方案改善表(推荐7篇)
被督导单位:_______乡________村 督导日期:______年___月__日
一、基本情况
1.本村人口数________.2.村医生数___人,其中从事营养包发放人员数___,负责人__________。(是、否)经过营养包项目的系统培训,培训单位______。3.村医(是、否)能按时参加上级召开营养包发放培训例会?
二、营养包项目服务情况
1.村医(是、否)掌握本村所有6月龄-18月龄儿童底数,6月龄-18月龄岁儿童数___。本月满6月龄新增________人。
2.对本村的新生儿村医(是、否)能在每月月底之前报库区乡营养包项目办公室?(是、否)能按时通知儿童家长每月及时领取营养包?
3.营养包发放工作形式:①广播通知 ②入户通知 ③碰上通知 ④不通知 4.(是、否)能按上级规定和要求对营养包存放地点进行防潮、防鼠、防虫等工作。5.本月发放营养包数量__________包(是、否)能发现并及时登记口感不适及外出儿童数?口感不适_________人、外出_________人。
6.(有、无)违反规定私自发放营养包给服务项目之外的人群?
7、本月领取________包、库存________包。本月有效服用________人。
三、营养包服务项目登记及随访情况 1.(是、否)对服用儿童进行定期随访? 2.营养包登记表(是、否)按规定填写。
2.(是、否)有儿童营养包改善项目停服及不适反应登记本?
四、宣传
1.卫生所或附近(有、无)永久性营养包宣传材料或标语?
2.(是、否)能开展多种形式宣传,采取宣传的方式(请注明):___________。
五、其他需要说明的问题:____________________________
______________________________________。
●针对监测存在问题,提出整改意见:
_________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Ischemic heart disease is still the leading cause of mortality in most parts of the world,the concept of repair diseased myocardium by implantation of bioengineered cardiac tissue is an intriguing idea of emerging regenerative cardiac medicine[1],to overcome the poor prognosis of patients with ischemic heart failure,and to address the shortage of heart donors.In recent years,the tremendous increases in the understanding about the biological properties of bone marrow stem cells(BMSCs),especially their capabilities of self-renewing and differentiation into multiple cell lineages,also their angiogenetic activity in myocardium,make us hypothesize that bioengineered artificial tissue with BMSCs may fulfill the requirements to repair the damaged native heart muscle[2].But the evidence is still lacking about whether the bioengineered artificial tissue with BMSCs could integrate with infarcted myocardium and reserve their original biological properties,which should be indispensable for further regenerative reparation.
In present study,we construct a 3-dimensional bioengineered artificial tissue patch by seeding the autologous BMSCs into collagen matrix,and implant it epicardially on the scar tissue of infarcted myocardium of rats,to explore the fate of BMSCs in bioengineered tissue graft and also the evolution of myocardial perfusion.
1.1 Materials and methods
15 male Wister rats[weight(450±15)g]were involved in this study,and all animals were hosted and cared in accordance to the recommendations of the National Institutes of Health(NIH)guide for the care and use of laboratory animals(NIH,revised 1996).All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Welfare committee of Beijing University.
1.2 Animal experiment
All animal surgeries were realized under general anesthesia with Katamine(60 mg/Kg,IM)and Diazepam(60 mg/Kg,IP).Myocardial infarction(MI)model was created by selective coronary artery ligature at the middle-distal part of left descending artery,through left thoracotomy.Bone marrow cells were harvested by aspirations of bone marrow from the tibias of the rats through mini-perforation.
4 weeks later after the MI model creation,survived rats were randomized distributed into two groups.The graft group(n=9)was treated with epicardial graft of AT patch bioengineered from autologous BMSCs,the patch was directly deposed on the scar area of myocardial infarction by 7/0 prolene suture fixation through redo thoracotomy.The control group(n=6)received only a sham surgery but not treated.
99mTc-MIBI SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging was performed for all animals at 2 weeks before and 2months after the graft experiment,the hearts were harvested at the end of study for histological analysis.
