;磨损，磨破”讲
eg. She wore an angry expression.她面带笑容。
I have worn my socks into holes.我的袜子已磨出洞来了。
3. “Romeo, Romeo, why are you Romeo? Deny your father, and refuse your name”
罗密欧，罗密欧，为什么你叫罗密欧?与你的父亲断绝关系，不要你这个名字了吧
deny(denied, denied, denying)作为及物动词，表示“否认，不承认;不给，不准;(正式)抛弃，背弃”讲。它后面可接名词，动名词和宾语从句。
eg. Can you deny the truth of his statement?
你能否认他的声明的真实性吗?
He denied telling me/that he had told me.
他否认告诉过我。
I was denied the chance of going to college.
不给我上大学的机会。
He has denied his country and his principles!
他背弃了他的国家和他的原则!
4.What must Antonio give Shylock if he can’t pay back the debt?
如果安东尼奥不能偿还夏洛克的借款，他必须给夏洛克什么?
Pay back意为“还钱给某人”，主要句型有pay sb. back(sth) 和pay sth back.例如：
I’ll pay him back with all my heart. 我将用我的生命向他偿还。
Have you paid me back the money you owe me yet?
你向我借的钱还我了吗?
Pay back还表示“惩罚，报复”。例如：
I’ll pay him back for the trick he played on me.
他对我使坏，我得治治他。
与pay搭配的常见短语有：
pay for sth.为某事吃苦头或受惩罚
pay off带来好结果
pay sb off付清工资予以解雇;贿赂某人
pay sth. off全部偿还
pay sth. out(按时)为某事付巨款
pay up付清全部欠款
eg. The home team paid dearly for their defensive errors.
主队因防守错误而大吃苦头。
The gamble paid off.赌赢了。
pay off the crew of a ship 付清全部船员工资并予以解雇
pay off one’s debts, a loan, a mortgage还清债务、贷款、抵押款
I had to pay out ￡200 to get my car repaired!
我得花200英镑修理汽车!
We’re paying out ￡300 a month on our mortgage.
我们每月要付300英镑抵押贷款。
I’ll take you to court unless you pay up immediately.
除非马上还请欠款，否则我和你打官司。
5.What makes a play a masterpiece is that the ideas behind the play are about problems which are still important to people of different ages in modern times.
一部戏剧要成为不朽之作。剧中所反映的问题就应该对现代不同年龄层次的人仍然有重要的意义。
①句中what引导主语从句，that引导表语从句，which引导定语从句。
②people of different ages 表示所属关系“属于的”;
a girl of ten十岁的女孩儿
a child of strange appearance 外貌奇特的孩子
an item of value一件值钱的物品
③in modern times指“当代”。time 表示“时期，时代”常用复数。
in ancient times 在古代;in the time of Queen Victoria 在维多利亚女王时代
6.But when the roles are turned around, it is Shylock who must beg the Duke to save his life.
但是当角色被转变的时候，夏洛克一定请求公爵饶他一命。
①turn around在这里指“(方针、立场等)转变”。
②“it is shylock who”为强调句式，本句强调的是主语部分。注意强调句的特点是去掉It is/was和that，剩余部分经过整理后整个句子仍然成立。
③beg sb. to do sth.意为“恳求或祈求某人做某事物”。例如：
I beg you not to take any risks.我恳求你不要冒险。
7.What would you do if you had your worst enemy in your power?
①如果你最坏的敌人处于你的掌握之中，你将会怎么做?
②in one’s power意为“在某人的掌握之中，任由某人摆布”
The enemy is in our power.
敌人在我们的控制之中。
8.We can find several such ideas in Shakespeare’s play.
我们可以在莎士比亚的戏剧中找到一些这种观点。
在ideas这个中心名词前有两个限定词修饰。限定词是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指、泛指、类指以及表示确定数量和非确定数量等限定作用的词类。限定词包括：①冠词 ②形容词性物主代词 ③名词所有格 ④形容词性指示代词 ⑤所有格关系代词 ⑥所有格疑问代词 ⑦形容词性不定代词 ⑧基数词和序数词 ⑨倍数词和分数词 ⑩量词。限定词可分为：①前位限定词②中位限定词 ③后位限定词。个别限定词有跨类现象，如本句such既属予前位限定词，又可归入后位限定词。当与冠词a, an连用时属于前位限定词，例如：such a suit; 当与some, any, all, few, another, other, many, several, one, two等词搭配时属于后位限定词，即such要放在这些词之后，例如：many such books, no such car。
9.Have mercy on Antonio, Shylock.
夏洛克，对安东尼奥会仁慈一点吧。
句中mercy为不可数名词，意为“仁慈，宽恕”。常见的短语有：
①have mercy on/upon sb./sth.=show mercy to sb/sth表示“对表示同情;对有怜悯之心”
②at the mercy of sb./sth任由某人或某事摆布
③throw oneself on sb’s mercy恳求某人宽恕/善待
eg. She has mercy on little animals. 她怜悯小动物。
They showed little mercy to their enemies.他们对敌人毫不仁慈。
His life shall be at the mercy of the Duke.
他的生命将由公爵处置。
The ship was at the mercy of the storm.
那只船在暴风雨中失去控制。
He threw himself on my mercy.他求我宽恕他。
10.I’ve promised to take my pound of flesh.
我已经许诺割下我的一磅肉。
①promise作为及物动词，常接的结构有promise to do sth; promise sb. to do sth; promise后接双宾语和promise接从句。
eg. I never promised to obey her commands.
我从未答应过要服从她的命令。
His pareats promised him to buy a new bike.
他父母答应给他买辆新车。
She promised me a gift for my birthday.
她答应送我一件生日礼物。
He promised that he would come.
他答应来。
②flesh与meat的辨析
flesh通常指人或动物身上的肉，也可指供食用的兽类的肉(区别于鱼或禽的肉)。meat 指供食用的肉类的总称，通常不包括鱼和家禽的肉。
eg. You’re losing flesh.你瘦了。
Lions are flesh-eating animals. 狮子是肉食动物。
I like meat while my sister likes fish.
我喜欢吃肉而我妹妹喜欢吃鱼。
注意：meat 是供食用的肉类的总称，猪肉、牛肉、羊肉等各有其专门名称，即pork, beef, mutton
11. It’s useless trying to argue with Shylock.
尽力与夏洛克争论是没有用的。
It’s useless doing= It’s no use doing表示“做没有用处”
由it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动名词。例如：
It is no use learning without thinking.学而不思则罔。
It’s no good crying over spilt mick.覆水难收。
12.You might as well go stand upon the beach and argue with the sea.
你还不如站在海滩上跟大海讲理去。
①might as well表示给人提出建议时的常见的短语，意为“不妨好，还是好。”
I might as well tell you the truth.
我还是告诉你事实真相的好。
②go stand upon sth.表示“去站在上面”。例如：
Would you please go stand upon that board?
你愿意去站在那块板上吗?
He dare not go stand upon that high tower.
他不敢去站在那座高塔上。
13. Pass judgement on me and give Shylock what he wants.
对我宣判吧，把夏洛克想要得到的东西给他吧。
pass judgment on sb.表示“对某人宣判”。
eg. When will the judge pass judgement on that woman?
法官什么时候对那个女子审判?
The court will not pass judgement on him until next Sunday.
直到下周日法庭才会对他宣判。
14. If you offered me six times what you have just offered, I would still take my pound of flesh.
即使你愿意给我六倍个刚才你提出的那个钱数，我还是要拿回我应得的那一磅肉。
①本句为虚拟语气，表示与现在事实相反。
②offer即可作动词又可以作名词，表示主动提出，提供(一种东西或一项建议);还表示出价，与介词for连用
eg. The young man offered the old man his own seat.(offer sb. sth.)
那位年轻人主动将自己的座位让给了老大爷。
I offered him fifty thousand dollars for the house.(offer sb. money for sth.)
我向他出价5万美金买这栋房子。
He offered to lend me some books.(offer to do)
他主动提出借一些书给我。
③times(n.)在此处用来表示倍数。用times表示“甲是乙的几倍大(高、长、宽等)”。
(1)“甲比乙大(高、长、宽等)几倍”，可以用下列句型：
A is three times the size(height, length, width, etc) of the old one.
The new building is four times the size(the height) of the old one.
这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大(四位高)。(这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍[高三倍]了)
This street is four times the length(the width) of that one.
这条街是那条街的四倍长(四倍宽)。
The size(The height) of the new building is four times that of the old one.
这座新楼的大小(高度)是那座旧楼的四倍。(由于句首已用了the size, the height, 所以在four times后面用代词that来代替，以避免重复。)
(2)A is three times as big(high, long, wide, etc) as B
Asia is four times as large as Europe.
亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。(亚洲比欧洲大三倍。)
This box is three times as heavy as that one.
这个箱子是那个箱子的三倍重。
(3)A is three times bigger (higher, longer, wider)than B
The meeting-room is three times bigger than our office.
会议室比我们的办公室大三倍。
注意：用times表示倍数，一般只限于表示包括基数在内三倍或三倍以上的数。表示两倍可以用twice(adv.)或double(adj.)。例如：
The room is twice the size of that one.= This room is twice as big as that one.
这个房间是那个房间的两倍大。
Our total income of was double of .
我们的总收是的两倍。
15.How can you hope for mercy yourself when you show none?
如果你一点儿都不对别人表现仁慈，又怎么能希望自己得到仁慈?
①when 在此处引导一个条件状语从句
②hope不能直接跟宾语，它需要一个介词for。
eg. Hope for the best, prepare for the worst.
抱最好的希望，作最坏的准备。
We are hoping for better weather soon.
我们期待天气会很快好转。
16.I desire my pound of flesh.
desire 是及物动词，意为“渴望，要求，期望”。后面可接名词(代词)、动词不定式及从句作宾语。
eg. All of us desire better life and more education.
我们所有人都渴望更好的生活和更多的教育。
We always desire to live in peace with our neighbour.
我们总是渴望与邻国和平相处。
Mr Wang desires that you should go to the teacher’s office at once.
王老师希望你立刻到教师办公室去。
desire还可作名词，意为“渴望，要求”
eg. At the desire of the teacher, we should finish our homework on time.按照老师的要求，我们应该准时完成作业。
17. I do not envy you your job. This is a most troublesome case.
我不羡慕你的工作，这是一件是棘手的案件。
①envy sb. sth表示“羡慕某人，嫉妒某人”。
I envy you very much.我真羡慕你。
She envies me my good health.她羡慕我身体好。
②a most+adj.= a very + adj.表示“一个很的”。
the most+形容词最高级表示“最之意”，这时句末一定要有表达范围的介词of或in.
eg. Dalian is a most beautiful coastal city.
