托福考试作文：1014托福独立写作（精选10篇）
Admittedly, people who work hard and aim at success deserve respect and encouragement. Driven by the fame and profits brought by success, people are willing to invest in more time and energy, so as to accumulate knowledge and skills that are necessary for them to be competitive. It is their efforts and dedication that promote development and advancement in almost every field. However, not all people are lucky enough to be successful in the end no matter how much they pay and how much pain they endure. Or simply, the cost of success exceeds the so-called rewards that success can offer. Therefore, to learn how to maintain optimism under whatever circumstances is essential for one’s happiness in life.
To begin with, optimistic people stand more chances to get through hard time. Unavoidably, people will experience countless obstacles and barriers while striving for their dreams. Owing to the frustration caused by troubles, people may temporarily lose their minds. Consequently, there come wrong judgments and wrong decisions that lead people to wrong directions. However at this moment, optimism allows people to keep their minds clear. With hope in minds, people will gradually calm down, start to analyze current situation, and try to find solutions. For instance, when a lawyer fails to help his client to win trust from the judge and the jury in the court, frustration and depression does not work. He needs optimism and confidence to find more evidences and prepare for the next court session.
Secondly, to keep optimistic is vital for people to accept the fact of failure, willingly or unwillingly. We live in a society that people attach too much importance to success and ignore common people who also deserve attention and respect. This is more than true when we have a glance to the reports of famous businessmen, political leaders, actors who dominate the mass media all the time. However, not all people are lucky enough to become social elites and in fact, the majority of people have to face failure. This is why people desire success and why the experience of failure is full of bitterness. At this moment, it is even more significant for people to maintain optimism that enables them to be brave and admit that they fail. Actually, this requires more courage. Only in this way can people cheer up and build up confidence to start a new life.
To sum up, while all people aim at success, we cannot overlook the importance of keeping optimistic and happy that enables us to get through hard time and confront failure.
20171014托福独立写作题目：
It is commonly believed that in life success is not important. Remaining happy and optimistic is more important.
成功：
1带来名誉
2带来财富
乐观：
1乐观的心态帮助人们度过困难时期
2乐观的心态帮助人们接受失败的现实
审题 避免跑题
在托福独立写作中，审题和构思永远是第一位的。考生如果在审题上出现偏差，那么即使语言再好，例子再多，也很难拿到高分。在《新托福考试官方指南》独立写作部分的评分标准中，取得5分的其中一条标准是“effectively addresses the topic and task”，这就是要求考生写作要扣题。在实践中，考生在审题方面容易出现以下两种错误。
问题一：分辨不清“实然”还是“应然”
“实然”类题目问的是现实中是否存在某种情况。如2013年3月3日中国内地托福考试的独立写作题目：“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement？ Young people today are more likely to spend time and effort to improve the world than young people in the past.”该题目是问今天的年轻人是不是比过去的年轻人更愿意花时间和精力来改进世界。也就是说，题目问的是现实中存不存在这种情况，而不是年轻人应不应该这样做。
“应然”类题目问的是某种做法是否应该鼓励，或者做某件事情是否重要。如2013年1月13日中国内地托福考试的独立写作题目：“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement？ It is important to make sure that others （influential people or potential employers） know about your strengths and accomplishments； or you will not have a successful life.”该题目是问想要获得成功的人生，你是不是应该让别人（有影响力的人或潜在雇主）了解你的特长和成就。
“实然”和“应然”是两个不同的概念，对此考生需要注意辨别，在主体段的写作中也要采取不同的论证方法。
