高一语文教材（推荐8篇）
层峦叠嶂：重重叠叠的山岭。
雷霆万钧：比喻威力巨大。雷霆，暴雷、疾雷，钧，古代的重量单位，合30斤。
缤纷：繁多而交杂的样子。
亭亭：高耸的样子。课文用“亭亭笔立”形容一座高峰。“亭亭玉立”一词的“亭亭”形容女子身材细长秀美或花木形体挺拔，也可以写作“婷婷”。
婀娜：姿态柔美的样子。
眺望：往远处看。
小心翼翼：形容举动十分谨慎，一点不敢疏忽。
莽莽苍苍：草木苍翠茂密，原野景色迷茫。
神妙莫测：神奇巧妙达到难以猜测的程度。
云蒸霞蔚：形容景物灿烂绚丽。
荒诞不经：极不真实，极不近情理。
茕茕孑立：形容孤孤单单，无依无靠。
通衢大道：四通八达的道路，大道。
命运多舛：指平生的遭遇、经历不顺。
养尊处优：生活在优裕的环境中(多含贬义)。
蕴藏：蓄积而未显露或未发掘。
瘠薄：(土地)缺少植物生长所需要的养分、水分，不肥沃。
缱绻：形容情投意合，难舍难分;缠绵。
天籁：自然界的声音，如风声、鸟声、流水声等。
迷惘：由于分辨不清而困惑，不知怎么办。
蹂躏：践踏，比喻用暴力欺压、侮辱、侵害。
取缔：明令取消或禁止。
滞笨：迟缓笨拙的样子。
烙印：比喻不易磨灭的痕迹。
媲美：美(好)的程度差不多;比美。
钳制：用强力限制，使不能自由行动。
攻讦：(因利害冲突)揭发并攻击他人的过失或隐私。
应运而生：原指顺应天命而降生，后泛指随着某种形式而产生。
事过境迁：事情已经过去，客观环境也改变了。
高一语文考试知识点
《离骚》
文学常识
《离骚》作者屈原，名平，字原，战国时期楚国人。
《楚辞》运用楚地的诗歌形式、方言声韵，描写楚地风土人情，具有浓厚的地方色彩，后世称这种诗体为“楚辞体”或“骚体”。
《离骚》是《楚辞》的代表作，是我国古代最长的抒情诗。
字音字形
姱(kuā)謇(jiǎn)茝(chǎi)
诼(zhuó)偭(miǎn)忳(tún)
郁邑(yì)侘(chà)傺(chì)
溘(kè)鸷(zhì)圜(yuán)
皋(gāo)
实词
解释下列加线实词
余虽好修姱以鞿羁兮，謇朝谇而夕替。(好：崇尚;修姱：修洁美好;鞿羁：名作动，约束;謇：举首发语词;谇：进谏;替：罢黜)
既替余以蕙纕兮，又申之以揽茝。(以：因为)
怨灵修之浩荡兮，终不察夫民心。(浩荡：荒.唐，没有准则)
固时俗之工巧兮，偭规矩而改错。(固：本来;工巧：善于投机取巧;偭：违背;错：通“措”，措施)
背绳墨以追曲兮，竞周容以为度。(绳墨：准则;追曲：追求歪曲;竞：争相)
忳郁邑余佗傺兮，吾独穷困乎此时也。(侘傺：失意的样子)
宁溘死以_兮，余不忍为此态也。(溘：突然)
何方圜之能周兮，夫孰异道而相安?(圜：通“圆”)
屈心而抑志兮，忍尤而攘诟。(尤：责骂;攘：忍受;诟：侮辱)
步余马於兰皋兮，驰椒丘且焉止息。(焉：于彼，在那里)
虽体解吾犹未变兮，岂余心之可惩。(惩：受创而改变)
语文学习方法技巧
1.对于教材中的文章，在诵读背诵的基础上，更强调理解。朱自清先生《荷塘月色》中“微风过处送来缕缕清香，仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的。”大家几乎都能默写，但却有不少同学不知道这句话写出了清香的什么特点，在月考中失掉了宝贵的3分。初中阶段是“大致理解的基础上熟读成诵”，高中阶段的语文学习是“在熟读成诵的基础上具体理解”。走进梁丰，同学们就要学会分析和思考了。
2.课堂上，在记好笔记的基础上，更强调主动的参与。不少同学在初中已经养成了记课堂笔记的习惯，这是很好的。但是还不够，还需要主动的参与，积极的思维。我们教师在上《荷塘月色》时，有的同学没有主动参与，积极思考，举手回答问题。虽然记下了第4段的段意，但在月考时，我们考了第3段的段意概括，结果发现许多同学没有得分。这是什么原因呢?因为这些同学没有概括段意的能力。有的内容，如中心思想、段意、文章思路等等，一旦记录下来，也就没有很大的价值了，关键在于思维的过程，形成能力的过程。叶圣陶先生说过，课内阅读是准备，课外阅读才是运用。教是为了达到不需要教。只有在课堂上主动参与，积极思考，踊跃发言，才能提高思维能力，提高阅读能力，取得好的成绩。要知道，高考和生活中阅读的文章大都是我们没有读过的文章啊!