大连是一座很美的海滨城市。
This is a most enjoyable party.这是一次令人极为愉快的晚会。
She worked out the most difficult problem of the three.
她解出了这三道题中最难的一道。
Mary is the most beautiful girl in our class.
玛丽是我们班里最美的女孩。
18.What are you accused of ?你因什么而受到起诉?
accuse sb. of sth. 意为“因控告人，告发，指责人”
eg. The police accused him of theft.警方控告他偷窃。
He was accused of murder. 他被控谋杀。
She accused him of being late.她指责他迟到。
19.Let me tear up this paper.让我们这张借条撕了吧。
句中的tear up的意思是“撕毁”
eg. She tore up all the letters he had seut her.
她把他写来的信都撕了。
tear up可以引申为“不履行”。
eg. He accused his secretary of tearing up the agreement.
他控告他的助理不履行协议。
tear down意为“弄倒，拆除”。
eg. They are tearing down those old house to build a new office block.
他们拆除那些旧房子以便盖一座新办公楼。
20.Antonio, get ready and offer up your breast.
安东尼奥，准备好露出你的胸膛。
offer up 在本句中意为“奉献”，主要用于表示向上帝或神祭献某人或某物。例如：
She offered up a prayer to God for her husband’s safe return.
她向上帝祈讨保佑她丈夫平安回来。
21.I declare the court allows it and the law gives it to you.
我宣布法庭允许你，法律判给你这一磅肉。
declare表示“正式宣布(某事);表明，郑重地说(某事)”。
eg. America declared war on Iraq last year.
去年美国向伊拉克宣战。
They declared him(to be) the winner.
他们宣布他为得胜者。
He declared that he had nothing to do with the matter.
他宣称自己与此事无关。
She was declared(to be) guilty. 已宣判她有罪。
22.He agreed to lend Antonio the money on one condition.
他同意借钱给安东尼奥，但有个条件。
condition在此处意为“条件”，需要识记的短语为：
on this/that condition在这种或那种情况下
on what condition 在什么情况下
on no condition无论什么情况都不
in condition健康良好
out of condition身体不佳
on condition that是从属连词，引导条件状语从句，意为“只有在条件下”(=only if)，“条件是”。
eg. You may borrow this book on condition that you do not lend it to anyone else.你可以借这本书，条件是不能再借给别人。
Ability and effort are conditions of success.
才能和努力是成功的条件。
On this condition you may go home earlier.
在这种情况下，你可以早一点回家。
On what condition will you agree with me?
什么条件下，你才能同意我?
He can’t climb the mountain because he is out of condition.
他不能爬山，因为他身体欠佳。
23.He is young, but I never knew so young a body with so wise a head.他很年轻，但是我过
去从来不知道有这么年轻又如此聪明的人。
在一个名词词组中，不定冠词a/an通常用在形容词的前面。如a serious mistake。但是，如果形容词前面有so, too, how时，a/an 就该放在形容词后面，其结构是“so/too/how+adj+a/an+n.”。能够构成这种结构的名词必须是单数可数名词。
eg. Did you notice that you have made so serious a mistake?
你是否注意到你出了一个很严重的错?
It’s too difficult a book for beginners.
这本书对初学者是太难了。
How wonder ful a plan it would be! 那该是一个多么好的计划啊。
试比较：He is so good a teacher that we all like him.= He is such a good student that we all like him.
练一练：用so, such填空
1.__________ big a city 2._____________ a pretty girl
3.__________ good students 4._____________fine weather
5.__________many books 6._____________much water
7.__________ little food 8._____________ few oranges
答案：
1. so 2. such 3. such 4. such 5. so 6. so 7.so 8. so
24.You want justice, so you get justice, more than you wanted.
他要求公正，那么就让你得到公证，比你要求的还要多。
shall 在此处用于第二人称，表示说话人的允诺，意思是“可以”。
在本剧的最后还有：everything that he owns shall be taken away from him. One half of his money and his goods shall be givenand the other half shall be given两句中的shall用于第三人称，表示法令、规章等中的规定，意思是“必须”。shall 用于第二、三人称，还表示决心、命令、警告、要求、义务等。
eg. He shall answer for his misdeeds.他应当为他的错误行为负责。
You shall have a nice present for your birthday.
你过生日时将会得到一份精美的礼物。
Nothing shall stop us from carrying out this plan.
什么也不能阻止我们实现这项计划。
shall用于第一、三人称的疑问句，表示说话人征求对方意见。
eg. Shall we go now?我们现在走可以吗?
She he come in?可以让他进来吗?
25.Therefore, go down on your knees and beg the Duke for mercy.
因此，跪下来请求公爵的宽恕吧。
①go down on one’s knees 的意思是“跪下”、“屈膝”。
They will never go down on their knees before the oppressors.
他们绝不向压迫者屈膝。
②beg for意为“乞求，请求”
He went down on his knees and begged for forgiveness.
他跪下来请求饶恕。
26.My money and goods are as dear to me as life itself.
我的钱和财产对我就像生命一样宝贵。
dear 在此处的意思是“珍贵的”
He lost everything that was dear to him.
他表达了他所珍贵的一切。
goods在此处的意思的“动产”。
27.Shylock must promise to leave the money upon his death to his daughter and her husband.
夏洛克必须答应在他死后把这笔钱给他的女儿和女婿。
①句中的upon 等于on,表示“就在某时或某场合之后。”例如：
Upon my arrival home I found there was something strange.
我一到家就发现不对劲。
On asking for information I was told I must wait.
我一打听，说我得等着。
②leave sth. to sb.表示“将某事物遗赠给某人;死后留下某物给某人”
一、任务型教学法在词汇教学中的理论依据及意义
任务型教学 (Task-based Language Teaching) 是指教师通过引导语言学习者在课堂上完成任务来进行的教学。它强调“在做中学” (learning by doing) 的语言学习方式。具体来说, 任务型教学是“以完成具体的任务为学习动力和动机, 以完成任务的过程为学习过程, 以展示任务成果的方式来体现成就”。任务型教学法在很大程度上很好地把词汇教学从“教师强调音形义”向“学生重视听说用”的转化, 也让学生在完成词汇学习任务的同时激发学习兴趣、培养表达、思维等语言运用能力。
在当前高考考试改革不断深化的背景下, 英语词汇教学改革也成为英语教学课程改革的重要组成部分。要抓好词汇教学, 英语老师就要充分发挥自己的主导作用, 精心设计、加上适当的激励机制, 让学生在高效有趣的学习过程中领略到英语语言的魅力, 进而从“逼我学词汇”发展到“我爱学英语”。
二、词汇教学的三个有效步骤
任务型教学法指导下的高中词汇教学可以从以下三个步骤展开:第一是快速有效感知;第二是有效击破重点;第三是科学实践运用。
1.快速有效感知。快速有效感知主要针对读音任务。利用早自习时间和晚自习前二十分, 让学生大声跟读录音。如果部分学生对语音掌握不完善, 教师要给予他们系统地指导。教师要经常鼓励学生发扬小组合作精神, 你读我纠正, 同时开展组组竞争活动, 看看哪组读得好, 对表现好的同学和小组给予奖励。
2.有效击破重点。高中词汇教学一般包含以下几个基本内容:读音、词形拼写、词性、词义、使用规则和常见搭配等。但课堂教学时间有限, 教师实际上不可能对每个词汇都进行这样面面俱到的处理, 而且课程改革的需要, 也没必要要求学生将每个词汇都掌握地如此全面。加上随着课程学习的深入, 教材里的词汇量越来越多, 难度也逐渐加大。很多学生看到一个单元要学习那么多词汇, 在心理上会产生很大的畏难情绪, 他们很难在有限的时间里将这些词汇都熟记于心, 更不用说灵活、恰当的使用。其结果很可能造成部分学生逐渐放弃词汇的学习。因此, 教师在教授新单元词汇前, 要参照《课程标准》及《考试说明》的要求, 弄清单元的重、难点词汇, 以便在设计任务时着重体现。
如英语新课标模块1 unit5共有75个词汇。其中打三角形的有22个单词, 这些要求学生理解就可以, 教师可以指导学生将它们放在最后自行把握。而黑体词汇有19个, 这是学生必须在第一层次就学习和掌握的。教师可指导学生将这些重点词汇进行重组, 做重点理解和记忆。如按词性可重组如下:A.动词:devote, attack, escape, educate, beg, B.名词:quality, opinion, C.动词&名词:vote, reward, D.副词:nowhere, E.形容词:equal, active, F.短语:out of work, as a matter of fact, in trouble, turn to, lose heart, come to power, set up, be sentenced to.再通过在文本语境中不断复现, 对这些词汇学生就可以做到听得出, 读得准, 写得对, 记得牢, 用得好。如:要求学生阅读下面这个句子“when the judge read the sentence“According to the laws, you are sentenced to death”, the murderer said nothing.”学生在经过阅读、分析和推理后就能够得出“sentence”这个词既可以作名词也可以作动词, 有“句、句子;宣判、判决、判处”的意思。本单元最后剩下的其它34个词汇学生只要能够识别拼写和掌握大意, 在阅读中能做到“见其形, 知其义”即可。为扩大学生的词汇量, 教师也可适当指导学生了解这些词相关的近义词、反义词、基本用法。这些词汇可要求学生放在第二层次记忆。
这样的词汇重组有利于学生对本单元的单词学习有了主次之分, 也减轻了学生的负担, 增加学习英语的信心。
教师还可以进一步布置学生将单元词汇中由构词法 (派生词、复合词、转化词) 产生的词找出, 小组讨论后归类, 教师最后再引导和帮助学生总结出构词法相关规律。如self–selfish-selfless-selflessly、fair-unfair。这种纵向积累词汇的方式, 让学生在今后阅读中遇到相关词汇的延伸词时, 能根据构词法快速准确地猜测出它们的词义、词性和用法。
3.科学实践运用。词汇学习不仅要经过课时词汇学习的“小循环”过程 (理解、复现、模仿、识记、运用等) , 而且要经过单元词汇学习的“大循环”过程。教师应尽量创设情景, 让学生在其中运用并巩固所学词汇, 从而使新学的词汇纳入自己的语言和认知体系之中。因此教师在设置词汇应用任务时, 要体现新颖性和挑战性, 让词汇在“学中用, 用中学”, 并充分激发学生的参与热情, 培养自主学习的能力。以下是行之有效的实践运用应用实例。
(1) “I am the winner.”词汇接力比赛。以小组为单位, 给每个小组不同的词汇接力主题。如要求第一小组成员说出本单元的构词法单词, 每个同学说一个词汇并将它准确拼读出来, 同时把该词的意义也快速说出。如“peaceful”, “ p-e-a-c-e-f-u-l”, “和平的、平静的、安静的、爱好和平的”。下个同学马上接着说另一个不同的词汇。词汇读错、拼写错误、意思错误都要出局。这样一直循环, 坚持到最后的同学即为胜利者。教师带领同学为他/她鼓掌祝贺, 并给予一定的物质奖励, 如一只笔、一快糖等。词汇接力主题还可以让学生说出本单元表示人物性格品质的形容词、重点短语等。
分析:通过这样富有竞争性、活泼性的集中说词活动, 让全班同学都积极参加, 形成了你争我抢的热烈气氛。这个活动难度不大、操作简单但参与度高, 对全体同学特别是畏惧记忆词汇的学生特别有吸引力。
(2) “who is heshe?”竞赛活动。完成单元课程后, 利用本单元warming up里表示人物品质的词汇, 让学生自选三到四个词, 结合第一单元“friendship”的话题, 描述班级同学或老师, 让其他同学猜一猜“who is heshe?”。如学生A:“The classmate is warm-hearted and outgoing.When others are in trouble, she is selfless and willing to give us a hand.She would like to help us do cleaning.”