对于“实然”类题目，考生应着重利用事实和客观证据来构思分论点。以2013年1月26日中国内地托福考试的独立写作题目为例：“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement？ Young people today are more likely to help others than young people in the past.”该题目是问现在的年轻人事实上是不是比以前的年轻人更有可能帮助人，而不是问现在的年轻人应不应该比以前的人更多地帮助人。因此，这道题属于“实然”类题目。考生在写作分论点时，应着重从事实和客观证据的角度来寻找依据，比如“现在的年轻人可以用很多传统方式帮助人”“现在的年轻人也可以用很多现代化的新型方式帮助人”等。在每个分论点内部，考生应多运用实际的事例来论证。
对于“应然”类题目，考生应着重从“为什么”的角度来构思分论点。以2013年3月2日中国内地托福考试的独立写作题目为例：“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement？ The world is busy and crowded； we should not expect people to be polite to others.”该题目本质上是问礼貌是否重要，属于“应然”类题目。考生在写作时，分论点应重点讲“为什么礼貌很重要”，比如“对人有礼貌能够让我们交到更多朋友”“人们之间互有礼貌有助于国家和社会的和谐”等。在每个分论点内部，考生应先解释清楚理由，再辅以例子支持。
考生如果不能准确识别“实然”和“应然”类题目，就可能在审题和构思时出现跑题的问题。这样一来，即使例子很充分，语言也较好，考生依然拿不到好成绩。比如，有一位考生参加2013年3月2日的托福考试，独立写作题目为上文提到的“应然”类题目，即我们是否应该对人有礼貌。该考生由于紧张，审题时出现偏差，结果将文章中的一个分论点设成了“因为现实生活中有很多人都对人有礼貌，所以我们应该对人有礼貌”，这就犯了混淆“实然”和“应然”类题目的错误。用“现实生活中有很多人对人有礼貌”来证明题目要求的“我们应不应该对人礼貌”违背了5分评分标准中的要求（effectively addresses the topic and task）。因此，该考生在独立写作部分只得到了Fair档的分数。而以该考生的语言功底和平时表现，其在独立写作部分拿Good档分数是没有问题的，正是审题的失误导致其独立写作发挥失常。这样的失误很令人遗憾，应该尽量避免。
问题二：审题时把重心放在个别词汇上，只见树木，不见森林
对于独立写作题目，考生要根据题目的整体来审题，不要把审题重心放在题目中的个别词汇上。考生要领会命题人整体的命题意图，否则考生即使语言功底很好，文章细节充分，也会因为审题片面而跑题，拿不到本来应得的成绩。
nlc202309030017
同样以“The world is busy and crowded； we should not expect people to be polite to others”这道题为例。这道题整体上问的是“礼貌是否重要”或者“人们之间应不应该互有礼貌”。有位考生在审题时片面地纠结于expect这个词，因此在写主体段时把重点放在了证明“应不应该期待礼貌”上，结果导致跑题。这位考生在之前两次考试的独立写作部分都拿到了Good档的成绩，但在这次考试中却因跑题只得了Fair档的成绩。
结构 避免主体段分论点之间的交叉和冲突
在独立写作中，主体段的两个或三个分论点之间不宜出现交叉或冲突。如果出现这类硬伤，考生就无法拿到Good档的分数，因为这不符合5分标准中“unity， progression， and coherence”的要求。《新托福考试官方指南》在独立写作的organization要求中提到：“To earn a top score， you need to avoid redundancy （repetition of ideas）， digression （points that are not related to your main point， that take away from the ‘unity’ of your ideas）， and unclear connections （places where it is hard for the reader to understand how two ideas or parts of your writing are related）.”各分论点间的交叉重叠正是redundancy的体现，分论点间出现的冲突则是digression和unclear connection的体现。这些都是考生在文章结构方面应尽量避免的硬伤。下面笔者通过实例来具体分析什么是主体段分论点之间的交叉和冲突，希望能给考生以启发。
分论点之间存在内容上的交叉重叠
某考生遇到的独立写作题目如下：“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement？ It is more important to choose friends who you can have fun with than to choose friends who will help you when you need them.”该考生选择的观点为“选择能够提供帮助的朋友更加重要”。其第一个分论点为“患难时这种朋友能够帮助自己摆脱困难”，第二个分论点为“如果帮助自己的朋友在帮助的过程中也获得好处，这样就能给双方都带来好处”。第二个分论点说朋友帮助自己对朋友也有好处，这是跑题的表现；说朋友帮助自己对双方都有好处，这其实和第一个分论点讲的“能够给自己带来好处”有交叉重叠。因此，该考生虽然在语言、字数等方面都不错，但由于结构不清晰，最后只拿到Fair档的成绩。
分论点之间存在显性的观点冲突
如果主体段的分论点之间出现了明显的观点冲突，这样的文章一定拿不到Good档的成绩。下面笔者以《新托福考试官方指南》上公布的一篇2分作文为例来具体说明。这篇文章的写作题目如下：“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement？ Always telling the truth is the most important consideration in any relationship.”这篇2分例文在首段提出的总观点为“诚实是关系中最重要的因素”。其第一个分论点为“诚实才能够赢得朋友和同事的信任”；第二个分论点为“撒谎会为工作和家庭生活带来麻烦”；第三个分论点则话锋一转，变成了“相反，有时候撒谎更加重要”，这与总观点和前两个分论点完全冲突。这样存在冲突的论述直接削弱了考生自己观点的证明力，也使读者产生困惑，这样的作文当然拿不到高分。
分论点之间存在隐性的观点冲突
有些分论点表面看上去似乎有道理，并没有和其他分论点及全文总观点水火不容。但深入分析其内容会发现，尽管该论点也符合全文总观点的特征，但其更符合对立观点的特征，因而与其他分论点构成隐性的内在冲突。比如，2013年3月16日中国内地托福考试的独立写作题目如下：“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement？ The movies and television programs made in your own country are more interesting than movies and television programs made in other countries.”某考生选择的总观点为“国内的电影和电视节目更有趣”。其第一个分论点为“国内的电影和电视节目能让我们看到很多熟悉的东西，因此更加有趣”；第二个分论点为“国内的电影和电视节目能帮助我们了解我们不熟悉的一些国内事物，因此更加有趣”。第二个分论点虽然看似也说得通，但“不熟悉”其实更符合国外节目具备的特征，较少符合国内节目具备的特征，因为国外节目比国内节目更能够提供“不熟悉”的事物。所以，第二个分论点和第一个分论点存在隐性的观点冲突，而且该分论点不是国内节目和国外节目的显著不同，因而不能构成有效的论证。
论据 避免明显违背客观事实的论据
在独立写作具体的论证过程中，考生是完全可以“编例子”的，但是考生编的例子一定要符合常识、常理和常情，不能明显违背事实。考生在举普通人例子的时候一般可以比较随意，而且不容易出现违背常识的硬伤。但是，考生如果要举名人、著名公司或是历史事件的例子时一定要小心，必须得有事实依据，不可随意捏造。否则，如果论据出现硬伤，考生是拿不到Good档的成绩的。
