出国留学个人全英文申请书

出国留学个人全英文申请书（精选6篇）

出国留学个人全英文申请书 篇1

Dear Colleagues：

As a teacher in Department of Biology, Nankai University, a leading university in China, I am very pleased to take this opportunity to recommend one of my favorite students to your PhD program.

In September, Miss Zhang was my students in General Biology, the first professional course they take in the field. She likes it very much. I teach her in an open and interactive manner, she is active and passionate about answering class questions. Miss Zhang is bright, energetic and enthusiastic girl who loves speaking out her own ideas. She never escapes from those points of which she is skeptical. Apart from that, she often puts forward her ideas upon questions and exchanges all of her innovate ideas with me after class.

Upon ending of General Biology course, I asked my students to write an essay upon their understanding of biology. I discovered Miss Zhang’s essay was so impressive and persuasive; her careful essay comes from dozens of references to Biology literatures. In essay Miss Zhang stretched out her creative thinking upon status quo of biological research and branches in the field of biology. All of this speaks to her creative and logical and scientific thinking capability. I am gladly to say that Miss Zhang has a clear understanding about General Biology, that comprehension has been reflected fully in her essay. Therefore Miss Zhang got a full point for her essay in her class, and other students took it as model essay for granted.

I believe Miss Zhang’s industriousness, passion and dedication will make her an ideal candidate you are seeking for your program, so I highly recommend her without any hesitation to you. And I will greatly appreciate it if you could accept her into your program.

Sincerely yours

出国留学需要注意的八个事项

1.出国后的心态调整

学生一定要明确自己的位置，摆正自己的心态。

2.学习方法的调整与适应

在国内习惯了以应试教育为主的教育模式，而国外是与国内截然不同的开放教育模式。出国之后面对这种教育模式的变化，短时间内会出现明显的不适应，需要一段时间来接受、适应和磨合。

3.加强自主学习能力

在国外留学，对孩子的自主学习能力提出了相当高的要求。国外的孩子从小在这种开放式的教育背景下成长，已经习惯了自主的研究式的学习方式，但是国内的孩子仍然习惯于授课式的学习。

4.善于制定学习计划，并严格的遵守

善于制定学习计划，并且严格的去遵守自己制定的计划，这是学习能力的一种体现。学习计划既要有宏观的，也要有细化的。宏观的学习计划要把握住自己留学之后的大方向;细分的学习计划则要根据自己的目标和学校的要求，把学习的内容落实到每一个学期，每一个课程的安排。

5.学会沟通，乐于沟通

学会沟通，乐于沟通是学生出去之后面对的第一大难关。因为陌生的环境，陌生的人群，远离了亲人，学生们过去之后第一感受到的就是寂寞。学会沟通这个时侯就显得特别重要。

6.安全问题

出国后的安全问题一直是家长重点关注的问题之一。应该讲，大多数情况下留学生所处的国家和地区都是安全的。但是安全问题也应被家长和孩子们常挂心头，不能松懈。

7.协助孩子做好理财规划

现在的孩子大多没有精打细算的理财意识，在没人监管的情况下，大手大脚花钱的现象更容易出现。家长要帮助孩子做好理财规划，一方面帮助孩子制定消费计划;另一方面多查账户，及时了解孩子的资金状况。

8.重视临行前的行程指导

很多家长都以为出国留学签证是最难的一关，办完签证就万事大吉高枕无忧了。其实这是一个误区，出国留学各方面的准备工作都非常的重要，孩子办好了签证只是万里长征走完了第一步。