3.大量练习的基础上，更强调进行规律的总结。我们常发现同学们语文学习有这样的现象，做过的试题，读过的文章，考试考到了，又不会了;我们还发现，同学们这道试题会做，换了同一类的试题又不会了。这是什么原因呢?就是因为我们不善于总结规律，没有形成举一反三的能力。在语文训练中，只有当我们找到了某一个知识点的运用规律，才算真正完成了练习的任务。古人说，为学日增，为道日损，损之又损，以近于道。我们想，语文学习中，我们的知识是越来越增加了，但我们对语文规律的认识却应该越来越概括。比如，对议论文的认识，开始我们可能感觉到比较困难，开头有各种形式如开门见山，引用名言，列举事例等，论证有举例论证、比喻论证、引证、引申论证等很复杂。但经过一段时间的训练后，我们就会发现，议论文无非是提出自己的观点，用各种方法来论证观点。到最后，我们写议论文时，心里只有一个东西――中心论点，其它一切都随机应变。再比如做病句修改的练习，如果我们将做过的练习进行归纳，就会发现病句也无非就是那十来种类型。以后，只要做病句修改练习，就考虑这些类型，这样事半功倍。有人在题海中遨游，结果被题海淹没了;有人在题海中寻找，结果找到了目标。
一、要尽快使学生适应高中英语教学
具体做法是:培养学生课前预习、课后复习的良好学习习惯;坚持用英语授课, 要求并鼓励学生用英语思考问题、回答问题;根据高考要求, 从高中一年级开始就需要培养学生的阅读能力, 教会学生一些阅读技巧, 养成良好的阅读习惯;另外, 课后要多与学生接触, 尽快和学生熟悉。高中英语教学要始终贯彻交际性原则, 强化学生的主体意识。“让游泳者到水中去。”这是交际语言教学理论的思想核心。贯彻交际性原则就是要把教学活化为实际:
1. 建立“课前五分钟会话”, 培养课堂交际氛围。
2. 适当让学生表演对话或课文内容。针对近期所学内容, 布置学生课后进行讨论排练, 然后再搬上课堂表演。
3. 多鼓励, 少批评。为了使学生更爱开口, 在练习中, 要重视运用鼓励性语言, 不断强化学生参加交际的信心。
二、培养学生的自学能力
只有通过辅导学生掌握一套科学的学习方法, 并培养学生的自学能力, 才能使学生的学习积极性和主动性得以发挥。具体包括:培养学生的预习能力、用各种方法掌握英语基本知识的能力、学生自己整理所学知识的能力。
教学的一个根本目的, 是要求学生学会独立思考、独立自学, 最终成为一个能独立工作的合格人才。课内教学的双边活动是至关重要的, 但由于学生多、时间少, 而学生主动活动机会则不多。所以, 课外作业便是学生个体完成作业的独立活动的基本形式。学生在完成作业过程中, 需要独立思考、独立钻研, 这就会使学生有充分的实际锻炼机会。课外作业, 有助于学生发展智能和创造性的才能;有助于培养学生灵活地应用知识解决问题;有助于培养学生的能力, 并能培养学生按时完成任务的习惯和责任心以及克服困难的精神。因此, 教师要在作业的布置和批改上下工夫, 不仅要重视答案的公平性、客观性和唯一性, 还要重视学生的选择性和创造性以及答案的开放性和多样性。
三、要及时反馈信息, 调整教学环节
每个学生对课堂上的知识掌握程度, 都会在作业中直接反映出来。对于难度较大的题目, 学生出现错误较多的作业, 教师批语应多加鼓励, 并且在讲解时要具体详细, 对课堂教学也必须做出相应的调整。对于难度较小, 作业一般不应该出现的问题, 批语应该严肃恳切, 并指导学生及时纠正。同时, 教师可利用批语针对不同层次的学生征求对课堂教学, 尤其是对单元教学的意见, 使自己对教学方法和教材的处理更加科学合理, 更加有利学生主动接受新知识, 提出新问题。例如, 教师可以在中下等水平的学生作业里用批语征求意见:Do you think this unit is difficult for you?What do you think is the most difficult point?或者What’s your suggestion on how to deal with the next unit?坚持这样做一段时间后, 学生会主动向教师反映上一个单元中还没有弄清的教学内容和在新课文预习的过程中遇到的问题。这样, 就能做到因材施教、教学相长。
【关键词】苏教版教材；文言文注释
苏教版高中语文教材已经被使用多年，入选的文言文更是经过时间考验后适合高中生学习要求的经典。但是，部分文章的注释不尽如人意，不仅使学生对某些文言文字词产生了误解，也使得文言文教学出现诸多障碍。本文以苏教版高一教材为分析对象，对其注释中所存在的问题进行考证和分析，希望能对文言文的教学有所裨益，也希望能对文言文教材的完善提供绵薄之力。
1.望文生义
由于时代的变迁，很多字词在古文中的意思和在现代文中的意思是不一样的，有的甚至截然相反。如果不注意时代特征的变化，仅仅就字面的意思加以解释，而且解释的非常简单马虎，将给课文的理解和教师的教学带来重重困难。
必修四《滕王阁序》中“控蛮荆而引欧越”的教材注解是：“控制南方的荆楚，接引东南的欧越。”这里把“控”理解成了“控制”，这仅仅是从字面上理解，是典型的望文生义。因为《说文解字》中说：“控，引也。匈奴名引弓控弦。”意思是：控是引的意思，匈奴将拉开弓弦称作“控弦”。因此，“控”在这里的意思应该是“连接，接引”。
2.用今解古
语言是发展变化的，因此有些文言文字词的解释必须要回归古义。但是在《劝学》中，还是出现个别用今义去解释古语的现象。
在“假舆马者，非利足也，而致千里；假舟楫者，非能水也，而绝江河”一句中，“利足”的课文注释是“脚走得快”，可我们仔细推敲下会发现，这句话是对偶句，因此，“利足”与“能水”是对应的，如果说“能水”的意思是“善于游泳”，“能”是“善于”之意，“水”是词类活用，由名词活用成动词“游泳”的话，那么“利足”要与其形成对偶，则“利”字也必须当情态动词用，而“足”也必然是一个词类活用，因此，解释为“脚走得快”就过于牵强，不仅不符合对偶要求，上下文的意思也不够连贯。所以“利足”解释为“善于走路”更合理。而且《书·周官》中“无以利口乱厥官”中的“利”就是作“善于”解。
3.不符语境
不符合语境就是指在理解时没有按照古汉语的思维，运用古汉语的语法来进行注解，而是套用现代汉语的语法来解释。
在必修二《六国论》中，“古人云：‘以地事秦，犹抱薪救火，薪不尽，火不灭。此言得之”课文注解是“这话对了。得之，得其理。之，指上面说的道理”。就整句话来说，如果说是意译也说得通。但具体到“得之”二字时，就值得商榷了。“之”指上面说的道理，是名词，在汉语语法中，前面的“得”应该是动词或者形容词，如果是形容词，这句话就缺少谓语，所以只能是动词，如果是动词，简单地把得翻译成“得到、获得”，就太脱离语境了，此处的“得”最合理的解释是“符合”，“此言得之”即古人的话符合上面的道理啊。
4.忽视破读
破读字是指同一个字形因词义不同而有两个或两个以上读音的时候，在上下文中读它习惯上认为最通常的读音之外的读音，就叫做“破读”。破读字在文言文中非常常见，产生“破读字”的最根本的原因，是由于词义引申引起了词义变化或词性转变。破读现象如不加以注释，学生很容易在字音和词义的理解上产生错误。
《劝学》中“上食埃土，下饮黄泉”的“食、饮”分别理解为“吃、喝”的意思，所以应该读成“sì、yìn”，古文中相类似的有“箪食壶浆、饮马长江”等等，虽然学生在理解这两个词语上没有障碍，但是如果不把这个语法知识讲清楚，学生在以后遇到类似字词的时候就很难触类旁通，举一反三。再比如“则知明而行无过矣”中的“行”，我们很容易读为“xíng”。在《新校互注宋本广韵》中对“行”的解释有两种：“一、行步也，适也，往也，去也；二、景迹，又事也，言也。”可见“行”在“行走、到、往”之义上读“xíng”；在“行为、德行”之义上读“xìng”。根据句义，“则知明而行无过矣”中的“行”应为“品行、德行”之义，故此处“行”应破读为“xìng"。
5.无视活用
词类活用是指“甲类词在句子中临时用如乙类词，临时具有乙类词的基本功能。词类活用现象在文言文中不胜枚举，了解这类现象可以给中学生读懂古书提供很大的便利，可是教材对文中出现的词类活用现象却并未提及。《劝学》中“其曲中规”中的“曲”，本为形容词“弯曲的”，在这里处于定语“其”字后，临时用如名词，代表弯曲的弧度；“非能水也”的“水”，本为名词，在这里处于能愿动词“能”后，临时用如动词，意为“会游泳，“上食埃土，下饮黄泉”中的“上”、“下”，本为方位名词，这里与动词连用，非主谓，非前宾，临时用作状语，表“食”与“饮”的处所和方向。故教材对“曲”、“水”、“上”、“下”应该分别注释为：“曲，形容词用如名词，弯曲度；“水，名词用如动词，会游泳；“上，名词用作状语，向上；“下，名词用作状语，向下”。
教材作为教学活动的载体，是达到教学目的的基础，直接影响着教学的质量，而古文作为我国传统文化的重要传承，更是我们民族智慧的结晶。因此，教材的编写，包括注释这些细节，都要注意严谨科学。如若采取回避态度，模棱两可，那么学生就很容易从现代汉语的角度来理解字词，造成读错音、会错意的现象，甚至以今释古，曲解文义。笔者认为在兼顾教材编写的简洁性原则的同时，可以在相关文言学习单元后附加延伸阅读和相关文言知识的归纳总结，以使学生不论在今后独立阅读古书还是进行古典文化方面深造时都能找到治学良方，少走弯路。
【作者简介】
张海洲（1982.10.20-），男，汉族，江苏人，学历：本科，职称：中学一级。
语文①语文①磁带语文①基训语文②语文②磁带语文②基训
英语①英语①磁带英语①基训英语②英语②磁带英语②基训
数学①数学①光盘数学①基训数学②数学③数学④
物理①化学①生物①
政治①
历史①历史地图册①历史填充图册①
地理①地理地图册①地理填充图册①
信息技术基础多媒体技术通用技术
音乐鉴赏音乐歌唱
美术鉴赏体育①研究性学习
高中数理化用表民族理论常识
成长手册心理健康读本
Period 1 Warming up & Listening
Learning Aims
1.To encourage the students to think and talk about their science subjects and activate their relevant vocabulary at the same time.