比如，2012年10月28日中国内地托福考试的独立写作题目如下：“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement？ All scientific discoveries should be shared among all scientists all around the world； government and businesses should not keep any discoveries in secret.”某考生选择的观点是“科学发现应该共享，不该有秘密”，论证时用的是乔布斯的例子。但大家都知道，苹果公司的核心知识产权事实上并没有在社会上共享。因此，这篇文章即使语言没有问题，例子也很多，但因为例子本身明显不符合事实，最终考生没有拿到Good档的成绩。
以上这些审题、结构和论据方面的硬伤是考生在写作时应该极力避免的，因为这些硬伤的出现很容易让语言功底不错的考生遭受写作“滑铁卢”，失去了本来可以拿到的高分。相反，有些语言功底一般但在写作中没有出现硬伤的考生反而可以轻松取得Good档的成绩。所以，考生们在备考的过程中，在注重语言的同时也要避免在审题、结构和论据方面出现问题和硬伤，从而扫除取得高分的障碍。
范文：
In recent years, NASA has several exciting discoveries in universe, such as the clear picture of Pluto, earth-likeplanet Kepler 452b and the existence of liquid water on Mars. While astronomy lovers are celebrating the groundbreaking findings, some people doubt whether the huge budgets on outer space exploration is well spent, especially when there is news about children from poor families dropping out of school and dying patients failing to afford the expensive medical treatment. From my pointof view, no matter how enormous the expenditures can be, the government investment in space exploration is imperative, viewing from both short term and long term.
In the long run, in consideration of the depletion of natural resources on earth, to find other planets, either as resources suppliers or new dwelling places, should be on agenda. It is a seemingly irreversible tendency that the total population on earth will constantly grow, though might be at a slowing rate. Also, the ever progress of economy and improvement of people’s living standard will exacerbate the consumption of natural resources, including fossil fuels and various metals. However, the total storage of natural resources on earth is limited, and some day in future, we have to face the doom that the resources will run out. Before that, measures should be taken so that human civilization will survive. In a word, the predictable future of earth proves the necessities of outer space exploration, and this is exactly what a responsible government with far sight should do.
In the short term, the further advancement of satellite in space actually generates immediate benefits for the general public. The past a few decades have witnessed the galloping pace of launching satellite of many governments. Mainly, those satellites serve in the field of communication, military, scientific researches, etc. In the domain of communication, with them functioning as bridges connecting the world, people can have phone calls, whether they are standing in the center of desert or drifting on the sea. In terms of military and scientific researches, they are like the “super eyes” helping people monitor the earth. For example, many satellites are responsible to collect the date of buoys floating on the ocean, allowing scientists to closely monitor the movement of ocean currents and study the influences of global warming on earth.
In a nutshell, owing to its benefits on people, be they immediate or far-reaching, governments’ huge expenditure in space exploration is indispensable.
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is a waste of money for a government to fund space travel or space exploration.
作者:Cindy
公众号:英文写作素材
1)一定程度上经济独立
2)更好的获取工作经验
3)鼓励学生主动学会理财
兼职工作赚钱的坏处：
1)为了钱，学生花费太多精力和时间在兼职工作上
2)有了钱，开始浪费乱花
范文：
To enrich experience and expand outlook, youngsters have many options, including volunteer jobs, part-time jobs and community activities. Among all these choices, paid part-time jobs are especially beneficial for students aging from 16 to 19 who need the money to partially realize financial independence and accumulate work experience.