1.3 In vitro preparation of BMSCs
In vitro isolation and expansion of BMSCs were conducted following the method previously described[3].Briefly,whole bone marrow cells were suspended in Iscove′s modified Dulbecco′s culture medium(IMDM,Gibco Laboratory,Life technologies)containing 10%fetal bovine serum(FBS,Gibco Laboratory,Life technologies),0.1 mmol/L-mercaptoethanol(BME,Sigma),100 U/mL Penicillin,and 100μg/mL Streptomycin.The cells were grown in 5%humidified CO2atmosphere at 37℃.The medium was changed every 3days,non-adhesive cells were removed with the changes of medium and remaining plastic adherent BMSCs were cultured up to 2 weeks(one passage).The BMSCs character of these cultured cells was confirmed previously by the expression of two common BMSCs markers,as described[4],they are 95%vimentin positive,and 95%~100%α-smooth muscle actin positive.
To identify our cells in the recipient myocardium,BMSCs were labeled with the Bromodeoxyuridine(BrdU:BD pharmigen,BD Bioscience),at the 9thdays cultures,with a final concentration of 10μM in the dishes and incubate for 24 hours.
1.4 Artificial tissue engineering
The 3-dimensional artificial tissue patch was engineered by seeding autologous BMSCs into typeⅠcollagen matrix using the‘3D collagen cell culture system’(ChemiCon ref:EMC 675)with the casting mould.150μL of the ice-cold collagen/cell mixture containing 1×106BMSCs was poured into a circular mould,the mixture was allowed to gel at 37℃for 30minutes before culture medium was added to the dish.Medium changes were performed after overnight incubation in 5%humidified CO2atmosphere at 37℃,and then every two days,two weeks later a circular bioengineered artificial tissue patch(1 mm thick,1 mm wide,and 10 mm diameter)was constructed for corresponding animal′s graft experiment.
1.599mTc-MIBI SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging
Serial99mTc-Sestamibi pinhole SPECT imaging were recorded according to a previously described method[5,6],by using a conventional single-head gamma-camera(DSX,General Electric,USA)equipped with a 3-mm pinhole collimator.The animals were sedated by the intra-peritoneal injection of 60 mg/kg of sodium pentobarbital and acquisitions were started60 min after the intravenous injection of 400 MBq of99mTc-Sestamibi.Thirty projections of 30 seconds each were acquired on a 180°circular orbit centered on the heart(from 45°right-anterior to 45°left-posterior orientations)using the following parameters:64×64matrix,2.5 zoom,(140%±20%)keV energy window,beat acceptance window set to±20%of averaged R-R interval for contiguous gated-SPECT,total acquisition time was about 20 min.
The myocardial perfusion was quantitatively evaluated with reconstructed un-gated short-axis sectional imaging of left ventricular displayed on‘bull′s eye’polar-map,The under-perfused MI area was defined as those showing a99mTc-Sestamibi uptake lower than 70%of the maximal voxel value,corresponding to the mean-1.5SD of the segmental values of99mTcSestamibi uptake in normal adult rats[6].The percentage of under-perfused MI area over whole left ventricular wall was calculated.Left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF)was determined automatically by QGS software on the contiguous short-axis imaging obtained from serial99mTc-Sestamibi gated-SPECT.
1.6 Histological analysis
All rats were sacrificed with lethal potassium injection after the last SPECT acquisition.The hearts were harvested and were cut in short axis at the middle part of grafted artificial tissue.The thickness of infarcted left ventricular wall and the capillary density per square millimeter were recorded with hematoxylin-eosin(HES)stained 5μm thick sections,and the mean values were averaged from 5 randomized measurements of each rat.
To detect the proliferation of transplanted BMSCs and their angiogenetic activity,frozen heart sections were immunostained with a BrdU antibody(Harlan)and CD31 antibody(Pharmingen),digital photographs were taken at×40 magnifications for observation.
1.7 Statistics
Data were expressed as(mean±SD)and analyzed by using appropriate software(SPSS 10.0).Comparisons of continuous variables between two groups were made by using a two-sided paired t test.Value of P<0.05 was considered statistically significance.