分析:这是一节复习课之前的热身导入部分, 这个环节的目的是用头脑风暴的方式培养学生的表达能力和提高对词汇使用的关注度。竞赛活动的设计难度适中, 能充分让多数学生参与进来, 同时为接下来的教学铺垫了轻松、活跃的课堂气氛。这种有话可说的词汇巩固方式, 能够让学生把所学的词汇在所熟悉的语言环境中得到很好的应用。
(3) 语篇填词。让学生根据语篇内容 (可以是课文的缩写或改写, 也可是其它内容的语篇) , 填上适当的单词或短语。如:Though the teaching condition is very tough.The selfless teacher devotes all his time and energy to teaching the students in the countryside.He believes the persons who are well-educated are of high quality men.He always encourages his students not to lose heart.Only by working hard can they achieve their dream.The teacher often asks them not to laugh at those in trouble.On the contrary, they should be willing to help them.
(4) 复述课文。教授完课文后, 教师在黑板上列出重点词汇, 将学生分成两组。其中一组学生从主人公Elias的角度用第三人称复述课文, 另一组从曼德拉的角度用第一人称复述。接着开展比比看活动, 看看哪组同学使用的词汇更多, 复述的更全面。
分析:实践经验告诉我们, 复述是最有效的了解篇章细节、熟记相关词汇的教学方法。复述不是背诵, 而是要让学生做到“心中有词, 词不离文”。它要求学生在复述时要经过逻辑思维将文本语言转化成自己的语言。通过复述, 学生不仅能最有效、快速地巩固目标词汇, 更好地理解课文, 而且还可以训练口语表达能力和谋篇布局能力。
三、结语
词汇的学习从认知到掌握再到熟练应用需要一定的时间和过程, 没有什么捷径可走。因此, 教师应科学运用任务型教学法, 发挥主导作用, 设计行之有效的任务, 培养学生的思维, 使他们掌握一定的词汇学习方法和技巧。同时, 教师要积极探索, 勇于进行教学改革, 使自己的教学形式多样化、生活化、情境化, 从而促进学生听说读写能力的全面发展, 最终提高综合运用能力。
参考文献
[1]教育部.普通高中英语课程标准 (实验) [M].北京:人民教育出版社, 2003.
[2]郑秋秋, 俞红珍.高中英语单元语言教学目标的分解与细化[J].中小学外语教学 (中学篇) , 2013, 36 (4) .
Teaching Aims:
1.Learn and master the following words and expressions:get around(=get about),fair,guidance,gifted,assist,cooperate,recognition,sympathy,encouragement,productive,visual,impair,motivate,disappointing,adjust to,get used to
2.Train the students’ reading ability.
Teaching Important Points:
1.Improve the students’ reading ability.
2.Enable the students to understand the text better.
3.How to get the students to master the useful expressions.
Teaching Difficult Points:
Master the following sentence structures:
1.…studying together with their disabled classmates is both challenging and rewarding. Living with disability is frustrating and challenging.
2.I am and get used to the fact that while I may not be…
Teaching Methods:
1.Discussion to help the students know something about the disabled.
2.Fast reading to get the general idea of the text.
3.Questioning-and-answering activity to help the students go through the whole passage.
4.Pair work or individual work to make every student work in class.
Teaching Aids:
1.a tape recorder
2.a multimedia
Teaching Procedures:
Step Ⅰ Greetings and Revision
(Greet the whole class as usual.)
T:Yesterday we learned what difficulties and dangers the disabled might face and how to help them in our daily life.Imagine you are disabled.Who’d like to describe the situation(If you were blind/deaf etc.)and tell us how you would deal with them.
S:I’ll try.…
(All the others listen carefully.)
T:Well done.No matter what difficulties he may meet with,we all hope he can enjoy himself.
Step Ⅱ Lead-in and Pre-reading
T:Yeah.We know people with disabilities may have lots of difficulties in their lives,but many of them are determined.They can overcome any difficulty.Please look at the three questions on the screen and discuss them in groups.
(Show the following on the screen.)
1.Do you know anyone who is disabled?
How does he or she deal with the disability?
2.Do you know of any famous people who are disabled?What do they do?
3.Should disabled students be allowed to go to college?Should they get any extra help?Why or why not?
(Teacher gives students five minutes to discuss and collects their answers.)
Suggested answers:
1.Yes.I know a person with disability.He has learnt to do many things without help.He can take care of himself at home,but getting around in the city in a wheelchair is often frustrated.He loves reading stories of young disabled people who have overcome great difficulties.
2.Yes,I do.Beethoven was a great musician,Helen Keller was a great American writer,and Zhang Haidi is also a writer.
3.Yes,they should.Because there are many gifted disabled students,they can make a contribution to the society.
They should get some extra help in their everyday activities.
No,they shouldn’t.Because they need recognition,more than sympathy and help.
Step Ⅲ Reading
T:OK.Today we’ll read a text “Disabled?Not me!”and know something more about it.I think you are interested in it.Please turn to Page 17.Read the passage quickly to get the general idea and answer the questions on the screen.
(Teacher shows the questions on the screen.)
1.What’s the trouble of Zhong Xiaowen?
2.How does she get around?
3.What’s the teachers’ aim in the special college?
4.What do the articles in Literature of Chinese Blind Children talk about?
5.How does Zijie like the magazine?
(Teacher gives students enough time to read the text and collects their answers.)
Suggested answers:
1.Xiaowen was born without the ability to use her legs and she has no feeling below the waist.
2.She uses a wheelchair to get around.
3.Their aim is to help disabled students understand that they can play a valuable role within society.
4.The articles are often about disabled people who have overcome challenges and difficulties and learnt to live a meaningful and productive life.
5.He loves the magazine very much.He thinks it is very important for them to know that someone far away is also struggling as they are.
T:Now read the passage again and try to get as much information as you can.
Step Ⅳ Study for Language Points
T:Now you’ve known the general idea of the passage.Please look at the screen.I’ll explain something to you.
(Show the following on the screen.)
a.treat vt. treat sb. well(badly)
e.g.Don’t treat me as a child.
Which doctors are treating her for her illness?
b.ability n. the ability to do,a man of ability
e.g.Man has the ability to speak.
c.make a contribution to
e.g.We must do something useful and make a contribution to our country.
d.launch vt.
①launch a man-made satellite
②launch a new enterprise
③launch threats against sb.
e.play a …role(in,within)
e.g.He played a leading role in a film.
f.both…and…
e.g.Both you and I are students.
He both fears and hates at once.
g.…studying together with their disabled classmates is both challenging and rewarding.
Living with disability is frustrating and challenging.
In these two sentences,gerundial phrases are used as subject.
e.g.Working with him is a great pleasure.
h.…I am and get used to the fact that while…Here that-clause is used as appositive clause,expressing the fact.
e.g.The fact that he came here was known to us all.
(Write important phrases and difficult sentences on the blackboard.)
T:(After explaining the language points.)
Do you have anything you don’t understand?If you have,please tell me,I’ll be glad to have a discussion with you.
(The teacher answers the questions raised by the students.)
Step Ⅴ Listening and Consolidation
T:Let’s listen to the tape.I’ll play the tape twice.When I first play it,just listen.When I play it for the second time,listen and repeat it.Are you clear about it?
(The teacher plays the tape for the students to listen and repeat.While the students read,the teacher goes among the students to correct the students’ mistakes in pronunciation,intonation and stress.)
T:Now turn to Page 52.There are five questions for you to answer in Post-reading.Try to find the answers in the text.Discuss in groups of four,and then I’ll ask some of you to read your answers.
(A few minutes later.)
T:Are you ready?
Ss:Yes.
T:Now let’s begin.
S1:They have to use wheelchairs to get around and it often takes them a little longer to do everyday things,such as getting out of bed,getting dressed and going to class.
S2:They not only learn how to assist disabled people,but also learn the importance of cooperating to reach their goals in life.
S3:They help disabled students to understand that they can play a valuable role within society,and inspire many of them to believe that they can realize their dreams.
S4:Today there are more opportunities like the special Olympics for disabled people to develop their potential,live a richer life and make a contribution to society.
Because people understand that they can play a valuable role within society,and that they need recognition,more than sympathy and help.
S5:People must make sure that all of us should have equal access to all areas and facilities.People should treat me fairly.
Step Ⅵ Summary and Homework
T:Today we have learned the passage-Disabled?Not me!From the success of the disabled student-Zhong Xiaowen,we learn something important.There is nothing difficult in the world if you stick to it.When you meet with difficulty in your life and study,please don’t lose heart.On the other hand,we should help the students to know how to help the disabled in our daily life.
And we also learn some phrases.After class,you should work hard and master them.
Step Ⅶ The Design of the Writing on the Blackboard
Unit 17 Disabilities
The Second Period
1.Important Phrases:
treat sb.,the ability to do,make a contribution to launch,play a …role,both…and…,get used to
2.Difficult Sentences:
…I am and get used to the fact that while…
I may not be able to walk,there are many other great things I can do.