出国留学护照办理流程

一、办理流程

在正式开始前前，需要先整理好材料，然后在登录自己的户口所在地的出入境管理局的网站，进行时间的预约，不过如果办理的人不多的话，可以直接前往现场。

抵达现场之后，需要填写护照申请表格，然后递交自己准备好的材料，最后缴纳申请费和手续费，领取办理回执单，然后再按照规定的时间领取护照。

二、基本材料

需要准备的材料并不多，户口的首末页和个人的身份证需要准备复印件，这是是基础的身份证明，如果办护照的时候未满16岁，那么还需要监护人现场陪同办理。

然后大家还需要自己准备好证件照，具体的要求要事项进行了解，保证符合规定的要求才可以，准备好这些就可以了，所有的材料需要现场递交。

三、申请费用

大家首次进行护照的申请需要缴纳的费用是200元，如果护照没有空白页了进行更换的话也是200元，此外护照如果受到了损坏进行更换也是200元。

如果护照遗失了进行补办的话，价格会稍微贵一些，需要400元;而如果大家出国的目的进行了更换，需要增加项目的话，每项是20元。

四、审核时间

一般非班里的旺季，办事处的工作人员在收到了大家的申请之后，就会对材料进行审核并且开始内部的流程，这样一般半个月就能够进行发放。

出国留学个人全英文申请书 篇2

关键词：来华留学生,管理,个人主义,集体主义

随着中国的国际影响力和国际地位也不断提升, 来华留学生规模逐年扩大。不断增加的留学生给中国大学教育体制和管理模式也提出了新的挑战。特别是对于全英文授课的留学生生来说, 班级全部由留学生组成, 且学生来自不同的国家, 受教育程度参差不齐, 文化背景复杂多样, 这些都增加了管理工作的难度。国内相对滞后的留学生管理模式使得这些初次踏入中国这片陌生土地的留学生面临文化适应、学习、情感、健康等多方面压力。除此之外, 全英文授课留学生独立成班阻碍了整个学校多年积攒的优秀的校风、学风融入到留学生当中, 也阻碍了留学生接触中国学生、了解中国文化的机会。长此以往, 留学生缺乏学习目标和动力, 班级风气恶性循环, 这些问题得不到及时解决, 不仅影响留学生个人的发展, 也影响他们对东道国的评价及东道国的国际形象。如何引导留学生积极适应中国的生活和文化, 并在班级中营造出积极向上和谐的学习和生活氛围是管理工作的重点和难点。在长期的管理实践中, 我们基于对中西文化价值观差异特别是个人主义与集体主义的差异研究结果, 抓住学生心理需求, 采用了一系列针对学生整体和个体的措施, 充分调动学生的主观能动性, 帮助留学生融入中国的学习和生活, 树立目标促进留学生发展, 加强留学生管理。

一、中西文化价值观差异

由于受儒家文化的影响, 集体主义是中国主流价值观的重要内容之一, 一直影响着人们几千年来的生活方式。随着近年来中国经济的快速增长和国际化趋势, 中国社会的各方面都发生巨大的变化。不同的观点、价值取向相互碰撞, 使得人们的传统思维在不断变化。尽管如此, 有研究表明中国大学生依然表现出强烈的集体主义倾向[1]。在这种价值观的影响下, 中国学生一向重视集体, 以集体、以大局为重。西方个人主义渊源于文艺复兴时期的人文主义, 宣扬人生而自由平等, 并且认为人生的最大价值在于自我实现, 在这种价值观的引导下, 当个体和整体以及个体之间发生利益冲突的时候, 解决的方式是自由竞争。这种自由竞争一方面构成了个人追求理想的内驱力, 激励和促进个人的潜能发挥, 而且个体的竞争也能够间接推动整体的共同发展[2]。尊重人和尊重人的价值, 最大限度地发挥个人的创造性和主动精神, 是当代西方个人主义观念的核心。一个人如果想要尽其所能为社会的共同目标做出自己的贡献, 就必须允许他按照他自己所关心的目标去行动, 为其理想的方向去努力。为促进或推动人类社会的前进和发展, 一个重要方面就是如何对人的行动产生有效的激励[3]。所以, 来自西方国际或者受西方文化影响国家的留学生注重个人价值的实现, 注重自我的发展。

