四级写作与翻译最新真题解析(共6篇)
2012年12月大学英语四级考试写作部分和往年有很多不同之处。这不仅让参与这次考试的考生感到头痛不已,也让正在备考的同学们万分困扰,抓不住复习的方向。
翻译部分是考生比较容易得分的部分,但这部分的平均得分率并不高。究竟是为什么呢? 四级考试写作部分和翻译部分最新真题。
四 级 写 作
Directions: You’re allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will by commenting on the humorous saying, “Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world.I’ve done it hundreds of time.” You’d write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Outline 1.坚强的意志是成功的重要保证。
2.意志坚定的人才能完成伟大的使命。3.学生也是这样,不刻苦学习,终究不会成为有用之才。
本次大学英语四级考试写作题目有别于前几年传统的提纲式议论文,增添了几分新意,话题也较抽象,不易下手。这也让习惯了传统四级写作模式的同学们顿时手足无措。
面对出其不意的四级写作题目,我们应该怎么办呢?单纯背诵模板已经不再是复习四级写作的最佳途径了,我们应该重点培养和提升应对考试的写作能力和技巧,真正做到以不变应万变。
一、审题阶段 1.英文提示
1)以往的英文部分一般只是交代写作的题目。而这次的英文部分却是对写作内容提出了具体的要求:Comment on the humorous saying, “Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world.I’ve done it hundreds of time.” 如果考生还是像以前那样只看中文提纲,就会忽略掉这个重要的信息。
2)虽然试题要求考生能够结合戒烟屡次而不成功的幽默引语来阐释话题。但这次考试的题目是Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will,article的核心主旨应该在关键词strong will上。然而很多考生在审题时没有能抓住主题,把重心放到了戒烟上,导致了全文偏离主题,这样分数自然不会理想。
3)这次的英文部分对article长度给出了更明确的要求。以往的词数要求一般是“不少于120词”,而这次要求“不少于120词,不多于180词”。2.中文提纲
1)常见的四级写作提纲有三种形式:现象描述型,问题解决型,观点对比型。
乍看起来,这次考试的提纲似乎并不符合任何一种。这也让不少考生头疼。不过,对比之后可以发现,虽然这次的话题是“成功”,比较抽象,不是具体现象,但这个提纲和现象描述型提纲最为接近。所以考生可以根据现象描述型article的思路来展开。2)总的来说,这道试题其实是需要考生分析“坚强意志”和成功的关系,应把重心放到对“坚强意志”重要性的论述上。
二、谋篇布局
四级写作常见的结构是三段式: 第一段:总述现象,引出话题。
第二段:重点分析阐释“坚强意志的重要性”,可以通过举实例(如名人轶事或身边同学的例子,也可以利用戒烟失败作为反例)第三段:推出结论,并再次重申坚强意志的重要性,达到首尾呼应的效果。
三、衔接过渡
四级写作非常注重段落与段落之间的过渡,以及段落内的层次,因此过渡词的应用非常重要。
常用的过渡表达有:
举例关系:a case in point is...,a good example of that would be...,for instance 结果关系:accordingly,thus,consequently,hence,therefore,for this reason 归纳总结:in conclusion,on the whole,in sum,in short,to sum up,in summary,in a nutshell
范文
No great work can be performed without willpower.We envy famous men and imagine that fame was due to some trick of luck.But when we know their histories, we find that it is long years of hard work and constant effort that have brought about their success.Just as we can’t reach the top of a mountain without climbing, we can’t achieve success without determination.Modern society provides people with more opportunities than before, and there are stories about people who enjoy overnight successes.But it is not the case.Before these people become successful, a lot of hard work has been done, mostly unnoticed.What we see is the result, but what we ignore is a long process of struggling forward and wrestling with internal or external obstacles.Take quitting smoking for example.Most people find it difficult, so people give up on quitting because they don’t have a strong will.In a nutshell, a strong will is an important quality of the successful individual.There is no instant success in this world.Willpower is what you need to make your life distinctive and your dreams come true.四 级 翻 译
四级翻译是很多考生在备考阶段最容易忽视的一个部分。很多同学误以为翻译考查的语法知识点会很难,分值又不高。
其实,这一部分是最容易在短期内提高的部分,只要考生在复习时明确考查重点和方向,并能掌握一些相应的做题技巧,通常可以得到理想的分数。
四级翻译考查的重点是基本的语法结构和一些常用的英语表达习惯。简而言之,在历年四级翻译的考试中,有三大常考的考点: 1.固定搭配