2.To learn what should be paid attention to when doing an experiment in a lab and how to give instructions to others.
3.To train the students’ ability of listening for information.
Learning Procedures
Step 1 Warming up
Today, we are going to talk something about the subjects you are learning.
Q1: How many subjects are you learning now?
Q2: What are the subjects in which you learn science? Is it easy for you to learn them?
1). Group work
Divide the whole class into two groups, one group is going to talk about the question “ What do you learn about for each field of science?”, and the other “How are you learning these subjects?” Write down the result of the discussion in a card, and choose the best member to do the report.
2). Class work
Enjoy some pictures about the facilities in labs and students doing experiments in labs.
Q: Which subjects are connected with these pictures? Do you often do experiments in the lab?
Step2 Pre-listening
1).Group work
Is it necessary for you to do experiments in the lab? List the reasons in the card and see which group can find more.
2).Class work
Do you still remember what your teacher often remind you before, when and after you do an experiment? Divide the whole into several groups to have a competition in class and see which group will win the game.
Step 3 Listening
1). Listen to what Mr. Zhu is talking to his students for the first time, focusing on the subjects mentioned in the passage.
2). Listen to the tape for the second time to write down some key words to the questions and check with the partners.
3). Listen to the tape for the third time. Understand the whole passage fully and check if the answers are complete, especially pay attention to different structures of giving instructions.
DOS DON’TS
Follow / teacher’s /instructions Don’t come into / without …
Be careful about / when… Don’t touch… / unless…
Always listen carefully to… Don’t throw… / unless…
Clean…away and leave …clean and neat Don’t forget to…
You should tie…up Never put / nose directly into…
Remember that… Never put /fingers into/ and taste…
Make sure that…
Step 4 Post-listening
1). Group work
List what you can do and can’t do in a lab as much as possible in groups.
2). Individual work
Knowing the rules in a lab is very necessary for the sake of our safety. Suppose you are a chemistry teacher, and you are going to make an announcement to your students to give them some instructions before an experiment.
3). Group work
Design the rules for the chemistry lab of your school in groups and put it on the wall in the classroom.
Homework:
Task 1. Have a discussion to find out the best rules for the lab and recommend it to the school leader.
Task 2. Preview Speaking and try to search for some information about the new inventions and discoveries.
Period 2 Speaking
Learning Aims
1. To learn to cooperate with partners to analysis a problem in different views.
2. Enable students to describe the advantages and disadvantages of something in specific words.
Learning Procedures
Step 1 Warming-up
Daily report
1). Class work
Watch a video about the successful launch of ShenZhou V manned space flight in China.
Nowadays, more and more new inventions and discoveries are made all over the world.
2). Brainstorming
List the words they’ve learned about the new scientific inventions and discoveries. Then have a short introduction to Maglev train.
Step 2 Pre-speaking
1). Pair work
Read the dialogue aloud to finish the following form:
inventions advantages disadvantages
Maglev train
2). Group work
Discuss how you can talk about the advantages and disadvantages about some new inventions and list the relevant words and phrases an many as possible.
Advantages Disadvantages
It’s good for… It is too expensive
It can help… It is dangerous to…
It is important for… It is unnecessary to..
It brings people… Some people will use it for…
It doesn’t pollute… It is bad / or harmful for…
Step 3 While speaking
1). Group work
Enjoy some pictures about some new inventions. (Cloning, Nuclear energy, Computers and Space flight ) Each group is to choose one of them to have a discussion and list the advantages and disadvantages. Exchange the ideas with the whole class.
2). Pair work
Make a dialogue in pair to talk about one of the inventions, using the structures to show your agreement and disagreement, such as I’m afraid…/ I can’t agree with you./ I don’t think so. / In my opinion… And then act it out.
Step 4 Post-speaking
1). Debate
The scientific technologies are improving very fast. Some of them are widely accepted and applied, while some are still being argued about by people. Cloning humans is still one of them. In your opinion, do you think it good to do so all over the world?
Divide the whole class into two groups to have a debate and see which group will perform better.
2). Imagination
If you were a scientist many years later after you graduated from universities. Do you think what you would try to invent or discover? And why do you think so?
Homework:
Task 1. Read the following poem ,and then try to imitate it and write down a similar one, of course, about other inventions.
Computer
A compute is a machine. A computer is interesting.
A machine is useful. I can study a computer.
I can use it.
Who made it? Humans being made it.
I am a human being. am warm. I am wise.
I have empathies for animals and people.
I conductor a computer. A computer does not conductor me.
Task 2 Find out one interesting story about some famous scientists and retell it in your own words.
Period 3 & 4 Reading
Learning Aims
1. To get to know something about the story of famous scientists.
2. Enable students to understand the given material better using different reading skills.
3. To have a better understanding about the importance of experiments in science.
Learning Procedures
Step 1 Warming up
Daily report: Share your poems with the other students.
1). Group competition
In the 18th and 19th century, scientists all over the world made many important discoveries and inventions in different fields of physics, chemistry, medicine, biology and so on. Divide the whole class into four groups to name some of them.
Physics chemistry medicine biology
2). Group work
A match competition. Match Column B with Column A correctly.