二、措施

基于对中西方价值观的研究, 对于主要由来自西方国家或者受西方文化影响国家的留学生的班级, 我们在管理中采取注重留学生“个人主义”价值观的措施。

1. 建立留学生会、班干部等学生组织, 加强学生自我管理。

随着留学生规模扩大, 由学院牵头在留学生中建立留学生会实施自我管理。在建立过程中, 应给予学生会骨干足够的信任, 树立他们的威望, 让学生会成员在参与学生管理、帮助其他留学生的过程中感到实现了自我价值和成就感。以我校建立留学生会的经验, 在留学生会干部选举前, 做足宣传和声势, 让留学生对学生会充满期待, 并积极的加入到学生会干部的竞选和投票中。在留学生会建立后, 充分发挥留学生会在传达管理部门信息、组织活动、参与管理等方面的作用。另外, 学院专门为留学生会开辟了办公地点, 在办公地点悬挂了留学生会干部的照片, 给予留学生会极大的认可和重视, 也方便留学生会工作。通过一系列举措, 留学生会作用不断显现, 留学生会犹如一座架在管理部门与留学生之间的桥梁, 使留学生及时得到学院通知, 帮助管理部门掌握留学生的思想动态, 发挥了巨大的作用。另外, 各个班级可以成立班级组织, 帮助进行班级的管理。

2. 设置多种奖项及奖学金, 激活气氛, 争先创优。

为了在留学生中营造积极向上和谐的气氛, 学院通过设立多种奖项及奖学金调动学生主观积极性, 激励学生不断进取, 实现自我价值。奖学金和奖项的设立可以根据学院的培养目标, 例如设立优秀学生奖、优秀学生干部奖、考勤奖、文明宿舍奖等, 这些奖项的设立既可以鼓励学生努力上进, 也可以达到加强学生管理的目的。这种举措符合西方个人主义价值观, 迎合留学生心理, 具有良好的激励作用。

3. 在组织活动中, 更注重学生的需求, 发挥学生的主体地位。

在管理实践工作中发现, 很多留学生在完成学习任务之余, 由于语言、文化等多方面原因难以融入到中国学生的活动中去, 于是在课余生活进入一种“无所事事”的状态, 此时留学生很容易产成低落、焦虑的情绪, 有的甚至产生严重的心理疾病。为充实留学生课余生活、帮助留学生交友, 管理部门或者留学生会应该组织留学生喜爱的体育及文化活动, 帮助留学生找到自己的“圈子”, 增加留学生集体归属感, 活动项目的选择应征求留学生的意见, 适合留学生的特点, 例如巴基斯坦、印度等国家留学生喜爱羽毛球、板球运动, 非洲国家留学生喜爱跳舞及篮球、足球运动等。除文体活动外, 可组织文化学习及历史考察等活动增进留学生对中国文化的了解, 例如开展汉语角、系列学术讲座、名胜古迹参观等诸多活动。除了留学生内部活动外, 可以与中国学生一同参加学校组织的各项活动或者与中国学生会联合开展增进文化交流的活动, 让留学生有机会认识到更多中国学生, 从而进一步了解中国。通过组织这些活动, 使留学生以更饱满的热情、更充沛的精力投入到学习当中, 起到事半功倍的效果。学院同时可以组织能够让学生体现自我价值的活动。例如演讲比赛, 国家文化展, 摄影大赛等。在留学生中, 其实有很多“埋没”的人才, 只有学院给予其表现自我, 成为“英雄”的机会, 留学生才会展现并为之努力。

4. 为留学生寻找提升能力的机会, 使其实现最大的发展。

在留学生中不乏成绩优异, 积极上进的学生, 教学和管理部门应为其发展寻找更多机会, 因材施教, 为优秀学生创造条件, 给予优秀学生充分发展的空间。例如让有科研实践兴趣的留学生参加学术活动、相关竞赛以及更多进入实验室学习的机会, 让有跳舞特长的学生加入学校舞蹈协会等。

5. 积极拓展就业实习途径, 帮助留学生找到人生方向和目标。

积极为留学生拓展就业实习途径, 与行业优势企业签订协议, 共建就业实习基地。之后, 根据学生学习及日常表现, 选拔部分留学生赴企业实习。根据协议, 实习成绩优秀的留学生, 毕业后会优先被企业的海外拓展部门录用, 这些举措既可以帮助留学生找到人生方向和目标, 也可以丰富实践教学的内容, 促进留学生创新能力和综合素质的提高。

6. 通过单独谈话了解留学生的思想动态和个体需求。

谈话是了解留学生想法最直接的方式, 与学生单独谈话可深入了解留学生思想动态和个体需求, 让他们感到自身的重要性, 享受到实实在在的“人文关怀”。随着留学生人数不断增加, 管理部门很难做到与每个留学生进行深入的谈话, 交谈对象可以选择部分有代表性和必要性的学生, 使谈话目的性更强, 例如学生会骨干、思想波动大的学生、积极上进的学生、成绩落后的学生等。

总之, 通过对中西文化价值观差异的研究, 我们在留学生管理工作中, 不断思考, 开展一系列措施促进留学生主动的实现自我价值, 提升自身能力, 充分考虑留学生心理需求, 培养良好的学风、校风, 最终促进留学生学习和发展, 并留下一段在中国美好的学习经历。

参考文献

[1]王艳敏.中国学生个人主义集体主义价值观调查与研究——一项基于华中科技大学研究生的调查[D].硕士论文, 2010.