2.重点语法结构
包括虚拟语气,倒装结构,非谓语动词和三大从句
3.核心动词和动词短语
在明确了翻译的考查重点之后,我们应该要知道翻译解题的步骤,这样可以有效地提高我们的解题速度和正确率。
翻译的解题一般分三步走: 第一,快速浏览英文,判断划线句子的形式和时态;
第二,看括号里的汉语句子,以核心谓语动词作为切入点,找准主谓宾,分清定状补; 第三,先翻译主谓宾,后定状补,切块翻译,重组。我们一起来分析一下11年12月份的四级考试翻译真题:
87.Charity groups organized various activities to ____________(为地震幸存者筹款).88.Linda _______________(不可能收到我的电子邮件), otherwise, she could have replied.89.It’s my mother ____________(一直鼓励我不要灰心)when I have difficulties in my study.90.The publishing house has to _________________(考虑这本小说的受欢迎程度).91.It’s wrong to _____________(仅仅以金钱来定义幸福).考点分析
87题:考查动词raise的用法,raise money/funds 表示“筹款”。
88题:考点是虚拟语气。而且是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,“could have+过去分词”是此题使用的结构。这个结构非常经典,基本每两次考试就可能考到一次。
89题:考查了it’s...that/who...强调句型和动词encourage的搭配。
90题:考查了“考虑”的表达,四级核心高频词汇consider,可以用词组take...into account/ consideration。
91题:考查了“定义”的表达,为define/measure。“以……来定义”也可以使用in terms of 这个四六级高频核心介词短语,简洁的表达可选择by。
参考答案
关键词:英语四级,段落翻译,翻译技巧
1翻译题型的变化
2013年12份改革前,写作和翻译一体,所占分值比例为20%,其中写作15%,翻译部分占5%,是中译英简单的句子翻译,主要考查语法和词组的搭配、语法结构。改革后,段落翻译由5~7个长短不一的中文句子组成,长度一般在140~160字,内容涉及中国的历史、文化、政治、经济以及社会发展等,占试卷总比例的15%,共计106.5分,考试时长为30分钟。
2翻译的评分标准
2013年12份四级试卷改革前,CET-4考试未将翻译技能作为一个独立的部分单独考查。改革后,将该题以满分为15分(考生分数*7.1即为翻译部分总分)分档,成绩分为6个档次。
在确定分数档后,阅卷老师还会对译文中的语法、单词及拼写错误进行量化,根据错误的数量,扣除相应的分值,最终决定考生的翻译分数。而语法的量化考核也有一定的标准,具体见下表:
3翻译真题解析
通常这部分题型,考生一般能得55~70分左右,是比较难以提高的一部分题型,但是通过这部分的探究与解析,会发现其实翻译远远没有想象中的那么难。我们以改革后第一年的翻译真题为例解析:
2013年12月翻译真题之一是对“信息技术”利弊的说明,原文语言平实,结构简单,给出了关于信息技术是否该成为必修课的两个对立观点,更像是一篇四级考试作文题,其中也没有比较复杂的句型、高难度的词汇,每个观点的内容也都给出,考生只需要按照字面意思翻译,同时像写作文一样,注意上下文的衔接即可。
2013年12月翻译真题之二是对中餐的介绍,这段翻译原文是常见的中国文化题材:中餐(Chinese cuisine/Chinese food),用词也都是与食物相关的高频词汇,如“谷物”“肉类”“口感”“营养”等,翻译中可用到的句型也都比较常见,没有特别复杂的表达,但是在表达上要注意准确性和连贯性。
4翻译技巧总结
我们知道,汉语和英语在表达方式上有很大的不同:英语常按句内主次从属关系排列,在句子主体上添加修饰语以及限定语,形成严谨的树状结构。英语重结构,多长句、从句,多代词、被动,多变化,多抽象,多引申;而汉语动词多,短句多,常按时间顺序或前因后果的逻辑关系排列,呈链状。汉语重语义,多短句,多分句,多名词,多主动,多重复,多具体,多推理。在连接方式上,英语显性,即连接词出现;而汉语隐形,连接词很少出现或不出现。所以在翻译的时候,懂得一定的翻译技巧对考生来说是有很大的帮助的。
(1)直译法,意译法
众所周知,直译指的是既保持原文的意思,又保持原文的形式和文体结构,但它不是死译;而在汉译英时,如完全照字面上的翻译势必会出现“中式英语”,这时就需要“意译”,即在忠实原文内容的前提下,摆脱原文语言结构的束缚,使译文符合汉语的规范。需要注意的是意译不是信口开河、不着边际的翻译。
例如:我们的朋友遍天下。
Our friends are all over the world.(直译)
We have friends all over the world.(意译)
再如:Stay Hungry,Stay Foolish
直译:保持饥饿,保持愚蠢。
意译:求知若饥,虚怀若愚。
通常,我们在翻译的时候,可以直译与意译相互关联,互为补充,两种译法可以并用。
(2)增词法
在翻译过程中,为了能充分传达原文含义,必须增补词语,以求准确表达意思。通常句子中增加的词为连词、主语、宾语、形式主语it等。
例如:考得好,才能上名牌大学。
If they have high marks,they will go to elite universities.
在该句话的翻译中,增加了连词if。
另外,在对主语进行增词时,应遵守以下原则:
①增加的主语应符合上下文的需要
例如:保持基本路线一百年不动摇。
We should adhere to the basic line for a hundred years,with no vacillation.
中文中没有主语,在英文翻译中,应添加主语we。
②增加的词应符合英语使用者的语言习惯和文化习俗
例如:你必须克服恐惧心理。
You should overcome your fears.
在中文中讲到的“恐惧心理”,根据英文的翻译习惯,会增加your,并且fears用复数形式。
(3)删减法
根据英汉语言特点,英文句子多简明直接,而中文习惯通过重复来强调或加强语气,增加可读性。为了更好地将中文转化为意思一致的英文,我们需要进行删减。通常减词法可分为以下两种情况:
①中文中有多个重复的动词或名词,为避免语意的重复,在翻译时只使用一次该动词或名词。
例如:这是一座希望的城市,光荣的城市,青春的城市!让我们张开双臂,热烈拥抱这个城市吧!
Let us stretch out our arms to embrace the city,which is one of hope,glory and youths.