Column A Column B
Alexander Bell the Theory of Relativity
Thomas Edison the first telephone
Wright Brothers the electric lamp
Madame Curie black holes in Universe
Heinrich Dreser electricity
Franklin the first plane
Steven Hawking the Theory of Gravity
Elbert Einstein Radium
Isaac Newton aspirin
3) Class work
Q1. Is it easy for the scientists to make these inventions and discoveries?
Q2. How could they succeed in their research?
It is really difficult for the scientists to achieve their goal , and only after tens of thousands of attempts, experiments, thinking and failure can they be successful in their research. Today, we are going to learn one example of them: Franklin’s famous kite experiment.
Step 2 Reading
1). Individual work
Skimming: Read the material fast to find out the right picture about Franklin’s experiment.
2). Individual work
Scanning: Listen to the tape part by part to find out the topic for each one.
Para 1-3 the description of the experiment
Para 4 the equipment of the experiment
Para 5-6 the steps of the experiment
Listen with the questions below:
(1). Why did Franklin do this experiment?
(2). Was the experiment successful?
(3). What were needed when it was being done?
(4). How many steps were mentioned?
(5). What should be paid great attentions to when it was being done?
Step 3 Acting
1). Class work
With all the equipment ready ( a handkerchief made of silk, two pieces of light wood, strings, a sharp piece of metal, a key, a silk ribbon ), one student acts as the host to conduct two students how to make a kite as the one made by Franklin.
2). Individual work
After that, all the students try to tell how to make such a kite in their own words with the help of the pictures on the screen.
Step4 Further understanding
1). Pair work
Read through the passage to fill in the blanks in the form in pairs.
equipment usage
a kite
a key
a condenser
a sharp metal
strings
a silk ribbon
2). Class work
Listen to some sentences to judge whether they are true or false.
(1). In 1752 scientists already knew what electricity is.
(2). Franklin was helped by a friend to do the experiment.
(3). Franklin made the kite of silk because wet silk does not conduct electricity.
(4). A condenser was used in the experiment to store electricity.
(5). The key tied to the string was put into the door to stop the kite from flying away.
(6). The experiment can be done at any time.
(7). You can feel clear electric shock if you touch the string with your fingers after the kite is flying in the sky.
Step 5 Post-reading
1). Pair work
Franklin was doing the experiment with his little son, and he was a bit curious about what his father was doing. On the other hand, many people were watching Franklin doing the experiment. Divide the class into two groups to make a dialogue in pairs, one is between Franklin and his son ,the other Franklin and a person watching the experiment.
2). Group work
Discuss the following questions in groups:
(1). Why did Franklin do his experiment with a kite?
(2). Why the kite made of silk is better than the one made of paper?
(3). Is it dangerous for Franklin to do the experiment? Why do think so?
(4). What can you learn from the experiment and also Franklin?
Step 6 Oral practice
1). Individual work
After you read the interesting experiment of Franklin, do you think of one of your own experiments? Is it a very successful one? And what do you learn after you do the experiment? Tell the story to your group members, and then choose the best one to share it with the whole class.
2). Class work
During the lifetime of many famous scientists, there are a lot of interesting and instructive stories for us to enjoy. Then, we are going to hold a story telling competition in class.
Have some judges among the students first, and then each group choose one student to present the story in front of the classroom. See who can get the first prize in the competition.
Step 7 Watching, reading and thinking
1). Class work
The teacher is ding such an experiment and showing it to all the students: Prepare four glasses on the table. One is filled with oil, one vinegar, and one spirit. Pour some of the liquid into one big glass and then mix them up. Dip one finger into the mixture, take it out then and put it into the mouth to suck. Then give a smile to the students to show that it tastes very delicious. Show the glass around the class and ask the students to do everything as the teacher does.
Q: Does the mixture taste good? Why do you have a different taste from mine?
2). Individual work
Read the passage titled “Look carefully and Learn” to find out the reason.
Q 1: What do you learn after you read such a story?
Q 2: Do you think what is the most important when you are doing an experiment in the lab?
Q 3: If you want to be a scientist, what do you think are the most important qualities?
Homework:
Read the following passage with the questions below.
Flossie Wong-Staal
An interview with Emilio Alvarez and Ann Crystal Angeles
Flossie Wong-staal stays on the move. She moved with her family from China to Hong Kong when she was five. Later she moved to the United States to attend college. Now Wong-Staal is on the move to clone the virus that is believed to cause AIDS and to figure out how the molecules（分子）of the virus are arranged. Wang-Staal heads a team of scientists at the university of California, San Diego. They are trying to save lives by making an AIDS vaccine(疫苗).
Emilio: How did you decide that you wanted to become scientist?
Wong-Staal: At first my teachers made the decision. In high school they said I should study science because of my grades. By the time I graduated from college, there were so many exciting discoveries being made in molecular biology that I wanted to specialize it.
Emilio: What was your high school like?
Wong-Staal: I went to an all-girl high school in Hong Kong. I felt very free at an all-girl school, and I have fond memories of that time.
Anne Crystal: Would you explain your research?
Wong- Staal: Basically me colleagues and I are trying to understand how the AIDS virus is replicated, and then to develop ways to interrupt the replication process, By “replication” I mean the way in which the virus gets inside a cell and uses that cell as a sort of factory to make many many copies of itself.
Anne Crystal: Do you always enjoy your job in the laboratory?
Wong-Staal: Yes,, I think it’s very exciting work. Of course it’s not every day that you make a discovery and have that kind of reward. But when it does happen, it’s a real thrill. It’s exciting to know that you brought about knowledge that didn’t exist before.
Anne Crystal: What would you tell students who would like to become research scientists?
Wong- Staal: Stay with your interest, and get good information about the education you will need. I also have warning: Things are not always easy. There are frustrations in research; sometimes things don’t go the way you’d hoped. But when you make a discovery or a contribution to science, it becomes worthwhile. And I want to encourage all young people to be interested in science: We need you !
1. As you read, guess the meaning of the boldface words from the surroundings words and sentences.
1. Look back over the reading to find the following information:
(1). Where Wong-Staal was born: (2). What she is studying in her research:
(3). What she was the first person to do:
(4). This article is primarily about______________.
A. the scientist Wong- Staal B. making an AIDS vaccine
C. preventing the spread of disease
(5). Which question is NOT answered in the reading?
A. What college did Wong- Staal attend B. What type of biology did she specialize in
C. Where does she work now
(6). You can infer that Wong- Staal
A. didn’t want to become a scientist B. is happy she becomes a research scientist
C. plans to retire soon
2. Write about the following two questions in your journal.
(1). Wong- Staal says that there are frustrations in research. What do you think she means? What frustrations might there be in doing research? How would you deal with these frustrations?
(2). Wong- Staal says that here teachers decided she should become a scientist. Do you think teachers should make career choices for their students? Why or why not?
Period 5 Language study
Learning Aims
Enable students to have a better knowledge of the rules of word-formation.
Learning Procedures
Step 1 Warming up
Daily report: Show your opinions about the two problems mentioned in the reading passage.
Individual work
Show a tongue twister to students:
If one doctor doctors another doctor, does the doctor who doctors the doctor doctor the doctor the way the doctor he is doctoring? Or does he doctor the doctor the way the doctor who doctors doctors?