本单元以谈论“科学与幻想”为话题，使学生了解科学与幻想的区别，认识到学习科学的重要性;同时通过对法国科学幻想和冒险小学家儒勒凡尔纳(Jules Verne)及其作品的介绍，激发学生探索宇宙奥秘的兴趣。学习英语构词法。在练习写幻想短文“创造一个类似人类的生物”的实践中，培养书面表达能力，同时拓展学生创造性思维。
单元要点
Word study
1.fantasy 2.league 3.distance 4.ballon 5.fiction 6.servant 7.whale 8.hunter 9.collision 10.permanent 11.guest 12.voyage 13.aboard 14.prisoner 15.gentle 16.marble 17.paraphrase 18.matter 19.phenomena 20.attention 21.labour 22.hesitate 23.butcher 24.curtain 25.lip 1.幻想作品;想象的产物 2.联盟;里格(旧时长度单位) 3.距离 4.气球 5.小说;虚构的事 6.仆人;公务员 7.鲸;巨大的人或事 8.猎人;搜索者9.碰撞;冲突 10.永久的;固定不变的 11.客人;客座教授 12.航海;航空 13.在船(飞机、车)上 14.俘虏;犯人 15.温柔的;有礼貌的 16.大理石 17.意译;释义 18.事情;物质 19.现象;奇迹 20.注意力;留心 21.努力;劳动果实 22.犹豫;踌躇 23.屠夫;买肉者 24.窗帘;幕 25.嘴唇;唇状物
Useful
expressions 1.make a sketch 2.science fiction 3.in the far future 4.come true 5.to make a living 6.lay the foundation 7.sea monster 8.set out to do sth. 9.turn out 10.from that day on 11.begin with… 12.extinct volcano 13.instead of 14.search for 15.dream of 16.throw light upon 17.attract one’s attention 18.slow down 19.in height 20.cut up 1.简单描述;列提纲 2.科幻小说 3.在遥远的未来 4.实现 5.谋生 6.奠定基础 7.海生怪物 8.着手做某事 9.结果是 10.自从那天起 11.以……为开始 12.死火山 13.而不是 14.找寻 15.梦到 16.阐明某事;使某事显得非常清楚 17.引起某人注意 18.使减速慢行 19.在高度上 20.切碎
Sentence
patterns &
Communicative
English 1.Jules spent many years in Paris libraries studying geology, physics and many other subjects.
2.Many of the instruments in his novels will remind the reader of Dr.Benjamin Franklin’s experiments with electricity.
3.By taking the scientific developments of his day one step further, Jules Verne laid the foundation of modern science fiction.
4.He also suggested how inventions could be used in the future to allow man to do things that were considered impossible in his own time.
5.In their efforts to survive, they find themselves on the surface of the monster itself, which turns out to be a submarine.
6.Dressed in diving suits, they walk around in this magic world, lighted by the lamps of the ship.
7.Passing through layers of coal and marble they go deeper and deeper.
8.But I found all that was taught at university very disappointing and decided that I would pioneer a new way, explore unknown powers, and unfold to the world the deepest mysteries of nature.
9.While unfinished, he was ugly, but now he was a living horror.
10.Under water travel and space travel have many things in common.
Grammar Word-formation
Topics &Writing Write a short passage about man’s great dream of creating life.
语言点讲解
1. The French writer Jules Verne wrote famous books, such as 20, 000 Leagues Under the Sea and Around the World in 80 days.法国作家儒勒凡尔纳写了很多著名书籍，比如《海底两万里》和《八十天环游地球》。
(1)Jules Verne 儒勒凡尔纳。法国科学幻想家和冒险小说家。
(2)such as
①like; for example 像;诸如;例如 eg:
Wild flowers such as orchids and primroses are becoming rare.兰花和报春花之类的野花越来越少了。
②everything that凡是 eg:
Such as remains after tax will be yours when I die.我死后全部财产除了交税以外全部给你。
(3)league n.
① former measure of distance (about 3 miles or 4.8 km) 里格(旧时长度单位，约3英里或4.8公里)。 eg:
The horse can run 50 leagues a day. 这匹马一天能跑240公里。
②group of people or countries combined for a particular purpose 联盟;同盟 eg:
The League of Nations is an international organization.国际联盟是一个国际组织。
2. Try the small science quiz below to see if you know any better. 试试下面的科学小测验，看看你是否了解得多些。
any better 更好
any adv. (used with faster, slower, better, etc. , in questions and after if/whether 用于疑问句中，与faster, slower, better等连用;用于if/whether之后)to any degree; at all在任何程度上;丝毫 eg:
I can’t run any faster. 我无法跑得更快了。
Is your father any better? 你父亲有所好转了吗?
3. What is the distance from the earth to the moon? 地球到月球的距离是多少?
(1) distance n. [C, U]
① (amount of) space between two points or places 距离;间距
A good cyclist can cover a distance of over a hundred miles a day.自行车骑得好的人一天可以行驶一百多英里。
②distant place or point 远处;远方 eg:
At a distance of six miles you can’t see much.距离六英里以外的东西很难看清。
(2) at a distance (稍)远处，表示一定的距离，近距离或用以说明具体的距离，其不定冠词a有时可以略去或改用some。 eg:
This picture looks better at a distance. 这幅画远看就好些。
(3) in the distance (far away) 在(较)远处，强调距离之远。 eg:
They were expecting to see in the distance some signs of the enemy.他们期望着发现远处敌人的迹象。
(4) keep sb. at a distance 与某人保持一定距离;不愿与某人亲近eg:
He always keeps anyone at a distance. 他总是不愿与任何人亲近：
4. How fast does a balloon travel? How about an airplane? How about a space shuttle?
一只气球能走多快?一架飞机呢?还有一架航天飞机呢?
(1)ballon
①n. brightly-coloured rubber bag that is filled with air, used as a child’s toy or a decoration(用作玩具或装饰品的)气球 eg:
They bought their son a lot of balloons yesterday.昨天他们给他们的儿子买了很多气球。
②v. swell out like a balloon 如气球一般膨胀 eg:
Her skirt ballooned in the wind. 她的裙子让风吹得鼓起来了。
③go ballooning 乘气球 eg:
They like to go ballooning at weekends. 他们周末喜欢乘气球玩。
(2)How/What about …?……怎么样?常常用来打听消息或提出建议，征求对方意见，后接名词，代词或动名词。 eg:
How about your mother? Does she feel better today?你妈妈怎么样听?她今天觉得好点儿了吗?
(3)space shuttle-spacecraft designed for repeated use, eg between earth and a space station or the moon 航天飞机;太空穿梭机 eg:
I have never seen a space shuttle. 我从未看见过航天飞机。
知识点讲解
1. Fill in the chart on the next page and make a sketch of the animal as they saw.
填写下一页的图表并按他们看到的动物的样子给那种动物作一个速写。
sketch n.
①rough quickly-made drawing, without many details素描;速写;草图
②make a sketch of … 作一个……的速写 eg:
He was good at making a sketch of face. 他擅长作面部素描。
③short account or description, giving only basic details 简短的陈述或素描
④give a sketch of …概述…… eg:
Please give a sketch of your plans. 请概述一下你的计划。
2. description n. describing; picture in words 描述;描绘
(1)give sb. a brief description of …向某人简要地描述…… eg:
Can you give me a brief description of what has happened?你能向我简要描述一下所发生的事吗?
(2)beyond description 难以描述 eg:
Her beauty is beyond description. 她的美貌难以用语言来描述。
(3)give/make a description of …对……加以描述 eg:
He made a description of the thief.他描述了小偷的模样。
(4)describe v. say what sb./sth. is like; depict sth. in words 描述某人/某事物。常构成describe sb./sth. (to/for sb.) eg:
Words cannot describe the beauty of the scene.那景色之美难以言传。
3. Why does Sam need to know the time? 为什么萨姆需要知道时间?
need的用法小结：
(1)need作情态动词，通常用于疑问句、否定句、条件句、whether/if名词从句或含否定意义的句子中。 eg:
I do not see why we need discuss it further.我看我们没有必要讨论下去了。
That’s all settled. It needn’t be talked about.那已全部解决了，没有必要再讨论了。
(2)need又是实义动词，各种变化和用法与普通实义动词相同。 eg:
①They need a rest after a long walk.长距离行走后他们需要休息一下。
②I need you to work for me, young man! 小伙子，我需要你为我工作!
③I need to consult a dictionary. 我需要查字典。
(3)need接动名词主动形式，表示被动含义，这时动名词和主语之间有动宾关系，need doing可转换为need to be done结构，意思相同。
My hair needs washing badly.(=My hair needs to be washed badly.)我的头发非常需要洗一洗。
The garden needs watering.(= The garden needs to be watered.)花园需要洗水。
4. fiction n.
(1)[C] sth. invented or imagined 虚构之事;捏造的故事 eg:
The film was very good although it was a fiction.这部电影虽属虚构，但很好。
(2)[U] (branch of literature concerned with) stories, novels and romances (作为文学之一分支的)小说 eg:
Truth is often stranger than fiction.事实往往比小说还离奇。
(3)science fiction 科幻小说
5. in the future, in future与in the far future.
(1)in the future意思是“将来，今后的时期”，但不一定就是从今立即开始，而是将来的时间。 eg:
No one can know what will happen in the future.没有人会知道将来会发生什么事。
(2)in future意思是“从今以后”(=from now on)。 eg:
In future, be careful with your pronunciation. 今后要注意你的发音。
(3)in the far future 在遥远的未来 eg:
It is possible for doctors to find a way to keep us young forever in the far future.
在遥远的未来，医生有可能找到一种使我们永远年轻的办法。
6. incomplete adj. not complete不完全的 eg:
The passage below is incomplete. Please fill in the blanks using correct prepositions.
下面的文章是不完整的，请用正确的介词填空。
注：incomplete是在complete前加含否定含义的前缀“in-“构成的，表达与complete相反的含义。
7. work with sb.与work with sth.
(1)work with sb.意为“和某人一道工作” eg:
I like to work with him. 我喜欢和他一块儿工作。
(2)work with sth. 意为“从事……方面的研究工作”，“用……工作” eg:
Professor Wang had worked with bees for many years.王教授多年从事蜜蜂的研究工作。
I would rather work with the bigger brush.我宁愿用那把大一点儿的刷子干活。
8. (1) beat, defeat, win与gain
①beat和defeat属一组同义词，它们的宾语必须是人或一个集体，如a team, a class, an school, an army。defeat尤指在战场上打败敌人;beat是游戏、比赛的专门用词。二者常可换。 eg:
We beat their team by 10 points. 我们赢了他们队十分。
In the end their army was defeat/beaten. 最后他们的部队被击(打)败。
②win和gain属一组同义词。Gain表示获得需要之物，它常跟的宾语有one’s living, experience, strength, time, knowledge, attention, respect, admiration 等;win表示在较强的竞争中取得胜利，它常跟的宾语有game, war, prize, fame, battle等。 eg:
We shall gain experience through practice.我们将通过实践获得经验。
They won the battle but lost many men.他们取得了这次战斗的胜利，但牺牲了很多人。
(2)beat, hit, strike与tap
beat着重“连续性地击打”，如殴打或体罚，也指在游戏、竞赛或战争中击败对方。此外，beat还可用来指心脏的跳动。strike通常表示打一下，打若干下等意思，不一定都是有意的，还可指罢工，(钟)敲响之意。hit指“打中”或“对准……来打”，着重敲打或打击对方的某一点。tap一般是轰轰拍打的意思。 eg:
The wheat was beaten down by the rain. 麦子被雨水打得伏倒了。
The stone hit him on the head.石头击中了他的头部。
It strikes a bug’s back with is forelegs and feelers.它(蚂蚁)用前腿和触角敲打臭虫的背部。
It taps on the other’s head with its feelers, using a kind of telegraph code.