To begin with, the income from part-time jobs, though not much, allows students to have some money at their own disposal or even alleviate economic pressure of the family. It is natural that students at this age need money for both their school life and social life. At school, they may want to buy a book unavailable in the library that a teacher mentions in the class. After school, money is also needed for students to pay for social activities and parties, such as food, tools, tickets and membership dues. However, it is more or less embarrassing to frequently ask for money from parents who are economically stressful. Therefore, the money students earn from part-time jobs can easily solve the problem. For instance, by working in the Starbuck near school for one semester, the student is even able to save enough money for the summer camp which otherwise is unaffordable for parents.
Secondly, the paid part-time job seems the best way for students to acquire work experience and nurture sense of responsibility. Undoubtedly, money paid by employers serves as the powerful incentives that encourage students to make more efforts. In particular, when their performance is praised or punished, they will have better understanding of professional ethics and job responsibility. All these are beneficial and meaningful for students’ future career development. For instance, by working in a restaurant as a waiter, the student is able to improve communication skills, obtain knowledge of catering industry, and cultivate service awareness. The tips earned from customers are clear indicator of their performance and effective incentive bonus for better services. This experience enables the student to be more competitive in future job market.
To sum up, it is meaningful for students aging from 16 to 19 to earn money from part-time jobs, so as to achieve financial independence and accumulate work experience.
20171112托福独立写作题目：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
It is necessary for students aging from 16 to 19 to take paid part-time jobs.
Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
Firstly, new technology products are usually very expensive but contribute little to one’s happiness. It is true that a newly launched electronic product usually has better performance and more advanced function that facilitate people’s life and bring user friendly experience. Depending on their cutting-edged technology, companies charge a high price. However, before we make the order, it is worth thinking twice whether the so-called updated functions are indispensable. In fact, for various kinds of electronic products, they share the similar functions. It is unnecessary to waste much money on a piece of product only with slight improvement or difference. Take products of Apple as an instance. If it is not because the old iPhone 7 is lost or broken, to buy a new iPhone 8 is almost meaningless for people who are not keen on its more durable glass body and better OLED display.
Secondly, both to find a roommate and to cook at home are not feasible. For a person who gets used to live alone, to have a stranger living under the same roof is inconvenient and uncomfortable. It means one not only has to clean and reserve certain area for the new roommate, but also may have to sacrifice privacy. Moreover, it takes time to find someone who is easygoing and shares similar lifestyle. Whether the two can get along well with each is also a problem. To buy cheap food and cook at home is not a good option, as it is time consuming. When most of the time is occupied by work, people feel exhausted to shop, cook and do dishes back home, especially if one is not good at cooking. Furthermore, people cannot save much money from cooking at home when the cost of time, natural gas, electricity is added.
