中西方爱情诗歌对比

中西方爱情诗歌对比（精选5篇）

中西方爱情诗歌对比篇1

（安徽建筑工业学院外语系，安徽合肥 230601）

摘要：诗歌是人类情感的载体，是人类语言的积淀和最美的凝练。无论是东方还是西方，爱情是诗歌中最为常见的主题，留下了无数名篇。但两者在艺术特征和诗歌体裁等方面却风格迥异，尤其是古典爱情诗歌的差异更为明显。

关键词：中西古典爱情诗；内容；表达方式

中图分类号：I106.2 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1673-2596（2011）05-0114-02 爱情是人类的基本情感，是人性的自然流露，也是文学永恒的主题。诗歌是种独特的文学体裁，是人类语言和情感的积淀。中西方文学中爱情诗歌层出不穷，佳作迭出，很多被人们传诵千古。

在中西爱情诗中,诗人对男女之间纯洁美好、忠贞不渝、欢乐幸福爱情的描写和歌颂,是基于人类自然的、共同的人性本质的基本特征,反映了中西爱情诗的共通点。但是, 我们也应该看到,由于中西方社会不同地域特征、生活方式、文化心理和民族性格的影响,其情爱诗也必然表现出不同的审美艺术特征,昭示出中西方不同的爱情诗歌风貌。

一、情感表达方式的不同

在情感表达方式上，中诗具有含蓄隽永的特点，意蕴悠长，令人回味。如李清照《醉花荫》中的这几句：

“东篱把酒黄昏后，有暗香盈袖。莫道不消魂，帘卷西风，人比黄花瘦。”

该词虽倾诉思念之情，却通篇不见思念之词，含蓄哀婉，欲语还休，令人回味不已。而同是有着丰富感性体验的女性，英国诗人勃朗宁夫人笔下的思念则是如此的直白和强烈，感情奔放而外露：

“我想你！我的相思围抱住了你，绕着你而抽芽，像蔓藤卷缠着树木、遍发出肥大的叶瓣，除了那蔓延的青翠把树身掩蔽，就什么都不见。

可是我的棕榈树呀，你该明白，我怎愿怀着我的思念而失去了更亲更宝贵的你！”

含而不露是中国爱情诗的基本特征，思念或欢爱之情往往藏于字里行间，需要读者细细品味和体会，西方情诗则直抒胸臆，热情奔放，一览无余。

中西方情感的表达方式之所以有如此大的差异，主要与中西方之传统观念、民族性格、思维特征、哲学美学思想有关。首先，中西文化传统的不同直接影响到中西爱情诗在表达上的不同。由于中国的德性文化重在群体，以个体的性爱意识为基础的爱情在其中受到严重压抑，加上儒家“乐而不淫，哀而不伤”、“发乎情，止乎礼”的文艺批评原则，使得中国诗人在抒发爱情时也大多含蓄、委婉，细腻而不宣泄。西方文明的主要支柱《圣经》和骑士文学对西方文化和文学的发展有着重大影响，上帝造人的故事和骑士精神既奠定了西方文明尊重妇女传统的基石，又说明男女之间相爱结合乃天然之事，故而放声赞美爱人，热烈歌颂爱情也就合乎情理了。所以西方诗人对爱情的表述往往感情炽热，大胆率真，无羞涩忸怩之态。其次，中西社会经济、政治特征的差异导致了中国爱情诗的含蓄和西方爱情诗的开放。西方文明源于古希腊，人们热衷于冒险的海上贸易。在商业性经济与民主政治中逐步演化出西方人崇尚个人自由与个性发展，大胆追求个人幸福与爱情的开放型民族性格。而中华民族起源于黄河中下游，是一个带有典型田园特色的农业地区，自给自足的农业经济，以及受“天下为公”、“克己复礼”的封建思想束缚，导致了中国人内向型的性格。正是这种差异使中国诗学提倡节制情感，追求委婉含蓄的表达方式。而西方人外向型的心态，使他们往往表现出一种直率的爱情观。

二、内容上存在较明显的差异

与西方爱情诗不同,中国古典诗人大多不着意描绘自己对恋人的追求与颂扬,而多是抒发相思恨别之情,因此,闺怨诗、送别诗、悼亡诗在中国古代爱情诗中占有相当大的比重。如陆游的《钗头凤》、柳永的《雨霖铃》等等。而闺怨诗大多表现了征妇、商妇、官妇独守闺房,对离家在外的夫君的思念之情,也有的表现弃妇、宫女的寂寞伤春或怨恨之情。家喻户晓的中国古代长诗《孔雀东南飞》描写的是一个凄美的爱情故事，而“十年生死两茫茫。不思量。自难忘。千里孤坟，无处话凄凉。纵使相逢应不识，尘满面，鬓如霜。夜来幽梦忽还乡。小轩窗。正梳妆。相顾无言，惟有泪千行。料得年年断肠处，明月夜，短松冈”是大文豪苏轼写就的《江城子》，这样的诗句，让人读来顿觉心怀感慨，唏嘘不已。

而与这种感怀伤逝、哀叹悼亡或离别的中国爱情诗句相比，西方爱情诗歌的内容则大不相同，如以苏格兰诗人彭斯的名诗《一朵红红的玫瑰》为例：

呵，我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰，六月里迎风初开；

呵，我的爱人像一曲甜蜜的歌，唱得合拍又柔和。

我的姑娘，多么美丽的人儿，我呀，多么深厚的爱情！

该诗内容清新活泼，直抒胸臆，描写了如同玫瑰般美丽的少女和炽热的爱情，一个甜美的苏格兰少女形象跃然纸上，全诗读来也朗朗上口，温馨甜蜜。

西方的爱情诗中多形容女性美貌和魅力，赞颂爱情的崇高和伟大。因为西方人自由恋爱，婚前可以约会见面，互相倾诉爱意。而在中国古代，男女双方几乎没有自由交往的机会，常常是父母之命，媒妁之言，双方只能在新婚之夜才得以相见。在此情况下，称赞美貌或者赞美爱情之类的诗歌，完全无从写起。加之中国封建社会历史漫长，以孔孟儒家学说为基础的封建礼教统治严密，男尊女卑的传统使妇女长期处于卑微地位，难以入诗。另外一个原因是，古代知识分子以治国平天下为己任，忙于应试，奔波仕途，无暇以诗感赋。不过人毕竟是有感情的，婚后生活培养起的感情不会因分离而减弱，一旦爱妻亡故，顿时觉肝胆欲裂，赋诗悼亡。故而中国爱情诗中的惜别悼亡之作，不仅数量众多，且情感细腻凄婉动人，远非西诗之所能及。正如朱光潜先生所说：“西方爱情诗大半写于婚媾之前，所以称赞容貌诉申爱慕者多；中国爱情诗大半写于婚媾之后，所以最佳者往往是惜别悼亡。”西方国家随着西方资本主义经济的发展和社会物质的丰富，越来越多的女子可以接受良好的教育,西方女性特别是富有阶层的女性本身所具有的社会政治、经济地位使她们能频繁地参加各类社交活动，并在社会生活中表现得光彩照人、举足轻重。所有这些，都成为西方大量描写男女心灵融合的情诗的物质基础，成为西方爱情诗中大多数女主人公命运较好、性格开放、情绪欢快的客观原因。