[2]魏晓燕.先秦道家与西方个人主义思想之比较[J].武汉理工大学学报 (社会科学版) , 2010, (10) .

出国留学的英文申请书 篇3

Due to the comprehensiveness of Chinas reform and open policies, economics plays an increasingly important role in the development of its global position. Though more and more companies built, management of companies cannot catch up with the development of the companies. Management is a burgeoning field in China, so I hope I can acquire more modern knowledge on management in England.

The roots of my strong interest in business can be traced back to my childhood. My father was among the first of Chinas new breed of modern entrepreneurs. As a young girl, it was inspirational hearing about his business ventures, and meeting the varied and interesting circle of entrepreneurs. My mother was also involved in business as an accountant, helping him with simple calculations. And so it was early in my life that I hoped I, also, would someday be able to enter the realm of business. With the time of growing up, I preferred reading books to satisfy my curiosity. I never ceased to contemplate over the questions I encountered. Subjects on business and management became a special fascination to me and my knowledge of psychology as well as interest in this field was increasing rapidly. As a high school student in China, I had to concentrate on the College Entrance Examination (CEE), even so, books not related to the exams were never excluded from my life. Unfortunately when sitting in the exam in June, 20xx, I was so nervous that I didnt score well in the CEE exam. I enrolled in the department of Computer Science in Zhejiang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Any attempt to persuade myself to focus on my major turned out to be a failure at the beginning of my college life. After several terms, I realized that I would never be interested in being a programmer or an engineer. At that moment, I lost my direction and objectives. My persistence in reading saved me from the dark situation. As a matter of fact, I enjoyed reading the books included Encyclopedia American, and some books about management by Peter F.Drucker. I began to notice something interesting:Why some companies can produce more than others? Why some company can sell more than others? Why some companies can build up but others cannot when facing the same difficulties? With the questions in my mind, I started to read many relevant books. I was lucky to read the book Jack:Straight from the Gutby Jack Welch, in Which John A. Byrne makes a clear illustration that the management is important for a company. When I was a junior, I ran a bookshop by myself near my school. I should manage not only the finance in the shop but also the employees in my shop even made some strategies to enlarge the business in my shop to hold on the run the shop. From this, my interpersonal skills and the capacity in business has been greatly developed, definitely I was increasingly interested in what I was doing. By December, , I had finally determined to take business management as my career instead of IT.

To accumulate more relevant knowledge, I strived to gain more practical work experience in some big companies. Fortunately, as a senior, I began by conducting an internship in the Architecture Company in Zhejiang Province. Over six months, I worked as an assistant of the manager to harmonize the relationship between the different departments in this company and to draft some management system, which broadened my perspective of management conditions and business performance in different industries. The experience showed me that management is much more important than that of I thought in big companies. After graduation, I continued my work in this company. In May, 20xx, the company offered me an opportunity to participate in an training program held by a famous management school. Through in-depth discussions with teachers and students in the classes, they all encouraged me to pursue my future career in management field because of my intellectual ability and the brand new ideas I mentioned. During the short period of training, I realized that pursuing a higher degree in management is a wise choice for me now. Lancaster, with its excellence in management, represents the perfect fit for my needs. In your challenging environment, I can build the required foundation of knowledge related to management to achieve my goals. I am firmly convinced that your admission will be my first step of success. With this in mind, I hereby submit my application, and await your favorable reply.

英文留学申请书 篇4

It has come to my attention that our nations， and nations like ours， havelong been plagued by a mysterious occurrence. An occurrence that is asperplexing as it is frustrating， and as baffling as it is widespread， a problemthat finds its origins at the very foot of our society. The problem of which Ispeak is none other than “The Orphan Sock Enigma，” the constant disappearance ofindividual socks during the laundering process. It is a problem familiar to allof us， and also one to which we have unwillingly admitted defeat.