Practise the tongue twister for some times and see who can say it correctly and fast.
Q: Do all “doctors” in this sentence have the same meaning?
Conclusion: The meaning of the same word varies in different sentences and so does the gender.
Step 2 Reading and thinking
1). Pair work
Read the following sentences to distinguish the different meanings of the same word.
How much do you charge for repairing my CD player?
The frightened animal charged into the toy shop.
It usually takes one hour to get my call phone fully charged.
The man was charged for being irresponsible for the job in the court.
We gave her the charge of the house when we were away for holiday.
What is the charge for using the hall?
The guide conducted the tourists around the museum.
How well does this material conduct electricity or heat?
The concert on this Saturday evening will be conducted by a world famous conductor.
The teacher scolded him because of his bad conduct.
The manager conducted the business carefully.
He was surprise to see so many crosses marked in his Maths homework.
This fruit is a cross between an apple an d appear.
The river was too deep to cross.
The two main roads cross in the center of the town.
He crossed his name off the list.
2). Group work
Discuss in groups to think about more words of this kind and make sentences according to the different meanings. Then read it out and the other students try to guess the meaning of the same word in different situations.
Step 3 Imagination
Group work
Show some words on the screen ( such as bank, tie, sharp, tear) . Discuss in groups to make a short story, paying great attention to the different meanings and gender of the same word. Write it down on a card and share it with the whole class. See which group does the best job.
Step 4 Compound words
Sometimes if we put two different words together, we can make a new one. These words are called “Compound words”. Show some examples:
Blackboard is compounded with two words:
Part 1= a kind of deep color Part 2= a piece of thin wood
Show the students the formulation: Part 1 + Part 2 = ?
1). Class work
The teacher provide explanations to two single words. Ask the students to combine them together and then guess what the new word is. Repeat it for several groups.
Part 1= part of the body used when we talk Part 2= a round thing to play with
Part 1= water of ten degrees below zero Part 2= medicine to put on your skin
Part 1= a liquid you need to make tea
Part 2= moving in snow with wooden thing tied to your shoes
2). Group work
Discuss to think of some some compound words in groups and then do the same game with the partners.
3) Class work
Have a competition about word guessing and see which team can give the most wonderful performance.
Two students to make a team with one facing the blackboard and the other facing all the students. The teacher lists some compound words on the screen. The students facing the Bb explains the two parts of the compound word as quickly and exactly as possible, so that the other one can join the two parts together to guess which word is mentioned. The game is limited in two minutes and then they can find out which team have guessed more words than the others.
Step 5 Post-learning
Read the story about “Franklin’s famous kite experiment” again , and try to find out all the similar words as those learned in this class.
Homework:
Task 1. Design an exercise to match the words in Column A with those in Column B to make some compound words. Exchange the exercises in class.
Task 2. Prepare to make up a story about the relationship of humans and animals in groups and then act the short play out.
Period 6 Integrating skills
Learning Aims
1. Get the students to have reading extension for scientific experiments.
2. Enable students to write an argumentative essay by discussion.
Learning Procedures
Step 1 warming- up
(1). Class work
Daily report: A short play about the relationship between humans and animals.
Q: What do you learn from it?
(2). Class work
Enjoy some pictures about animals killed by humans:
Q: Why do people kill so many animals? Can it be avoided?
(3). Class work
Q: Why do scientists do experiments on animals?
What would often be the result? Can it be avoided?
Step 2 Reading
(1). Individual work
Can scientists make experiments on animals to test new products? People have different opinions about the problem. Let’s read such a passage now.
Q: How many questions are mentioned?
( Does animals testing work? Do people have the right to use animals?)
(2). Individual work
People are having a heat argument about the problem. And if you were an animal, what do you think would say to humans beings?
Prepare to make a short speech and speak it out.
(3). Group work
As a human being, do you agree with which side? A reporter is very interested in this argument, and he is having an interview with some people. Discuss the problem in groups, one as the reporter to hold the interview, one as a scientist who sticks to testing on animals, one as an activist who is against the idea and the other one tries to make some suggestions and notes. Exchange ideas with each other with the information in the reading material as well as your own opinions. Do the report and share your conclusions with the whole class.
(4). Group work
It’s really difficult for us to judge who is right or wrong. So in order to avoid such an argument, do you have some betters methods to solve problem, especially in the future? Discuss the problem in groups and reach an conclusion.
Step 3 Writing
(1). Pair work
Now it’s time for you to write about an argumentative essay on this problem. So what do you think you are going to write about in your essay? Discuss in pairs and show the ideas to the class.
(2). Individual work
Read the tips carefully to check if you have the same idea.
Title Choose a clear Pro or Contra animal testing title
Introduction Explain for what reasons animals are used in experiments and make clear on which side you are: Is animal testing OK or are you an animal rights activist?
Second Paragraph: Arguments Pro Choose two or three arguments from the reading to support your view, Explain them in your own words: 2-3 pros.
Third Paragraph: Arguments Contra Choose one or two arguments from the reading that do against your view. Explain them in your own words and show that they are not true: 1-2 cons
Conclusion Write what we should do with animals experiments in the future and why.
(3). Individual work
Then Write down your answers to the questions listed in the form one by one.
Why are animals used in the experiments?
Are you on which side of them?
Which views do you agree with? Why?
Which views don’t you agree with? Why?
What other ways can you think of to solve the problem in the future?
(4). Individual work
Join your answers together to make a short passage. Divide them into several different paragraphs according to what you write about in each one. Read it through with your partners to make sure what should be corrected and improved.
(5). Class work
To make your essay read well, some useful words will help you a lot when your are writing an argumentative one. Read these words carefully, and choose to use some of them in your essay and then read it again to see what has changed.
比较说明常用词语：
similarly , the same as, similar to ,equal to, appear the same, both seem to, in the same way, in a similar way, in comparison with share…in common/ have….in common, compare …with…, be compared with, make a comparison between with… there are some similarities between…
对比说明常用词语：
nevertheless/nonetheless otherwise, whereas in contrast, on the contrary opposite to…, different from, on the other hand, have little/nothing in common there are some difference between…
举例常用词语：
for example/instance, as follows, such as, in particular in this case, one example is…and another example is… take ….as an example, the following examples will show that… there are many examples to show that….