中西诗风格的迥异也与文艺美学观有密切联系。柏拉图、亚里斯多德提出的“灵感说”、“宣泄说”对西方诗歌形成直抒美的传统产生了不可低估的影响，诗人华兹华斯也说过“一切好诗都是强烈感情的自然流露”。而“文贵含蓄”则是中国古代文学审美中的传统观点。老庄思想对这一审美传统的形成有重要的启迪作用。老子的“大音希声”和庄子的“至乐无乐”,都很自然地引伸出了“无言之美”的审美理论。此外，中西情诗在节奏、韵律方面也存在着较大差异，主要是受中西方语言文字的不同特点影响和制约的。著名美学家朱光潜先生曾准确而精炼地概括中英文诗歌的特点：“西诗以直率胜，中诗以委婉胜；西诗以深刻胜，中诗以微妙胜；西诗以铺陈胜，中诗以简隽胜”，这也同样适用于中西爱情诗歌的比较。

中西代表女作家爱情文学对比研究篇2

关键词：情美接受美学比较文学

一.引言

中国“爱情文化”博大而深邃让众多欲了解中国文化的异域文化人深感头痛，尤其是中国女性深深在中国古典爱情文化中孕育，向往“美丽爱情”而乐此不疲。但爱情虽为两性共同参与之活动，在长久以来，女性一直没有话语权。中西之间虽然都经历男性为主导的时期，形成众多以男性为主的爱情文化，但女文人在她们诗歌文学中充斥着女性对爱情之美的书写，却又因中西之间审美文化之差异，让中西爱情美的交流受阻。

二.文学爱情美之接受分析接受美学不仅仅是一种文学理论，同时也是一种美学理论。由德国文艺学教授Hans Robert Jauss 在1967年提出的。接受美学所要突出的就是以人为主观能动的艺术经验为主的审美经验，它在读者的接受和解释活动中表达出来。该理论认为读者不是被动的接受者，而是文学历史能动的创立者。接受美学指出，任何接受者在欣赏任何一部作品之前，在其认知视阈中都会有意或无意的对作品产生或多或少的期待视野，满足之后才能迎合受众的审美情趣。期待视野是指阅读一部作品时，读者的文学阅读经验构成的思维定式或限制结构。作家对于文学爱情美的创作，往往需要先被读者理解才能进一步审美。换句话说就是一种假设的期待结构，是因为接受者在欣赏作品之前就或多或少的已经有了一种固定的价值取向和思维定式。在品爱情文学之美中，不同的时代﹑地区﹑经历﹑甚至是不同人之间，拥有不同的期待视野就会理所当然的导致不同理解，领略美意或是无法理解。审美体验则是要求受众首先在满足期待视野的情况下，即在理解的情况下从事评、品、赏某作品的活动。在重点强调品美的基础上满足受众的情趣，使其得到审美体验。面对爱情文学之美，受众就会领略到文学爱情中寓情于景，直面抒怀等纷纷之美。

接受美学核心两个概念指出中西方理解方式、思维模式、审美不同造就文学家特别是心思细腻的女作家的写作技巧、作品的文本表达方式也有较大差异。一代名媛李清照作为中国古典爱情文学代表语言明快含蓄，意境深幽剔透，音韵婉转可人使其艺术审美境界达到相当高水平，她是中国历史上屈指可数的诗句传遍大江南北的女作家，也是难得一见的将爱情之美用女性视角展现淋漓精致的人。而西方另外两颗璀璨之星---伊丽莎白·勃朗宁夫人和艾米莉·狄金森均有鲜明的艺术色彩，结构精美，格律严谨，语言富有张力。

三.文学情美之对比辨析

爱情虽是人类共有之物，然中西方文化地域差异大，理所导致文学中爱情美的同中存异。长久以来，中外文学史体现的大部分为男性话语权，而中外女性对美丽爱情之向往却从未停息。美国19世纪著名女诗人及现代派诗歌代表人物艾米莉﹒狄金森中《我一直在爱》：

我一直在爱，我可以向你证明 ..... /我将永远爱下去，也可以向你论证...

直白大胆，抒情直述成为西方女性对爱情美丽向往的一大特征。“我一直在爱，”放弃女性相对男性的“被动”，将西方文化中，爱情无差别，追求不男女的“主动”之美体现淋漓精致，丝毫不逊于男性。据统计迪金森留下的上千首诗歌中，以第一人称“我”开头的多达300多首诗，与东方爱情文化中少有的女性对男性爱情主动权的“叛逆”意识。相比之下，李清照的词中：

《醉花阴》：《一剪梅》：......... 莫道不消魂，面卷西风，人比黄花瘦。一种相思，两处闲愁。....才下眉头，却上心头。

含蓄委婉，寓情于景一直是中国女性爱情文学的主旋律。作为中国爱情文学的女性代表人物----李清照在抒发对丈夫的爱恋时，多用“残风”、“愁雨”或与“黄花”进行类比等一系列意象来抒情。《醉花阴》中通过重阳佳节为夫妻离别的凄美的爱情美埋下伏笔，李清照为了表达自己对丈夫的相守相依，用“瘦”这个字深刻刻画了自己的凄切相思。

此外，《一剪梅》中“一相思，两闲愁”、“ 下眉头，上心头”对“情愁”进行细腻描述了一位闺楼“怨妇”打发孤单岁月，病用女性细腻手法标书了对爱情向往，将中国爱情美描述更加凄美，体现女性这一特殊群体的情美体现方式的魅力。此时女性不再是一个没有独立思维、没有独立情欲的男性附属物，而是一个将自己的思念、爱欲用自己独立的女性意识为视角体现出来的独立个体。

勃朗宁夫人作为另一位代表人物，其《十四行诗》犹如色彩浓重的西洋油画，深情重意更加印证了“西方表现婚恋题材的手法是开放的，笔调直率，大胆铺陈”这句话。由44部诗歌组成的《十四行诗》构建成诗组，一步一步表达自己爱的信仰，一步一步从消沉到振作、从由于到舒畅、从自卑到自豪逐步走向了“爱情战胜死亡”的主题。

……….听，那银铃似的回音：“不是死，是爱！

………. 爱呀，让我只爱著你，就算数了吧！

清晰可见，在爱情美的诠释上，李在词中利用一个多愁善感、欲说还休的形象，正式她的婉转愁怨的方式渲染的东方美丽的爱情打动了一千年来的读者。而勃朗宁夫人步步深入的方法把西方女性对追求平等爱情的热情奔放跃然纸上，倾倒一个半世纪的男男女女。中西方爱情诗歌叙述情美得方式迥异，由于中西诗学是在不同的文化语境、不同的社会历史条件下形成的和发展的，二者对共同的情诗审美问题的回答不可避免的会出现差异。中国文化中模糊性随处可见，这也成就了中国文学中爱情之美的不确定性，让国人赏心悦目，却又捉摸不定更加吸引读者让其主动去猜、主动去想。很多时候，读者读下来除了一幅美丽且很有画面感的美景外，更多的是模糊，而这种模糊感除了用心领神会来描述读者的体验这种美（审美体验）以外，很难找到其他词，也从侧面证明中国读者早已被这种文化传统渲染而习惯（期待视野）。以李清照为代表的女作家，从她们独立于中国男性将传统文化中的女性追求爱情的情感利用多项意境描绘成一幅美丽图画，而图画本身带有充分的模糊性，需要读者主动参与、互动并互相作用才能到达审美。与此相对的是，在西方世界中，女性為了更加体现要与男性等同的欲望，于是将诗歌中的话风锋利化，以谋求与男性等同的爱情文化美。与中国文学作品迥异处体现于，它更多是将具体地直接抒发强烈的爱情，将作者心中爱情美直观的表现给读者，让读者直接性感受到情美的强烈（审美体验），这与西方长久以来文化背景相关（期待视野）。勃朗宁、狄金森在自己的诗歌中，一贯将直率清晰地表达展现于读者，读者不需要过多思考，便能直观的体验到她们热烈的情感并产生共鸣。