In summary, for above mentioned three methods to reduce living expenses, I highly recommend the friend to buy fewer electronic products, instead of sharing the house with a roommate or cooking at home.
20171217托福独立写作题目：
A friend is going to reduce the living expenses.
find a roommate that can share the living expenses
buy the new technology products less frequently
shop for less expensive food to cook at home
审题与构思的注意事项
准确理解关键词和基本概念
考生在审题时，对于题目中的关键词和基本概念必须准确理解，防止因为概念理解错误而使文章内容不切题。下面笔者就以两道托福独立写作题目为例来说明。
2013年5月18日中国内地托福考试的独立写作题目如下：“Do you agree or disagree： Government should support scientific research even if it does not have practical use.”对于这道题目，考生需要判断什么样的科学研究是“没有实际用途”的科学研究。有的考生对这一基本概念理解错误，认为和老百姓日常生活关联不大的研究就是没有实际用途的研究。由于这样的审题，该考生选择同意应当支持这样的研究，然后主体段分别从军事和航空角度展开论证。但事实上，没有实际用途的科学研究是指一些纯理论性的研究，比如纯数学理论的研究等。军事、航空方面的研究虽然与日常生活关系不大，但仍是有实际用途的。考生对题目中的关键词和基本概念理解错误，导致论证时的理由与事实背离。该考生本来英语水平不错，独立写作成绩却不理想。
再如，2014年3月15日中国内地托福考试的独立写作题目如下：“Which way do you think is the best for a student to make new friends？ a. joining a sports team； b. participating in community activities； c. travelling.”这道题目的重心是比较“交朋友的方式”。在构思理由时，考生必须切中这样的目的，否则就会偏题。比如，有的考生选择论证运动是最好的交友方式，其中一个理由是“参加运动的人大都是同龄人，有共同的兴趣爱好，容易交到朋友”；另一个理由是“通过运动能够锻炼身体，增强体质”。其中第一个理由是合理的，切中了题目中“交朋友”的目的。第二个理由虽然是运动的优势，但是并不符合“交朋友”的目的，属于偏题。这道题目要求考生从交友的角度来比较哪种方式更好，而不是单纯讲运动、社区活动或旅游本身的好处。“锻炼身体，增强体质”这样的好处和交朋友没有太大关系，因此不适合作为论证的理由。另外，还有的考生没有注意到student这一关键词，没有从学生这个特殊群体的角度来进行论证，而是从普通人甚至是从职场人的角度来论证。这些都是跑题的表现，都会导致分数的损失。
考生如果因为对题目中的关键词和基本概念理解有误或把握不够，就会出现上述不够切题的问题。这样一来，即使文章的例子和细节充分，语言完美，也依然难以得到高分。
全面理解题意和命题意图
考生在审题和构思时，既要注意题目中的关键词和基本概念，也要注意不能陷在题目的个别字词里，从而不能全面理解题目整个句子所传递的命题意图。下面来举例说明。
2014年3月1日中国内地托福考试的独立写作题目如下：“Do you agree or disagree： It is not a good thing for people to move to a new city or a new country because of the losing of old friends.”这道题目问：是不是因为可能会失去老朋友，移居到一个新城市或新国家就不好？有些考生只注意到原因部分because of the losing of old friends，在论证时只是单纯地讨论会不会失去老朋友的问题，这样的构思具有片面性。因为从题目的整个句子来看，真正的重心在于“移居到一个新城市或新国家好不好”，而“可能失去老朋友”只是这个过程中需要处理和考虑的其中一个因素。考生在论证时不能只是讨论会不会失去老朋友这一个方面，还要回到移居到新地方好不好这个主要问题上来讨论，否则就出现了偏题的情况。
“好写”比“想写”更重要
托福独立写作是一个要求考生在30分钟内完成的限时作文。考生要想在有限的时间内发挥出自己的最高水平，在选取写作角度时要记住：“好写”比“想写”更重要。也就是说，如果考生凭直觉想要选择某个立场，但在思考之后觉得这个立场并不好论证，没有充分的例子和素材可以支撑，那么考生在考场上就不要死守这一个立场，因为那样不仅会浪费很多时间，还会导致考生紧张和焦急，影响整体发挥。这时，笔者建议考生灵活一些，思考一下这个题目的另一种观点倾向：同意和不同意两种立场哪一种更好写？哪一种立场有更多例子和素材可以调取？哪一种立场更有利于自己在考场限时30分钟的紧张情况下发挥得更好？笔者建议考生最后选取那个相对好写的立场。下面来举例说明。
2012年10月28日中国内地托福考试的独立写作题目如下：“Do you agree or disagree： All scientific discoveries should be shared among all scientists all around the world， and the government and businesses should not keep any discoveries in secret.”很多考生看到这个题目后，凭直觉想选择“同意分享”，因为感觉“分享”这样的理念很伟大。但是在现实世界中，科研成果不被分享的案例更多；或者即使考生知道一些科研成果是分享的，但是对事实细节了解得不够清楚；或者考生知道有这样的例子，但是例子很少，不足以支撑起一个充实的主体段；再或者这些例子涉及的专业术语比较难以准确描述和表达。在这些情况下，考生就不宜选择“同意分享”这样的立场。如果是日常生活类话题，考生也许可以“编造”某些例子，但这道题目不同，考生在列举科学成果分享方面的例子时必须符合客观事实和常识。在这种情况下，考生就可以灵活一些，看看“不同意分享”的角度好不好写。在现实世界中，一国政府或者一个著名企业掌握的某项核心技术一般都是不与外界分享的，这一点很容易举出例子。比如，大国的尖端军事技术和航空技术一般是不会分享的，大公司（如Google、Apple、Microsoft）的核心科技也一定不会分享。因此，“不同意分享”的角度对大多数考生来说可能更容易写。出于这个考虑，考生在选取写作角度时就应该选择和自己直觉不同的角度，以保证自己正常水平的发挥。
