专业英语复习重点（推荐8篇）
2.ordinal rankings: one of the two ways to measure utility.In this way, utility is measured without a specified unit.Ordinal rankings provide
the order of preference without absolute scale of difference in preference.序数排列：一个效用的测量两种方式。在这种方式中，它是没有指定的单元测试。
3.perfect substitution: refers to the products in very much similar qualities that a consumer would just as soon have one as the other.完全替代品：是指产品在非常相似，消费者宁愿有一个为其他的品质
4.order promising（订单承诺）: to grant a customer to ship or deliver an order.5.market-oriented system : a system in which price , output, and volume decisions are made through the interaction of supply and demand
market forces rather than by a central government authority.市场经济体系：在价格，输出系统，和体积的决定是通过市场供求的力量，而不是由一个中央政府机构的相互作用
6.trade credit : credit between resellers.usually a seller trusts a buyer and allows the buyer to pay later but within certain period.贸易信贷:信贷之间通常,.卖方信任一个买家,并允许买方付款后但在一定时期内。
7.Four main forms of market structure and organization stand out:
（1）perfect competition---many sellers of a standardized product.（完全竞争）
（2）monopolistic competition---many sellers of a differentiated product.(垄断竞争）
（3）oligopoly competition---few sellers of either a standardized or a differentiated product.(寡头竞争）
(4)monopoly---a single sellers of a product for which there is no close substitute.（完全垄断）
完全竞争—很多商家卖标准化的产品 ； 垄断竞争—很多商家卖差异化的产品
寡头竞争---少来那个商家生产出售相同或者差异商品 ；完全垄断—个商家卖某种产品，产品无相近替代）
8.policy makers have at their command two broad classes of policies with which to affect the economy.Monetary policy is controlled by the
Federal Reserve System(the Fed).The instruments of monetary policy are changes in the stock of money, changes in the interest rate—the discount rate—at which the Fed lends money to banks, and some controls over the banking system Fiscal policy is under the control of the Congress, and usually is initiated by the executive branch of the government.The instruments of fiscal policy are tax rates and government spending.(page12)
政策制定者可以自由地运用两大类政策影响经济。货币政策由联邦 储备系统管理，其政策工具是调节货币储备，调节利率——贴现率——联邦储备系统借款给银行的利率和一些经由银行系统实施的控制。财政政策由国会控制，通常通过政府行政机构发挥作用，它的政策工具是税率和政府支出。
9.political economy affects stabilization policy in more ways than through the costs which policy makers of different political persuasions
attach to inflation and unemployment, and the risks they are willing to undertake in trying to improve the economic situation.There is also the so-called political business cycle, which is based on the observation that election results are affected by economic conditions.When the economic situation is improving and the unemployment rate is falling , incumbent presidents tend to be reelected.There is thus the incentive to policy makers running for reelection, or who wish to affect the election results , to use stabilization policy to produce booming economic conditions before elections.(page13)
政治经济在很多方面影响平衡政策而不是仅仅通过具有不同政治观点的政策制定者花在通货膨胀和失业上的代价，以及他们在试图改变经济形势时愿意承担的风险。还有所谓的政治景气循环，它是以对受经济条件影响的选举结果的观察为基础的。当经济状况改善，失业率下降时，现任总统就可能再次竞选。因此激励了再次竞选的政治决策者或想影响竞选结果的人，在竞选之前使用平衡政策来制造经济繁荣的景象。
10.order promising means making a commitment to the customer to ship or deliver an order.Order promise by operations management also
serves as its commitment to the partnership that marketing and operations should have.Speedy notice of order promise can provide salespeople with sound information for use in making any delivery arrangements.Timely notice also helps get more sales.In return , the sales force may be able to more closely gear selling activities toward operating capacity;that is , salespeople may push sales of items that require use of idle or slack operations capacity and ease off on items that would strain other capacity.(page46)
订单承诺的意思是向顾客做出装船或交付订单的承诺。经营管理中的订单承诺也作为对销售部门和管理部门应有的协作的承诺。订单承诺的迅速下达可以为销售人员提供用来作出任何交付安排的充分的信息。及时的通知还可以帮助提高销售额。作为回报，销售人员也许能够将经营能力与销售活动更紧密的配合，销售人员可能促成多销一些产品，因而需要使用闲置的生产能力，从而减轻另一些设备的压力。
11.push strategies : push strategies rely on a wide variety of in-channel methods to induce, motivate, coerce, or otherwise bring about alliances
and cooperative pushing efforts involving retailers, wholesalers, brokers, agents, and other middlemen to help ensure that the seller has his goods and services pushed to consumers.The thrust of the push strategy is toward middlemen, those who are in the distribution chain linking producers to final users.Push strategies include giving rebates cash payments, payments in kind, or other awards to wholesalers and retailers who push the suppliers, ware and services on to consumers.Such rewards are given to cooperating distributors who stock or prominently display the supplier’s goods or services.The cash payments can be in the form or prizes or goods to be sold by distributors who design award-winning store or window displays of supplier’s products.They are also awarded to distributors who give preferred shelf space, store space, or store location to the supplier’s products.Sometimes, the award takes the form of a “spiv” or extra commission to distributors who “push” the supplier’s particular brand on to buyers.Beer companies notably often arrange extra payments to bartenders who push their brands to the drinking patrons.(page56)
推式策略依靠多种多样的“渠道内”方法去促使、激发甚至强制或者其他方法来形成联盟及合作，此联盟与合作包括零售商、批发商、经纪人、代理人及其他中间商，目的是确保销售者把其商品服务推给消费者。推式策略的推力作用在中间人身上，就是在分配链中联接生产者和最终使用者的人。推式策略包括给予那些把供应商的商品和服务卖给消费者的批发商和零售商现金回扣，或类似的偿付，或者其它的报酬。这些回报是给那些显著地存储或展示供应商产品或服务的合作分销商的。这种现金付款是以奖品或即将由分销商出售的商品为支付形式的，那些分销商设计了获得奖励的商品或者设计了用于展示供应商产品的橱窗。报酬还被授予给为供销商的产品提供优先的货架空间、存储空间或商店位置的分销商。有时候这种奖励会以小贩或多余佣金的形式发给那些把供应商的特殊品牌推销给购买者的分销商。啤酒公司经常安排多余的报酬给那些把他们的品牌推销给啤酒老顾客的酒吧吧员。