中国思维传统不太重视对对象进行条分缕析，而是更加重视主题独特的经验、主客观之间的互相作用、从整体上直接把握对象，同时看重整体的浑成和圆融（乐黛云 2014）。李清照在细腻描述爱情之凄美时，将“残风”、“愁雨”、“黄花”等一系列意象整合融成一幅完美的景象，一环扣一环使其任何一部分都不可或缺，以免破坏整体的凄美爱情的品赏。与西方审美方式迥异，形式逻辑在西方思维中占有非常重要的地位。在西方的思维方式上，强调逻辑因果从陈述到证明的过程，一步一步的进入最后主题。西方文学两大女性代表作家---勃朗宁、狄金森均在其作品中一步一步将爱情论题引向深刻，一步一步的论证自己作为女性主义代表对爱情追求。

四、总结与展望

中西方文化差异大，同时也导致了各自代表女作家书写情美的方式方法不同。而中国学者大多从写作手法入手分析，过于简单的认为中国女作家对爱情的美丽描绘不过只是延续了中国女作家长期以往的含蓄、内敛及寓情于景、借景抒情的方式方法，相对而言西方却大胆直率，企图彻底将内心最强大、最热烈的情感喷发出来以求打动读者。含蓄对直率、内敛对热烈是两者表述方式的文化差异（期待视野）的表层差异，更加深层的差异更加体现于中国文学将情美更加侧重于整体把握与读者互动相结合，从而向读者展现出一幅模糊却又完整的一幅美画（审美体验）。西方女性作家在文学作品中讲究一步一步的推向主题、逐步论证以期达到高潮，让作者心中激流通过作品以尽可能最强劲方式涌向读者从而打动读者（审美體验）。中外通婚联姻逐渐频繁，但是巨大文化差异，让众多中国女性时常将西方男人的率直当成无理，而西方男性也对中国女性之似水柔情不得其解。中西交流最大困难在于双方期待视野和审美体验差异大，因此在意义表达方式上为了做到互相理解，就需要通过一定程度上“归化”予以表述才能做到真正意义上的交流沟通。

参考文献

1.米丽娜.艾米莉狄金森和李清照爱情诗的女性意识比较[J].西南名族大学学报（人文社科版）.2011（2）：34-36.

2.洪明. 论接受美学与旅游外宣广告翻译中的读者关照[J]. 外语与外语教学2006（8）：57-59

3.黄宇维，刘金明. 广告翻译的接受美学取向研究[J].湖北经济学院（人文社科版）.2013（05）：128-130.

4.杨自俭，刘学云.翻译新论[M].武汉：湖北教育出版社， 1999.

5.乐黛云比较文学原理新编 [M]. 北京：北京大学出版社，2014

中西方戏剧对比有感篇3

——以《哈姆雷特》和《窦娥冤》为例

亢菲

2012级教育学一班

摘要：通过对《哈姆雷特》和《窦娥冤》的解读，剖析出我个人对于中西方戏剧不同处的看法，同时也提出我对于戏剧未来的期待，以及对于戏剧表演形式改进的看法。关键词：心理描写、语言描写、哈姆雷特、窦娥冤

在酒神剧场，古希腊人年年粉墨登场。同一时期，在中国的先秦时代，孔子删定了《诗经》，屈原写就了《离骚》，老子在讲道，庄子说逍遥，百家争鸣，可谓气象恢弘。但那时，中国人观赏不到戏剧。戏剧艺术在中国文化土壤上艰难孕育，待到它蛹化成蝶，距离古希腊戏剧的黄金时代已是千年流失。但就是源于不同文化土壤上的两种戏剧，造成了今天戏剧舞台上的异彩纷呈。下面我以《哈姆雷特》和《西厢记》为例，谈谈我对中西方戏剧的感悟。

一、西方悲剧典型代表——忧郁王子“哈姆雷特”

1601年，一个经典戏剧人物形象——哈姆雷特在英国戏剧大师

莎士比亚的笔下诞生了。哈姆雷特的原型是丹麦历史上的一位传奇人物，有关他替父报仇的传说激发了莎士比亚的创作热情。经过莎翁的卓越创造，这个人物从苍白的历史记载走上了生动的戏剧舞台，成为了永恒的哈姆雷特。同时，哈姆雷特也成为西方戏剧塑造人物追求性格化传统的鼻祖。

哈姆雷特是一位非常理想的王位继承人。但是，一场灾难将这位“阳光王子”拖进了人生的深渊。哈姆雷特所崇拜的父王死了，他所依恋的母后改嫁了，父亡母嫁的事实让他一时间无法接受。就在他悲伤迷惘的时候，父亲的亡魂又告诉了他一个骇人的事实：自己是被自己的弟弟，哈姆雷特的叔叔毒害的。年轻的哈姆雷特陡然间遭到了双重打击，他的悲伤无法抑制，它的愤怒无法遏止。从此，他长久地生活在这两种负面情绪中，并造就了他复杂的内心世界。

哈姆雷特是一个谜，一个关于人的复杂内心的谜。哈姆雷特为什么没有直接剑刺仇敌的胸膛呢？这个问题，400年来没有得到一个公认的答案。哈姆雷特自己也非常困惑，他不断的自责说：“现在我明明有理由，有决心，有力量，有方法可以动手干我所要干的事，可是我还是再说一些空话„„始终不曾表现出来。”那么为什么呢？有四种解释非常流行：因为懦弱，哈姆雷特没有勇气，所以逃避复仇；因为性格谨慎，哈姆雷特思虑过多，所以没有轻易行动；因为心地善良，哈姆雷特不希望流血，所以竭力避免流血行为；因为没有机会，哈姆雷特无从下手，所以只能等待时机。但接下来，又有人根据具体情节推翻了以上四种说法。有人曾说：一千个人有一千个哈姆雷特。可见哈姆雷特内心世界的复杂，而莎翁的高明之处在于给观众留下了很大的想象空间，让观众有机会在哈姆雷特身上找到自己，也有机会描绘自己内心的哈姆雷特。

所以我认为西方戏剧故事的跌宕起伏主要体现在人物内心的纠结与斗争。西方戏剧不会浓墨重彩的去描述具体的故事情节，也不会通过大量铺陈来体现戏剧性效果，而是通过人物内心的斗争来展现戏剧特色。并且这种戏剧传统也深深影响了西方的小说创作。在西方的小说作品中，我们会发现大段的人物心理描写，这些心理描写往往是解读人物复杂心理性格的关键。同时这种人物的心理描写也将整个小说情节推向了高潮。

读西方戏剧，我会不由自主的融入到戏剧当中，与剧中人物发生奇特的心理共鸣。他们内心纠结，我也内心纠结；他们内心矛盾，我也内心矛盾；他们悲伤的难以自制，我也会悲伤的泪流满面。我与剧中人物无比和谐的融合在了一起，俨然不知我是剧中人，还是剧中人是我。

二、中国十大悲剧之一《窦娥冤》

公元13世纪，蒙古人灭金亡宋，建立元朝。由于蒙古族推行民族歧视政策，汉族知识分子报国无门，只好投身于戏剧创作，从而在整体上提升了中国戏剧的艺术性。正是在这种特别的历史背景下，中国戏剧迎来了自己的黄金时代。据不完全统计，元至明初200多年的时间里，剧作家留名史册的就有近200人，作品数量高达500多部。关汉卿、王实甫、马致远、纪君祥、高明是元代五位具有代表性的剧作家，他们的代表作—《窦娥冤》、《西厢记》、《汉宫秋》、《赵氏孤儿》、《琵琶记》基本上能够构成元代戏剧创作最为卓越的部分。从世界范围来看，人类戏剧在中国的元代迎来了继古希腊戏剧之后的第二次繁盛期。