I recently decided that this puzzle had remained unsolved for too long， andresolved to find an explanation. (In the grand tradition of science， I refusedto be discouraged by the basic irrelevance of my cause.) But the truth that Iuncovered is more shocking and fantastic than I could have ever imagined. Myprocedures， observations， and conclusions are as follows:

First， to verify that the problem exists， experimental and control loads oflaundry were completely processed (put through the washer and dryer). In thexperimental load (load with socks)， by the end of the process， some socks werelost. But in the control load (load without socks)， no socks were lost. Thus theproblem was verified.

Next the progress of a load of socks was carefully monitored. The resultsindicated that sock disappearance occurs during the period of time when the loadis in the dryer. Following this conclusion， a literature search was done and avery significant fact was uncovered: there is no mention of socks disappearingin dryers before the invention of dryers in the 1920s. All evidence clearlypointed to the dryer. And it is there that I would find the answer to theenigma.

【热门】留学英文申请书格式 篇5

Dear _,

My goal in studying Biomedical Science is to achieve a deeper knowledge of the human body. I respect people who dedicate their lives to help others in need and using their knowledge for the greater good. Since I was born and raised in the Philippines, I understand the need for Biomedical Science especially in lower economically developed countries where health issues such as malaria and tuberculosis have affected the country. Having an awareness of this issue at a young age has led to my curiosity in Biomedical Science.

I believe independence is a key attitude for university. Studying Biology and Chemistry required me to think logically and learning mechanisms in chemistry often involved critical thinking. I try to consolidate my understanding by further research such as studying the mechanism for diazotisation. Likewise, practical work such as dissections and ester synthesis has taught me to be patient. I have learnt to work in a standardised manner whilst being structured in collecting and recording data. Similarly I have learnt to be efficient in my studies and research when I was completing my EPQ on the ethics of drug trials. Whilst researching, I have learnt to work within deadlines and manage my workload in a productive manner which I believe is a key necessity for studying science.

I was also fortunate to do work shadowing in my local hospital focusing on endoscopy, surgery and A&E. I shadowed several medical professionals and I learnt how important it is for them to work together harmoniously especially in diagnosis and prognosis. This experience has helped me understand the responsibilities that a healthcare professional must adhere to ranging from providing a good standard of care and being honest and open whilst acting with integrity.

In addition, I am currently completing my DofE Gold award which allowed me to develop my skills in decision making. This involved both teamwork and individual tasks which required me to be patient and resilient in duties such as cook work and map reading. Similarly, I travelled to Ecuador in the summer of where I undertook voluntary work. This gave my additional insight to problems that other poorer countries face. During my time there, I gained confidence in speaking and socialising with other people whilst working as a team to achieve a task such as making cement. I try my best and seize hold of every opportunity given to me. In Ecuador, I realised I have a privileged life and I have grown to become more grateful for the things we take for granted.

Whilst in secondary school, when I was a prefect, I was responsible for helping younger students. I enjoyed mentoring and assisting the lower years as it helped with my development of leadership and communication skills. I also have a passion for photography. It is a way to express feelings and provides a way to develop my creativity and relieve stress. Moreover, I am learning to play the ukulele and the demand for time and effort has made me develop a sense of persistence and commitment to learn new skills.

I hope to continue my development and aim to understand the spectrum of knowledge that Biomedical Science offers. I am a self-motivated, determined individual and I look forward to the academic and social challenges of university. I am aware of the demands and difficulties of a science based career but my aspiration to learn Biomedical Science has only been strengthened by my paramount desire to help others.