2 Results
The mortality of selective coronary ligature was about 30%,the pinhole99mTc-Sestamibi SPECT imaging recorded 2 weeks before the graft experiment revealed obvious myocardial perfusion deficit at the anterior-apex wall of left ventricular in all survived animals as the example shown in Figure 1A.The underperfused MI area represents about 10%~35%of whole left ventricular wall.The mean value of99mTc-Sestamibi uptake in the under-perfused MI area was(56±8)%,and the mean value of LVEF was(49±8)%.The survived rats were randomly distributed into two groups,and all quantitative variables were equivalent between two groups as detailed in Table 1.
Note:覮P<0.05 for the paired t test between two groups
As shown in Figure 1:2 months after the artificial tissue patch graft experiments,99mTc-Sestamibi SPECT examination detected an apparent amelioration of myocardial perfusion in rats from graft group(n=9)as the example shown in Figure 1C&D,but not in control group(n=6)Figure 1B.A significant reduction of the percentage of under-perfused MI area over whole left ventricular wall was noted in graft group compared with the control group[(10±7.1)%vs(20±12.9)%;P=0.02].The99mTc-Sestamibi uptake of the under-perfused MI area was significantly augmented in graft group compared with the control group[(65±17)%vs(52±12)%;P=0.04].The mean value of LVEF had no significant difference between two groups as detailed in Table 1.
2 months after the graft experiment,traditional histological analysis revealed that implanted artificial tissue patch incorporated completely with the scar tissue of infarcted myocardium(Figure 2A),the thickness(mm)of infarcted left ventricular wall in treated rats was significantly augmented compared with untreated rats[(1.75±0.24)vs(1.35±0.31);P=0.04],and a significant increase of the capillary density per square millimeter was also observed in rats from graft group than the control[(246±76)vs(89±21);P=0.01].
Furthermore,the immunohistochemical analysis detected the BMSCs survived in grafted tissue patch,with their nuclei stained in brown by BrdU antibody,and some of them exhibited the cell migration to the scar tissue of infarcted myocardium(Figure 2B).Multiple morphological neo-angiogenesis was observed in the grafted artificial tissue and also in the adjacent area of infarcted myocardium,immunohistochemical double-stain analysis with BrdU antibody and CD31antibody revealed that neo-angiogenesis was exactly originated from the BMSCs incorporated in the artificial tissue patch(Figure 2C).
3 Discussion
The ultimate goal of cardiovascular tissue engineering is the creation of a contractile heart muscle patch for myocardial repair and regeneration[7],in recent years,increasing researches aimed at selection of optimal cell candidate for bioengineering of functional myocardial tissue have enrolled multiple cell type as fetal or neonatal cardiomyocytes[8,9,10],skeletal myoblast cell[11],embryonic stem cell[12]etc,but so far,no one has yet demonstrated an effective and feasible way to construct an ideal force-generating myocardial tissue,which should be able to establish electro-mechanical synchronization with the host native myocardium,and be free of the immunogenic,oncogenic and ethical drawbacks[13].
BMSCs have shown great promise in tissue repair with their marked self-renewal properties and pluripotency of differentiation.Recent evidence shows transplanted BMSCs enhance angiogenesis and contribute to remodeling of the vasculature[14,15],and more attractively,the paracrine effects of BMSCs could introduce the activation of residual cardiac progenitor cells in adult heart[16].
The extra-cellular matrix(ECM)used to construct a bioengineered AT plays an important key role in providing the embedded cells an essential living environment with biological signals to influence major intracellular pathways such as proliferation,differentiation and cell metabolism[17].Collagen as one of the simplest biological ECM materials,have been proven to be an efficient ECM component for the three-dimensional cell culture and also have been successfully employed for myocardial tissue engineering due to its high biocompatibility characteristics[18].