下面我就中国十大悲剧之一的《窦娥冤》谈谈我对中国戏剧的感受。《窦娥冤》是关汉卿最优秀的代表作，剧作以窦娥的悲惨遭遇揭示了元朝吏治的腐败和社会的黑暗。士人窦天章无力偿还蔡婆的债务，不得不把年仅7岁的女儿窦娥抵押给蔡家做童养媳。窦娥17岁与丈夫成亲，但不久丈夫就病死了。蔡婆外出讨债，欠债不还的赛卢医竟欲把蔡婆勒死，恰逢泼皮无赖张驴儿父子路过此地，救下蔡婆，并以此相要挟，逼娶蔡家婆媳。软弱的蔡婆答应下来，窦娥则坚决不从。张驴儿在羊肚汤里下了毒药，企图毒死蔡婆，霸占窦娥。不料，张驴儿的父亲喝下了羊肚汤中毒而死，张驴儿反诬窦娥，两人对簿公堂。山阳太守贪赃枉法，偏袒张驴儿，对窦娥严刑逼供，还扬言要刑讯蔡婆。窦娥担心婆婆年纪大了受不了大刑之苦，只好屈打成招。临死前发下三桩誓愿：血溅白练、六月飞雪、楚州大旱三年。这三桩誓愿都一一得到验证。三年后，窦娥的父亲窦天章靠着窦娥冤魂的指引，从审了这桩冤案。恶人受到了惩罚，窦娥的沉冤得到昭雪。

窦娥的冤屈让许多人都哀叹不已，我们在为窦娥鸣不平的同时，也对元朝吏治的腐败产生了深深的厌恶。仔细阅读剧本，我们会发现《窦娥冤》中几乎没有对窦娥及几个主角的心理描写，这与西方戏剧相比显示出了极大的不同。《窦娥冤》中大多采用语言描述，通过不同人物的语言来体现人物性格特征，并且也着力将情绪融汇在语言中，从而将故事情节推向高潮。

读中国戏剧，我好像是一个隐世高人，冷眼旁观的看着尘世间发生的一切。我总会置身事外，以一个先知的身份感受着剧中人物的欢乐与悲伤。我会最客观冷静的发掘出作者想传达给我的想法，找到这个戏剧最震撼我灵魂的地方。但却会有一种“举世皆浊我独清，举世皆醉我独醒”的痛苦。最终只能化为“我笑他人忒疯癫，他人笑我看不穿！”

三、中西方戏剧的现代化

不论是西方戏剧注重心理描写，还是中国戏剧注重语言描写，都没有好坏之分。正是这两种不同的戏剧形态才造就了今天世界戏剧的异彩纷呈，我们要以一种开放的心态，从内心出发，用心去品读其中的韵味。

不论是西方戏剧，还是中国戏剧，都面临着一种较为尴尬的境地。当代年轻人都不是很喜欢戏剧这种文艺表演形式，这就需要我们改进戏剧，为戏剧加入许多现代化元素，与时俱进。例如：我们可以加入一些现代化语言，用一些多媒体设备，改编一下剧本。总之，只要为戏剧加入当代年轻人的创新思想，戏剧一定会在年轻人中找到“粉丝”。

我坚信：戏剧这朵艺术奇葩会开的更加绚丽！

【参考文献】

1、《忧郁的王子》

中西方饮食文化对比论文篇4

and Western Food Culture

系（部）：外语系专业班：姓名：学号：指导教师： 2011年 5 月

The Differences Between Chinese

and Western Food Culture 中西方饮食文化对比

Abstract

I important significance in Chinese food culture.It is not only in understanding the purpose of this fact in itself, but also it is more importantly and useful to guide our practice, based on the awareness-raising, improve food structure, get rid of food abuse, improve the food quality and guarantee people‟s needs, in this kind of way to promote Chinese dining culture.Key words: China and the west culture;difference;concept;comunication

摘要

随着经济全球化进一步发展，中西方联系越来越频繁。作为打开中西方人民交流的重要切入点，探讨中西方饮食差异变的十分重要。其意义在于既能有助于深刻理解中西方文化中的不同之处，跨越文化交流障碍，又能培养人们在跨文化交际时的适应能力，有效地避免交际双方由于文化差异而产生的误会。因此，分析和研究中西方饮食文化的差异对中国的饮食文化而言具有很重要的意义。此外，它有助于指导我们的实践。但是不言而喻中西美食的差异与社会文化的发展密切相关。文化是人们在长期的社会生活中生活方式凝聚起来的总称，其中生活方式又包括思维方式和行为方式，虽然文化具有普遍性特征，但它最根本的特点是以血缘和地缘关系为基础，以名族为单位形成的整体。饮食文化，同样以名族为单位，当一个民族形成了固定的饮食习惯，饮食技巧和饮食观念后，便构成了一种文化。这也与中国和西方的不同地理和历史条件息息相关，毕竟不同的文化反映不同的生活方式。

本文将从以下五个方面来说明中西文化的差异，它具体体现在饮食观念的差异、饮食内容的差异、饮食方式的差异以及不同的餐桌礼仪等。而本文不仅探讨了中西方饮食文化上的差异，更简要分析了造成这一差异的原因。除此之外，本文还以美国的餐桌文化给出了一些例子，例如，面包盘是在主盘的左边，饮料在主盘的右边；沙拉叉、刀和汤匙要比主菜刀、叉、勺放的要远；甜点餐具上方放置或随主板送达。一般吃东西的时候嘴巴紧闭；不要在餐桌上咳嗽、打喷嚏或在餐桌上吹鼻子等或者过分大声说话。总之，分析和研究中西方饮食文化的差异对中国的饮食文化具有很重要的意义。它不仅在于了解这一事实本身，更重要的是用它来知道我们的实践活动，在提高认识的基础上，改善食品结构，革除餐饮弊端，提高餐饮质量，保证人们的生活需要，弘扬中华文化的餐饮文化。

关键词：中西方饮食文化；差异；观念；交流

III

Contents

1.Introduction--------------------1 2.The differences between Chinese and Western food culture--------------------------3 2.1 The difference between Chinese and Western food objects--------------------------4 2.2 The difference in diet concept----------------------------6 2.3.Differences in dietary patterns-----------------------------9 2.4 The different utensils and etiquette----------------------11 2.5 Differences in diet attribution-----------------------------13 3.Nature of the differences between Chinese and Western food-----------------------16 4.Conclusion--------------------17 Acknowledgements--------------19 References------------------------20

IV 1． Introduction

With the development of the economic globalization, China and the western countries are connected with each other more tightly and frequently.As an important entry point for people to exchange, food culture plays a very important role.The differences between Chinese and western food have a lot to do with the social and culture development.Culture is a kind of lifestyle that gathered together in a long time in the social life.And the life style including the ways of thinking and behavior.Although it has the universal features, it is also has the fundamental characteristics of the blood and geographic relationship, based on the formation of the nation as a whole unit.Food culture, the same to the nation as a unit, when a nation formed a fixed diet habit, diet tips and diet ideas, then become a culture.It is connected with the different geographical and historical conditions of China and the west.After all different cultures reflect different lifestyles.In fact, food culture refers to the diet and lifestyle formed under certain historical or social conditions as well as the ideology formed on the basis of the aforesaid.During the history development of different countries and ethnic groups, different behavior patterns and lifestyles formed because the natural conditions and social environments were different.That is what people often refer to as customs.From the point of view of social observation and cultural study, the food culture of an ethnic group can fully embody its mentality, interest, belief and historical development.So, food culture can be seen as the most typical cultural feature of this ethnic group.The development and changes of food culture often reflect the evolution and progress of the society.The differences between Chinese culture and Western culture brought about the difference between their respective food cultures.Under two under different cultural backgrounds, obvious differences exist between Chinese food culture and western food culture, including perception, feature and the methods and materials.Therefore, it becomes very important to explore the differences between Chinese and western food.It can not only help us have a better understanding of the different culture between China and the west and come across cultural barriers, but also can train people‟s adaptability of the communication in cross-cultural, effectively avoided the cultural misunderstanding when we have a communication.So analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is very important to understand the differences.Moreover, it is useful to guide our practice when communicating with foreign friends.This paper tries to have inquiries into the difference from five aspects.It specifically expresses at the difference between Chinese and Western food objects,the difference in diet concept, differences in dietary patterns, the different utensils and etiquette, and differences in diet attribution.And this paper discusses the main characteristics the differences between Chinese and western food culture and the reasons for the differences.After that the paper has given the table manners of American as a example, such as bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right;salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon;dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.General Behavior: Chew with your mouth closed.Do not talk at an excessively loud volume.Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table and so on.In short, analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is not only in understanding the purpose of this fact in itself, but also it is more importantly and useful to guide our practice, based on the awareness-raising, improve food structure, get rid of food abuse, improve the food quality and guarantee people‟s needs, in this kind of way to promote Chinese dining culture.2.The differences between Chinese and Western food culture