它(蚂蚁)像使用一种电码的方式一样，用触角轻敲对方的头部。
9. Doctors may find a way to keep us young forever.医生可能会找到一种使我们永远保持年轻的办法。
(1)“way”意为“方式，方法”，在其后要用to do或of doing的形式作后置定语。 eg:
Cao chong thought out a way to weigth/of weighing the elephant.曹冲想出了一个称象的办法。
(2)此外，如果way之后跟定语从句，那么这个定语从句用in which或that引导，也可省略。 eg:
This was the way that/in which they solved the problem.这就是他们解决那个问题的办法。
10. believe sb. 与believe in sb.
believe sb.相信某人(所说的话是真的)
believe in sb.信任某人 eg:
I believe him, but I can’t believe in him.我相信他的话是真的，但我不能信任他。
生词和词组
1. bulb n.
①(also light bulb) pear-shaped glass container for the filament of an electric light 电灯泡 eg:
If you have time, please change a bulb.如果你有时间的话，请换个灯泡。
②thick rounded underground stem of certain plants(eg the lily, onion, tulip) sending roots downwards and leaves upwards. 鳞茎;球茎(如百合、洋葱、郁金香的茎) eg:
We cooked onion bulbs for food. 我们烹调洋葱茎作为食物。
③object shaped like a bulb 球状物 eg:
The bulb of this thermometer is broken.这支温度计的球状顶端碎了。
2. foundation n.
①[U] act of founding (an institution, organization, etc.) (机构，组织等的)建立，创立，创办 eg:
He devoted all his energy to the foundation of the university.
他把全部精力都致力于这所大学的创办。
②[C,U] principle, idea or fact on which sth. is based; basis(作为某事的)基本原则、思想或事实;基础 eg:
This success laid the foundation of his career.这次成功为他的事业奠定了基础。
③foundation course 基础课
④ foundation-stone 奠基石
⑤found v.建立，创立
⑥founder n. 建立者;缔造者
3. servant n.
①person who works in sb. else’s household for wages, and often for food and lodging 仆人;佣人 eg:
He had a lot of servants work for him. 他让很多仆人为他工作。
②employee, esp. a faithful and devoted one 雇员(尤指忠心耿耿的);公务员 eg:
He was a trusted servant of the company. 他是这个公司里的一个可靠雇员。
4. whale
(1)n. any of several types of very large mammal that live in the sea, some of which are hunted for their oil and flesh 鲸 eg:
A whale is not a fish.鲸不是鱼。
(2)have a whale of a time(习语)玩得非常愉快 eg:
The children had a whale of a time at the fairground.孩子们在游乐场玩得很高兴。
(3)v. hunt whales 捕鲸 eg:
They are whaling at sea. 他们正在海上捕鲸。
(4)whaler n.捕鲸;捕鲸的人
5. hunter n. person who hunts 猎人;搜索者;搜寻者 eg:
The hunter lost his way in the forest when he went hunting that day.
那个猎人那天去打猎的时候在森林里迷了路。
6. collision n. [C,U]
①(instance of) one object or person striking against another; (instance of) colliding; crash(物与物或人与人)相撞，碰撞，撞坏
常构成：collision with sb./sth. 与某人/某物相撞
collision between A and B A与B相撞 eg:
The collision between two cars caused 3 deaths. 两车相撞造成三人死亡。
②strong disagreement; conflict or clash of opposing aims, ideas, opinions, etc.抵触;(相反的目的、看法、意见等的)冲突 eg:
Her political activities brought her into collision with the law.她的政治活动触犯了法律。
7. overboard adv.
①over the side of a ship or boat into the water 从船上落(或抛)入水中;在船外 eg:
The sailor jumped overboard into the sea. 那位水手从船上跳入水中。
②go overboard (about sb./sth.) 对(某人/某事)极感兴趣或过分感兴趣 eg:
He goes overboard about ever young woman he meets.他对年轻的女子见一个爱一个。
③throw sth./sb. overboard 抛弃某事物;除掉或不再支持某人 eg:
After heavily losing the election, the party threw their leader overboard.该党惨败落选后罢免了党魁。
8. submarine n. naval vessel that can operate underwater welll as on the surface 潜水艇 eg:
A submarine travels under the surface of the sea.潜水艇在海面下行驶。
9. permanent adj.
①lasting or expected to last for a long time or for ever 永久的;永恒的;长久的;长期的 eg:
She is looking for permanent employment.她正在找固定的工作。
②not likely to change 不大可能改变的 eg:
She wrote down my permanent address. 她写下了我的固定地址。
10. guest
(1)n. person invited to visit one’s house or being entertained at one’s expense宾客;客人 eg:
We are expecting guests this weekend. 我们本周末要来客人。
(2)n. person staying at a hotel, boarding house, etc.住在旅馆、寄宿处等的人;旅客 eg:
This hotel has accommodation for 500 guests.这旅馆能接待500位客人。
(3)客座教授 eg:
Professor Wang, our guest tonight, will give us a speech on DNA.
我们的客座教授王教授，今晚要给我们作一个关于DNA的演讲。
(4)v. appear as a guest on a television or radio programme(在电视或广播节目中)客串 eg:
She often guests on a radio programme.她经常在一个广播节目中客串。
11. voyage (1)n. long journey, esp. by sea or in space 航行;(尤指)航海，航天 eg:
They made a voyage across the Atlantic.他们作了一次横越大西洋的航行。
(2)v. go on a voyage; travel 航行;航海;航天飞行 eg:
A plane crashed down when it voyaged through space.一架飞机作航天飞行时坠毁了。
(3)voyager n. 航行者;航海者;航天者
12. aboard adv. On or into a ship, an aircraft, a train or (esp. U.S.) a bus在船(或飞机、车)上;上船;登机 eg:
We went aboard. 我们上了船。
13. prisoner n.
①person kept in prison, as a punishment or awaiting trial犯人;囚犯 eg:
He was kept as a prisoner.他作为一个囚犯被关了起来。
②person that has been captured被抓起来的人;俘虏;失去自由的人 eg:
You are our prisoner now.你现在是我们的俘虏了。
14. gentle adj. mild; kind; careful; not rough, violent or severe 温和的;慈祥的;小心的;温柔的;文雅的;轻轻的 eg:
I met a gentle old woman yesterday. 我昨天遇到了一个慈祥的老太太。
15. extinct adj. ①(esp. of a type of animal, etc.) no longer in existence(尤指某种动物等)不再存在的;绝种的;灭绝的 eg:
If we continue to destroy the countryside, many more animals will become extinct.
我们若继续破坏乡村环境，将会有更多的动物绝种。
②(fire or hope) ge out(火，希望等)熄灭了的 eg:
The fire was extinct.火灭了。
16. layer [′leI (r)] n. ① thickness of material (esp. one of several) laid over a surface or forming a horizontal division层(尤指数层之一) eg:
Several thin layers of clothing will keep you warmer than a thick one.穿几层薄的衣服总比穿一层厚的衣服暖和。
②person who lays sth. on… 铺设者
17. marble
(1)n. types of hard limestone used, when cut and polished, for building and sculpture 大理石 eg:
These steps are made of marble. 这些台阶是大理石建造的。
(2) marbles (pl.) collection of marble sculptures; works of art in marble 大理石雕刻品;大理石艺术品
(3)adj. like marble 像大理石的 eg:
She has marble skin. 她有着大理石般光洁的皮肤。
18. paraphrase
(1)v. express the meaning of (a piece of writing, statement, etc.) in different words, esp. in order to make it easier to understand将(一段文字等)释义或意译(尤指为易于理解) eg:
He paraphrased a speech in colloquial English.他用通俗英语意译了一篇演讲稿。
(2)n. rewording of a piece of writing, statement, etc. , especially in order to make it easier to understand
(对一段文字等的)释义，意义(尤指为易于理解) eg:
The paraphrase of the sonnet is easy to understand.该十四行诗的意译易于理解。
19. definition [U] n. stating the exact meaning (of words, etc.)(词语等的)释义 eg:
Dictionary writers must be skilled in ther art of definition.
辞书编纂者必须精于给词语下定义的技巧。
20. misbehave v. behave badly or improperly 行为不端;举止不当 eg:
She misbehaved. 她行为不端。
21. subtitle n. (usu. pl. 通常作复数) (esp. cinema 尤用于电影)
words printed on a film that translate the dialogue of a foreign film, give those of a silent film or (on television) supply dialogue for deaf viewers 字幕 eg:
Without the subtitles I would not understand the film.没有字幕的话我就理解不了这部电影。
22. interchangeable adj. that can be interchanged, esp. without affecting the way in which sth. works 可交换的，可互换的，可交替的(尤指不影响操作的) eg:
The two words are interchangeable. 这两个单词是可互换的。
23. underpants n. short undergarment worn by men and boys covering the lower part of the body(男用)内裤 eg:
He stood there in his underpants. 他只穿内裤站在那儿。
24. study law study 研究;学习;求学。 study law意为“研究法律”，law前不加冠词，类似的用法还有study medicine“研究医学”。 eg:
He wanted to study law. 他想学法律。
25. make a living与make one’s living意为“谋生”，这里的make也可换成earn/gain/get。在表达“靠做……以谋生”之意时，常用短语earn/gain/get/make a/one’s living by doing sth./as a…。 eg:
Before liberation, her grandfather made a/his living by working for a land owner.解放前，她爷爷靠给一个地主干活为生。
26. …allow man to do things … ……允许人类做……, allow可构成以下结构：
allow sb. to do sth.→被动：sb. be allowed to do sth.
allow doing sth.允许做某事 eg:
Mother doesn’t allow me to go out at night. 妈妈不允许我晚上外出。
They didn’t allow smoking here. 这儿不允许吸烟。
类似用法的动词还有：advise, permit, forbid等词。
27. set out与set off
(1)set out意为“出发/启程”，表达“动身去某地”时用“set out for sp.”此时可与“set off for sp.”互换。 eg:
They set out for town at dawn.他们在拂晓动身进城了。
(2)set out to do sth.意为“开始做某事”。 eg:
When everything was ready, the doctor set out to perform the operation.一切准备就绪，医生就开始动起手术来了。
28. on board上船(或飞机、火车、汽车等);在船上(或飞机上、火车上、汽车上)。 eg:
As soon as we went on board, our ship left the port.我们一上船，船就出港了。
29. from that day on从那天起，“from+时间+on”表示“从……时候起”，如“from then/now/ on”表示“从那时/现在/起”之意。可与现在、过去、将来的时态连用。 eg:
From then on she knew she would win. 从那时起她就知道她将取胜。
30. defend … against/from …保护/保卫/防御……抵御/免遭 eg:
The soldiers defended their country against enemies.战士们保卫他们的祖国抵御敌人。
It is the nature of a mother to defend her child from harm.保护自己的孩子不受伤害是一个母亲的天性。
同、近义词辨析
1. electric与electrical
(1)electric电的;用电的;带电的;发电的
an electric current/torch/iron 电流/电筒/电熨斗 eg:
He bought an electric torch yesterday.昨天他买了一个手电筒。
(2)electrical关于电的
electrical engineering电机工程学 eg:
He majored in electrical engineering in the college.他在大学里主修电机工程学。
2. discover, find out与invent
(1)discover指“发现”某种本来存在，而以前未被发现的事物或未为人所知的东西。
(2)find out常用来指“弄明白、搞清楚、查出(某一真相)”，做“发现”讲时，是指发现一种无形而隐藏的东西。
(3)invent表“发明”之意，意思是发明出以前没有的东西，往往是物质性的东西。 eg:
Gilbert discovered electricity, but Edison invented the light bulb.吉伯特发现了电，而爱迪生发明了灯泡。
Think over and you’ll find out that you are wrong.仔细想想，你就会发现你错了。
3. instead与instead of
instead是副词;instead of为介词短语，后接名词，代词，动名词或介词短语，从句等形式。一般情况下，含有instead of的句子可以改写为含有instead的句子。 eg:
He stayed in bed all day instead of going to school.