中文中反复出现了4次“城市”,在英文中为了避免重复,只出现了1次。类似的减词法还可能出现在一些成语的翻译上。
例如:长嗟短叹——sighing deeply
发号施令——issue orders
土崩瓦解——fall apart
两面三刀——two-faced tactics
②汉语中出现的一些虚词,如“还”“又”“就”等以及一些名词,如,情景、情况、事件、观点,根据上下文意思,可以省略或不翻译。
例如:见到这张照片,他想起了童年的情景。
The sight of this picture called back his childhood.
中文句子中的“情景”在英文中省略。
(4)换序法
从中英文的结构上来看,两者之间在结构上有一些差别。汉语是语义型语言,语序较固定;而英语则是形态性语言,语序既有固定的一面,又有灵活的一面。英语和汉语在基本语序主谓宾的结构上,基本一致。但是,根据其不同的语言习惯和文化背景,在汉译英时,我们要适当地将译文的语序进行一些调整和转换。
例如:生态恶化、物种灭绝、温室效应等一系列环境问题已经严重影响到人类的生存环境和健康。
A series of environmental problems,such as deterioration of ecosystem,extinction of species,and the green-house effect,have posed a serious threat to human living conditions and health.
译文中将主语中心词“环境问题”放在了最前面,其次才是列举的事例“生态恶化、物种灭绝、温室效应等”。
常见的语序调整,包括定语和状语的语序转换:
①定语的换序
例如:来自87个国家共计126位选手聚集在湖南省省会参加了从7月6日到8月5日进行的半决赛和决赛。
A total of 126 competitors from 87 nations gathering in the capital of Hunan province participated in the semifinal andfinal held from July 6th to August 5th.
根据英文的修辞顺序,定语“来自87个国家”,放在了“共计126位选手”的后面。
②状语的换序
例如:他不诚实,我不能信任他。
I can’t trust him because he is not honest.
汉语虽然将原因状语放在了前面,但是在英文翻译时,还是习惯性将主句放在句子的最前面。
当然,除了上面的技巧以外,还要注意词性的转换、语态的转换、句子的衔接以及连词的使用。只有把这些技巧都恰当地运用到自己的译文中,才能最终达到文章的“信达雅”。
参考文献
[1]唐顺姣.浅析大学英语四级考试段落翻译技巧[J].科教文汇,2014(4).
真题回顾
此次写作考试同往常一样,依然采取了“多题多卷”的形式,分别考查了三道作文题,下面来回顾一下题目。
题目一:
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay about a course that has impressed you most in college. You should state the reasons and write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
题目二:
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay about a campus activity that has benefited you most in college. You should state the reasons and write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
题目三:
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay about a classmate of yours who has influenced you most in college. You should state the reasons and write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
此次写作考试考查的话题如下:①大学里给你印象最深的一门课;②大学里使你受益最多的一项校园活动;③大学里对你影响最深的一位同学。这些都是考生非常熟悉的话题,写作难度相对较低,考生可以采取叙议结合的写作方式。
命题特点
此次四级写作考试具有以下四个命题特点。
1. 反押题
纵观近几年的真题题目,四级写作往往侧重考查“环境”“文化”“网络”等热点话题。结合2014年的时事变化和历年四级写作的命题思路,很多考生和老师都容易把押题方向定为“环境污染”“两代关系”等。然而,此次四级写作依旧坚持反押题原则,既没有考查传统议论文,也没有考查图表/图画作文,反而延续了2014年6月的命题思路,题目非常“接地气”,让不少考生大跌眼镜。
2014年6月四级写作的题目如下:Suppose a foreign friend of yours is going to visit your hometown/your campus/China, what is the most interesting place you would like to take him/her to see and why? (假设有位外国朋友来你的家乡/学校/中国,你想带他/她去参观哪个最好玩的地方?为什么?)类似的话题在2001年和2004年的四级写作考试中都出现过。由于每个人的家乡、校园和想带他人去参观的地方都不一样,所以考生可以选择自己最熟悉的内容去描述。此次四级写作的题目也是如此,考查的话题都与校园生活有关,考生可选取最熟悉的内容来写。
2. 易审题
在以往的考试中,无论是写传统型的议论文还是开放式的图画/图表作文,都经常有考生因为跑题而失分。然而,此次四级考试的作文题目很开放,也很清晰,并没有侧重考查考生的审题能力,所以不太存在跑题、偏题的可能性,审题相对比较容易,考生写起来也都有话可说。例如,2012年12月的四级写作题目为“Education Pays”,考核形式为图表作文。不少考生在作答时就没能准确理解题目的含义,误以为pays就是“花费”的意思,进而断定整篇文章的立意为“教育花费”。而实际上这个题目的意思是“教育是值得的”,pays在此处意为“有利,有好处,值得”。尽管这道题目中的单词都是考生认识的单词,没有超纲,也没有出现偏词、怪词或者考生不熟悉的固定搭配,但依然有很多考生没能审清题目,丢了好多分。好在2014年12月的写作题目没有这么强的迷惑性,甚至比往年的题目都更简单易懂。
3. 重视语言
当写作主题十分明确,大多数考生都不会跑题时,这样的写作题目往往更侧重考查考生的语言水平,考生要比拼的是基础和实力。一篇文章要想不“假大空”,就无需使用太多华丽而空洞的语言或口号,而要灵活运用基础词汇和固定表达,写出语法正确、语言流畅的文章。对于这样的写作题目,内容不及语言重要,但这只是相对的。考生如果一味瞎写主体内容肯定会影响分数。因此,考生平时应尽量多加练习,以期在考场上也能迅速想到一些合理的理由和贴切的例证,然后在完成主体内容的基础上完善语言。当然,在写作中,考生要敢于表达自己的思想,不能一味地为了保证语言正确而裹足不前,只写一些停留在小学生水平的文字。
4. 综合考查
此类话题型作文其实是在综合考查考生的写作能力,要求考生在写作中完美结合描述、记叙与议论。在围绕话题进行说明时,考生既需要举例、描述,又需要添加评论和议论,这对考生的语言能力和叙事逻辑都提出了更高的要求。例如,题目三(a classmate of yours who has influenced you most)的写作要点主要包括能给考生带去深远影响的那位同学的事迹、经历以及令考生感到振奋的故事等,这些都需要考生描写和叙述出来。