Once there is a saying that “Food is eating well-deserved for human life”, so food is an indispensable condition for the survival and development of human beings.There are two desires in life: one is feasting them to survive;and the other is the lust of men and women, which can help the mankind to carry on the family line.Facing the two desires, China pays more attention to the former, while the west tends to the latter.Such phenomenon affects the cultural trend.Diet is actually the contents of our daily lives, but why we call it culture? That is because the diet has special status in Chinese culture, and it also has a great distinction between China and the west.As one of the world ancient nations, China‟s diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinese civilization.But in western countries, ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers did, and there is even not aware of it to the “heaven” degree.With the opposite, they recognized and interpreted the world in the perspective of the lust or love of men and women more.Whether the awareness of original sin of Christianity, Adam and Eve legend, or ancient Greek philosophy(such as Plato‟s dialogue)who considered the personal relationships “love” as the love of ontology of beauty, and regarded it as a reality thinking of philosophy, all these ideas become the basis of western philosophers‟ cultural thoughts.All these had potential effects on the development of western culture and westerners‟ characters.Receiving the influence of respective cultural tradition, the Chinese and western dietary culture has had different characteristics.The differences in concepts, targets, patterns, attribution and nature had reflected the different dietary culture in the different state characteristic;such characteristic has enriched the research value of dietary culture.Studying these cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject.It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.The dining product as a result of factor and so on region characteristic, climatic environment, manners and customs influences, will appear in raw material, the taste, the cooking method, the food habit varying degree difference.Was precisely because of these differences, the dining product had the intense localization.Between China and the West culture‟s difference has accomplished China and the West diet culture difference, but this kind of difference and gets along with people the philosophy from the West different thinking mode.The Chinese pays great attention “the beauty to unite”, the westerner pays great attention “humanist”.2.1The difference between Chinese and Western food objects

All diet cannot be done without vegetables.The word “dish” is for the sound in China, and it always has something to do with the plants.According to a survey of western plants scholar, there are 600 varieties of vegetables, six times more than in the west.In fact, the Chinese dishes, vegetable dish is usual food.Meat dish entered the normal diet only on holidays or higher living standards, so since ancient times, and there was a saying of “fresh vegetables”.“Common people eat fresh vegetables, fish only offered in the worship.” It is said that fresh vegetables are mainly to the civilian in general, only being able to eat meat only in worship.Vegetarian diet takes the dominant position in the normal structure.Chinese people consider the vegetables as the main dish;it has inextricably linked with the advocacy of Buddhists.They deem animals as “people” and plants have “no soul.” So, they advocate vegetarianism.Westerners do not seem to have such a good habit.They uphold a cultural origin of nomadic, seafaring nation.Living mainly by fishing and hunting, collection and planting are just the complement.There are more meat dishes in their lives.Feeding, clothing, and using are taken from the animals, and even Western medicine is derived from animals.When the westerners introduce the diet characteristics of their countries, they always feel that their diet is more reasonable on the mix of nutrition than China.The food industry is more developed, such as cans, fast food, although the taste is monotonous, but it saves time, and it also has good nutrition.Therefore, in their countries: people are generally healthier and taller than Chinese, and the people have strong shoulders and developed muscles;but Chinese people look short, their shoulders narrow and legs thin, their skin yellow and their body weak.The differences between Chinese and western food for Westerners to judge the merits of the two diet is not justified.Mr.Sun Yat-sen had profound study of the culture of food and incisive exposition.In his composing The Scheme for National Reconstruction, detailing the differences between Chinese and Western diet phenomenon, he concludes: “Chinese ordinary people drink green tea, and eat simple food such as vegetables and tofu for meal.Such kinds of food are the most healthy and beneficial according to the research of hygienist.Therefore, the remote people in china, whose diet are far from meat and wine, always live a long life.Also China has a big population, and Chinese people have enormous power to resist disease, but they never try the non-diet.“He added:” The Chinese vegetarians all eat tofu.Tofu is expected as the real meat in plants, as it has the nutrition that meat has.It is the meat without toxic materials.So the Chinese are vegetarian used to be a custom without the promotion of scholars.It is also a custom that the European and American drink thick Wine, eat meat and fish.So there was science promotion before and a severe law later, such as the United States Prohibition.And the transfer will not carry out in a short time.“Mr.Sun‟s words tell out the scientific benefits of Chinese diet and disadvantages of Western diet.According to the characteristics of the significant differences between Chinese and Western diet targets, the Chinese character is called the plant character, while the Westerners‟ is animal character.In response to the cultural behaviors, Westerners love adventure, exploration, conflict;but the Chinese people only like to live banally.According to American expert on folklore Ruth‟s opinions on the “cultural pattern” theory, Chinese culture is quite similar to the classical world Apollo-type character and Westerners‟ is similar to the modern world Faust-type.Indeed, the Westerners such as Americans in the development of the west, they put the whole family on the truck, and go out of the city in amid rumbling with the supplies.The Chinese people are always thinking about “home” and “roots”, despite the promotion that young people should take the world as home.But after a few decades, the overseas Chinese will come back to the mainland with crutch to seek their roots.This concept of return and such human spirit that can only be said to cooperate with the accumulation in the diet.Then it brings cohesiveness to the Chinese nation and then makes the human folk full of energy.Westerners think the food can make them feel full.therefore, eats large piece of meat;and Chinese cuisine is the “Taste” of it.Therefore, China is also showing great cooking in the random selected materials: many Westerners as something thrown away, are excellent raw materials in China, foreign chefs can not handle things the hands of a chef in China to can be miraculous.Demonstration of Chinese food in the materials used for the extensive arbitrary.West China is more than reasonable with emphasis on nutrition, there are more developed in the food industry, such as canned food, fast food, etc., although the taste is monotonous, but to save time, and good nutrition.Therefore, the body of their country than the Chinese people generally robust: tall, long legs, broad shoulders, muscular.The westerner thought that the cooked food is appeases hunger, therefore eats the bulk meat, the entire block chicken specially and so on “the hard vegetable”.But China‟s cooked food is “eats the taste”, therefore China cooks on the needed materials also appears the enormous capriciousness: Many westerners regard as abandons the things, in China is the extremely good raw material, the foreign chef is unable the thing which processes, as soon as arrives in the Chinese chef hand, may melt mysteriously decayed.Indicates the Chinese diet in needed materials aspectvastness capriciousness.Today people in the UK eat a more varied diet than ever before.As well as the regional diets of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland the many immigrant communities have introduced their cuisines to the previously unadventurous Britons: Chinese, Greek, Indian, Italian, Thai, American fast foods such as pizza, hamburgers and fried chicken have to some extent displaced the traditional fast food of fish and chips.Because of the climate and the Germanic origins of many of its early people, the UK has been a traditionally beer drinking rather than a wine drinking country.Nevertheless, in recent years, vineyards in the south of England have proved successful.In the west of England the traditional drink is cider, rather than beer.Over Britain as a whole, however, the traditional drink is tea.2.2 The difference in diet concept