表示总结的常用词语：
in a word, generally speaking, in my opinion, to sum up, on the whole ,
Homework:
[摘要]新教材的显著特点是“浅”、“宽”、“新”，执教新教材要转变“3+2”时代形成的教学观念，建立执教新教材的“目的观”、“价值观”。
[关键词]新教材特点;目的观;价值观;研究性学习
2001年秋季，全国大部分省市全面启动了全日制普通高级中学(试验修订本·必修)《化学》第一册(以下简称新教材)。通过参加培训、研读、试教，笔者认为新教材有以下一些特点，并在此基础上提出一些浅显的教学建议，以供将要执教新教材的同行参考。
一、新教材的特点
目前，课程教材改革的趋势之一是不过分强调学科知识的全面性、深刻性、系统性，重在体现以学生的发展为本，即教材的“人本主义”思想。新教材较好地体现了促进人的一般发展的要求。相对于旧教材(人教社，高中化学读本第一册)，新教材的显著特点是“浅、宽、新”。
1.浅:所谓“浅”是指在基本保持高中化学学科知识结构整体框架不变的前提下，适当地降低具体知识点的教学标高。总体趋势是由较高能级降为较低能级，甚至不作要求。如删去了配位键、络合物(选学—无)、卤化氢的性质、HCI的实验室制法(D能级—无);删去了HCI的喷泉实验，还有键能、键长、键角等;核外电子排布的知识也只相当于初中化学水平，删去了两原理一规则以及s、p、d等轨道知识，还有电子自旋等学生接受起来有相当难度的知识点。硫化氢的性质也由B能级降为选学，只是简单地介绍了H2S的实验室制法，物理性质和化学性质(不稳定性、可燃性、还原性、弱酸性);氧化还原反应方程式的配平也由C能级降为B能级，只涉及到一些简单的配平，电子转移的方向和数目只限定在双线桥这一层面上等等。
当然这里的“浅”是相对的，新教材充分注意到了每一部分知识结构的严谨性与逻辑性，并非乱删滥降。比如:碱金属一章，就未作多少删减，知识体系与旧教材相似。由个别到一般，由点到面的编写顺序就未作大的改动，在教学要求上也没有明显的升降。
2.宽:所谓“宽”就是指在适当降低或不降低知识点能级要求的前提下，拓宽和增大了具体知识点的辐射面，使该知识点更丰满、更完整一些。如:化学反应中的能量变化增加了燃料的充分燃烧(A能级)、氧族中新增加了臭氧及臭氧层的保护(A能级)、H202及相关知识(无—A能级)第六章增加了一节环境保护的知识等。
“宽”还体现在与其它学科之间的联系上。比如数学中集合的概念、立体几何、方程式、极值法、十字交叉法、极限法、不等式等在化学教学中都有具体的应用。这些根据化学原理建立数学模型的思维方法仍然是化学学科的特点之
一。这也体现了数学学科的工具性。至于与物理、生物的联系则更为广泛和深刻。光学、电学、核反应，结晶牛胰岛素、碘缺乏病、一些元素在人体组织中的富集作用、无机非金属材料制成的人造器官等，都体现了理化生以实验为基础的自然科学的共同属性。化学与政治学科的联系，主要集中在对学生进行爱国主义教育和辩证唯物主义的教育、环保意识的教育等方面。
3.新:所谓“新”是指相对于旧教材，新教材及时地合理地将与化学有关的现代科技成果以及当代社会一些重大的政治经济问题渗透与编排在教材的相关章节中。体现STS教育的思想和方法，使中学化学教育紧跟时代的发展，贴紧时代的脉搏，使新教材显得有灵有肉。使学生能够深切地感受到生活中处处有化学，没有生活就没有化学，而化学的发展又促使生活水平和生产力的不断提高，以及化学是人类进步的关键这句话的深刻的含义。
特别是新材料、新科技、新能源、新的环保意识、新的选学内容、新的阅读材料、研究性学习课题等等，更好地体现了新教材的“新”，体现了教材的时代性和社会性，努力拉近了化学和生活与社会之间的距离。比如:碘与人体的关系，海水资源的综合利用，臭氧、过氧化氢，C6O及其应用前景等。
新教材还充分利用章图、插图、漫画、表格、色彩等表述形式来形象地描述化学的一些基本原理和现象，较好地改变了旧教材从概念到概念，从生硬说理到枯燥乏味的表达方式，一定程度上增强了学生对教材的亲近感和学习化学的兴趣。
二、教学建议
面对高考制度的改革，新的课程标准，新教材的启动等大环境，我们应该重新审视和反思我们在“3十2’’时代形成的行之有效的教学观念和教学模式，建立执教新教材的教学观念。
1.转变化学教学的目的观
在大多数化学教师传统教学观念中，化学是其它自然科学的基础学科，具有一定的工具性。是进一步学习医学、农学、林学、生化、材料等其它学科或前沿学科的基础。高中学生在高中学段必须具备牢固的全面的高中化学学科知识，完成进入大学深造所必须具有的预备性知识，高中化学必须强调化学学科知识的系统性、全面性和深刻性。然而，现实生活中，用我们这种观念培养出来的许多“优秀学生”却不会使用灭火器，油锅着火时惊惶失措，无限制地使用塑料袋，发生火灾时不会自救，马路边上的垃圾桶在燃烧时无动于衷„„这些事例不能不引起我们对化学教学目的观的深层思考:化学对每一个学生来讲究竟意味着什么，高中为什么要学化学，学习什么样的化学知识，若干年后，我们所教的完整的化学知识，在已经走上社会工作岗位的学生那里还剩下多少等问题，即化学教学界曾经激烈争论过的关于化学教学是“化学家的化学”还是“大众的化学”等教学观的问题。应该说，新教材的出版和启动明确无误地选择了后者。对绝大多数高中学生来说，学习化学的目的不在于去进一步研究它，而在于应用它，应用它来理解、解决和决策个体在社会、生活及工作中遇到的实际问题;化学教学的目的不在于使学生获得多少深奥的化学知识，而在于使学生获得的这些化学知识具有普遍性、时代性和应用性;化学应该成为每一个有教养的公民都必须懂得的知识，使化学学习不仅对高考有意义，而且对学生一生的高质量生活都有意义。
2.转变化学教学的价值观
高中化学教学的价值，不仅仅是如何使学生获取化学高分，有效地增加高考的总分值，更重要的是在于如何让学生学会学习，学会思维，如何对学习化学产生兴趣。应该建立起“学习方法与学习愿望的培养在某种程度上比获得的知识更重要”的价值观念。从学生的长远发展来看，如果他在某些具体的知识点上有所欠缺，将来是可以通过各种途径得到补偿的。但是，如果没有培养起学生对知识的渴求以及不断探索与创新的欲望，没有形成科学思维的习惯和能力，安于现状，不思进取，那么，他的这一欠缺在今后的生活和工作中将是难以补偿的。所以中学化学教学的价值观体现在产生兴趣、学会学习，终身学习上。
3.让学生参与教学过程
新型的教学目的观和价值观，要求我们改变老师讲学生听，学生被动接受知识的传统的教学方式方法，研究和探索与之相适应的教学方法。要积极地创设