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虽然四级写作并没有在题目要求中注明一定要举例子,但这其实是题目的隐性要求,需要考生举例子、讲故事。以题目一(a course that has impressed you most)为例,考生可以在第一段先写出课程名称,比如自己印象最深的一门课是英语课或公共演说课。然后,考生要描述具体的课程内容、授课教师及授课形式等。最后,考生要在最后一段论述这门课能对自己产生怎样的影响,以及未来自己要如何对待这门课程等。
写作思路
针对此次四级考试的三道题目,考生均可以采用“三段式”的写作结构:第一段引入话题;第二段结合个人经历进行描述和记叙;第三段对全文内容进行总结、提炼和升华。大部分考生平时对话题型作文的练习偏少,由于此类作文的描述对象较为灵活,可用模板不多,所以更能体现出考生真实的书面表达水平。
此次考试,考生可以遵循如下的写作思路。首先,考生一定要抓住题目中的关键词“一个”(即“一门”“一项”“一位”),在开头点明自己印象最深的一门课是什么,受益最多的一项校园活动是什么,或是对自己影响最深的一位同学是谁,再对其进行详细的描写和叙述。然后,考生可以结合个人经历详细描述那门课/那项校园活动/那位同学的亮点,即那门课为何能给自己留下深刻的印象,那项校园活动能给自己带来哪些益处,以及那位同学都有哪些性格特点、优势或长处,为何能对自己影响最深等。最后,考生可以在结尾段加入自己的收获或反思等。
以题目二(a campus activity that has benefited you most)为例,考生可以在开头点明大学期间让自己获益最多的校园活动是辩论赛。在第二段,考生可以简要描述辩论赛的活动内容及益处。例如,通过参加辩论赛,考生不仅能增强自信,锻炼口才,还能结交到很多朋友,一举多得。最后,考生可以在第三段写一下未来自己会如何通过类似的校园活动来提升自我,让自己变得更有竞争力,并让自己的大学生活变得更丰富充实、更有意义。
备考小贴士
此次四级写作考试技巧和能力并重。考生已普遍适应了写“总—分—总”式的议论文,而且大部分考生对写作模板的依赖性非常强,几乎通篇的长句都是用模板句拼凑出来的。然而,2014年的两次考试都反常规地考查了大部分考生都很陌生的说明文写作,这其实是对基础英语写作能力的一种回归。有的考生因为看过或背过议论文的范文就直接照搬,结果导致失分。
笔者建议考生在考场上先构思好文章的整体结构,然后再动笔去写。但是构思不等于要打草稿,因为考试时间毕竟有限,打完草稿再誊写很可能来不及。考生只需花3~5分钟构思即可,大致想一下每段要写什么,然后记几个关键词来提示自己(可以记在准考证空白处)。在接下来的20多分钟里,考生可以根据这几个关键词的提示来扩展写作内容。
参考范文
下面是两篇示范例文,供各位考生参考。因篇幅有限,仅提供题目一和题目三的范文。
题目一(a course that has impressed you most in college)
There are many courses in each college year, but the course which has impressed me most in college is Advanced English Audio-Visual & Speaking. The reasons why I like this course are as follows.
The first reason is that I have learnt a lot from this course. My listening ability, speaking ability and translation ability have all improved greatly after taking this course. The second reason is that I like the teacher of this course, Mr. Qin, very much. He is a charming gentleman with great patience. His oral English is perfect, sounding like an American speaker. He is very strict but we still extremely like him.
Just as the proverb goes, “A strict teacher trains an outstanding student.” Thanks to Mr. Qin’s guidance and teachings in this course, all my classmates have made great progress in learning English.
题目三(a classmate of yours who has influenced you most in college)
I have made so many friends in my college life. They have exerted enormous influence on my life. However, one of the most impressive of my friends is my roommate, Li Ming.
In the class meeting on the first day of school, Li Ming did not impress us at all. We started to notice him because he was always late for class. We were impressed by his apparent laziness. I came to know him and his situation because we were roommates and spent much time together: His mother was seriously ill and had been bedridden for a long time. His father had mercilessly left him and his mother. Hence, it was him that shouldered the heavy burden of taking care of his sick mother and supporting the whole family. Finally, despite great pressure, he balanced his life and study perfectly: He was no longer late, he took good care of his mother and even won the scholarship several years in a row.
The experience of Li Ming is one of the most convincing cases of the power of persistence and will. He left a deep impression and imposed a durable influence on me. Indeed, a friend such as him can be regarded as an asset to my life.