In this study,we have successfully constructed a3-dimensional bioengineered artificial tissue patch by seeding the autologous BMSCs into collagen matrix,and implant it epicardially on the scar tissue of infarcted myocardium of rats.The main findings of this study are:(1)Two months after the graft experiment,the BMSCs in AT survived and migrated into the adjacent scar tissue.(2)Enhanced angiogenesis originated from grafted BMSCs was detected in the AT and also in adjacent scar tissue of infarcted myocardium.(3)A significant improvement of the myocardial perfusion in MI area was revealed by99mTc-Sestamibi pinhole SPECT imaging.(4)No significant amelioration of LV function was detected.
Our findings demonstrated that bioengineering procedure of AT does not deteriorate basic biological properties of BMSCs,in terms of their capabilities of proliferation,differentiation,migration and angiogenesis,the complete integration of grafted AT with scar tissue could provide host infarcted myocardium with supplementary blood perfusion,which should be the indispensable prerequisite for amelioration of LV remodeling and further regenerative reparation.
Indeed,we failed to find expected significant amelioration of LV function during two months followup after the graft experiment,apart from the observation time limited,the underlying reason may be attributed to:(1)Our AT bioengineered with BMSCs was not yet a real force-generating myocardial tissue patch,because of the progenitor properties of un-differentiated BMSCs cells.(2)The collagen matrix is a soft biological material lacking elasticity.But the increase of the thickness of infarcted LV wall should be considered as a positive signal of the beginning of an optimal LV remodeling.Our further study will be aimed at the cell-matrix interaction in order to find a way to guide cell differentiation and the establishment of intercellular connection in the 3D matrix architecture.