破题与构思方法介绍
在考场上限时写作的紧张情况下，考生可能会出现思路堵塞、无从下笔的情况。下面笔者就介绍几种方法，希望能够帮助考生打开思路，较快地破题和构思。
主体分析法
如果题目没有限定考生站在某一单边主体的立场上发表看法，那考生就可以尝试运用主体分析法来构思。考生可以站在某种做法或现象所涉及的不同主体的角度来寻找理由，从而展开不同的段落。下面来举例说明。
2013年8月24日中国内地托福考试的独立写作题目如下：“Do you agree or disagree： It is important to have rules about the types of clothing that people are allowed to wear at work or school.”题目中规定着装的做法涉及学生和工人以及学校和工厂两方面的主体。假设考生选择的立场是同意规定着装，那从学生和工人的主体角度出发，考生可以给出这样的理由：规定着装有利于学生和工人专心学习或工作，避免攀比。从学校和工厂的主体角度出发，考生又可以给出另一个理由：规定着装便于学校和工厂的管理，有利于学校和工厂的整体形象。
抽象词拆分法
某些题目中涉及的关键词是很抽象的词，考生如果单从理由来想，可能只能想出一个理由。这种情况下，考生可以考虑将题目中的抽象词拆分成具体的几个方面，从而展开不同的段落作为分论点。下面来举例说明。
2014年1月12日中国内地托福考试的独立写作题目如下：“Do you agree or disagree： The advice from grandparents has no use for their grandchildren because the world changed a lot during the past 50 years.”假如考生不同意这个观点，即认为“祖父母的建议有用”，那么从理由的角度构思，似乎只能想出一个理由——祖父母的经验多。在这种情况下，考生可以把抽象词advice拆分成不同方面的advice，从而展开不同的段落。比如可以拆分成如下几个方面：工作上，人际关系方面的建议有用；生活上，衣食起居方面的建议有用；学习和情感方面的建议有用。这样就可以很容易地形成三个分论点来分别阐述。
并列词拆分法
对于有些题目，考生如果实在想不出两个理由，而题目中存在并列词且并列词之间有一定的差异，那就可以把并列词拆分，分别进行论证，形成至少两个分论点。下面来举例说明。
2013年3月16日中国内地托福考试的独立写作题目如下：“Movies and television programs made in your own country are more interesting than movies and television programs made in other countries.”因为电影和电视节目的特点和趣味性有一定差异，考生可以将电影和电视这两个并列词汇拆开，形成两个主体段。假设考生选择国外的电影和电视节目更有趣的立场，那分论点就可以这样设计：电影方面，国外的电影因为技术水平较高，因此更有趣；电视节目方面，国外节目因为内容上言论自由等因素，因此更有趣。然后考生可以分别解释和举例论证。
关联法
有些题目涉及A和B的优劣比较。假如考生选择支持A，但又实在想不出A的两个好处，那就可以先阐述A的一个好处，然后考虑到A和B的关联，由此得到另一个理由。下面来举例说明。
有这样一道机经题目：“Do you agree or disagree： The government should focus its budgets more on preserving the natural environment and less on economic development.”考生如果选择“政府应重点支持经济发展”这一立场，很容易想出这样一个理由：经济发展关系到人们的基本生存和社会的稳定。然后，考生可以从经济和环境的关系出发形成另一个理由：经济发展好了，政府将更有能力来治理和改善环境。或者，假如考生选择“政府应重点支持环境保护”的立场，那首先可以想出一个理由：环境关系到人的健康和心情。然后，考生可以针对环境和经济的关系形成另一个理由：环境建设好了，将吸引更多的投资，从而得到更好的经济发展机会。
托福独立作文最重要的因素是什么?当然是论点和论证。一篇好的作文，论点可以提纲挈领，论证可以丰富文章内容。
由于考试时间的限制，很多英语程度好的学生也会出现一些问题。比如说一个学生对作文的论点言之凿凿，但就是写不出东西，或是写不出令自己满意的句子。所以，上考场前，脑中一定要装一些东西，好的例子，好的句子等。
这里强调论据的重要性，不是忽视逻辑和论点的重要性。相反，只要你能够掌握一些万能的论据，对你谋划全篇的结构，以及段落发展，是有好处的。
论据的准备也可以称为素材，可以多去亦鸥看看小伙伴们的写作，这种素材可以是一个短语，一个人名，或是一个完整的例子。这种例子能够辅佐你的乱点，能够画龙点睛。
1. Plant trees and create parks
2. Persuade local shops to stop providing plastic bags for consumers
Do you agree or disagree: Because people are busy with doing so many things, they can do few things well?
Original：
Some people may hold the view that they are able to do things well even if they are busy with doing so many things simultaneously or during a given period. Although plausible at the first glance, I disagree with the statement. Depending on my own personal experience and personality, I firmly maintain that people can do few things well when they are busy with doing so many things. My arguments of this opinion are listed as follows.
解析：
文章第一句话不是对原题目意思进行解释，而是采用采取了和原意思相反的做法来进行题目诠释;第二句表明自己对误解题目的观点;第三句话对自己的观点进行近一步的解释;第四句一个过渡性的句子。开篇内容安排倒是很好，但是作者犯了误解原题目意思的错误导致后面整个文字都做了无用功。
Revised：
When people are engaged in a large extent of work simultaneously, they will not be able to perform all of them perfectly. Just imagine how terrible it will be: too many jobs need to be done by the same person in a given time. Once such a picture appears in my mind, I feel dizzy. To me, it is impossible to do everything well with the limited energy and many others factors .Therefore , I agree with the statement too many things to be done at the same time cause few to be well done . The reasons are as follow.