=He didn’t go to school. Instead, he stayed in bed all day.他没去上学，而是在床上躺了一整天。
I didn’t drink water. I drank juice instead.
=I drank juice instead of water. 我没有喝水，而是喝的果汁。
4. late, lately, latest, later与latter
(1)late指比预料的或正常的时间晚。 eg:
I was late for work again.我上班又迟到了。
(2)lately“近来”，常用于疑问句，否定句，或与only连用或用于as lately as中。肯定句中用recently。 eg:
Have you seen her lately?你最近看到过她吗?
(3)latest adj.“最近的”、“最新的” eg:
Have you got the latest news about him? 你有他最近的消息吗?
(4)later“后来”，“较晚的时候”，也可和段时间连用，表示从过去或将来某一时间起，多长时间以后。 eg:
Later the boy found his mother. 后来那个男孩找到了他妈妈。
(5)latter用来表示两事物之间的顺序，意为“后一个/后者”，与the former(前者)相对。 eg:
Of these two men the former is dead, but the latter is still alive.此二人中前者已死，但后者仍活着。
5. at the beginning与in the beginning
(1)at the beginning通常接of短语，表示“在……初”，“在……开始的时候”，它的反义短语是at the end of。 eg:
Great changes took place at the beginning of the century.在那个世纪初发生了巨大的变化。
(2)in the beginning表示“起初”，“开始的时候”，不与of介词短语连用。但at the beginning偶尔也可单独使用，在意思上与in the beginning区别不大。 eg:
In the beginning nobody took any notice of his words.起初没人理睬他的话。
6. finally, at last与in the end
(1)finally一般指一系列事物或论点按排列的最后一项内容，或用在动词前，表示等了好久才……，没有感情色彩。 eg:
Finally, let’s do some exercises.最后我们来做一些练习吧。
(2)at last往往表示经过一番努力或曲折的过程之后的意思，常常有较浓的感情色彩。 eg:
At last, he got hold of the elephant’s tail. 他最后终于抓住了大象的尾巴。
(3)in the end可与finally和at last通用。 eg:
The war lasted four years before the North won in the end.
这场战争持续了四年，最后北方取得了胜利。(但in the end可预卜未来。)
知识点讲解
1. Jules spent many hours in Paris libraries studying geology, physics and many other subjects.
儒勒在巴黎图书馆花费很长时间研究地质学，物理学和许多其他的学科。
spend“花费”，常用于下面的结构：
spend money/time on sth./(in) doing sth. 在某事/做某事方面花费钱/时间
eg: He does not spend much time on his homework.他在做作业上花费不了多少时间。
注意区别spend与take。
Take的用法是：It takes/took/will take sb. Some time to do sth.“做某事花费某人多少时间” eg:
It took him two hours to finish the work. 完成这份工作花费了他两个小时。
2. Many of the instruments in his novels will remind the reader of Dr Benjamin Franklin’s experiments with electricity. 他小说里所提到的许多设备会让读者想起本杰明富兰克林用电做的实验。
remind提醒;使想起;可构成以下结构：
(1)remind sb. of sth./sb. 使某人想起某事/某人 eg:
Please remind me to answer that letter.请提醒我回复那封信。
(2)remind sb. of sth./sb. 使某人想起某事/某人 eg:
He reminds me of his brother. 他使我想起他哥哥。
(3)remind sb. that从句。 提醒某人某事 eg:
He reminded me that I didn’t finish my work.他提醒了我，说我没完成自己的工作。
3. By taking the scientific developments of his day on step further, Jules Verne laid the foundation of modern science fiction. 通过将他所处时代的科学发展向前推进一步，儒勒凡尔纳奠定了现代科幻小说的基础。
by在本句是介词，说明手段或方式，可译作“通过，用，以，由于”等，其后常跟名词或动词-ing形式。 eg:
This pair of shoes is made by hand. 这双鞋是手工做的。
By helping them we are helping to save ourselves. 帮助他们就等于救了我们自己。
注意by表达这种含义时与with和in的区别;表示使用有形的工具或器官时要用with，其后的名词前一般应用冠词。使用某种语言，表示用墨水、颜色、颜料等“原料”或“材料”都用in，且名词前不用冠词。 eg:
It is my practice(习惯) to do my writing with a pencil. 我习惯用铅笔写。
Can you sing this song in English? 你能用英语唱这首歌吗?
It is impolite to write a letter in red ink. 用红墨水写信是不礼貌的。
4. In their efforts to survive, they find themselves on the surface of the monster itself, which turns out to be a submarine. 在他们努力求生时，发现自己就在怪兽身体的表面上，结果怪兽竟然是一艘潜水艇。
(1)这里的which引导一个非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the monster itself。
(2)in their efforts中的in表示“正在进行的动作或状态”。 eg:
He is always in action.他总是在行动中。
W seem to be in agreement on the matter.在这件事上我们的意见看来是一致的。
(3)turn out to be“结果是……”，“最后情况是……” eg:
Though it looked like rain this morning, it has turned out to be a fine day.尽管今早看起来要下雨，最后却是晴天。
The meeting turned out to be very successful. 结果那个会议很成功。
5. They are taken on board and Captain Nemo decides not to kill them but makes them his permanent guests.
他们被带到了艇上。尼莫船长决定不杀死他们而是使他们成为他永久的客人。
(1)decide to do sth. 决定做某事;decide not to do sth.决定不做某事 eg:
We decided not to go abroad for the time being. 我们决定暂时不出国了。
(2)not…but…“不是……而是……”，连接两个并列成分，如连接两个并列宾语，两个并列表语或两个并列主语等。注意当not…but…连接两个并列主语时，句子的谓语动词要采用就近一致的原则，即与but后的主语保持一致。 eg:
He can speak not Chinese but Japanese.他不会讲汉语会讲日语。
He is not a poet but a writer. 他不是诗人而是作家。
Not I but he is fond of football. 不是我而是他喜欢足球。
(3)…makes them his permanent guests中的his permanent guests用来作them的补足语。
6. The furniture is precious and huge glass windows that can be opened and closed give a view of the underwater world. 摆设很精致，巨大的玻璃窗可以打开或关上，让人看到水下世界。
(1)这里的that引导一个定语从句(that can be opened and closed)用于修饰先行词huge glass windows.
(2)a view of …“……的景色”或“看;眺望;观察”之意。 eg:
There’s a view of the river from my windows.在我的窗前可看到河上风光。
If you stand here you’ll get a better view of the procession.如果你站在这里，就可以更清楚地看到游行队伍。
7. All that is needed for life on board comes from the ocean.艇上所有生活所需全部来自于海洋。
That is needed for life on board是定语从句，修饰先行词all。
注：(1)当先行词是不定代词all, everything, few, little, much, something, anything, nothing等时，宾语从句只能由that引导。 eg:
The boy handed in everything that he had picked up in the street to the police. 那个男孩把他在大街上捡到的一切东西都交给了警察。
(2)all that=what eg:
All that the said was true.=What he said was true.他所说的一切都是真的。
8. Dressed in diving suits, they walk around in this magic world, lighted by the lamps of the ship. 他们穿着潜水衣，在船上灯的照射下在这个魔幻世界中四处走动。
(1)dress ①vt. “给某人穿衣服”用于“dress sb.”结构中。dress oneself意为“给自己穿衣服”;be dressed in意为“穿着……”。 The gentleman is dressed in a modern coat.那位先生穿着一件很新潮的衣服。
②vi. “穿着/打扮”之意 eg:
She dressed well. 她穿得很好。
(2)walk around四处走动 eg:
He walked around in the room. 他在房间里走来走去。
9. (1)They find themselves surrounded by colorful rocks, fishes, shells and plants, all waving and moving slowly in the blue waters. 他们发现自己被彩色的岩石、鱼、贝壳和植物包围着，这些东西在蓝色的海域中慢慢地摇曳移动着。
(2)But at other moments you will find him gentle and weak, when he cries about the lost lives of people drowned in ships that have sunk. 但是在其他时刻，当他为了那些随着沉船一起被淹死的人而哭泣时，你又会发现他温柔又脆弱。
上面两句中的find themselves surrounded和find him gentle and weak都是find的常见用法。这里surrounded是过去分词，gentle和weak是形容词，它们都用来做宾补。find的此种用法可归纳为：find+sb./sth.+adj./介词短语/doing/done/adv./n. 。 eg:
I found the ground covered with snow when I opened the door.当我打开门的时候我发现地面铺满了雪。
When he came in, he found a thief stealing his money.他进来的时候，他发现一个小偷天在偷他的钱。
10. Passing through layers of coal and marble they go deeper and deeper. 穿过煤层和大理石层他们走得越来越深了。
deeper and deeper越来越深
这种“比较级+and+比较级”结构表达“越来越……”之意。 eg:
summer comes, the weather is hotter and hotter.夏天已经到了，天气越来越热了。
典型病句诊断
1.病句：We are not allowed playing with fire.
诊断：We are not allowed to play with fire.
点拨：把句中的playing改为to play。本句使用的是allow sb. to do sth.的被动语态，应该是sb. be allowed to do sth.
2.病句：He has set out to Beijing.
诊断：He has set out for Beijing.
点拨：把句中的to改为for。“动身去某地”用“set out for sp.”是固定搭配。
3.病句：This machine has an electric fault.