12.pull strategies: the pull strategies are directed at final users and are aimed at motivating them to ask for specific products or services by
brand name or service identification.The pull strategies comprise four thrusts: * to discover new users or find new market segments of existing products or services;* to exploit existing products or services by finding new uses;* to increase product or service usage by motivating customers to use products or services more often or to use more of each during usage occasion;* to modify existing products or services so as to extend the product or service life cycle.The most prevalent among the pull strategies are quizzes, questionnaires, contests, or sweepstakes.These pull strategies account for over 50% of all sales campaigns.The most notable among them in the United States is the decades-old Pillsbury Bake Contest in which entrants’ cooking recipes are judges, in a nationwide television show, by a panel of experts” to determine winners of large cash prizes and other awards.Contests can also be won through supposed impartial judgment of best entries containing an answer to a quiz question such as “ I like Chinese Dynasty Wine because…(in 25 words or less).”(page56)
拉式策略针对的是最终消费者，目的在于由品牌名称或服务的识别激发对产品和服务的特殊要求。
引导策略包括四个有力措施：
1.发现现有产品和服务的新购买者或找到新的市场部分
2.通过发现它的新用途开发已存在商品和服务
3.增加产品或服务的使用通过激励消费者更过的使用产品或服务，或者在使用期内程度更深的使用。
4.改变已存在产品或服务来延长产品或服务的生命周期。
在拉策略中最流行的就是测验、问卷调查、比赛或者抽奖。这些策略占据了50%的销售活动。在美国其中最值得注意的是十年一次的，参加比赛的人通过烹饪方法评分的pillsbury bake contest，这是一个在全国范围内的电视节目，有一个专家组成的专门小组决定获得大量现金奖励和其它奖励的胜利者。比赛是通过公正的评判参加参赛者对测验问题的回答，而评选出优胜者，而问题诸如我喜欢中国的王朝葡萄酒„„
13.The use of debt makes sense only if management is reasonably convinced that operating return on assets in the future will exceed the
interest rate on debt.However, even where this is the anticipated outcome, it does not necessarily follow that debt ought to be used.Management must make a judgment that the prospect of higher returns justifies running the risk that returns may turn out to be lower.If the future looks sufficiently bright, management may decide to “bet on the future” via increased use of debt.However, the financial markets are unlikely to place a higher current value on the firm’s securities simply because the gamble is being taken.Any immediate effect on firm value results only from tax benefits, which, for reasons discussed earlier, are likely to be modest.In short, the financial markets are likely to give credit for the use of debt only after the returns are all in.(page68)
债务的使用起作用，只有管理者合理的相信未来营运资产收益率将超过债务的利率。然而,即使这是预期的结果,这并不一定意味着债务应该被使用。管理者必须做出判断,高回报的前景证明运行的风险回报可能会更低。如果未来看起来足够明亮,管理层可能 决定通过增加使用“押注未来”债务。然而,金融市场仅仅为了孤注一掷，不太可能提高公司的当前的有价证券。而前面所讨论的，仅从税收优惠对直接影响公司价值成果是温和的。简而言之,金融市场只有在有回报之后，才可能会给信贷使用债务。
14.intermediaries reduce financing costs by reducing the costs of matching up borrowers and lenders.The intermediary acts as “agent” for both
borrower and lenders in the tasks of gathering funds, credit analysis, record-keeping, and so on.Savers with small amount can lend much more cheaply and safely by going through a commercial bank than by lending directly to firms.A firm that wants to borrow a million dollars can do so much more cheaply by making one stop at a bank than by gathering small amount from hundreds or even thousands of individual savers.The net effect is that the entire process of borrowing and lending is much less expensive than it would be if intermediaries did not exist.In technical jargon, financial intermediaries reduce “friction” due to costs of search, acquisition, and information-processing.(page68)
中介降低融资成本，通过降低的成本匹配借款人和贷款人。中介充当“代理”,借款人和贷款人的任务收集资金,信贷分析、记录, 等等。储户与少量的放贷通过商业银行贷款比直接向公司借款更为廉价和安全。公司希望借一百万美元可以更便宜,暂停在银行借 款而通过从成百上千的个人储户收集少量资金。整个过程的净效应是如果中介不存在，借贷会更便宜。用技术术语说,金融中介机 构由于搜索采集、信息处理的成本而减少“摩擦”。
15.earlier, we defined trade credit as extended in connection with goods purchased for resale.It is this qualification—goods purchased for
resale—that distinguishes trade credit from other related forms.Machinery and equipment, for example, may be purchased on credit by means of an installment purchase contract of some sort.But if the equipment is used by the firm in its production process rather than resold to others, then the financing usually in not called “trade credit”.Credit extended in connection with goods purchased for resale by a retailer or wholesaler, or raw materials used by a manufacturer in producing its products, is called “trade credit”.Thus, we exclude also consumer credit, which is credit extended to individuals for purchase of goods for ultimate use rather than for resale.(page72)
早期，我们定义了商业信用作为信用与购买商品转售连接的扩展，它是这个资格——=购买商品转售——，贸易信贷与相关的其他形式区分开来。例如，机械设备，可以赊购的某种类型的分期付款合同的方式，但如果设备在其生产过程中的公司而不是转售给他人使用，那么融资通常不叫“贸易信贷，信用与购买的零售商或批发商转售货物连接扩展，或使用的原材料是由一个制造商生产的产品，被称为“商业信用”，因此，我们排除了消费信贷，这是信贷扩展到最终使用而非为销售货物的购买人。
16.the extent to which trade credit is used as a source of funds varies widely among firms.In general, manufacturers, retailers, and wholesalers
make extensive use of trade credit.Service firms purchase less and therefore rely less on trade credit, there is considerable variation also with respect to firm size;small firms generally use trade credit more extensively than large firms.When monetary policy is tight and credit is difficult to obtain sufficient funds through normal channels may obtain financing indirectly from large suppliers by “stretching” their payment periods and expanding accounts payable.Large firms often are willing to finance their smaller customers in this manner in order to preserve their markets.(page72)