This work was granted by the special fund for promotion of education,Ministry of Education,P.R.China.
摘要:目的探究源自自体骨髓干细胞(BMSCs)的生物工程学人造组织(AT)作为组织补片被移植在大鼠的梗死心肌表面上后,能否与受损心肌完全一体化融合。方法对15只Wister大鼠进行选择性冠状动脉结扎以建立梗死(MI)动物模型,将大鼠自体BMSCs植入胶原蛋白基质以构建三维立体AT。4周后,AT补片被移植在移植组大鼠(n=9)心脏的MI瘢痕区表面,对照组(n=6)不做移植。所有动物在移植实验2周前和2个月后进行序列99mTc-MIBISPECT心肌灌注显像,以检测左心室(LV)功能和心肌灌注的演变。在研究终点切取大鼠心脏进行组织学分析,以研究生物工程学组织移植物中BMSCs的命运。结果2个月后,在移植组中,组织学分析显示生物工程学AT移植物中的BMSCs存活并与MI瘢痕组织完全一体化,在AT补片及相邻梗死心肌中出现大量新生毛细血管,其每平方毫米的毛细血管密度及梗死区的左心室壁厚度显著大于对照组(246±76vs89±21;P=0.01)和(1.75±0.24vs1.35±0.31;P=0.04)。序列99mTc-MIBISPECT心肌灌注显像显示移植组心肌局部灌注得到明显改善,与对照组相比,移植组的低灌注MI区显著减少而99mTc-Sestamibi摄取率显著增加,(10%±7.1%vs20%±12.9%;P=0.02)和(65%±17%vs52%±12%;P=0.04)。但两组的LVEF均值无明显差异。结论在这项研究中,我们确认在植入大鼠体内2个月后,心表移植的源自自体BMSCs的生物工程学人造组织可以与梗死心肌完全融合,促进新血管生成并显著改善局部灌注,但并不改善LV功能。
贷款购房是时下的热门话题之一,随着银行信贷业务的广泛开展,贷款购房成为多数家庭购房时选择的方案。但是,由于购房举贷数额大,贷款周期长,部分家庭在利用抵押贷款方式购买住房时会因为考虑不周而造成还贷困难甚至严重影响正常生活的尴尬局面。那么如何根据自己的还款能力制定一个切实可行的购房贷款计划呢?我们可以利用Excel提供的PMT函数以及双变量模拟运算表做一个购房贷款方案表,从中选择适合自己的一套方案,这样就不会因为还贷而影响正常生活了。
一、PMT函数
Excel提供了PMT函数,PMT函数是基于固定利率及等额分期付款方式。 PMT函数可以计算为偿还一笔贷款,要求在一定周期内支付完时,每次需要支付的偿还额,也就是我们平时所说的“分期付款”。购房贷款或其它贷款时,可以用PMT函数计算贷款的每期(月)偿还额。
PMT函数的格式为:
PMT(rate,nper,pv,fv,type),返回值为“投资或贷款的每期(月)偿还额”。
Rate必要。Double指定每一期的贷款利率。例如,如果有一笔贷款年百分比率(APR)为百分之十且按月付款的汽车贷款,则每一期的利率为0.1/12或0.0083。
Nper必要。Integer指定一笔贷款的还款期数。例如,如果对一笔为期四年的汽车贷款选择按月付款,则贷款共有4×12(或48)个付款期。
Pv必要。Double現值或一系列未来付款的当前值的累积和,也称为本金。例如,当贷款买一辆汽车时,向贷方所借贷的金额为将来每月偿付给贷方款项的现值。
Fv可选。Variant指定在付清贷款后所希望的未来值或现金结存。例如,贷款的未来值在贷款付清后为0元。但是,如果想要在8年间存下50000元作为子女教育基金,那么50000元为未来值。如果省略的话,缺省值为0。
Type可选。Integer如果贷款是在贷款周期结束时到期,请使用0;如果贷款是在周期开始时到期,则请使用1;如果省略的话,缺省值为0。
为了便于理解与操作,我们可以把PMT函数简化成如下形式:
PMT(贷款利率、还款期数、贷款本金),返回值为投资或贷款的每期(月)偿还额。
说明:
第一,PMT返回的支付款项包括本金和利息,但不包括税款、保留支付或某些与贷款有关的费用。