The differences between Chinese and western diet cannot be ignored.Nobody will deny that the Western diet is a rational concept, regardless of the color of food, incense, flavor and shape, but nutrition must be assured.It cares about the intake of calories, vitamins, protein and so on during a day.Comparing with the Chinese diet, western diet tastes stereotyped, as simple as chewing the candle, but the sense tells them: We must eat them all because of the nutrition.And then they put it bluntly, just like refueling machine.The concept of western diet is compatible with the whole western philosophy.Metaphysics is the main feature of western philosophy.Such kind of philosophy brings vitality to western culture, so the natural sciences, psychology and methodology achieve a rapid development.In some other aspects, such philosophy proposition is a significantly obstacle, such as the dietary culture, which is the inevitable thing to drop behind, and just the metaphysics of methodology marks everywhere.In celebration, it stresses tableware, stresses the staple, stresses the servings, and stresses the color and shape mix of raw materials.But no matter how luxurious the grade is;from Los Angeles to New York, only one taste of steak, it is no art to speak of.And as dishes, the chicken is chicken;steak is steak, even in groups, which are also conducted in a shallow dish.In a dish of “French Muttonchops”, one side is potato mud, and muttonchops sits next to it, another side is allocation of cooking beans, and plus a few tablets of tomato.Color is on clear, but the tastes of the various materials are separated, not to reconcile, and the entire flavor is also simple and clear.Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet.When people sample dishes, they often say this dish is “delicious”, and that dish is “not delicious”.But if you ask what is meant by “delicious”, why “tasty” and what are the aspects of “delicious”, I am afraid that it will be difficult to answer.This shows that which Chinese people hanker on a diet is just the “mood” that is difficult for one to say anything.Even using the “color, flavor, shape and implement “which people often said to make the” realm “reification, I am afraid it is still difficult to crown all.The beauty pursuit of Chinese cuisine is clearly overriding the rational pursuit.This concept of diet is also coinciding with the traditional Chinese philosophy.Chinese philosophy as a representative of oriental philosophy, its distinguishing features is the macro, visual, vague and evasive.Chinese cooking method is to reconcile, and the ultimate goal is to reconcile out of a beautiful taste.The main stress is measure and the overall co-ordination.It contains a wealth of dialectics of Chinese philosophy, and all these depend on the degree of the wonderful flavor and harmony of dish.The ever-changing within degrees decides the changeable of Chinese food, and it also decides the characteristics of Chinese food as well as the characteristics on each of the chefs.Chinese pay great attention to “the taste” of the food, while the Westerns has a kind of rational diet idea.No matter food color, smell and tastes, shape how, but the nutrition needs certainly to obtain the guarantee, is fastidious about one day to absorb how many quantity of heat, Vitamin, protein and so on.Even if the taste is stereotyped, must certainly eat, because has the nutrition.This diet idea is adapts with the Western entire philosophy system.Metaphysics is the Western philosophy main feature.The western philosophy studies the object principle of for the thing, principle of the thing often is the metaphysics principle, the metaphysics principle links up mutually, in constipation forming philosophy.This philosophy the culture brings the vitality for the West, caused it in the natural sciences, the psychology, the methodology to realize the development which progressed by leaps and bounds.But in another some aspects, this philosophy advocated that the big earth played the hindrance role, like diet culture.At the banquet, may be fastidious about the tableware, is fastidious about the needed materials, is fastidious about the service, is fastidious about raw material of the vegetable shape, color aspect matching;But no matter how luxurious upscale, from Los Angeles to New York, the beefsteak only then one kind of flavor, does not have art to be possible to say.As the cooked food, the chicken is the chicken, the beefsteak is a beefsteak, even if has matching, that is also carries on the plate, “the Buddhist ritual procedures mutton chop”, puts the mashed potatoes at the same time, side relies on the mutton chop, in addition matches at the same time boils the green beans, adds several piece of tomato then to become.In the color contrasts distinctively, but each raw material is mutually irrelevant in the taste, is well distributed, each is each taste, simple perspicuity.The Chinese is takes seriously “to eat” very much, “the food is what matters to the people” this proverb showed that we eat look equally and the day are important.Because our nationality for several thousand years are in the low productive forces level, the people always cannot eat to the full, therefore only will then have one kind uniquely to eat can regard in all diet culture, I thought that this will be probably stems from one kind of survival to need.If one culture eats regards as the most important matter, will then present two kind of phenomena: On the one hand will eat this kind the function will display the acme, not only maintenance survival, also will use its health maintenance, this will also be” uses medicines to build up one‟s health was inferior the food will make up”cultural base;On the other hand, to eats excessive takes seriously, will cause the human to esteem to the delicacy the pursue.In China‟s cookery, achieves the acme nearly to the delicacy pursue, down to makes a living the Chinese to the overseas, take the restaurant as industry, has become us the basis which settles down and gets on with life in the world!It is a pity, when we take the pursue delicacy the first request, we have actually neglected food most basic nutritional value, our many traditional food must pass through overheated fries in oil boils with the long time soft fire dumpling, causes the cooked food the nutrient content to receive the destruction, many nutrient contents lost in the processing process.Therefore as soon as speaks of the nutrition question, in fact touched the Chinese diet culture biggest weakness.The folk has a slang: “the food is what matters to the people, the food take the taste as first”.Is this kind to the delicacy the pursue, poured causes us to neglect the real sense which ate meal.The Chinese when tastes the cooked food, often will say that this TV dinner “delicious”, that vegetable “is not delicious”;However if further asked that anything calls “delicious”, why “delicious”, “delicious” in where, was not perhaps easy to talk clearly.This indicated that what Chinese to diet pursue is one kind explains “the ideal condition” with difficulty, even if is usually called “the color, smell and tastes with the people, the shape,” to come this kind “the boundary” the concrete application, perhaps was still very difficult to cover.the reason that the China diet has its unique charm, the key lies in its taste.But the delicacy production, lies in well distributed, must make food this taste, heats up the later ripe taste, in addition the ingredient and the supplementary material taste as well as the seasoning compromise the taste, interweaves the fusion coordinated in the same place, causes it to supplement mutually, the cooperation seepage, is in perfect harmony, in you have me, in me has you.The Chinese cooking is fastidious compromises the beauty, is the Chinese cooking art concise place.A vegetable shape and the color are the external things, but the taste is actually the intrinsic thing, heavy intrinsic, but decorates the semblance not desirably, but the heavy cooked food‟s taste exposes the cooked food not excessively the shape and the color, this is precisely the Chinese US diet view most important performance.In China, the diet beautiful pursue has crushed the rationality obviously, this kind of diet view and the Chinese tradition‟s philosophic thinking also tallies.As Eastern philosophy representative‟s Chinese philosophy, its outstanding feature is macroscopic, direct-viewing, is fuzzy and is evasive.The Chinese dish manufacture method is the well distributed large ding, is finally must compromise one happy taste.This is fastidious is a discretion, is the overall coordination.It has contained the Chinese philosophy rich diagnostic method thought that all take the vegetable taste happy, harmonized ever changing as, within had decided Chinese dish enriching and was rich in the change, has decided the Chinese dish vegetable department‟s characteristic and even each chef‟s characteristic.2.3 Differences in dietary patterns The Chinese and Western dietary patterns can be very different, and these differences affect the national character.In China, a celebration, no matter what, there will be only one form, as sitting together, sharing one feast.Banquet uses round table, which has created a unity of form, which is courtesy, comity atmosphere.Cate are in the center of the table.It is the objects for people to appreciate and taste, and it is also an intermediate of communication.People toast each other and share the vegetables, which reflect the mutual respect between people in the face of the good things, also show the virtues of comity.Although from the health point of view, this approach has obvious deficiencies, but it is in our national “happy” mentality, it reflects the classical Chinese philosophy area of “and” impact for future generations.It is helpful to facilitate the collective emotional exchanges and consequently difficult to reform.The western-style banquets, although the food and wine are very important, but in fact they are just foil.The core of Banquet is friendship, by the conversation with the guests who sitting next to achieve the purpose of recreation.If making an analogous compare between the recreation of the banquets and dancing, it may be said that the Chinese banquet is like group dance, and the western banquet is like men and women dancing.This shows that communication purpose of Chinese banquet and western banquet are very obvious.Only the Chinese banquet is more popular in the communion, but western banquet shows guests reflected in the friendship between neighbors.The more obvious differences between Chinese and western dietary patterns is buffet dinner which is popular in the West.This method is to display all food, and everybody is picking not fixed in his or her places to eat.They walk freely.This approach would provide the emotional interaction between individuals;they never need to put every word on the table.This also shows a western personality and self-respect.However, all the eating without jamming lacks the real affective tone like the Chinese people.Some people want to put the buffet in the Chinese food, but I think it is not feasible.Zhang Qijun in the Principles of Cooking tells us the main reason: “First, buffet is not like drinking tea.Drinking tea is just the thing to you before you choose, and displayed in the cafeteria there is a large number of food to eat, so when you want to have it, it is cold yet.Chinese cuisine will serve hot, if cold, nothing to eat.Secondly, buffet dishes only can do hard dishes and beneficial dishes.Then you can access for large plots.And those most representative of the Chinese culinary arts, such as the tender and lighter dishes, are not in this show.Third, the buffet can do stewing pot;it means a big pot in terms of food.Any sophisticated cooking of a dish can only be cooked in a pot at two most, and it is not able to cook the dish for dozens of people.So it will not be delicious, never talking of the taste.Under such circumstances, it is clear that the use of buffet dinner will deny Chinese culinary arts.“The Chinese people are drinking around the table to show harmony and unity, but the buffet has broken such pattern.It raises the personal independence and self-mentioned at the first place.This is the opposite of the scale of the great unity of all Chinese traditional culture.2.4 The different utensils and etiquette