在何种程度上的贸易信贷作为资金来源之间的差别很大的公司。在一般情况下，制造商，零售商和批发商，使贸易信贷的广泛使用，服务企业购买更少，因此较少依赖贸易信贷。相当大的变化，也与企业规模存在；小企业一般采用信用交易更广泛比大公司。当货币政策从紧的信用是很难获得的，小公司往往会增加其对贸易信贷的依赖。大公司往往有更好的金融市场和更多的协商权相对于商业银行和其他中介机构比小公司。在资金紧张的时期，小企业无法通过正常渠道获得足够的资金可以获得间接融资的大型供应商的“拉伸”他们的付款期限和扩大应付账款。大公司往往愿意资助他们的小客户以这种方式来保护他们的市场。
17.OBM is the application of principles of behavioral psychology and the methodologies of behavior modification/applied behavior analysis,to the study and control of individual or group behavior within organizational settings.(Frederiksen and Lovett, 1980, p.796)(page79)组织行为管理是应用行为心理学的原则以及行为变动分析或应用行为分析的方法，以研究和控制组织内定的个体或群体行为。
18.a final important characteristic of OBM is the methodology employed.Methodology refers to the techniques used for assessing and
analyzing behavior.The methodology used in OBM differs from that traditionally used to study individuals or groups in organizations in two important respects.First, there is the onging and direct observation of behavior as it occurs in the organization.Rather than focusing on what people tell you about how they act or feel, OBM actually looks at what they do.This doesn’t mean that an individual is never asked about feelings or perceptions, but rather that actual accomplishments are more important than internal feelings.This focus is onging: rather than basing assessments on one-time surveys, collecting repeated observations over time becomes important.In other words, there are repeated measurements of what people are actually doing over time rather than a one-time assessment of how they feel about what they are doing.A second important characteristic of the methodology is the use of within-group comparisons of performance.What this means is that a single individuals are observed over time as the conditions are changed.Employees’ current performance is compared to the baseline of their past performances as programs are introduced or other conditions changed.This contrasts with the traditional approach of comparing different groups of individuals.It forces one to look for practical significance rather than statistical significance as the criteria for improvement.This is an important consideration, since sometimes a statistically significant change in behavior may be of little or no practical significance to the organization.There are many variations on this within-group methodology that will be covered later in this volume.(page81)
自有品牌的最后一个重要的特点是所采用的方法。方法论是指技术用于评估和分析的行为。用OBM的方法不同于传统上用于研究中的两个重要方面的组织中的个人或团体。首先，有持续的观察的行为，它发生在组织和直接。而不是专注于什么人告诉你关于他们的行动或感觉，OBM实际上看他们做了什么。这并不意味着一个人是没有问我的感受或看法，而是实际的成就比内部的感情更重要，这是正在进行的；而不是基于一次性调查评估，收集重复观测随着时间的推移变得很重要。换句话说，有重复测量随着时间的推移，人们正在做什么而不是一次性的评价如何，他们觉得他们做的事情。该方法的第二个重要的特征是使用在性能组比较，这意味着，随着时间的推移观察为条件的改变是一个单一的个人或团体。员工目前的绩效进行比较的基线为自己过去的表现进行了程序或其他条件的改变。与此相反，不同群体的个人比较传统的方法。它迫使人们寻找现实意义而不是统计意义的改进的标准。这是一个重要的考虑因素，因为有时行为的统计上的显着变化可能很少或没有实际意义的组织。有许多变异——这在小组的方法，将覆盖在这卷后
19.profitability is the mainstay goal of a business organization.No matter how it is measured or defined, profit over the long term is the
clearest indication of a firm’s ability to satisfy the principal claims and desires of employees and stock holders.The key phrase in the sentence is “over the long term”.Obviously, basing decisions on a short-term concern for profitability would lead to a strategic myopia.A firm might overlook the enduring concerns of customers, suppliers, creditors, ecologists, and regulatory agents.In the short term the results may produce profit, but over time the financial consequences are likely to be detrimental.(page116)
盈利能力是一个企业组织的主要目标。不管它是如何测量或定义的，长期的利润是企业的能力，以满足主债权、员工和股东的欲望的最明显的迹象。句中的关键词是“长期的”。显然，以决定在短——盈利能力的长期的关注会导致战略近视。一个公司可能忽略的客户，供应商，债权人，生态学家的持续关注，与监管机构。在短期内，结果可能产生的利润，但随着时间的推移，财务后果可能是有害的。
20.Adam Smith, in his Wealth of Nations(1776)is often given credit for starting the industrial revolution.Adam Smith believed that
selfishness, in an ethical sense, is not highly rated.However in an economic sense, if we encourage individuals to believe that their own hard work would provide direct economic rewards to them, this new “release” of human energy would set in motion economic growth.First, self-interest, freely expressed, would jump-start the economy.Secondly, the gain falling to the hard-working individual could not be fully captured by this economic man.This is because in the quest to build personal wealth, one needs others.Inevitably and automatically, he reasoned, an “invisible hand” assures that the reach of the individual would produce benefits, even if unintended—for all others.Two concepts: the economic man(interested largely in himself)and the invisible hand became the twin pillars of capitalist or free market ideology.(page126)
重点短语
1. good learners优秀的学习者
2. work with friends和朋友一起学习
3.study for a test备考
4.have conversations with与……交谈
5.speaking skills口语技巧
6.a little一点儿
7.at fi rst起初起先
8.the secret to……的秘诀
9.because of因为
10.as well也
11.look up查阅;抬头看
12.so that以便, 为了
13.the meaning of……的意思
14.make mistakes犯错误
15.talk to交谈
16.depend on依靠依赖
17.in common共有的
18.pay attention to注意, 关注
19.connect…with…与……联系
20.for example例如
21.think about考虑
22.even if即使, 尽管, 纵容
23.look for寻找
24.worry about担心, 担忧
25.make word cards制作单词卡片
26.ask the teacher for help向老师求助
27.read aloud大声读
28.spoken English英语口语
29.give a report作报告
30.word by word一字一字地
31.so……that如此……以至于
32.fall in love with爱上
33.something interesting有趣的事情
34.take notes记笔记
35.how often多久一次
36.a lot of许多
37.the ability to do sth.做某事的能力
38.learning habits学习习惯
39.be interested in对……感兴趣
40.get bored感到无聊
重点句型
1.提建议的句子:
(1) What/how about+doing sth.?做…怎么样?