Revised：
第一句话对原题目意思进行了很好的诠释;第二、三句话进一步解释原题目;第四句话提出自己的观点;第五句话过渡性句子引起下文。
案例2 ：语言罗嗦，绕弯子给出自己观点，浪费时间
Some young adults want independence from their parents as soon as possible. Other young adults prefer to live with their families for a longer time. Which of these situations do you think is better? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
original：
With the development of science and technology, people’s living standard has been improving day by day. According to the family plan, one couple could have only one child. So child becomes the center of the whole family. Some of them are even spoiled. Therefore, I think it is better if the young adult could live independent from their parents as soon as possible.
解析：
这个开头看似没有任何问题，但是仔细分析就会发现很多问题。首先，作者绕了个大弯才给出自己的观点。其次，观点是对原题目的抄写，改动的比较少。最后，开篇缺少引起下文的过渡句。更大的错误是这个开头更像是一个全文主要观点的一个分论点。
Revised:
As we all know, some young adults have the sense of independence in a special period so that they want to choose to live apart from their family, while others still choose to stay with parents in the family. Family can provide young adults a warm bay where he or she could turn to whenever any problems arise. However, considering the sound development of the young adult both mentally and physically, I think to live independently the earlier, the better. Independence is a lesson that each of us must face one day. The detailed reasons are listed below.
解析：
第一句话诠释原题目意思;第二句话进一步解释第一句话;第三句话提出自己的观点;第四句话解释自己的观点，引出下文。
托福写作中必须跨越的文化障碍
托福写作过程实际上是一种跨文化交际过程，文化差异必定成为学生写作中获取高分的障碍。托福写作不是要求学生堆砌各类高难词汇或者绞尽脑汁编造长难句的过程，而是要求学生用英文准确描述自己中文思维的过程，达意是托福写作的最高境界。因此，学生必须熟悉中英文在表达方式上的差异，才能做到在考场上的精准转述，进而获得高分。本文以中英文表达法的差异为切入点，进行托福写作中跨文化交际的探讨。
在托福写作教学中，常常会发现：学生的英语似乎被汉语同化，句子中充满了中国式的英语(Chinglish)。其中原因恐怕涉及很多方面，但主要原因在于学生对两种语言的句子表达方式差异不了解。因此在英语写作教学中，应坚持英汉比较原则，让学生理性认识两种语言的异同。正如吕淑湘所说：“对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他们认识英语和汉语的差别，在每一个具体问题-词形、词义、语法范畴、句子结构上，都尽可能用汉语的情况来根英语作比较，让他们通过比较得到更深刻的领会。”
一、英语重形合，汉语重意合
所谓行合指英语句子中各分句之间的联系大多是通过词汇纽带直接体现出来的，并且英语中单个词的变化会体现意义的变化。所谓意合指汉语句子主要通过字词的意义连接起来。
1.英语中的名词单复数变化
一本书 a book
两本书 two books
在汉语中，名词的单复数全靠意合，也就是，”书“这个字不会变化，变的是”书“前面的修饰词;而在英语中名词的复数一定是体现在”book“这一个词上的，一定要把“book”改成“books”。在托福写作中，英语的单复数形式是学生最最容易忽略的一点，也是最容易扣分的一点，那在写作的时候默念名词单复数100遍，保证不犯这种错误。
2.英语中动词的时态变化
我昨天在香港大学做了演讲。
I made a speech in the University of Hong Kong yesterday.
她正在香港大学做演讲。
She is making a speech in the University of Hong Kong.
在汉语中，一件事情发生的时间是“昨天”、“现在”还是“未来”，只要加上“昨天”、“今天”、“明天”这几个词就好了。但是在英文中不行，一定要在“动词”上进行体现。由于这点中西文化差异，时态也是很多学生选择性忽略的一点跨文化常识，明明写的是过去发生的事情，偏偏用现在时态。考试时留几分钟检查语法错误，为自己多争取几分。
3.句子表达
英语句子主干结构突出，即主谓宾结构明显，其他定语、状语、补语成分好似主干上的枝叶，借助各种关联词进行搭建，把句子的子句有机结合起来。而汉语句子没有主谓框架限制。
例如：1)留得青山在，不怕没柴烧
As long as the green mountains are there, one should not worry about firewood.
2)冬天来了，春天还会远吗?
If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
在例句1)的汉语表达中，并没有“只要”这个词，但是在英文中需要写出“as long as”这个短语，也要加上泛指的主语”one“，因为英文句子一定要有基本的”主谓“结构。例句2)中的英文表达中加入了汉语中没有”if“ 这个词，来体现英文的”主谓“结构以及从句结构。
托福备考之写作要注意用词
compare与contrast的误用
我们先从两者的定义入手来看两者的区别。 Compare的定义为：to examine people or things to see how theyare similar or different. Contrast的定义为：to comparetwo or more things to show the difference betweenthem.由定义不难看出前者侧重于找到两个或多个事物的异同，而后者则侧重于它们的不同。
看个例句：
It is interesting to compare their situations to ours./It is interesting to contrast theirsituations to ours.