诊断：This machine has an electrical fault.
点拨：把句中的electric改为electrical。Electric是“用电的/带电的/发电的/电的”之意，而electrical表达“有关于电的”之意。根据本句之意，应表达“有关电的毛病”，所以要把electric改为electrical。
4.病句：Columbus found out America.
诊断：Columbus discovered America.
点拨：found out表示“弄明白，搞清楚”之意。而“哥伦布发现了美洲”很明显应是发现本来就存在而以前未能发现的美洲，应用discover表达这种含义。
5.病句：We’ll have a party in the open air instead in the house.
诊断：We’ll have a party in the open air instead of in the house.
点拨：instead是副词，而介词短语instead of后面才能跟介词短语。若用instead，上句可改为：We won’t have a party in the house. Instead we will have it ni the open air.。
6.病句：What have you been doing latest?
诊断：What have you been doing lately?
点拨：“latest”是adj. ，表达“最新的;最近的”之意，而句中需要一个副词表达“最近”之意。
7.病句：I took 3 hours doing my homework.
诊断：I spent 3 hours doing my homework.
点拨：spend表“花费”之意，其结构是“sb. spend(s)/spent/will spend some time on sth./(in) doing sth.”。而take当“花费”讲时，结构是“It take/took/will take sb. some to do sth.”。
8.病句：These old pictures reminded me my childhood.
诊断：These old pictures reminded me of my childhood.
点拨：remind不能跟双宾语，即不能构成remind sb. sth.结构，表达“提醒某人某事”时要用“remind sb. of sth.”结构。
9.病句：What have you done by the old things?
诊断：What have you done with the old things?
点拨：by之后加手段或方式，with之后加有形的工具或器官。The old things是工具，所以用with。其次，do with还有“处理”，“放置”之意。
10.病句：All which she did made us very surprised.
诊断：All that she did made us very surprised.
点拨：当先行词为不定代词时，定语从句应由that引导，不能用which。all为不定代词。其他的不定代词如everything, something, little, much等也符合这种用法。
单元语法知识归纳：构词
在英语中，词的构成方法主要有三种，即合成、转化和派生。
1.合成法：把两个或两个以上独立的词合成一个新词的方法叫合成法，也叫合词法。
(1)合成名词highway 公路
(2)合成形容词hand-made 手工制作的 good-looking相貌好看的 dark-blue 深蓝
(3)合成动词ill-treat 虐待 mass-produce 大规模生产 safe guard 保卫
(4)合成副词however 然而 downstairs 在楼下
(5)合成代词 anybody nobody something
2.转化法：转化是指词由一种词类转化为另一种词类。
(1)动词转化为名词
常用give, take, have, make等动词与其搭配构成动词词组，表示一个动作。 eg:
give a smile 微笑 give a tick 踢 take a seat 就座
take a bath 洗澡 have a swim 游泳 have a talk谈话 make a wish 许愿
(2)形容词转化为副词
How long is the road?那条路有多条?(形容词)
How long have you been working there? 你在那里工作了多久?(副词)
(3)形容词转化为动词 eg:
The storm slowed down to half its speed. 风暴速度减慢了一半。
The girls gradually quieted down. 女孩子们慢慢安静了下来了。
(4)名词转化为动词 eg:
The hall can seat two thousand people.大厅能坐人。
The passengers have booked their plane ticket.旅客们已经订了飞机票。
(5)形容词转化为名词
Something has gone wrong with the tool.工具出了点毛病。(形容词)
Little children didn’t know the difference between right and wrong.小孩子不能辨别是非。(名词)
3.派生法
派生是由词根加词缀(前缀、后缀)构成新词。除少数前缀外，前缀一般只改变词的意义，不改变词性;后缀一般只改变词性，不引起词义的变化。
前 缀 例 词
a-构成形容词、副词 Alive(活着的), abroad(在国外), alone
dis-(否定) discourage, disagree
en-(使可能) enrich, enable(使成为可能)，endanger
in-(ill, im-, ir-)(不，非) invisible(看不见), illogical(不合逻辑的), impossible, irregular(不规则的)
inter-(相互，之间) international, interchange
mis-(误) mislay, misunderstand(误会),mislead(误导)
re-(重复，再) recycle(循环),remarry, rewrite
tele-(远程) telephone, telegraph, telecommunications(电信)
un-(不)，non-(不，非) unfair, unknown, noon-conductor(非导体)
后 缀 例 词
名
词 -er……者 foreigner, traveler, speaker, reader
-ese……地方的人 Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese
-ian 精通……的人，……地方的人 musician, technician(技术员)， African, Asian
-ist 专业人员 pianist, physicist, scientist, violiinist
-ment性质，状态 movement(运动), development, encouragement
-ness性质，状态 illness, shyness, sadness, business
-or器具，……者 tractor, visitor, professor, actor
名
词 -tion表示动作、过程、结果 ageneration(世代)，suggestion, invention, action
形
容
词
practical(实用的),international, final
American, Italian, Australian
southern, northern, eastern
helpful, useful, harmful
reasonable, capable, eatable
foolish, British, English selfish
active, native(本族的),expensive, adoptive
windy, sleepy, healthy, sunny
careless, selfless(无私心的),harmless, useless
动
词 -fy使……化 simplify(简化), terrify(恐吓), satisfy
-ize使……成为 realize(实现), organize, stabilize, modernize
副
词 -ly表示方式、程度 badly, truly, angrily, suddenly
-ward(s)表示方向 toward(s), backward, outward(s)(向外)
数
词 -teen十 fourteen, eighteen, thirteen
-ty整十位数 forty, fifty, eighty, twenty
-th序数词 twelfth, twentieth, fourth
知识记忆
1.collision n.碰撞，冲突
a head-on collision正面冲突或相撞
He was killed in a car collision.他在一次汽车相撞中死亡。
His car had a collision with a bus.他的车与公交车相撞了。
A collision with Parliament could ruin the government’s plans.与议会的冲突可能会破坏政府的计划。
be in collision (with)/come into collision (with)(与……)冲突，相撞，发生矛盾
The two ships came into collision.那两只船相撞了。
People with revolutionary ideas may find themselves in collision with the forces of the law.
想革命的人会发现他们自己与法律的势力水火不相容。
2.permanent adj.永久的，固定的，长期不变的
permanent peace 长久的和平
a permanent job 固定的职业
The drug may cause permanent brain damage.这种药可能会引起永久性的脑部伤害。
This is my permanent address.这是我的固定居所。
After doing odd jobs for a week, he got a permanent job.做了一个星期的零工后，他找到了一份固定工作。
3.voyage n.航海，航行
The ship set out on a long voyage.那艘船出发进行长途航行。
The voyage to England took seven days.这次去英国的航行时间是七天。
We made a voyage to Australia.我们航行到了澳大利亚。
He is now on the voyage home.他正在返航途中。
David went on a voyage around the world.大卫作了环游世界的航行。
When I give up work I shall make/take a long sea voyage.我离职后要作一次长途航海旅行。
4.aboard adv.在船(飞机、车)上，上船，上飞机
All aboard! 各位请上船(飞机、车)!
Welcome aboard! 欢迎大家乘船(飞机、车)!
All 257 aboard died in the airliner crash.那次飞机失事中，机上的257名乘客全部遇难。
We got aboard though the boat was crowded.虽然船上很拥挤，我们还是上了船。
He came running along and climbed aboard just as the train was to pull out.
就在火车即将开动时，他跑过来了并爬上了火车。
5.gentle adj.温和的，温柔的，有礼貌的，文雅的
Mothers are always gentle with their children.母亲对待孩子总是温柔体贴。
My new teacher is both gentle and encouraging toward me.我的新老师对我既温和又鼓励。
Mary is very gentle; she never talks roughly.玛丽很文雅，她从来不说粗话。
She was small, and gentle in her voice and movements.她小巧玲珑，声音温柔，动作文雅。
She gave the baby a gentle pat on the back.她在小孩的背上轻轻地拍了一下。
6.throw light on/upon使……显得非常清楚
The modern scientific development has thrown light on this question.现代科学的发展已使这个问题明朗化。
Can you throw any light on the problem? 你能把这个问题阐述清楚吗?
The information throws light upon the mystery of Dr Bake.这个信息可以解开贝克医生之迷。
7.matter n.事情，问题[C];物质，内容[U]
a private matter 私事
the matter under discussion 讨论中的问题
Political matters interest him greatly.他对政治问题深感兴趣。
It’s no laughing matter.这不是开玩笑的事。
The world is made up of matter.世界是由物质组成的。
Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid and gas.物质以三种形态存在，即固体、液体和气体。
The matter in your essay is excellent.你文章的内容写得很好。
8.phenomena n.[pl.]现象，奇迹(单数形式是phenomenon)
Rain and snow are phenomena of the weather.下雨和下雪是天气现象。
The phenomena were observed by astronomers throughout the world.全世界的天文学家都观测到了这种现象。
That’s a natural phenomenon.那是一种自然现象。
An eclipse is an interesting phenomenon.日食是很有趣的现象。
Beethoven was a phenomenon among musicians.贝多芬是音乐家中的奇才。
A child who can play the piano at the age of two would be called a phenomenon.两岁就能弹钢琴的小孩可称为奇才。
9.labour n.努力;劳动，劳动果实
mental labour 脑力劳动 physical labour 体力劳动
Workers are paid for their labour.工人以劳动获得报酬。
His new book is the product of some three years’ labour.这本新书是他大约三年努力的成果。
It is labour to read the Bible through.读完圣经是件相当吃力的工作。
10.hesitate vi.犹豫，迟疑，踌躇
She hesitated before picking up the phone.她在拿起听筒前犹豫了一下。
She’s still hesitating about sending her son to college.她对于要不要送儿子进大学一事仍然犹豫不决。
We seldom hesitate about where to stay in Paris.去巴黎要住哪儿，我们很少有拿不定主意的情况。
Don’t hesitate to tell me if you have any requests.如果你有什么要求，请告诉我，不要犹豫。
I hesitate to ask you, but will you recommend me for the post?
向你提要求真不好意思，请你推荐我去担任那项职务好吗?
hesitation n.犹豫，踌躇
without hesitation毫不犹豫
I had no hesitation in telling the truth.我毫不迟疑地说出了实情。
发散思维
1.distance n.距离
当询问距离是多少时，要用what提问。
What’s the distance to London? 到伦敦的距离是多少?
distance的修饰语常用some,good,great,long,short等。
It’s a good distance away.离得很远。
The villagers have to walk a long distance to get water.村民们要走很远去取水。
distance常构成下列短语：
within walking distance“在步行可及的地方，几步之遥”
The park is within (easy) walking distance of my house.公园离我家只有几步之遥。
My parents live within walking distance of me.我父母住在我家附近。
at/from a distance (of)“从远处”
This picture looks better at a distance.从远处看，这张画更好看。
Now and then he stepped back to look at his work from a distance.他不时地退后几步从远处看一看他的作品。
One can see the ancient ruins at/from a distance of 20 miles.人们从20英里之处就能看到这个古迹。
in the distance“在远处，远方的”
A ship could be seen in the distance.可以看到远方有一艘船。
I made out three figures moving in the distance.我看到远处有三个黑影在活动。
keep sb.at a distance “与某人保持一段距离，不很亲密”
Mr.Smith is kind to the workers in his store, but after work he keeps them at a distance.