一、2013年6月(3)
鼠标轻轻一点,购物者几乎就能在网上买到任何东西,从食品百货到汽车,从保险单(insurance policies)到理财产品。电子商务(electronic commerce)的世界使得消费者无需离开舒适的家就能够在数以千计的网店购物,并完成付款。消费者不但期望能从网上买到划算的商品,而且还希望支付过程简单、安全。当然,网络购物者也需要谨慎小心以保证愉快、安全的网购经历。
With just a soft click of the mouse, shoppers can buy nearly any product online, from groceries to cars, from insurance policies to financial products.The world of electronic commerce enables consumers to shop at thousands of online stores and pay for their purchase without leaving the comfortable home.Consumers not only expect to pick up a good bargain on the Web, but also a payment with simple and secure process.Of course, online consumers need to be cautious to make their online shopping experiences enjoyable and safe.二、2012年12月(2)
道教(Daoism)是中国土生土长的教派(religion),因以“道”为最高信仰而得名。几千年来,道教对中国人的哲学观、世界观,思维方式以及生活方式等诸多方面产生了巨大的影响。道教是中国两千多年来占统治地位的三种宗教哲学之一。道教丰富了中华民族宝贵的文化遗产(inheritance),为人类文明进步作出了重大贡献。
Daoism is the native religion of China, its name stems from “Dao” being its highest object of faith.For thousands of years, Daoism have great influence over the philosophy, world view, ways of thinking and lifestyle of the Chinese.Daoism is one of the three dominant religions philosophies in China for more than two thousand years.Daoism has the culture inheritance of the Chinese people and made significant contributions to the process of people civilization.“你要茶还是要咖啡?”是用餐人常被问到的问题。许多西方人会选咖啡,而中国人则会选茶。相传,中国的一位帝王于五千多年前发现了茶,并用来治病。在明清(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)期间,茶馆遍布全国。饮茶在6世纪传到日本,但直到17、18世纪才传到欧美。如今,茶是世界上最流行的饮料(beverage)之一。茶是中国的民族饮品,也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。
This is what diners often have been asked “Would like tea or coffee?” Many Westerns favor coffee while the Chinese tend to choose tea.Tradition has it that an ancient Chinese emperor discovered the tea five thousand years ago and used it to treat illness.During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, teahouse spread all over China.Tea drinking was introduced to Japan in the 6th century while it was not introduced into Europe or America until the 17th and 18th centuries.Nowdays, tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world.Tea, it is not only a kind of Chinese national drink, but also an important part of Chinese tradition and culture.四、2012年12月(1)
在中国,小孩的满月酒(One-Month-Old Feast)和抓周(One-Year-Old Catch)仪式独具特色。小孩出生满一个月那天,孩子的加人一般要招呼亲朋挚友,邀请他们一起来庆祝孩子满月。小孩满周岁的那天,有抓周的仪式。按照中国的传统,父母及他人不给予任何引导或暗示,任孩子随意挑选,看小孩抓喜欢的东西,并以此为依据来预测孩子可能存在的志趣和将来从事的职业以及前途。
In China, One-Month-Old Feast and One-Year-Old Catch of a baby are of unique Chinese characteristics.On the day when a baby is a month old, the family of the baby will invite their friends and relatives to a ceremony to celebrate the occasion.According to traditional Chinese custom, nobody will give any instruction or cue to the baby so that it is left free to choose by itself.Watching the baby catch the articles it likes, the family can then make predictions about its potential interest, future and development.农历正月十五是中国传统的元宵节(the Lantern Festival)。正月是农历的第一个月,又称“元月”,古代人称夜为“宵”,所以正月十五又被称为元宵节。赏灯是元宵节的传统习俗,这一习俗是从汉朝开始的,距今已有两千多年的历史。元宵节晚上,到处张灯结彩,热闹非凡。吃汤圆是元宵节的另一个传统习俗。在一年开始的第一个月圆之夜吃元宵,就是希望家人团圆、幸福。
The 15th day of the first lunar month is the traditional Chinese Lantern Festival.It is so called first lunar month is call “Yuan month” and in the ancient time people called night “Xiao”.The custom started from the Han dynasty, and has a history of more than two thousand years.In the night, every place is decorated with lanterns and colorful streamers and there is a bustling atmosphere.It is also a traditional custom for Chinese to eat“Tangyuan”at this time.Eating “Tangyuan” on the first night with a full moon in a year is to wish that family members will remain united and happy.六、2013年6月(2)
“春联(The Spring Couplet)”也被称为“对联(couplet)”,在中国是一种特殊的文学形式。春联由贴在门口两侧两组对立的句子(antithetical sentences)组成。在门上面的横批(horizontal scroll bearing an inscription)通常是一个吉祥的短语。贴在门右侧的句子被称作对联的上联(the first line of the couplet),左侧的为下联。除夕那天,每家都会在门上贴上红纸写的春联,传递出节日喜庆和热闹的气氛。在过去,中国人通常用毛笔自己写春联或者请别人写春联,而现在,人们普遍在市场上买印刷好的春联。
“The Spring Couplet” also called “couplet”, is a special form of literature in China.The spring couplet is composed of two antithetical sentences on both sides of the door.Above the gate horizontal scroll bearing an inscription usually an auspicious phrase.The sentence pasting on the right side of the door is called the first line of the couplet, the left one is the second line.On the eve of the Spring Festival, every household well paste on the doors a spring couplet written on red paper to give a happy and bustling atmosphere of the Festival.In the past, the Chinese usually wrote their own spring couplet with a brush or asked others to do it for them, while nowdays, it is common for people to buy the printed spring couplet in the market.七、2013年12月(2)
中国结(the Chinese knot)最初是由手工艺人发明的,经过数百年不断的改进,已经成为优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。在古代,人们用它来记录事件,但现在主要用于装饰目的。“结”在中文里意味着爱情婚姻和团聚。中国结常常作为礼物交换或用作饰品祈求好运和避邪。这种形式的手工艺(handicraft)代代相传,现在已经在中国和世界各地越来越受欢迎。
The Chinese knot, originally invented by the craftsmen, has become an elegant and colorful art and craft over hundreds of years’ improvement.In ancient times, it used to record events, but nowdays it is mainly functioning as decoration.“Knot” signifies love, marriage and reunion in Chinese.Often used as gift exchange and decoration, Chinese knot is believed to brbing good luck as well as ward off evil spirits.The handicraft have been passed down from one generation to another and now enjoys more and more popularity both at home and abroad.八、2012年6月