如:What/How about going shopping?
(2) Why don't you+do sth?你为什么不做…?
如:Why don't you go shopping?
(3) Why not+do sth?为什么不做…?
如:Why not go shopping?
(4) Let's+do sth.让我们做…吧。
如:Let's go shopping
(5) Shall we/I+do sth?我们/我…好吗?
如:Shall we/I go shopping?
2.too…to…太…而不能
如:I'm too tired to say anything.
我太累了, 什么都不想说。
3.be/get excited about sth.对…感兴奋
4.end up doing sth:以……结束
如:The party ended up singing.
晚会以唱歌而结束。
5.end up with sth.以…结束
如:The party ended up with her singing.
晚会以她的歌唱而告终。
Unit 2 I think that mooncakes are delicious!
重点短语
1.put on增加 (体重) ;发胖
2. care about关心;在乎
3. end up最终成为, 最后处于
4.not only……but also……不但……而且……
5.shoot down射下
6.used to do过去常常做……
7.remind sb.of使某人想起
8.give out分发, 发放
9.the water festival泼水节
1 0.the Chinese spring festival中国春节
11.next year明年
12.sound like听起来像
13.each other互相彼此
14.in the shape of以……的形状
15.on mid-autumn night在中秋之夜
16.fl y up to飞向
17.lay out摆开布置
18.come back回来
19.as a result结果因此
20.Mother’s day母亲节
21.more and more popular越来越受欢迎
22.think of想起;认为;思考
23.dress up装扮, 穿上盛装
24.the importance of……的重要性
25.make money挣钱
26.in need需要帮助处于困境中
27.between…and…在……和……之间
28.the dragon boat festival龙舟节
29.the lantern festival元宵节
30.like best最喜欢
31.go to…for a vacation去……度假
32.be similar to与……相似
33.wash away冲走洗掉
34.Mid-autumn festival中秋节
35.shoot down射下
36.call out大声呼喊
37.the tradition of……的传统
38.at night在夜里;在晚上
39.one…, the other…一个……, 另一个……
40.Father’s day父亲节
重点句型
1.I think that they’re fun to watch.
我认为它们看着很有意思。
2.What do you like about…?
What do you like best about the Dragon Boat Festival?
关于端午节, 你最喜欢什么?
3.What a great day!
多么美好的一天!
4. I wonder if…
I wonder if it’s similar to the Water Festival of the Dai people in Yunnan Province.
我想知道它是否与云南傣族的泼水节相似。
5.How+adj./adv.+主+谓!
How fantastic the dragon boat teams were!
龙舟队多棒啊!
6.What+名词+主语+谓语!
What an interesting book it is!
它是一本多么有趣的书啊!
Unit3 Could you please tell me where the restaurants are?
重点短语
1.a pair of一对, 一双, 一副
2.between A and B在a和b之间
3.on one’s/the way to在去……的路上
4. pardon me什么, 请再说一遍
5. pass by路过经过
6. look forward to盼望期待
7.excuse me打扰了请原谅
8.get some information about获取有关……的一些信息
9.turn leftright向左向右转
10.go past经过路过
11.a little earlier早一点儿
12.a good place to eat一个吃饭的好地方
13.in different situation在不同的情况下
14.on time准时按时
15.get to到达
16.have dinner吃晚餐
17.on one’sthe right在右边
18.come on快点, 请过来
19.the shopping center购物中心
20.the corner of.......的角落/拐角处
21.lead into导入, 引入
重点句型
1.问路常用的句子:
(1) Do you know where is…?
(2) Can you tell me how can I get to…?
(3) Could you tell me how to get to…?
(4) Could/Will/Would you please tell me sth.表示十分客气地询问事情
Could you tell me how to get to the park?
请你告诉我怎么才能去邮局好吗?
2.decide to do决定做……
She decided to go to have lunch.她决定去吃午餐。
3.Is that a good place to hang out?
那是不是一个闲荡的好地方?
4.kind of+adj/adv.“有点、一点”
She is kind of shy.她有点害羞。
5.prefer动词, 更喜欢、宁愿。常用的结构有:
(1) prefer sth.更喜欢某事
I prefer English.我更喜欢英语。
(2) prefer doing/to do宁愿做某事
I prefer sitting/to sit.我宁愿坐着。
(3) prefer sth to sth.同…相比更喜欢……
I prefer dogs to cats.与猫相比我更喜欢狗。
(4) prefer doing to doing宁愿做某事而不愿做某事
I prefer walking to sitting.我宁愿走路也不愿坐着
(5) prefer to do rather than do宁愿做某事而不愿做某事
I prefer to work rather than be free.我宁愿工作而不愿闲着。
6.I'm sorry to do sth.对做某事我觉得很抱歉、伤心。
Unit 4 I used to be afraid of the dark.