和谐的活跃的课堂学习情境和氛围，让学生通过自主地独立地思考得出一些化学原理的结论和规律来。不要事无巨细地把一节课的教学内容讲全，讲透，不留余地，包办到底。这中间教师要充分地尊重学生的思维成果，充分肯定和鼓励学生的思维独创性。假以时日，学生必将养成独立思维的良好习惯。因此，在课堂教学时，教师要留给学生自主活动的时间和空间，能由学生发现的问题教师就要引导学生去发现;能由学生解决的问题教师就不要轻易地包办代替;能由学生自主归纳总结的结论不要轻易地给出来。总之，要尽可能多地留给学生动眼、动脑、动口、动手的机会和时间。
4.重视研究性学习
研究性学习是在当前基础教育课程改革中出现的一个新的课程概念。具有专题性、开放性、综合性、实践性、创造性和学生自主性等特点。虽然研究性学习这门课程不是化学教师单独的任务，有些课题也不一定是化学教师单独能承担得了的工作。但在课堂教学活动中，化学教师要结合具体的知识点向学生有意识地传输研究性学习的基本思想，童工信息渠道，当好有心人、宣传者、鼓动者，启迪学生善于发现生活、生产中的实际问题。至油腻腻挂钩发现问题，才能选择课题。当学生还是提不出课题时，我们可以把教材中的课题让学生去做。把我们发现的问题比如本地生活、生产污水的排放情况及改革方案，本地生活垃圾的处理调查及改革建议，温室效应模拟实验等提供给学生。
研究性学习的目的中在过程与参与，不在于研究的结果；主要是为了扩大学生的视野，增长知识，动手动脑，提高能力，发展个性特长，提高学生的综合素质；主要是培养学生进行科学探究的方法、态度、精神、品质，让学生在课堂上获得间接经验，在研究性学习中获得直接经验，形成一种相互促进、相互补充、相互配合的完善和谐关系。
由此可对研究性学习作出如下界定：研究性学习时有学生在一定的情境中发现问题、选择课题、设计方案，通过主体性的探索、研究求得问题的解决，从而体验和了解科学探究过程，养成自主探究、创新的意识和习惯，形成和提高能力，增长知识、积累和丰富直接经验的活动。
一新教材紧扣课程标准, 整体设置课程结构
新教材并未严格按照课程标准的六个主题顺序进行编写, 而是整体设置《化学1》《化学2》的课程结构。在编写形式上, 既有相对集中的课程标准主题内容, 也有分散于各单元、章节的课程标准主题内容。
化学l:专题1“化学家眼中的物质世界”有课标化学1的主题1、主题2的主要学习内容和主题3有关物质分类的内容, 也有课标化学2的主题l“元素、核素”的内容。专题2“从海水中获得的化学物质”、专题3“从矿物到基础材料”、专题4“硫氮和可持续发展”包含了课标化学1的主题3“常见无机物及其应用”的主要内容, 同时也包含了课标化学2主题3“化学与可持续发展”中有关海水综合利用、矿物等自然资源的综合利用、酸雨的防治等内容。
化学2:专题1“微观结构与物质的多样性”第三单元将同素异形现象、同分异构现象、晶体结构三种概念整合在一起。专题4“化学科学与人类文明”以实例介绍化学是认识和创造物质的科学和化学是社会可持续发展的基础, 涉及课标化学1的主题l、课标化学2的主题3关于了解20世纪化学发展的基本特征和21世纪化学的发展趋势、认识并欣赏化学科学对提高人类生活质量和促进社会发展的重要作用、能说明合成新物质对人类生活的影响, 讨论在化工生产中遵循绿色化学思想的重要性等内容。
二新教材设置多种学习栏目, 注重学习过程和方法
新教材与原教材最大的区别就是设置了很多思考、讨论与交流的栏目。“你知道吗”栏目设置在新内容之前, 通过对此类栏目所提问题的思考, 激发学生对新内容的学习兴趣。“交流与讨论”栏目设置在新内容之后, 针对所学的知识设置一些简单的练习, 让学生通过完成这些练习达到及时巩固所学知识的目的。
新教材设置了不少新颖的习题栏目。习题栏目设置比较多样化, 在课文中有“问题解决”栏目, 包括练习和部分例题, 每单元后设有“练习与实践”栏目, 每专题之后也设有“本专题作业”栏目。
新教材设置了知识归纳栏目。新教材在每一专题最后设置了“回顾与总结”栏目, 通过直叙知识要点和列出图表, 及时让学生巩固本专题所学的知识。此外, 新教材还在教学内容中穿插了“整理与归纳”栏目, 让学生建立新旧知识之间的联系。
为引导学生实验探究, 新教材设置了“信息提示”栏目, 这个栏目一般出现在“活动探究”栏目旁, 为学生解决在实验探究中可能遇到的问题提供相关资料、数据和方法思路等。此外, 新教材的“信息提示”栏目还介绍了一些化学核心概念、基本原理、物质性质等知识。
新教材的“拓展视野”“化学史话”“资料卡片”等栏目提供了许多生动的素材, 使学生在完成必要的学习任务之余开阔视野, 进一步领略化学的奇妙和魅力。
三新教材图文并茂, 增强读者的可读性
实验现象、实验装置、实验仪器等照片对学生正确进行化学实验及操作, 分析化学实验的现象, 事后回忆有关化学实验过程及问题有很好的提示作用, 有利于提高学生化学实验能力、实验设计能力和实验知识综合应用能力, 同时能大大减轻学生对化学实验过程、现象记忆的信息量。化学发展史实、化学在生产生活及科技方面的成果和应用的插图, 可以帮助学生“了解20世纪化学发展的基本特征和21世纪化学的发展趋势”, “认识和欣赏化学科学对提高人类生活质量和促进社会发展的重要作用”。理论、模型、分类、归纳方面的插图, 为学生“认识实验、假说、模型、比较、分类、归纳等科学方法对化学研究的作用”提供了较好的学习平台, 从而降低了学生学习化学理论知识的难度。
四新教材突出实验地位, 注重实验探究
高中化学课程中, 化学实验是十分重要的教学内容, 同时又是新课程倡导的教学方法和学习方式的载体。化学实验能激发学生的学习兴趣, 帮助学生形成化学概念, 理解化学基础理论, 掌握化学知识和技能, 培养学生的科学态度和价值观, 帮助学生发展思维能力训练实验技能, 从而达到全面提高学生科学素养的目的。
探究性学习是学生自主获取知识和技能、体验和了解科学探究过程和方法、形成和提高创新意识、树立科学价值观的学习活动过程。化学实验是学生化学学习中的能动的实践活动形式。化学实验为学生创设了亲身参与实践的情境, 具有获知、激趣、求真、循理、育德等教育功能。化学实验的功能和探究学习的特征决定了化学实验必然是探究性学习的重要途径。
五新教材编排与内容的不足值得商酌
第一, 专题1“化学家眼中的物质世界”中的第二单元“研究物质的实验方法”, 涉及的萃取是专题2第一单元“氯、溴、碘及其化合物”中的内容;涉及的“焰色反应”是专题2第二单元“钠、镁及其化合物”中的内容;涉及的铵根离子的检验是专题4第二单元“生产生活中的含氮物质”中的内容。针对上述情况, 建议将专题l第二单元“研究物质的实验方法”放在后面, 至少在专题2后面。
第二, 专题1第二单元“溶液的配制与分析”与第一单元中的“物质的量”“物质的聚集状态”密切相连。因此, 将其提前, 放在第一单元中的“物质的聚集状态”后。
第三, 在专题1第一单元中的“物质的分散系”中, 教材省去了制备氢氧化铁胶体这个知识点, 而课标上却有要求探究制备氢氧化铁胶体的实验, 因此教学上应补充这部分知识并强调其操作要点。