第二,应确认所指定的“贷款利率”和“还款期数”单位的一致性。例如,同样是四年期年利率为12%的贷款,如果按月支付,“贷款利率”应为12%/12,“还款期数”应为4×12;如果按年支付,“贷款利率”应为12%,“还款期数”为4。
第三,对所有参数,用负数表示现金支出(如储蓄存款),而用正数表示现金收入(如红利支票)。
二、双变量模拟运算表
所谓模拟运算表实际上是Excel工作表中的一个单元格区域,它可以显示一个计算公式中某些参数的值的变化对计算结果的影响。它可以将所有不同的计算结果以列表方式同时显示出来,因而便于查看、比较和分析。根据分析计算公式中参数的个数,模拟运算表又分为单变量模拟运算表和双变量模拟运算表。当需要其它因素不变,计算两个参数的变化对目标值的影响时,需要使用双变量模拟运算表。
双变量模拟运算表就是考虑两个变量的变化对公式计算结果的影响,在财务管理中应用最多的是长期借款双变量分析模型,笔者利用双变量模拟运算表在PMT函数中让“还款期数”和“贷款本金”两个参数同时为变量,然后计算各种情况下“贷款的每期(月)偿还额”。
双变量模拟运算表的操作步骤:
选择某个单元格区域作为模拟运算表存放区域,在该区域的最左列输入假设的还款期数范围数据;在该区域的第一行输入可能的贷款本金。
在模拟运算表区域的左上角单元格输入计算“贷款每期(月)偿还额”的计算公式:=PMT(贷款利率,还款期数,贷款本金)
三、利用双变量模拟运算表进行购房贷款方案决策
一般购房者在选购住房时要考虑诸多因素,例如房价、按揭年限等,在众多方案中选择适合自己的方案。下面我们通过一个例子来具体说明。假设某人想通过贷款购房改善自己的居住条件,可供选择的房价有20万元、30万元、40万元、50万元、60万元、80万元和100万元;可供选择的按揭方案有5年、10年、15年、20年和30年。由于收入的限制,其每月还款额(以下称为月供金额)最高不能超过3000元,但也不要低于2000元,已知银行贷款利率为6%。现用双变量模拟运算表帮助其选择贷款方案,方法如下:
①新建一Excel工作簿,打开一张工作表,在B2单元格输入房价600000(此单元格将被设置为行变量),在B3单元格建立公式计算月利率:=6%/12(结果为0.5%),在B4单元格建立公式计算5年按揭的月份数:=5×12(结果为60)(此单元格将被设置为列变量)。
②在C6∶I6区域输入不同房价,在B7∶B11区域输入不同按揭年数的月份数。
③在B6单元格建立公式:=PMT(B3,B4,B2),回车确认,即可在B6单元格得到房价60万元5年按揭的月供金额。(①②③后结果如上图1所示)
④选取区域B6∶I11,建立模拟运算表。选择“数据”→“模拟运算表”命令,打开“模拟运算表”对话框。
⑤分别指定$B$2为“引用行的单元格”(即行变量),$B$4为“引用列的单元格”(即列变量),如下图2所示,单击“确定”按钮,随后,在C7∶I11区域便显示不同还款期限、不同房价的房屋月供金额,如上图3所示。例如:F9单元格的数值表示50万元房价、15年按揭的月供金额。
⑥工作表中有6套方案满足月供不超过3000元同时也不低于2000元的条件,可供购房时选择,如图3中粗线框起的部分。
四、结束语
在市场经济的今天,投资活动越来越频繁,人们对不同的投资方案进行分析比较也就显得愈发重要。笔者以购房贷款为例,利用Excel的PMT函数并结合双变量模拟运算表对投资方案进行分析比较,为投资决策提供依据,此方法在实际工作和生活中具有很好的实用价值。Excel是一个应用广泛的电子表格软件,尽管人们认识与使用它已有十多年的历史,但认识与使用它的深度与广度都有待提高。现成的财务管理软件尽管操作比较简单,但它能解决的问题是有限的。解决问题的模式是固定的,而用Excel解决这些问题恰恰能够弥补这些缺点。Excel在工资核算、财务处理、报表编制、固定资产核算、资金的时间价值计算、筹资决策、项目投资决策、投资项目不确定性风险分析、证券投资、营运资金管理、财务预测、财务预算、财务分析、企业并购等方面都有很好的应用,利用Excel进行财务管理与分析灵活、方便。
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营销目标:为经销商轻松开拓网络销售市场,快速提升销售量。节省单件商品的分摊销售成本,从而实现商家达到量大价优,薄利多销的销售渠道。