重点短语
1.used to do过去常常做
2.deal with对付应付
3.be proud of为……骄傲, 感到自豪
4.take pride in为……感到自豪
5.from time to time时常, 有时
6. in public公开地
7. in person亲身, 亲自
8. take up sth.开始做, 接受, 占用
9. not……anymore不再
1 0. worry about为……担忧
1 1. hang out闲逛
1 2. think about考虑
1 3. be alone独处
1 4. on the soccer team在足球队
1 5. no longer不再
16.make a decision做决定
17.to one’s surprise令某人吃惊的是
18.even though尽管
19.pay attention to对……注意, 留心
20.in the last few years在过去的几年里
21.be afraid of害怕
22.turn red变红
23.tons of attention很多关注
24.be careful当心
25.give up放弃
26.a very small number of…极少数的……
27.give a speech作演讲
28.all the time一直总是
29.be interested in对……感兴趣
30.change one’s life改变某人的生活
31.take care of照顾
32.one of…, ……之一
重点句型
1.I used to be afraid of the dark.
我曾经害怕黑暗.
2.I g o t o s l e e p w i t h m y bedroom light on.
我开着卧室的灯睡觉。
3.I used to spend a lot of t i m e p l a y i n g g a m e s w i t h m y friends.
以前我常常花很多时间和我的朋友们玩游戏.
4.I hardly ever have time for concerts.
我几乎没有时间去听音乐会。
5.My life has changed a lot in the last few years.
我的生活在过去几年里改变了很多。
6.It will make you stressed out.
那会使你紧张的。
7.It seems that Yu Mei has changed a lot.
玉梅似乎变化很大。
常见易混词语辨析
1.each, every
两词都是“每个”的意思, 但着重点不同。
each着重个别的情况, every着重全体, 有“所有的”的意思。例如:
She knows each student of the class.
她认识这个班里的每一个学生。
She knows every student of the class.
她认识这个班所有的学生。
试一试:
_____is beautifully illustrated.
(每一本书都配有精美的插图。)
2.no one, none
no one指“没有人 (只能指人, 不能用来指物) ”, 意思与nobody相同, 不能跟of短语连用。例如:
No one believes him since he is not honest.
没有人相信他, 因为他不诚实。
none指“一个也没有 (既可指人, 也可指物) ”, 可以跟of短语连用。例如:
None of us a is afraid of diffi culties.
我们谁也不怕困难。
试一试:
___________of us knew how to treat her.
(我们都不知道怎样安慰她。)
3.go on doing, go on to do, go on with
这三个动词短语都有“继续做某事”的意思, 其区别如下:
go on doing表示“继续做, 一直在做某事 (中间无间断) ”;
go on to do表示“接着做某事”, 即某事已做完, 接着做另一件事;
go on with也表示“继续做某事”, 其含义是某一动作一度中止后, 又继续下去。
试一试:
Tom had to push himself to________________________such dull work.
(汤姆不得不驱策自己继续不停地做这种单调无趣的工作。)
4.much too, too much
much too为副词词组, 意为“太……”修饰形容词或副词, 不可修饰动词。例如:
It’s much too cold.
天气实在是太冷了。
too much作“太多”讲, 有以下三种用法:
(1) 作名词词组。例如:
You have given us too much.
你给我们的太多了。
(2) 作形容词词组修饰不可数名词。例如:
Don’t drink too much wine.
不要饮太多的酒。
(3) 作副词词组修饰不及物动词。例如:
She talks too much.
她说话太多。
试一试:
If you demand_________, chances are that you’re not getting anything.
(要求太多, 有可能什么也得不到。)
5.lonely, alone
二者都可表示“孤独, 独自”, alone指客观存在的“孤独”, 而lonely更偏重一种主观感受上的“寂寞”。例如:
I went alone.
我是一个人去的。
Mary lived alone, but she didn’t feel lonely.
玛丽孤身一人生活, 但她并不感到孤独。
试一试:
He was all___ in the middle of the hall.
(他独自一人在大厅中间。)
6.occur, happen与take place
三者都可表示“发生”之意, 都是不及物动词或短语, 不能用于被动语态。
occur是比较正式的用语, 可用于具体或抽象的事物, 通常指按计划或规律在较为确定的时间“发生”的事, 在表示具体的事物时, 可与happen换用。例如:
I'm afraid that this would occur during my absence.=I'm afraid that this would happen during my absence.
恐怕这事会在我不在时发生。
但是, 如果表示“某想法”出现在人的头脑之中, 这时不能用happen代替。例如:
Dose it ever occur to you that I am sometimes thinking?
我时不时想的那件事你是不是也曾在你头脑中出现过?
happen常指具体事件的发生, 特别指那些偶然的或未能预见的“发生”。例如:
New things are happening all around us.
我们身边总有新事发生。
happen还可表示“碰巧;恰好”之意。例如:
It happened that I had no money on me.
我刚好没钱了。
take place通常指“ (某事) 按计划进行或按计划发生。”例如:
Great changes have taken place in China.
中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。
此外take place还有“举行”之意。例如:
The meeting will take place next Friday.
会议将在下周五举行。
试一试:
This accident____ close to our apartment.
(在靠近我们公寓的地方发生了一桩事故)
7.in front of, in the front of
in front of的意思是“在……前面”, 指在某个空间范围外的前面。例如:
There is a tree in front of the house.
房子前面有一棵树。
in the front of的意思是“在……前部”, 指在某个空间范围内的前面。例如:
There is a blackboard in the front of the classroom.
教室里前部有一块黑板。
试一试:
_____the picture is the fi gure of a man.
(在这张照片的最前面是一位男士.)
8.fi nd, fi nd out
两者都有“发现”的意思, 但语义有差别。
fi nd有偶然发现某物的意味。例如:
He found a bag on the fl oor.
他发现地板上有个书包。
fi nd out指“经过, 探听, 询问”, 指调查之后的“发现”或“弄清楚”。例如:
Please fi nd out who took my book by mistake.