中西方饮食习惯(eating habits)存在极大的差异。在不同于西方那种没人一盘食物的饮食习惯,在中国,菜肴是被放在桌上让大家共同分享的。如果你在中国主人家做客,就要做好有一大桌食物的心理准备。中国人对于自己的烹饪文化(culture of cuisine)感到非常自豪,而且会尽全力去展示自己的好客(hospitality)。而且有时候,中国主人会用他们的筷子把食物夹到你的碗里或者盘子中。这是礼貌的体现。
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay.Suppose you have two options upon graduation: one is to take a job in a company and the other to go to a graduate school.You are to make a choice between the two.Write an essay to explain the reasons for your choice.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.【题目一参考范文】
For undergraduates college students, deciding what to do upon graduation can be a tough decision to say the least.From my point of view, I prefer to pursuing postgraduate students.My choice can be attributed to the following two driving forces.For one thing, I want to continue my studies for their own sake because I love what I am doing.In fact, having a passion for my subject is possibly the best reason to go into postgraduate education.For another thing, entering into a postgraduate school, I can improve my job prospects.Specializing at postgraduate level can make you a stronger job applicant.Actually, when in comes time for university graduates to decide their next step in life, there is no on right or wrong choice for everyone.Rather, each students must reach his or her own conclusion.【参考译文】
对于本科生来说,决定毕业工作之后做什么毫不夸张的说是一个艰难的决定。从我个人而言,我更喜欢读研。以下两点原因可以解释我的选择。
一方面,我是为了想学习而打算继续学业因为我热爱正在做的事情。事实上,热爱学科可能是读研最好的理由。另一方面,通过读研,我们可以提高就业前景。研究生层次的专业学习可以增强你的技能,使你成为强有力的求职者。
事实上,大学毕业之际,每个人在决定人生中的下一步时无所谓对和错。更恰当的说,每个学生都必须做出自己的选择。
【范文解析】
一、写作思路:这次的四级作文再次考了和大学生生活极为紧密的话题——大学毕业后的选择:工作还是读研,这是每个大学毕业生都会面临的选择题。构思本题可以从以下思路入手,首先开篇明确自己的选择;中间段落具体阐述自己做出这样选择的原因,例如参考范文做出的选择是读研,中间短路具体阐释之所以做出读研选择的原因是由于兴趣和未来的工作前景。结尾段说明无论哪一种选择本身并无对错之分。
二、亮点表达:
1.upon graduation 在毕业之时,upon后面加有动态含义的名词,表示在„„的时候;类似用法还有on,例如on my arrival 当我到达的时候
2.a tough decision 艰难的决定
3.A can be attributed to B A可以被归因于B
4.driving forces 动因
5.continue my studies for their own sake 为了学习而学习
6.a stronger job applicant 强有力的求职者
7.reach one’s own conclusion 做出自己的决定
【题目二】
Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay.Suppose you have two options upon graduation: one is to take a job in a company and the other to go to a graduate school.You are to make a choice between the two.Write an essay to explain the reasons for your choice.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.【题目二参考范文】
Facing the two options, I will choose to take a job in a company.There are mainly two reasons for my choice.On one hand, I am eager to apply what I’ve learned to practice since I have got so many years’ schooling.Moreover, I am somewhat tired of the “ivory tower” life and ready for the “real world” life, for I assume that I can learn more from getting in touch with society.On the other hand, my family needs my financial support, because my parents are getting older and older and making less and less.Though it doesn’t take much to pursue my further study, I cannot support my parents financially if I choose to go to a graduate school.To sum up, to take a job in a company meets my desire of learning from practice and support my parents financially, which is a better choice for me.【题目二参考译文】
面对两个选择,我会选择去公司工作。作出这个选择,主要有两个原因。
一方面,因为接受了这么多年的学校教育,我急于把自己的所学运用到实践中。另外,我有些厌倦象牙塔生活了,准备迎接现实生活,因为我认为从接触社会中会学到更多。另一方面,我的家庭需要我的经济支持吗,因为我的父母变得越来越老,挣得越来越少。虽然继续学业并不会花多少钱,但是如果我去读研究生我就不能从经济上支持我的父母。
总之,在公司工作,既满足我从实践中学习的愿望,也满足我从经济上支持我的父母的愿望,对我来说是一个更好的选择。
【题目二真题解析】
2洛基英语,中
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In communities north of Denver, residents are pitching in to help teachers and administrators as the Vrain school District tries to solve a $13.8 million budget shortage blamed on mismanagement.“We’re worried about our teachers and principals, and we really don’t want to lose them because of this,” one parent sail.“If we can help ease their financial burden, we will.“
Teachers are grateful, but know it may be years before the district is solvent(有综合能力的).They feel really good about the parent support, but they realize it’s impossible for then to solve this problem.The 22,000-student district discovered the shortage last month.“It’s extraordinary.Nobody would have imagined something happening like this at this level,” said State Treasurer Mike Coffman.Coffman and district officials last week agreed on a state emergency plan freeing yp a $9.8 million loan that enabled the payroll(工资单)to be met for 2,700 teachers and staff in time for the holidays.District officials also took $1.7 million from student-activity accounts its 38 schools.At Coffman’s request, the District Attorney has begun investigating the district’s finances.Coffman says he wants to know whether district officials hid the budget shortage until after the November election, when voters approved a $212 million bond issue for schools.In Frederick, students’ parents are buying classroom supplies and offering to pay for groceries and utilities to keep first-year teachers and principals in their jobs.Some $36,000 has been raised in donations from Safeway.A Chevrolet dealership donated $10,000 and forgave the district’s $10,750 bill for renting the driver educating cars.IBM contributed 4,500 packs of paper.“We employ thousands of people in this community,” said Mitch Carson, a hospital chief executive, who helped raise funds.“We have children in the school, and we see how they could be affected.”