2.4.1 Cutlery to use

Chopsticks and knife and fork is the basic difference between Chinese and Western table manners.Zhejiang University, Professor Yu Xiu ling: East and West appear chopsticks and knife and fork eating the different tools and environment relationship.Bamboo chopsticks to have originated in the place.Northern China

wood, bamboo from southern China, ancestors from local materials, bamboo and wood have become the most primitive materials chopsticks chopsticks.The

emergence of a knife and fork than chopsticks much later.According to research by Professor Yu Xiu Ling, the original knife and fork and European origin living in ancient nomadic habits, they immediately carry knives of life, often cooked the meat, cut off to eat.About 15 centuries before and after the meal in order to improve posture, Europeans used the double-pointed cross.To the 18th century only the tip of a fork with four forks.Knife and fork and chopsticks, not only brought different eating habits, also affected the Eastern and Western concepts in life.Professor Yu Xiu Ling, eating into the system will inevitably bring a knife and fork, and chopsticks sitting around the table with family members must dine match.Beginning point of Western food, which derived from the West pay attention to independent, children grow up into the world after the independence of ideas and habits.The chopsticks brought together meals daily, highlighting the young and old sat together in the family unit, so that Asians have a relatively strong family values.When I reminded in the use of Chinese and Western dishes have different specifications.If not play with chopsticks when eating Chinese food(to them when the drumstick is a very rude way), but can not use chopsticks pointing to the person or make gestures.Of course, absolutely can not suck or the chopsticks chopsticks inserted in the rice, which is taboo(which seems to funeral incense is considered unlucky.)When using the knife and fork there are some taboos.Such as holding a knife and fork when not meddling.To speak or talk, knife and fork on the plate should only decency.Avoid using their own utensils for others bowl.Do not bend over picking up utensils fall.Do not cut off a good meal products, especially products with a soup meal, to eat a piece-by-all and more.2.4.2 Seating arrangements Western formal banquets are particular about the seating arrangements.Traditional Chinese dinner with square table.Door is on both sides of the partial blocks.Treat, the elderly, people with high status of the guest of honor sit or seat, men and women who sat down the owner or Peiqia Block, and the remaining customers in order to sit side seat.Westerners treat with a long table, men and women sit in the owner at both ends, then the guest of honor men and women and the general order of the guests seating arrangements, that men and women interspersed arrangement, subject to seat the hostess, the guest of honor sitting in the top right of the hostess, Main Binfu the top right of man of the house to sit, pay attention to “ladies first” Western gentleman, will show the attentions of the ladies.In China, respect for the left and right for the times;on respect, under second;in respect, partial for the times.In the West, respect for the right, left for the times.I particularly Western seat etiquette tips: The most graceful way is seated from the left seat.Do not put your elbows on the desktop, not Rocker foot.Can not withdraw in the middle of the meal(if things do need to leave should be whispered about greeting guests.)Dinner, sit up straight, back straight, neck elongation.Depend on the upper arm and back to back, abdomen, and a table for about a fist distance.Remember to head high with food, in the face of the food into the mouth, it is necessary to the food to the mouth to mouth opinions on the food rather than bent.2.4.3 Dining atmosphere Trouble on the table of Chinese and Western food on the table is static and the most fundamental difference between Chinese and Western table manners.Table climate differences, the Chinese table action, the Western table static.Chinese food for life to matter to music, show and great, the atmosphere of excitement is often breathtaking.Chinese people get a table, then in full flight, with each other for food, drinks upon, enjoy, delicacies, delicious cuisine.Banquet this way in order to reflect the enthusiasm and sincerity the owner, the table reflects the excitement of patrons from the heart‟s delight.This “trouble” to some extent reflects the Chinese family from the warm, neighborhood harmony, unity and people‟s “Harmony.” Westerners have a table to sit quietly dedicated to cutting their own dinner.Soup can not make noise, such as hot soup can be cooled before eating, do not blow through your mouth.Shut up when eating chewing.Do not lick their lips or smack sound.Guests can dine and talk about, but not only with a few acquaintances talk.If guests do not know about, they may first introduce myself.Others can not take the mouth interrupted his speech.Keep the volume level of the other party can hear.Chewing of food do not speak, even if someone speak to you, have to wait to answer after swallowing.2.5 Differences in diet attribution There are differences between Chinese and western diet attribution.Western diet tends to be scientific and rational, but the Chinese diet tends to be art and sentimental.During the underdevelopment era of diet, these two trends have only one aim – to live and never be hungry.And when the dietary culture is full developed, the tendency is shown in this different purpose: the former is in the development of nutrition, the latter is expressed as the stress on the flavor.Cooking is from diet;the origin of food is a life-sustaining nutrition.Therefore, the focus of western diet is only the extension of the original diet practicality.The emphasis on the flavor of Chinese cuisine caters the diet to the arts field.Mencius said: “Flavor in the mouth has the same interests”.“Interests” points out the key from nutrition to arts.Such interests are from the meaning of flavor.In China, eating is not meant to have enough.It is about nutrition.Sometimes we eat though we are full.We are overloaded with food.Why? Saying bluntly, it is to appreciate the art of cooking;and not saying it nicely, it is the temptation of “delicious” for the enjoyment of taste.Watching the rational diet in the west, it is not only waste, but also harmful to the men body.In fact, the herbalist doctors are also opposed to overeat, claiming “dietary restraint”.But the dialectics tell us Chinese people, occasionally the “overload” and once we are comfortable, we can absorb and store.Qigong masters at the situation of non-eat and non-drink at home is still in good spirits, although their weight loses, but it is intact on the human body;and it is the consumption of such storage.Herbalist doctor also advocates winter nutrition.It is also in order to store for keeping energy in the coming year.Chinese people‟s views are more dialectical than the western diet propositions opposing overloaded stubbornly.It is closer to the science truth, and has been checked up for thousands of Chinese medicine practice.Psychologists Spinoza said: “The desire is human nature than other.” The human desire for delicious is the nature of human beings which is fully reflected.In process of the taste enjoyment, it is imbued with the shares of élan vital.Life should not be a yoke, but also not be a repressed desire.We can not use the absolute reason to regulate the behavior of all people.On the diet, it is not the purpose of “science” and “nutrition” and some delicious are excluded from the table outside.Only delicious things can satisfy people‟s appetite and then give the arrival of physical and mental pleasure.Chinese diet shows the transformation about sentimental form to rational form from the old days till now, and cause the Chinese dietary culture brimming with imagination and creativity.The sensibility of Chinese culinary culture is a sublime sensibility, infiltrating rational sense, also the realization of the nature of life.In addition, gustatory enjoyment is one of the main objectives pursued of the human struggle.The art of Chinese cuisine is compatible with the development of human history in the process, more scientific than the progress of the western diet.As Zhang Qijun in his work Cooking Principles said: “The United States is unprecedented least affluent society, but till today, in essence it is still „food to eat‟ stage.There are still some distances from entering the realm of art.” In China, The role of diet goes beyond the subsistence of existence, which is designed not only to have the physical presence, but also to meet people‟s spiritual needs for pleasure.It is positive to enrich people‟s life performance, and fine arts, music, literature, etc.which have the same level of significance to the improvement of life.Chinese diet tends to artistry, the so-called art realm.In fact, that is a complete leap from the necessity to freedom.It is characterized by randomness.For example, similar dishes, because of the differences in area, season, target, function and grade, it has different treatments on operation.Set braised fish for example, in winter deep colors are advised and tastes are advised strongly, but in summer it should be light color and flavor.And for the people in Zhejiang province, their dishes can be put up more sugar in the braised fish, and if facing Chuanxiang customers it should allocate spicy.It easy to see that if out of the arbitrary, there would be no cooking variety;we will lose the unique charm of Chinese cuisine.Whereas in the west, dishes in different areas and different seasons and facing different customers, is the same flavor, no changes.Although it is the most valuable banquet, which is just tableware known, conducted layout, and the vegetables remain the same as before.Moreover, as for materials, westerners think the food is to eat, eating special “hard vegetables” such as large piece of meat, chicken block.China‟s cuisine is “taste”.The Chinese cooking in materials has shown tremendous arbitrariness: The things which many, many westerners consider as disposable things in China are excellent raw materials.Foreign cooks are not able to deal with things, but in the hands of a Chinese chef, it can get a magic result.Chinese cuisine is evident in the wide use of materials.Besides skills, an excellent cook, of course, can do more complicated dishes.But facing the real simple materials and condiments, the cooks are often able to produce delicious flavors.It is the arbitrariness of skills.In the surface, the menu seems to be scientific.Westerners always use menu to buy ingredients to produce dishes, but in comparison, it is the machinery, and often powerless facing the complex specific situation.Of course, this mechanical science is still can be said as science, but it is primitive science, and it is not the complete science.Chinese cooking talks about artistry, but it still fit the requirements among the ever-changing, it can be said such science is a real science.The characters of western food which lacks nutrition and artistic atmosphere have great distinction from the artistic realm of Chinese cuisine.3.Nature of the differences between Chinese and Western food