前一句翻译为：对比一下我们的情况与他们的情况会很有趣。
后一句的翻译为：我们的情况与他们的情况有很大的不同，这很有趣。
再看一个引自OXFORD ADBANCED LEARNER’S DICTIONARY的例子：
There is an obvious contrast between the culture of East and West.
The company lost $7 million in contrast to a profit of $6.2 million a year earlier.
When you look at their new system， ours seems very old-fashioned by contrast.
不难发现，Compare翻译为“与。。。相比”而contrast可译为“明显不同的是。。。”，切记这种翻译方式就不会用错彼此了。
其中最容易有问题的便是介词的使用了，下面来看看几种情况：
1、普通介词的误用
一般表现为固定搭配错误，如常把provide sb with sth用成provide sb sth; be satisfied with用成besatisfied for等等，虽然这样的错误看似无伤大雅，但在考官眼里就是影响顺畅阅读的，根据托福学写作评分标准当然会影响最终成绩。解决的办法简单而古老：把常见的固定搭配牢记于心，问题自然就解决了。
2、“to”作为介词的误用
“to”最常见的用法是以动词不定式符号的形式出现的，所以同学们也已经习惯了“to do”的固定搭配。对于一些如walk to me， to the left等介词to表方向等常见用法一般也不会出现错误。但是对于与动词搭配的介词to就会经常犯错：
如：
More and more students have taken to depend on their parents to make decision for them.
这里的‘take to’ means ‘to begin to do sth as a habit’其中‘to’为介词，所以后面只能接名词或相当于名词的词，如动名词。所以黑体处应改为“depending on”。“take to”的另一个常用用法也需要牢记：
He hasn’t taken to his new school. (这里‘take to’ means ‘to start liking sb or sth’)
Prefer A to B中的“to”也是介词，会有prefer doing sth to doing sth/ prefer sth to sthelse，“prefer to do sth rather than do sth”中的“to”可是真正的不定式符号。
类似的常用用法请同学们牢记：
Be used to doing
Be accustomed to doing
See to doing
Adapt to doing
Adjust to doing
prefer doing sth. to doing sth.
等等，托福写作请注意平时仔细积累。
assume及claim使用不够准确
我们知道， think， assume， claim是议论文中常用引出观点的动词。在实际作文中，同学们往往认为几个词的意思是一样的，完全可以代换，所以拿过来就用。甚至还有同学把consider也拿过来与之混用。我们首先还是从定义来看这几个词的不同：
Think： to have opinion or belief about sth.
翻译为“认为”，通常接宾语从句来表达比较确定的观点。
Assume： to think or accept that sth is true but without having proof of it.
翻译为“假设、假定”，是否有事实依据是不确定的。
Claim： to say sth is true although it has not been proved and other people may not believeit.
翻译为“声称”，用这个词往往意味着不赞同紧跟其后的观点，所以很少用作‘I claim that…
Scientist are claiming a breakthrough in the fight against cancer， but in fact， …。
所以‘It is claimed that’通常翻译为“有报道称。。。”。和‘it is reported that ’的区别在于后者翻译为“据报道”，往往代表着作者赞同报告的内容，
Consider： to think about sth carefully， especially in order to make a decision
翻译为“考虑”，一般不用作引出观点，看个例子：
We are considering buying a new car.
所以，千万不要在托福写作的第一段(观点表达段)就因为用词把握不准而导致对整篇文章的低分印象。
表“建议”的词汇后面忘记用虚拟从句
这是摘自学生托福作文中的一个病句：
I suggest he continues his study instead of working after graduation from high school.
因为‘suggest’翻译为“建议”，所以后面的从句应该用虚拟语气，黑体部分应该改为“(should) continue”
所以考生一定要牢记以下常见表“建议”的托福写作词汇，而且要记住这些词接从句时要用虚拟语气：
Recommend， suggest， advise
such as与for example的混用
我们知道，在表示举例子的时候，such as与like是完全等同的，如：Wild flowers such as/likeorchids and primroses are becoming rare.
但是同学们对于Such as、for example的把握还是不够准确。我们都知道，后者接句子前者接词语表示举例子。于是就有了下面的写法：
There is a similar word in many languages， such as in French and Italian.
这里的such as改为for example为好，因为“in French and Italian”其实是“there is a similar word inFrench and Italian”的简化，所以要用for example来引出例证。再来看个类似的例子：
It is possible to combine computer science with other subjects, for example physics.
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