At Creek High School, three students started a website that displays newspaper articles, district information and an email forum(论坛)。“Rumors about what’s happening to the district are moving at lighting speed,” said a student.“We wanted to know the truth, and spread that around instead.”
26.What has happened to the Vrain School District?
A)A huge financial problem has arisen.B)Many schools there are mismanaged.C)Lots of teachers in the district are planning to quit.D)Many administrative personnel have been laid off.(A)
27.How did the residents in the Vrain School District respond to the budget shortage?
A)They felt somewhat helpless about it.在线学英语 体验请申请:
B)They accused those responsible for it.C)They pooled their efforts to help solve it.D)They demanded a through investigation.(C)
28.In the view of State Treasurer Mike Coffman, the educational budget shortage is ________.A)unavoidable
B)unthinkable
C)insolvable
D)irreversible(B)
29.Why did Coffman request an investigation?
A)To see if there was a deliberate cover-up of the problem.B)To find out the extent of the consequences of the case.C)To make sure that the school principals were innocent.D)To stop the voters approving the $212 million bong issue.(A)
30.Three high school students started a website in order to ________.A)attract greater public attention to their needs
B)appeal to the public for contributions and donations
C)expose officials who neglected their duties D)keep people properly informed of the crisis(D)这篇短文讲述的是学校资金短缺事件。全文共十个小段,第一段从丹佛某社区发起运动说起,交代了事件基本信息:1380万美元的预算短缺,而后引用某位学生父母对学校表示物质支持的原话(we can help ease their financial burden, we will)。这个段落有这样一个特点,即事件本身只是在句中附带提到,叙述的重点在于社区对与此事相关的学校、教师的支持。这也暗示了后文的叙述方向不会是对资金短缺事件的原委的叙述,而是各方对此事的反应。从全文来看,包括社区、教师、官方、企业以及学生的反应。
接下来的第二段叙述了教师们对社区支持的反应(grateful),而后用教师们的想法传达出资金短缺事件的解决难度(impossible for then to solve this problem,社区支持不可能解决问题)。
下一段进一步透露出事件的其他信息:发现时间(last month),并交代了州官员的反应:惊诧(Nobody would have imagined something happening like this at this level)。下三小段继续叙述官方的进一步行动:为教师工资提供贷款(9.8 million loan that enabled the payroll),从学生活动资金帐户中提出170万美元(officials also took $1.7 million),调查该地区财务(begun investigating the district’s finances)。
最后的四段分别交代了学生父母、企业和学生们的反应。父母们为学校购买日常教学器具(buying classroom supplies and offering to pay for groceries and utilities),企业捐助,如一家雪佛兰经销商捐助一万美元,同时免除校车租金(A Chevrolet dealership donated $10,000 and forgave the district’s $10,750 bill),IBM捐助了实物(4,500 packs of paper)。之后的一段简单解释了募捐的原因。最后一段是学生们的行动:建立网站随时发布该事件的进展情况(We wanted to know the truth, and spread that around instead.)。
26.What has happened to the Vrain School District?
A)A huge financial problem has arisen.在线学英语 体验请申请:
B)Many schools there are mismanaged.C)Lots of teachers in the district are planning to quit.D)Many administrative personnel have been laid off.(A)
题目问Vrain校区发生了什么事情。从第一段可知,Vrain校区发生了资金短缺($13.8 million budget shortage),而通读全篇后可知,这一难题的影响非常严重。
A,发生了严重的财务困难。资金短缺(budget shortage)也就是财务困难,可以选A。
B,那里许多学校管理不善。此选项考查对the Vrain school District tries to solve a $13.8 million budget shortage blamed on mismanagement一句的理解。前半句的理解应该不成问题,意思是该校区力图解决一个1380万的预算缺口。后面的blamed on mismanagement是理解的关键,blamed是个被动语态,这里省略了is,而这个句子的完整形式应该是个which引导的从句:shortage which is blamed on mismanagement。Blamed sth on sth 是把某事物的错误归因于另一事物,在句中就是“预算短缺的原因被归咎于管理不善”。这样的话,管理不善的对象就是预算而不是学校。
C,该校区的许多教师计划离职。文中引用了一位学生家长的话:we really don’t want to lose them because of this,表达了人们对预算短缺可能导致教师离去的后果。但文中没有指出教师是否计划(planning)离职,或者是否有“很多”(many)教师有此想法。
D,许多管理人员遭到解雇。文中没有相关叙述。
27.How did the residents in the Vrain School District respond to the budget shortage?