Yours sincerely,

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法国留学简单申请步骤

一、确认方案

大家一定要做好自己的申请规划，保证自己的能够在后续有序的进行准备，前期的基础就要打好，做足功课，了解自己准备申请的学校和专业，并且计算自己申请和留学需要的费用。

二、学习法语

语言的学习是需要最早开始的，因为直接的入学必须要有B2的水平，为了不浪费自己的时间和金钱，在国内就要留出时间来接受提升训练，并且预约好自己考试的具体时间。

三、准备材料

学术材料的准备主要就是大家考试成绩的提升，这时候还来得及，而且大家还要开始准备自己的文书软件材料，包括撰写简历、陈述，以及联系推荐人写推荐信，会需要话比较长的时间交涉。

四、参加考试

包括自己毕业前的最终专业考核和论文的考核，一定要认真对待;以及法语的TEF或者TCF的考试，考试的费用都是1750元，前者考试时间2小时10分，有效期一年，后者考试1个半小时，有效期一年。

五、提交申请

所有的材料准备好了之后，大家就可以提交自己的正式申请了，目前法国已经普及了线上的申请，大家可以将自己的材料和申请表一起提交，这样可以缩短审核需要的时间。

六、CELA评估

官方的平台，可以方便大家进行留学申请的申请，并且可以预约留学签证的面试，大家要提前注册好，然后再接受全面的评估，这样会省去不少的麻烦。

七、办理签证

拿到了自己被录取的通知后，就可以带上自己准备的材料，前往使馆接受审核和面试，流程进行了简化之后，大家需要花的时间也会短不少，而且最快半个月就能拿到结果。

八、准备出发

申请阶段的内容完成之后，大家就可以安心地准备出国的行李了，确认好出发日期购买机票，然后预约接机的人，到时间后直接飞去法国。

法国留学需要具备哪些条件

1.年龄

去法国留学是有明确的年龄限制的，基本上报考法国的本科必须在18岁以上。如果你只是高中毕业生，想申请法国的本科，你的年龄不能超过22岁。研究生有的一些专业比较特殊，所以年龄要求比较宽松基本在30岁以内即可。私立院校年龄限制可放宽。

2.学术背景

有高中(或以上)毕业文凭。一般需要有高考成绩(达到二本线以上);大学毕业学历的申请者不得超过28周岁。大专、本科或以上学历，英语好，可直接申请硕士或博士。

高中毕业生，需要提供高中毕业证和大学录取通知书;大学在读学生，需要提供大学成绩单;本科毕业生，需要提供学位证书及大学期间完整的成绩单。

3.语言水平

语言条件国内要求法语学习500学时，并参加法国使馆组织的留学考试(对应的一般是TCF/TEF考试达到B1以上)。提醒：因为法国的公立大学都是法语授课，只有商学院是英语授课，但都是私立的。

英语授课的话英语水平需要达到雅思6.0以上;英语授课项目根据学校要求提供GMAT,雅思或托福成绩。

4.经济能力

能够支付的起在法国留学期间的一切费用，需要有6-8万人民币以上的银行存款(活期，办完签证可取)。

5.身体健康，无犯罪记录

出国留学个人全英文申请书 篇6

来华留学生这个群体以青少年为主, 这个年龄的人群本身的心理成长特征正处在一个阶段向另一个阶段过渡的时期, 发展具有不稳定性、可塑性[1]。此外, 留学生处在异国, 想象和现实的反差, 政治制度、社会意识形态之间的反差, 不同文化传统、宗教信仰、民族特性及生活习惯之间的差异都容易导致他们产生适应不良、焦虑、抑郁等不良情绪。这些生理、心理、个性特点更影响他们发展的不平衡、不稳定, 使他们极易受到外界环境的各种因素影响[2]。

在管理过程中, 我们发现留学生随着入校时间的推移, 学生适应能力、医学知识的增加、自我调节能力的提高, 心理健康状况会有不同的变化。因此, 对不同年级留学生进行心理测评, 分析不同年级留学生主要存在哪些方面心理问题, 对产生的问题进行分析, 并采取对症措施进行心理干预 (对症为留学生进行咨询、疏导, 并进行各种行为指导及治疗;学校除了组织各种健康有益的活动外, 有计划的开设与心理相关的课程) , 是管理留学生的重要任务, 也是高校开展心理健康教育的重要组成部分。