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消费者人群丨搜索行为丨搜索词丨消费心理
经常团购的消费者丨有目的性的去搜索团购点评网站 丨美团网,点评网丨求实心理
不熟悉团购的消费者丨寻找、了解相关团购信息丨团购网,找优惠,折扣 丨从众心理
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~华丽的表格线~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 关键指标:
品牌导向:给网站带来高质量浏览量,让网站影响用户使用户建立品牌认知,是网站以更低成本采购到更高质量的流量,使合作商家以低价获得更多购买量。
效果导向:网站以更低成本获得更多的转化量,网站和合作商家都获得更好的投资回报。
现结合我校实际,对20xx年暑假社会实践和社区服务活动安排如下:
一、 活动主题及意义
使学生将书本学习与社会实践相结合,走出校园,走向社会,去关心社会发展,关注社会问题,尝试解决自己研究的社会问题,勤于学习,勇于实践,努力实现全面发展,开辟出有自己特色的社会实践的新途径。
促进中学生了解社会、了解社情,增长才干、奉献社会,锻炼毅力、培养品格,增强社会责任感。
二、社会实践组织形式:
社会实践的组织形式以小组合作模式为主,至少2人(自由组合),组成社会实践活动小组,自己推选组长,聘请有一定专长的成年人(如班主任、任课教师、学生家长),活动小组成员有分有合,互相协作。
三、具体过程如下:
1、编组、选题;
2、聘请指导老师;
3、制定方案;
4、小组研究设计具体操作(设计访谈表格、问卷;制定调查、实践方案);
5、实践活动(观察、访谈、问卷、实践);
6、分析活动资料—得出结论;
7、撰写社会实践调查报告。
四、社会实践、调查活动内容 (任选一项)
1、 社会实践类:
(1)情系母校,爱心回访。
(2)与父母谈心,交流情感 。
(3)跟家人、好友进行一个短期旅行,可以体验大自然、放松身心的同时又可以增进感情。
(4)走进敬老院
(5)义务家教
(6)服务社区如帮助社区搞好环境卫生工作等。
2、社会调查类:
(1)中学生零用钱数量及用途情况调查。
(2)中学生家务情况调查。
(3)白色污染调查研究。
(4)中学生上网情况调查。
(5)公交车让座情况调查。
五、活动组织形式
暑假学生社会实践、社区服务以小组合作开展为主。
六、活动要求
1.坚持“安全第一”的原则,在确保安全的前提下开展暑假社会实践、社 区服务活动。
2.按照“就近就便”的原则,在学校周边、学生家庭所在的城镇社区或者邻近村社开展活动。
3.遵守“诚实守信”原则,绝不允许在实践活动中弄虚作假。
七、时间安排活动时间
20xx 年 7 月1 日至 20xx 年 8 月30日
检查、评定时间:开学初
八、评定规则
社会实践、社区服务属学生综合实践,开学后以班为单位交社会实践、社区服务报告。
社会实践内容,学校根据学生实践的实际效果和内容进行暑期社会实践的评定; 社区实践和调查内容,学校根据学生服务的时间、个人体会及被服务者意见进行学分认定。
认定结果将纳入合肥46中南校区学生档案中和初中生综合素质评价挂钩。
实践报告和相关资料要按照实际情况上交,严禁抄袭和弄虚作假,一经发现,取消该生评优资格。
九、报告格式
诺和诺德办公楼项目的整个设计理念就是营造大而开阔的办公环境, 使工作人员能够在安静的办公室和会议室中不受打扰地工作。因此, 在许多楼层当中使用了DEKO FG全玻璃隔断和配套的隔音全玻璃门。在门底部的凹槽中嵌有隔音密封条, 在技术细节上进一步提高了隔音性能。在办公区域的隔断墙部分, 多处使用了富有明快设计感的贴膜图案作为装饰。
在许多实验室和生产设备区域使用了DEKO FG系列。这些区域对于隔断隔音性能、灵活性、易于清洁性等提出了较高的要求;办公区域与消防走道的分隔, 更是使用了具有高防火能力DEKO FG FIRE系列来增强楼宇的安全性。也正是基于这些原因, 诺和诺德最终选择了代高。
不同风格的内装设计与诺和诺德现代管理风格相得益彰。完工后的整个大楼呈现出一种开阔的氛围, 恰恰是这种敞开式的办公环境分隔, 增强了工作人员之间的团队意识。