史密斯先生对他商店的工人很好，但下班后却与他们不很亲密。
It was difficult to get to know her because she always kept everyone at a distance.
很难搞懂她，因为她总是与人保持一定的距离。
2.attention n.注意力，注意，留心，关心
It is difficult to hold the students’ attention for more than an hour.
要让学生们持续集中注意力达一个小时以上，真是很难。
This matter requires our close attention.这件事我们必须密切注意。
He drew attention to the rising unemployment.失业率日渐升高引起了他的注意。
We listened with attention to what he said.我们倾听他所说的话。
My grandfather is over eighty and needs a lot of attention.我的祖父年过八十，需要经常照顾。
The patient needed immediate attention.这位病人需要立即治疗。
常构成的短语：
pay/give attention to 注意 attract/catch/draw/get one’s attention 吸引某人的注意
focus one’s attention on 集中注意力于 devote one’s attention to 专心于
turn one’s attention to 将注意力转向
背景知识
Jules Verne
Jules Verne(1828~1905),French writer and pioneer of science fiction,whose best known works today are Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea(1870)and Around the World in Eighty Days(1873).
Jules Gabriel Verne was born on February 8,1828,in Nantes,France.His parents were of a seafaring tradition,a factor which influenced his writings.As a boy,Jules Verne ran off to be a cabin boy on a merchant ship,but he was caught and returned to his parents.In 1847 Jules was sent to study law in Paris.While there,however,his passion for the theatre grew.Later in 1850,Jules Verne’s first play was published.His father was outraged when he heard that Jules was not going to continue law,so he discontinued the money he was giving him to pay for his expenses in Paris.This forced Verne to make money by selling his stories.
After spending many hours in Paris libraries studying geology,engineering,and astronomy, Jules Verne published his first novel Five Weeks in a Balloon(1863).Soon he started writing novels such as Journey to the Center of the Earth(1864),From the Earth to the Moon(1866),and Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea(1873).
Because of the popularity of these and other novels,Jules Verne became a very rich man.In 1876,he bought a large yacht and sailed around Europe.His last novel The Invasion of the Sea appeared in 1905.
Jules Verne died in the city of Amines on March 24,1905.
课文译文
儒勒凡尔纳：科幻小说的鼻祖
儒勒凡尔纳在1828年出生于法国。他的父亲送他去巴黎学习法律，但儒勒却对戏剧产生了热爱。为了谋生，儒勒不得不从事写作并卖掉自己的作品。凡尔纳花了好多时间在巴黎图书馆研究地质学、物理学和其他学科。在他的书中他应用了他那个时代最新的理念和科学发明。他小说中出现的好多工具都会使读者想起本杰明富兰克林有名的关于电的实验。通过把他那个年代的科学发展再往前推一步，儒勒凡尔纳奠定了现代科幻小说的基础。他还提出发明在将来会得到怎么样的应用，而这些用法在他那个年代是被认为不可能的。儒勒凡尔纳死于19，远远早于他任何一个梦想的实现。
在《海底两万里》这本书的一开始,那是他的一部有名的小说,世界各地的船只突然失踪,而且这被认为是一只大海怪造成的。艾瑞纳克斯博士，他的仆人以及一位加拿大的捕鲸者开始去寻找那个怪物。在好几个月的搜寻之后,他们终于找到了它。在随后的搏斗中他们三个人被扔进水中。在他们挣扎求生当中，他们发现自己在一个怪物的表面上，而那怪物其实是一艘潜水艇。他们被带上船，尼莫船长不打算杀掉他们,相反却和他们结成永久的朋友。从那天起,他们就计划逃离。
尼莫船长带着他们在海洋里航行。诺特拉斯是一只非凡的船。里面的家具非常的珍贵。大大的窗户可以打开也可以关闭,这使我们能欣赏到海底世界。这只船还非常结实，外面被厚厚的铁板保护着。船上所需要的一切都来自于海洋。电被用来照明,取暖,提供动力和使船抵御外来袭击。
身穿潜水衣，被船的灯光照明，他们行走在这个魔幻世界里。他们发现自己被五彩的岩石、各种各样的鱼、贝类和海底植物所包围。这些海底生物在碧蓝的海水中摇曳和慢慢移动。
自从这本书一出版，读者们就对尼莫船长的性格感到扑朔迷离。你很难说喜不喜欢他。你或许认为他是一个残酷的人，因为他不仅把艾瑞纳克斯和其他人囚禁起来，还破坏船只。然而在其他时候，比如说当他为在沉船中溺死的人哭泣的时候，你又会认为他很温柔和脆弱。
另外一部精彩小说是《地心探险记》。这部小说是以一部古书里的古老文献的发现为开始的。他向人们解释了怎样发现去地心的路。两位男子决心去冰岛冒险，在那里他们通过一个死活山口走进了地底。他们的导游带着他们穿越一个狭长的通道来到了地下。经过一个煤层和大理石层，他们已经走得越来越深了。他们喝地下河流的沸腾的水。几天过后，他们来到了地下湖和地下海洋。沿着它们的岸边走，他们穿越了一个大森林，里面的蘑菇和植物已经在地球上生存了几百万年了。为了穿越海洋，他们造了一个小筏子但是在海上还是受到了古代海怪的袭击。最后，他们的小筏子被卷入了急流。伴随着越来越高的速度和温度，他们被位于意大利南部的火山口喷出。
弗兰肯斯坦的故事
没有人会比我有一个更加快乐的童年。不同于其他孩子的玩耍和冒险，我有一种强烈的求知欲。我对于语言结构和法律一点都不感兴趣。我想知道地球和天空的奥秘。我的父亲没有科学方面的专业知识，所以我必须在没有人指点迷津的基础上自己去寻找出路。我开始寻求智慧，并梦想找到治愈我疾病的办法。
我阅读了所有有关这件事的书籍。我研究了数学和物理还有其他知识渊博的作者的书。在我17岁的时候，我的父母送我上了大学。但是我发现大学里所教的东西非常地令人失望。因而我决定开创一种新的方法，探索未知的力量，并把大自然最为神奇的秘密揭示给世人。
一个吸引我注意力的现象是人类的身体构造，和任何活着的动物的身体构造。我经常问自己，生命的法则是来自于哪里呢?在无数个日日夜夜的极辛苦劳碌中，我发现了人类的起源和怎样从死去的物质中创造新生命。
当我发现我手中拥有这样神奇的力量之后，我犹豫了好久究竟应怎样用它。尽管我知道怎样创造生命，怎样为这个生命准备好它的肌肉和器官，这仍然是一项困难的工作。一开始我还犹豫是否要创造一个像我一样的人，或者只是几个简单的器官。但是很快我便什么也不想，只想创造一个像人一样完整和神奇的生物。
正是怀着这些情感我开始了我创造人的过程。由于人的身体的各部分过小延误了我的速度，我决定把这个人的尺寸做的比平常人更大一些:高有八尺。在这种想法的引导下，花了好几个月搜集和整理材料，我才真正开始。
谁能想到我这项秘密工作的恐怖?我从坟墓里搜集死人的骨头，并把死人的尸体切开。我的好多工具都是来自于肉铺和医院。是在一个11月份的夜晚，我看到了我工作的结果。我把我的器具放在我的身旁，用这些器具，我可以使我脚底下的这个死了的生物复活。直到第二天一早，我的蜡烛快熄灭的时候。我才看到那个生物睁开他那黄色污浊的眼睛。
Goals:
1. To get to know something about a famous woman named Helen Thayer.
2. To develop some basic reading skills.
3. To understand the importance of courage and determination.
Teaching aids: Multimedia
Teaching procedures:
Step1. Warming up
1. Show some pictures of Antarctica.
Q: Is it beautiful? Where is it?
Q: What’s the weather like there?
Q: How is the living condition there? What animals live there?
Step2. Pre-Reading
1. Work in pairs and discuss the following questions:
1). Imagine you are traveling alone to the South Pole, what will you take with you? Why?
2). Do you know the names of three countries that are part of the North Pole?
3). Which animals live on the North Pole? And which on the South Pole?
4). Why do polar bears never eat penguins?
2. Group work:
Study the title and try to guess what the person who was alone in Antarctica is would be like?
----The person must be very strong.
----The person must be very young.
----The person must be healthy.
----The person must have great courage and determination.
----The person must have a strong will.
Q: Can you imagine such a woman of 60 years old making an expedition alone in Antarctic?
Q: What difficulty might she meet in Antarctica?
Step3. Reading
It’s clear to see that being in Antarctica alone is a journey of challenge and danger.
1. Ask the students to listen to the text and make a decision about whether the following statements are true or false.
( ) 1. She spent her 50th and 60th birthday in Antarctica.
( ) 2. During her expedition in Antarctica, the weather was very good though the wind was icy.
( ) 3. Every November there was bright sunshine 24 hours a day.
( ) 4. Her birthday fall on the 22nd day when she began her journey to the South Pole.
( ) 5. She had got self-rescue training before the expedition.
( ) 6. She will never forget her solo travel in the South Pole.
2. Ask the students to read the text and answer the questions.
1). What’s the weather like during the first few days of her expedition?
2). Where did she stay when the wind grew stronger?
3). How did she spend the day of November12?
4). What happened when she was moving forward over a slope?
5). What happened on the 22nd day of the expedition?
3. Finish Post Reading Ex1. on P32
4. Read each paragraph again to pick out the sentence or key words which help you get the main idea of each paragraph.
Find out main idea and detailed information of each paragraph.
5. Language points
Step4. Post- reading
Interview: (If time permits)
Work in pairs. One is newspaper reporter, and the other is Helen Thayer. After the expedition the reporter is interviewing Helen.
Homework:
1. Finish the exercise about Vocabulary and Grammar.
【Unit19 词汇(人教版高二英语下册教案教学设计)】推荐阅读：
人教版高考第一轮复习高二英语：Unit 3-Unit07-10
人教新版四年级下册英语unit1教学反思06-22
新人教版初一英语unit2教案07-18
（人教版+朗文）初二检测Unit07-02
六年级下册英语Unit7练习题05-27
冀教版英语七年级上册单词表unit06-14