请查清楚谁错拿了我的书。
试一试:
An investigation is underway to________________how the disaster happened.
(调查已经展开, 以查明灾难是如何发生的。)
9.sound与noise, voice,
这三个词都作“声音”解, 但它们又各有特定的含义。
sound作“声音”解, 含义最广, 指可以听到的任何声音, 例如:
a weak sound微弱的声音
noise作“噪音, 嘈杂声, 吵闹声”解, 指不悦耳, 不和谐的声音, 它既可作可数名词, 也可作不可数名词。例如:
Another kind of pollution is noise.
另外一种污染是噪音。
voice作“声音”解时, 多指人发出的声音, 包括说话声、歌声和笑声等。例如:
He shouted at the top of voice.
他高声呼喊。
voice有时也用于引申意义, 作“意见, 发言权”解。例如:
I have no voice in the matter.
对于这件事, 我没有发言权。
试一试:
Peter heard the__________of gunfi re.
(彼德听见了枪炮声。)
10.arrive, get与reach
三者均可表示“到达”, arrive后通常接介词at (一般用于较小的地方) 或in (一般用于较大的地方) 。例如:
We arrived at the station fi ve minutes late.
我们晚了5分钟到车站。
They will arrive in Paris next Monday.
他们将于下周星期一到达巴黎。
get之后通常接介词to。例如:
When we got to the park, it began to rain.
我们到达公园时, 就开始下雨了。
reach是及物动词, 其后可直接跟地点名词做宾语 (不能用介词) 例如:
He reached Beijing yesterday.
他昨天到达北京。
试一试:
He did not stop until he____________the door.
【关键词】精读 英语教学 非英语专业 实践需求 应用能力
一、引文
当今社会，英语的使用范围越发广泛，如，国际会议，商业谈判，旅游，日常交流等等，因此，学习英语是时代所趋，英语教学更不应该再将应试作为其唯一目的。非英语专业的学生在学习英语中受到各种条件的限制，首先是课程设置上面，通常学校为非英语专业设置的课程为最为基础的教程，考试重点也落脚在字词等较为古板的考察上面，非英语学生在口语，写作及听力上面的培养较为薄弱。其次是兴趣度，非英语专业学生对于英语学习大多停留在应试阶段，没有本能的认识到英语学习所带来的益处，课下接触英语的时间很少。最后是非英语专业学生大多数认为以后的工作和生活都与英语接触不多，所以对英语学习的需求度不高。由此可见，学生在学习中是存在重大的误区的，那么如何摒除学生的错误认识，以及针对学生的需求与实践进行教学成为本题研究的重点。
二、以《现代大学英语》（Contemporary College English）为例探究精读教学中的重点
本套书共六册，专供大学本科一至三年级学生及水平相当的学习者使用。随着我国改革开放和对外开放政策不断提高，英语学习的重要性不言而喻，精读课程作为集听说读写能力要求为一体的课程，其重要性也越发突出。
1.理解能力。精读教材每一册都有相应的词汇量要求，学生必须在充分掌握重点词的意思之后，才能理解句篇章。例如，“I moved in for the kill.”（《现代大学英语》第一册Unit2“The Boy and the Bank Officer”para 19），学生在理解这句话的时候，由于对“move”的用法不熟，导致理解错误，“move in for sth.”应当翻译为“to become active in doing sth.”。笔者在教学中通常培养学生paraphrase的能力，以更加深层次的理解精读课文中的句子，比如这一句就可以paraphrase为“I began to prepare to kill， destroy or defeat my enemy.”，这样一来翻译起来就不会太为死板，二来笔者发现非英语专业学生在学习精读文章时候，由于课下用在文章复习和巩固的时间较少，对文章的遗忘率很高，paraphrase可以有效的唤起学生对课文的记忆，理解之后在写作中运用起来就会更加容易。
2.赏析能力。杨立民先生在编者说明中提到，精读教材在内容上面十分重视文化内涵和人文价值，在选材上，文章比较全面地介绍西方文化，结合新世纪人类面临的各种挑战和当今社会各种热点，力求通过这些教材不仅使学生学到语言知识和技能，同时激发他们的心智，开阔他们的视野，培养他们独立思考的精神、分析判断的能力、实事求是的态度和理性思维的习惯。
然而，这对于非英语专业的学生来说是很困难的，首先他们的精力有限，在学习其专业课之余并没有太多精力和时间去查阅这些繁琐的背景知识，其二有部分理科学生对人文知识的认知是很薄弱的，笔者认为教师在上课的时候可以利用提问题的方式，让学生分组讨论，先引起学生的兴趣，学生可以利用上课的时间，大家团队合作查阅答案，例如，我们在学习精读第二册6单元“The Man in the Water”的时候，笔者利用warm up的时间了一个问题，“What is the image of hero or heroin in your mind？ Can u describe the heroes or heroines that have ever existed in your life？”，让学生们畅所欲言，不能用英文回答的可以用中文代替，并且提示学生感兴趣的电影电视人物，让同学们分组讨论，并设置奖励，每组互评，最终选出一组回答最让大家感兴趣的答案，为这组同学加分，那么对于非英语专业的学生来说，英语的兴趣便是日常接触到的电影电视，再加上加分的政策，课堂变得非常活跃。这样一来学生在学习“The Man in the Water”的时候就能清晰的把握住主题，并且会有兴趣去知道这个故事发生的背景，主人翁的人物特点和精神品质，有效地让学生在兴趣中去赏析每篇文章。
3.应用能力。笔者曾经做过调查，以一个三本院校新闻专业的学生为参照，百分之五十的学生对精读教材缺乏兴趣，他们认为精读课文对他们今后的生活和工作并无太大的帮助，精读的学习也只是为了学分和毕业。笔者在教学的时候，不同的专业应该有不同的教学模式，笔者在教授新闻专业学生的时候，就会考虑到其专业的需求，让学生认知到精读的学习对其专业能力是有所帮助的，例如，我们在学习“Quick Fix Society”（精读第二册5单元）的时候，笔者让每组学生做一个英文采访，必须用到拍摄，后期剪辑和编辑，就本篇文章涉及到的社会问题，每组采访5个同学，最后每组形成一个summary，以assignment的形式交上来，那么笔者会就教授的5个班选出最好的三个作品，进行作品呈现。由此，学生的心理得到好的满足，同时，也能更好的理解和感知此篇文章的社会能力，在口语能力的提升上也收获良多。
参考文献：
[1]杨立民，徐克容.现代大学英语（Contemporary College English）[M].北京，外语教学与研究出版社，2013.