A)They felt somewhat helpless about it.B)They accused those responsible for it.C)They pooled their efforts to help solve it.D)They demanded a through investigation.(C)
题目问这个校区的居民对预算短缺如何反应。
A,他们对此事有些爱莫能助。
B,他们谴责此事的罪魁祸首们。
C,他们为解决此事共同出力。
D,他们要求彻查此事。
文章开头一句话即是叙述居民们如何努力帮助教师与学校官员们:residents are pitching in to help teachers and administrators。Pitch in词组是努力投入的意思,可见居民们对此事十分重视,力争帮助学校走出难关。C的叙述符合这个意思,而A的叙述与C的意思恰好相反,可以排除。至于B,从全篇来看,对居民们的描写均为始终是如何帮助学校,没有提到谴责谁的问题,也没有要求彻查此事——要求调查此事的是Coffman(At Coffman’s request——在Coffman的要求下——the District Attorney has begun investigating the district’s finances),而他是一位官员,不是该地居民。
28.In the view of State Treasurer Mike Coffman, the educational budget shortage is ________.A)unavoidable
B)unthinkable 在线学英语 体验请申请:
C)insolvable
D)irreversible(B)
题目问在Mike Coffman看来,教育预算短缺是„„
A,不可避免的。
B,不可想象的。
C,无法解决的。
D,不能取消的。
文章讲到Coffman的地方一共三处,第一次是引用了他对预算短缺事件的评论:It’s extraordinary.Nobody would have imagined something happening like this at this level。意思是“这太不寻常了。谁也想不到会发生这样的事,这种程度的事”。第二次是他拟定了一份紧急贷款方案(Coffman and district officials last week agreed on a state emergency plan),第三次是他要求调查地区财政(At Coffman’s request, the District Attorney has begun investigating the district’s finances)。
从本题的题意及四个选项来看,应该考查的是对第一处——也就是他的发言的理解。Coffman的发言首先指出此事的extraordinary,不同寻常;而后表示了惊讶——谁也想不到会发生这样的事,这种程度的事。他对此事的态度大体上是“不可思议”。这样A和D明显不对,B的说法正确,至于C,引言中无法体现出来,而结合后面二处的描写,也没有发现“无法解决”的迹象,反倒是紧急贷款和调查财政等雷厉风行的行事态度显示出解决此事的决心。因为C的说法也不正确。
29.Why did Coffman request an investigation?
A)To see if there was a deliberate cover-up of the problem.B)To find out the extent of the consequences of the case.C)To make sure that the school principals were innocent.D)To stop the voters approving the $212 million bong issue.(A)
题目问Coffman为什么要求展开调查。
文中讲述Coffman要求调查此案是在第六段,除此外再无段落出现相关叙述,因此只要完全理解这一段的意思就可以做出正确的解答。
At Coffman’s request, the District Attorney has begun investigating the district’s finances.Coffman says he wants to know whether district officials hid the budget shortage until after the November election, when voters approved a $212 million bond issue for schools.这一段共2句话。第一句指出Coffman要求调查地区财务。第二句是一个长句,主结构是Coffman says „„这样一个主谓宾结构。宾语从句中依然嵌套一个宾语从句he wants to know whether„„后面内容的意思是“是否地区官员掩盖了预算短缺问题,直到十一月投票发生以后„„”后半句是一个非限制性定语从句,when指代的是十一月投票,意思是在十一月投票中,“投票者通过了二亿一千二百万美元的学校公债事项。”这样,Coffman所怀疑的就是地区官员有可能在十一月投票中掩盖了预算短缺问题,以使公债事项得以通过。
A,看是否有故意掩盖问题的行为。这一说法与文意一致。
B,看一看此事的后果严重到什么程度。这个说法没有着落点。
C,确定学校官员是无辜的。文章没有提到类似的内容。
D,阻止选民通过二亿一千二百万美元的公债事项。理解文意可知,这 在线学英语 体验请申请:
一公债事项早在十一月投票就已经通过,现在不可能再去阻止。
30.Three high school students started a website in order to ________.A)attract greater public attention to their needs
B)appeal to the public for contributions and donations
C)expose officials who neglected their duties
D)keep people properly informed of the crisis(D)
题目问三家高中的学生开设了一家网站,其目的是什么。
A,吸引更多的公共关注,以为己用。
B,呼吁公众捐献物资。
C,揭露玩忽职守的官员们。
D,使人们随时得知此次危机事件的真实进展。
文章提到学生建设网站之事是在最后一段。At Creek High School, three students started a website that displays newspaper articles, district information and an email forum(论坛)。“Rumors about what’s happening to the district are moving at lighting speed,” said a student.“We wanted to know the truth, and spread that around instead.”
第一句叙述了学生们建设网站的事实,第二句引用了学生们的原话,解释了建设网站的原因。前一句意思是“关于这个地区发生了什么的谣言传得向闪电一样快”,后一句的意思是“我们想去了解真相,然后把真相传播出去。”注意后一句里面使用的时态:wanted用的是一般过去时,表示这一想法是建设网站之初的想法,而不是现在的想法,这样就可推断出这一想法就是建站的目的。四个选项中只有D符合这个意思。
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