第四, 在专题l第二单元“研究物质的实验方法”中有一个“交流与讨论”, 要求学生设计“由粗盐提纯氯化钠”。对学生来说, 难度太大, 学生还不具备这么高的思维能力和实验能力 (2007年出版的教材此问题已经简化) 。
总之, 教材改革中的问题有待在实践中解决, 相信化学课程教材的改革必将给新世纪的高中化学教学注入新的活力。
【关键词】英语 课前导入 教启发思维
中图分类号：G4 文献标识码：A DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672-0407.2015.05.004
“半亩方塘一鉴开，天光云影共徘徊;问渠哪得清如许，为有源头活水来。”朱熹的诗使人联想起英语教学也必须重视“源头”，才会有“活水”来。
教学规律告诉我们，任何一种学习或工作，长时间过多地采用某种单调呆板的模式，就容易让人产生疲劳。学生的学习常处于程式化的状态，就不可能在教学过程中真正领悟知识，进入自己的“角色”，这种学习状态其效率势必不高。因此，在教学过程中教师应善于采用各种教学手段，讲究英语课前导入艺术，努力使自己的课堂活起来。上课伊始，教师三两分钟的导入，犹如打开知识殿堂的大门，引导学生登堂入室，教师巧妙设计、扣人心弦的引入，耐人寻味的设问，独具匠心的渗透，均能启发学生思维，调动学生学习的主动性、积极性。真所谓，“随风潜入夜，润物细无声”。
俗话说，“良好的开端是成功的一半”（Well begun is half done.），英语教师在课堂教学前几分钟，如何充分利用各种教学手段，巧妙、灵活地进行课前导入，是关系整堂课成败的关键。
英语课前导入是一门艺术，教师应根据学生年龄特征和心理差异、教材的内容特点和类型，结合所教学生实际，遵循科学性、实用性、启发性和趣味性等原则，紧紧抓住学生的心，使他们产生一种孜孜以求、锲而不舍的学习愿望。我根据学生实际，结合所学语言材料特点和导入手段，在课堂导入环节进行了一些尝试。
一、图片导入
1.利用现成的教材插图导入。
教材每单元课文都配有插图，这些图片有的创设情景，有的提示教材重点或难点。贫困山区的高一学生见过的事物较少，抽象思维较差，单凭教师的机械讲解很难让学生产生深刻的印象，更不用说调动学生兴趣了。所以，恰如其分地运用直观图片，可以使复杂、抽象的教学内容变得简单、具体。艳丽的色彩、生动的形象，加上教师绘声绘色的描述，均能牢牢地吸引住学生，让学生觉得身临其境。
2.利用多媒体图片进行导入。
多媒体技术的应用，是教育系统的一道靓丽的风景线，它能够把文字、图形、声音、影像、动画等手段集于一身，其交互性能好，信息量大。多媒体优化组合教学，使学生保持强烈的兴趣，它能将抽象问题具体化、复杂问题简单化，为学生的理解和掌握知识提供捷径，始终处于不断探索的情景中，充分发挥学生潜能，提高教学效益，达到教学目标。例如，讲授Book2 Unit 6 Lesson44：Christmas with Jenny，Lesson45：Li Ming’s Favorite Festival两课时，利用网络上搜集的加拿大风光图、圣诞节盛况图，包括圣诞老人、圣诞树，以及中国的传统节日——春节的有关图片等等，让学生兴趣盎然，身临其境。
二、实物导入
实物是巧设情景最直观有效、最简便的手段，它能使课堂教学形象化、趣味化和交际化。实物导入可根据教学内容，结合学生实际，为学生创设一定的交际活动情景，把实物带入课堂，使学生觉得新鲜、有趣，而且方便、简洁、语境真实。
三、视听导入
视听法是学生最感兴趣，也最能吸引学生注意力的教学手段之一，播放电影片断或英文歌曲能够使学生在充分的视听效果中愉快学习。如身临其境的画面、美妙的旋律和欢快的节奏，会给学生带来全方位的视听感受，从而促进其智力和思维能力的发展。例如，Book2 Unit 2 Colors and Clothes，向学生展示一些色彩缤纷的图片，要求学生仔细观察说出各种物体的不同颜色，从而达到掌握知识的目的，使学生在视听中获得顿悟，在顿悟中享受愉悦，在轻松的氛围中完成教与学的任务。
又如，讲授“一般过去时”，利用歌曲形式，其导入效果不同凡响。选择有“一般现在时”的歌曲播放给学生听，然后让学生去跟唱，等学生熟悉了以后，再要求他们把歌曲中“一般现在时”改为“一般过去时”，反复演唱。
Song： Leaving on a jet plane
（Change all the verbs in the first verse into the simple past tense）
All my bags are packed， I am ready to go，
I am standing here outside your door，
But the dawn is breaking， it is early morn，
The taxi’s waiting， he is blowing his horn，
Already I am so lonesome I could cry.
这种轻松愉快的方式给学生留下的印象和理解，远比干巴巴地做语法练习要强得多。它能将枯燥无味的语法教学变得富有生机，令学生忘记了时间，忘记了疲劳，真正充分享受课堂。
四、巧问导入
教师课前机智巧妙的设问，无疑是一个调味剂。教师要善于创设问题情景，激活学生思维，有目的地设疑问难，讲究提问质量，问得有启发性，切忌发问肤浅。在提问方式上，少问些“是什么”，多问些“为什么，怎么办？”提问应注意难易度适中，科学合理，才能避免冷落后进生，使学生都能人人参与、个个发展。
五、游戏导入
高一年级学生心智尚未成熟，童心未泯，爱玩、好奇是他们的天性，创设情景让他们在玩中学、学中玩，以达到乐学的效果。正如教育家罗琳所说：“孩子们的工作就是游戏，在游戏中激发他们的思维，是他们最愿意接受的。”游戏的形式很多，例如，讲授Book1 Unit 7要求学生掌握数字的表达方式这一内容时，可巧妙设计一轮猜价格游戏，学生根据老师的提示，“有奖竞猜”。这样，原本枯燥的一节课顿时变得热闹非凡，笑声不断，学生的兴趣极大地激发出来。
六、结束语
英语课堂教学的导入方法多种多样，还可以用类比导入、背景知识导入、时事导入、讨论导入、演讲导入等。教师应根据教材内容特点和类型，结合所教学生的实际，遵循科学性、实用性、启发性和趣味性等原则加以灵活运用，切忌生搬硬套，同时还应避免盲目追求表面的花哨和热闹，不顾及导入内容，使导入流于形式的做法。“教无定法”，只有导入的得法，才能极大地提高课堂教学效益，让学生在轻松愉快的氛围中学好英语。
参考文献
[1]周小山.教师教学究竟靠什么——谈新课程的教学观.北京大学出版社，2002.6.
[2]李梅.基础教育课程改革教师培训全书.北京，人民日报出版社，2003.4.