[2]熊坚.实践性英语教学法在精读教学中的运用[J].内肛科技，2009.
1.SamhaslongerhairthanTom.萨姆的头发比汤姆的.长。
2.ShealsosingsmoreloudlythanTara.她唱歌也比泰拉声音大。
3.Nellysangsowell.内莉唱得如此好。
4.Forme,agoodfriendlikestodothesamethingsasme.对于我来说，好朋友喜欢跟我做相同的事情。
5.Whoissmarter,yourmotheroryourfather?谁更聪明，你妈妈还是你爸爸?
6.It’snotnecessarytobethesame.没有必要相同。
7.Ithinkagoodfriendmakesmelaugh.我认为好朋友会让我笑。
8.Mollystudiesharderthanherbestfriend.莫莉比她更好的朋友学习更努力。
9.Mymothertoldmeagoodfriendislikeamirror.我妈妈告诉我好朋友就像一面镜子。
10.Soweenjoystudyingtogether.因此我们喜欢在一起学习。
11.Soit’snoteasyformetomakefriends.因此对我来说交朋友不容易。
12.Webothlikesports.我们两个都喜欢运动。
13.Mybestfriendhelpstobringoutthebestinme.我最好的朋友帮我把最好的方面发掘出来。
14.Larryismuchlesshard-working,soIalwaysgetbettergrades.拉里不如我用功，因此我总是取得更好的成绩。
Topic 1 What’s your favorite sport?
重点词语:
1. almost(反义词)never 2.win(过去式)won(名词)winner
3.ski(现在分词)skiing 4.famous(比较级)more famous
5.arrive(同义词)reach 6.leave(过去式))left
7.popular(最高级)most popular 8.healthy(同义词)fit(名词)health
(1) 词组
1. during the summer holidays 在暑假期间
2. between…and… 在两者之间
3. cheer sb. on 为某人加油
4. prefer doing sth. 更喜欢做某事
5. quite a bit/a lot 很多
6. plan to do sth. 计划做某事
7. have a skating club 举办滑雪俱乐部
8. go skating/skiing/bicycling/climbing/hiking 去滑雪/滑冰/骑车/爬山/远足
9. arrive in 到达
10. play against… 与……对抗/较量
11. for long 很久
12. leave for… 动身去…
13. the day after tomorrow 后天
14. places of interest 名15. 胜
16. play baseball 打棒球
17. at least 至少
18. be good at 善于做某事
19. take part in 参加
20. all over the world 全世界
21. be good for 对……有益
22. a good way 一种好方法
23. keep fit/healthy 保持健康
24. relax oneself 放松某人自己
重点句型
25. What’s your favorite sport? = What sport do you like best? 你最喜爱的运动是什么?
26. Which sport do you prefer? = Which sport do you like better? 你更喜欢什么运动?
I prefer skating. = I like skating better. 我更喜欢滑雪.
27. Do you skate much? = Do you often skate? 你常滑雪吗?
28. She spends at least half an hour in the gym every day. 每天她至少花半小时在体育馆.
29. She plays baseball pretty well and she is also good at jumping.
她棒球打得相当好而且擅长于跳.
30. What kind of sports do you like? = Which sport do you like? 你喜欢哪种运动?
重点语言点
31. see sb. do sth “看见某人做了某事” 强调动作的全过程,常与every day; often等连用.
see sb. doing sth. “看见某人正在做某事” 强调动作正在进行.
如: I saw you play basketball almost every day during the summer holidays.
I often see him draw pictures near the river. 我常看见她在河边画画.
I saw her go across the street. 我看见她过了马路
I saw her going across the street. 我看见她正在过马路.
[类似的有watch,hear,feel 等这类感观动词.]
32. join sb. 表示 “加入某人的行列” “和某人在一起”
join + 组织 表示 “加入某个组织”
take part in 表示 “参加/出席某个活动”
如: Will you join us?
I will join the skiing club.
She is planning to take part in the high jump.
33. arrive in + 大地点
arrive at + 小地点
get to + 地点 = reach + 地点
如: My uncle arrived in Beijing yesterday.
I arrived at the Great Wall. = I got to the Great Wall. = I reached the Great Wall.
注意: reach here/there/home = get here/there/home = arrive here/there/home
34. leave… 离开……
leave for… 动身去…/离开到…
如: They are leaving Beijing tomorrow. 明天他们要离开北京.
They are leaving for Japan the day after tomorrow. 后天他们要前往日本.
35. a few “几个;一些” 修饰可数名36. 词
a little “一点点” 修饰不数名词
如: There are a few eggs in the basket.
There is a little water in the bottle.
37. how long 表示“多久(时间)”; 提问时间段.
how often 表示 “多常; 多久一次”; 提问时间的频率.
如: They will stay in Beijing for a week. → How long will they stay in Beijing?
He plays basketball twice a week. → How often does he play basketball?
7.be good at (doing) sth. = do well in (doing) sth. 擅长于(做)某事
如: She is good at (playing) baseball. = She does well in (playing) baseball.
8.make sth/sb + adj. 使某物(某人)在某种状态
keep …sth/sb + adj. 保持某物(某人)在某种状态
如: Playing soccer can make your body strong.