Differences in the nature of the Chinese and western diet are inosculated with the respective lifestyle and the pace of life.In the west, people do the duplication of pipeline operations, and implement piece-wage system, so the paces of their lives are so fast.People fall under the mechanical method either intentionally or unintentionally, and believe that “Work is work, and game is game.” Mechanical lives led to oneness of diet or a single blind about diet, and eat beefsteak and potatoes every day.Monotonous diet is the same as work, for which the purposes is to fulfill the “incident”, naturally with no interests, and all these have no word in terms of taste.But China is not, “The game is work, and the work is of a game”.Such life manner is also emerged in diet.A baker sells bread in the street, he likes using the rolling pole to beat the chopping board rhythmically when they knead flour.When the cooks fry a dish, even beating scoop, they also care the sense of rhythm during cooking.These would not work for any conveniences, but it increases the interests of workers.Only in such an atmosphere work will be meaningful, and it will have more creativity and artistry of Chinese cuisine.There still exist various differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures.But with the development of cultural communication between China and the west, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, China has imported various kinds of western food, known as the “KFC” “DICOS”, “McDonald”.This marks a new western dietary culture exchanges and infiltration.We believe that with the development of society, the cultural differences between Chinese and western dietary will no longer be the difference.4.Conclusion

Diet is absolutely necessary in the life of mankind, and even in the existence or development.Because of the differences between Chinese and western cultural traditions, the Chinese and western dietary cultures are different in concept, target, pattern, attribution and nature.We study these differences and then find out the points that can be digested, in order to facilitate the communication about cultures between China and the west.Western culture(in particular, modern American culture)can be said to be male and female culture.But the Chinese culture can be said to be a dietary culture.“As the reason of the cultural traditions, the western lives tend to men and women , Chinese people are dumping guidance on life in the restaurants.Thus the diet is rich in culture.Food culture in the west is not developed enough, but this underdevelopment itself is the result of the development of a culture, so it is still significant to study the dietary cultures of Chinese and Western diet.By the analysis of the differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures, we can comprehend the respective cultural traditions of China and the west.And we can also improve and create the culture of China.In short, analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is not only in understanding the purpose of this fact in itself, but also it is more importantly and useful to guide our practice, based on the awareness-raising, improve food structure, get rid of food abuse, improve the food quality and guarantee people‟s needs, in this kind of way to promote Chinese dining culture.By the text from this thesis, we can easily find that there still exist various differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures.But with the development of cultural communication between China and the west, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, China has imported various kinds of western food, known as the “KFC” “DICOS”, “McDonald”.These mark a new western food culture exchanges and infiltration.The impact brought about by economic globalization is stronger and deeper than the internationalization.Economic globalization is a double-edged sword, on one hand, it brings the vitality of economic growth, and on the other hand, the dominant culture is put into other countries through strong economic and infiltrated every corner of the globe.Therefore, the cultural communication focus on how to assimilate advantages of the other countries‟ culture, abandon its shortcoming, and learn how to transform and make it localized, all countries need to study the issue.So in the face of the dietary cultural exchange problems between China and the West, we should find each other‟s advantages and draw the mutual advantages, as China can learn from the point that western diet stresses nutrition match, and make the Chinese cuisine more outstanding.China is a country with an ancient culture and is rich in cultural traditions.She feeds the 1.3 billion Chinese people, and Chinese culture is very inclusive;in the course of development it absorbs a lot of different cultures.Moreover, now China does more efforts to draw all the outstanding achievements in the World.China‟s reform and opening up policy create the conditions on international relations and cultural exchanges.We need to use such an opportunity to absorb the excellent cultures from other countries, to develop and create China‟s new culture.Acknowledgements

My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Miss Tu Huiqin, my supervisors, for her constant encouragement and guidance.I would not have survived all work without the constant support that she gave me.She has walked with me through the first stage of writing this paper.Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this paper would not have reached its present form.I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to all my teachers at the English Department.Thanks to their instructive guidance and comprehensive education during the four year‟s college life, I can acquire the opportunity to further study my English.References

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