1 研究对象

整群抽取新疆医科大学国际教育学院2007~2011级临床本科留学生 (分别为1~5年级) 542人为调查对象。

2 调查方法

防御方式问卷 (Defense Style Questionnaire) , 简称DSQ。是由M、Bond (加拿大) 于1983年编制的一种自评问卷。后来分别于1986年和1989年两次修订。该问卷改变了以往了解防御机制的方法主要是依靠会谈和自传分析的方法, 能够较全面、省时地收集较标准的资料, 便于比较和研究[3]。该问卷包含88个项目, 每个项目均采用较为细致的1~9级评定方法 (完全反对;很反对;比较反对;稍微反对;既不反对也不同意;稍微同意;比较同意;很同意;完全同意) , 此处之程度, 完全由评定者自己的体会, 即是否赞同条目对自己行为的描述, 并无硬性规定。全部项目可概括为4个因子, 即:不成熟的防御机制、成熟防御机制、中间型防御机制和掩饰因子。因子分值越靠近9, 即应用某类机制的频度越大, 其掩饰度则越小。此问卷测试的是习惯化的行为方式, 评定的时间范围应适当延长 (本次测评中, 我们的要求学生填写一年内的感受) 。

该问卷的目的是能够收集较为完整、连续的心理社会成熟程度指标, 适用于研究成年人的防御机制。防御机制不管是在疾病中可能是种病理心理机制, 还是在缓解内心痛苦, 减少应激时是种中介机制, 在理论和实践中, 都是极其重要的[3]。

3 质量控制

为保证调查的客观性、准确性, 调查员是留学生管理干部 (大部分有医学背景) , 并对调查员进行了集中培训, 统一要求、统一标准和进度, 统一指导语。

调查员组织全部留学生在课堂上完成问卷, 留学生个人做出独立的、不受任何人影响的自我评定。调查员组织全体学生集中在一起, 当场发放、当场收回。当天调查完后, 第二天在各班随机抽样3%进行重复调查, 观察两次调查结果。在本次调查中, 结果一致。

4 防御方式问卷量表 (DSQ) 测试结果

调查发出问卷542份, 收回537份, 有效问卷509份, 有效回收率为93.9%。需对88个项目进行填写, 每个项目均采用较为细致的1~9级评定方法 (完全反对;很反对;比较反对;稍微反对;既不反对也不同意;稍微同意;比较同意;很同意;完全同意) , 程度完全由学生自己体会, 也就是说:是否赞同条目对自己行为的描述, 并无硬性规定。平均填表时长38分钟。

我校留学生防御方式问卷调查, 见表1。

留学生防御方式与生活事件应激强度的相关分析 (见表2) 。

5 讨论

根据表5的结果显示, 测试者中68.24%的学生成熟防御机制占第1位。22.34%的学生掩饰因子占第1位。7.31%的学生中间型防御机制占第1位, 只有2.11%的学生不成熟防御机制占第1位。测试者中各种防御机制的频度次序依次为:成熟防御机制, 掩饰因子, 中间型防御机制, 不成熟防御机制。说明留学生在受到内在或外在刺激引起情绪波动时, 大多数学生都能采用较为合理的防御机制来调节心理平衡 (或者说有意愿自我调节) , 这是一个好现象, 这对留学生心理健康发展是有利的, 说明我校留学生在学习医学专业期间, 对内在或外在的刺激引起情绪波动时, 自我调节和平衡能力与国内学生相当。

从留学生防御方式与生活事件应激强度的相关分析 (表2) , 不成熟防御方式与人际关系、学习压力、健康适应等成正相关;中间型防御方式与健康适应因子成正相关。防御方式、生活事件应激强度之间是相互影响的[4]。

本次调查通过防御方式问卷DSQ测试, 通过专业软件进行统计、分析, 并结合青少年生活事件量表ASLEC多元线性回归分析, 认为留学生超过半数学生 (68.24%) 都发生过负性生活事件, 根据他们自身的成熟度和心理调节能力, 结合他们医学专业知识增加, 他们也有意愿进行心理调节, 这为管理者提供良好的基础保障。

参考文献

[1]Araujo K, Ryst E.Adolescent defense style and life stressors[J].Child Psychiatry Hum Dev, 2001, 30 (1) :19-28.

[2]陈慧, 车宏生, 朱敏.跨文化适应影响因素研究述评[J].心理科学进展, 2003, 11 (6) :704-710.

[3]汪向东, 王希林, 马弘.心理卫生评定量表手册[J].中国心理卫生杂志, 1999, 13 (增刊) :102-105.