长江江豚是江豚扬子亚种。它也是仅分布于长江及其附属湖泊中的唯一江豚淡水亚种,是三个江豚亚种中最濒危的一个。长江江豚体型较小,头部钝圆,额部隆起稍向前凸起;吻部短而阔,上下颌几乎一样长,吻较短阔,全身铅灰色或灰白色,体长一般在1.2米左右,最长的可达1.9米,貌似海豚,却没有海豚的背鳍。它们通常栖于咸淡水交界的海域,也能在大小河川的淡水中生活,喜单独活动,有时也三五成群,最多的有过87头在一起的记录。长江江豚性情活泼,常在9ooo水中上游下窜,食物包括青鳞鱼、玉筋鱼、鳗鱼、鲈鱼、鲚鱼、大银鱼等鱼类和虾、乌贼等。它们分布在长江中下游一带,以洞庭湖、鄱阳湖以及长江干流为主。该种群已被世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)红色名录列为濒危等级,在中国则为国家二级重点保护动物。 江豚种群2012年已不足1400头,如果不及时采取保护措施,最快会在15年内灭绝。
二、长江江豚种群现状及目前所受威胁
1.种群现状
2006年,由中外七国科学家联合参与的长江淡水豚类考察结果显示,长江江豚的数量仅有1200至1400头,只相当于1991年种群数量的一半。其中,洞庭湖江豚数量在150头至200头之间。根据2012年1月声纳与目视结合的调查统计,洞庭湖的江豚数量只有85头,鄱阳湖的江豚数量在300—400头。江豚的数量已少于大熊猫,而且从宜昌到上海的水域,每年下降6.4%,每10年下降一半。从2012年3月3日开始,洞庭湖连续发现江豚死亡事件,截至4月15日,已经有12头江豚死亡,其中有9头集中在一个星期内被发现。专家称长江江豚进入快速灭绝期。2012年9月,英国《卫报》报道称江豚死亡数量激增,这种动物的数量正在以每年6.4%的速度递减,它现在比中国国宝大熊猫都稀有。
2.目前所受威胁
渔业活动(主要因素)
随着近些年国家经济的飞速发展,捕鱼业已经成为长江流域的主要经济支柱。然而,过度的滥捕滥捞直接或间接的对长江江豚形成了威胁。渔民在捕捞的过程中使用的一些捕捞工具,例如滚钩、电网、迷魂阵、大围网等,会对该区域中的江豚造成直接危害。同时,过度的捕捞鱼类也是造成长江江豚食源缺乏的主要原因,这也是江豚的间接威胁。
航运活动
随着长江流域经济的发展,长江的航运日益繁忙。然而过度的航运也是长江江豚种群数量下降的主要原因。江豚利用其声呐进行导航,去寻找食物及同伴。不幸的是,船只的引擎和螺旋桨的噪音会干扰豚类的声呐系统,让他们迷失方向。并且,锋利的螺旋桨还会对江豚造成直接伤害。
水文环境的污染
近些年来,由于人们对长江的过度开发利用,导致长江的水质越来越差。长江流域工业化的进程直接导致了长江水文环境的恶化。水质的恶化直接导致了长江江豚栖息地的整体恶化,这严重地影响了江豚的生活方式。此外,水污染导致的大批长江鱼类的死亡也是江豚食物紧缺的原因之一。
水利工程的建设
人们在长江流域进行的水利工程建设极大的推动了其经济的发展,然而却严重地影响了江豚的生活规律。水电站及人工湖建设导致数个小生态环境的形成。这直接改变了江豚栖息地的生态环境。此外,大坝的建设直接阻碍了部分江豚的季节性迁移,对其种群的交配及生育造成影响。
综上所述,人类活动是影响长江环境及导致长江江豚濒临灭绝的主要因素。
三、长江江豚的主要保护措施
保护江豚方面,政府要起主导作用,摸 清 江 豚 死 亡 的 原 因,及 时 开 展 一 系 列 保 护措施。目前来说我们应该采取的措施:第一是政府出面建立自然保护区,这是目前最直接的也是最有效的保护措施。之前很多濒危动物的保护都采用了这种方式并取得了良好的效果,比如说大熊猫、朱鹮等等都是成功的例子。因此在洞庭湖区以及附近建立保护区是行之有效的。当然除了就地保护以外还有迁地保护,如果长江流域的环境不能有效改善的话,迁地保护比之就地保护可能是更好的选择。第 二 还是 政 府 层 面 的,就 是 国 家 立 法,进 行法律保护。导致长江江豚死亡的原因,很多是非法渔民采取非法捕鱼手段直接或者间接造成的。通过立法,坚决取缔这一系类的违法行为,一经发现,坚决打击,没收非法捕鱼工具。同时也要在沿江渔民和居民之间加强宣传保护江豚的意义。通过电视公益宣传、广播宣传、传单宣传等方式综合进行,提高沿江居民和渔民保护长江江豚的责任意识。以上这些方面都是保护长江江豚所必需的,此外,更长期的任务摆在了我们面前,那就是保护水资源,防止水污染。这才是根本性与长期性的挑战,需要我们每一个人的共同努力。
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