Swimming can help to keep your heart and lungs healthy.
重点语法
一般将来时：
（一）be going to 结构: ①表示主语进行某一将来行动的打算、意图。这种打算常经过预先考虑并含有自己做好某些准备的意思，因此通常认为用be going to表达的行动很可能会见诸实践。
如：I’m going to play basketball with my classmates this Sunday.
我打算本周日和同学们一起打篮球。
She is going to buy a sweater for her mother.
她打算为她妈妈买一件毛衣。
②表预测。指根据迹象推测，而且马上或很快就要发生。
如：Look at those clouds. It’s going to rain. 瞧那些乌云！快要下雨了！
（二） will + 动词原形：表示单纯的将来事实，常与表将来的时间状语如:tomorrow, soon, later, next time(week/month/year…)等连用。will not = won’t; 缩略形式为’ll.
表示作出立即的决定。这种意图并未经过事先的考虑或计划，是临时的一种决定。
如：a. ----Please put your things away, Tom. 汤姆，把你的东西收拾好。
----I’m sorry. I’ll do it right away. 对不起。我马上就去做。
b. ----Would you like coffee or tea? 您要咖啡还是茶？
----I will have a cup of tea,please. 我要一杯茶。
c. Don’t worry. I’ll help you. 别担心。我会帮你的。
表示预测。指说话人对于将来的看法、假设和推测。
如： I’m sure our team will win next time. 我确信下次我们队会赢。
Maybe she will go to the gym. 也许她会去体育馆。
表示许诺。如： I’ll do better next time. 下次我会做得更好的。
I’ll visit you tomorrow. 明天我会去看你的。
句式：肯定句：I/She/He/They will go to play baseball soon.
否定句：I/She/He/They won’t go to play baseball soon.
一般疑问句：Will you/she/he/they go to play baseball soon?
回答：Yes, I/she/he/they will. No, I/she /he/they won’t.
（三）动词plan, come, go, leave, fly等用现在进行时表示将要发生的事.
如： I’m coming. 我就来。
He is leaving for Shanghai. 他将到上海去。
We are going to Beijing. 我们将去北京。
Topic 2 Would you mind saying sorry to Michael?
一、重点词语:
词形转换：
(1) adj. + ly → adv.
loud → loudly soft → softly quiet → quietly
clear → clearly angry → angrily easy → easily
(2)过去式：
fall → fell break → broke lose →lost throw → threw feel → felt
(3) 1.ill (同义词)sick (名词)illness 2.start(同义词)begin
3.far(反义词)near 4.smoke(现在分词)smoking
5.careless(反义词)careful 6.important(比较级) more important 7.Russia(公民)Russian 8.enjoy(现在分词)enjoying
9.invent(名词)invention;inventor 10.indoor(反义词)outdoor
11.century(复数)centuries 12.coach(复数)coaches
13.feel (名词)feeling 14.tiring(近义词)tired
(二) 词组:
have a soccer game 进行一场足球赛
fall ill 病倒了
be a little far from… 离……有点远
right away = at once 立刻;马上
miss a good chance 错过一个好机会
get/miss a goal 得到/失去一分
shame on sb. 为某人感到羞耻
do one’s best 尽某人的力
say sorry to sb. 对某人说抱歉
be sure to do sth. 确定做某事
be angry with… 生某人的气
with one’s help = with the help of sb. 在某人的帮助下
serve food 上菜
turn up/down… 调高/低（音量）
keep sb. doing sth. 让某人一直做某事
in a minute 一分钟后；马上
on the phone 在电话中
take a seat 就坐
never mind 不要紧
a lot of traveling 一系列旅行
love/enjoy doing sth. 喜爱/欢做某事
have a very exciting life 过着非常兴奋的生活
as well 也
throw…into… 把……投进……
follow/obey the rules 遵守规则
over a century later 一个多世纪后
more and more people 越来越多的人
feel tired 感到疲劳
instead of… 替代……
ask sb. to do sth. 叫某人做某事
make a plan for sb. 为某人订一份计划
build up 增进;增强
go right 正常运转
do the homework 做作业
二.重点句型
Could you please do me a favor? = Could you help me? = Could you give me a hand?
你能帮我吗？
Would you mind teaching me? = Would you please teach me? 你教我好吗？
You are always so careless. 你总是这样粗心大意.
Let me buy you a new one. = Let me buy a new one for you.让我为你买一个新的。
He invented an indoor game for his students so that they could play it even in bad weather. 他为他的学生们发明了一项室内运动以便他们甚至在恶劣的天气也能玩。
And you can throw it with one hand or both hands.你能用一只手或两只手投掷它。
三. 重点语言点
ill 与 sick 都表示 “生病的”, 只能作表语而既可作表语也可作定语.
如: The man is ill/sick. 那个男人病了. (作表语)
He is a sick man. 他是个病人. (作定语)
Would you mind (not) doing sth? 表示 “(不)做某事介意/好吗?”
如: Would you mind coming and checking it? 来修理它好吗?
Would you mind not smoking here? 不要在这儿吸烟好/介意吗?
3. one of + 名词复数 表示 “其中之一……”, 主语是one,表单数.
如: One of my teammates is strong and tall. 其中我的一个队友又高又壮。
4. miss “错过,思念,遗失”
如: I missed the last bus yesterday. 昨天我错过最后一班车.
He missed his mother. 他想念他的母亲.
My God! I missed(=lost) my key. 天啊! 我把钥匙弄丢了.
5. be sure to do sth. = be sure that + 句子 “确定做某事”
如: We are sure to win next time. = We are sure that we will win next time.
我们确信下次一定会赢。
be sorry for… “为某事抱歉”
be sorry to do sth. = be sorry (that) + 句子 “很抱歉做了某事”
如: I am very sorry for what I said. 我为我所说的话感到抱歉.
I’m sorry I lost your book. = I’m sorry to lose your book.很抱歉弄丢你的书。
7．tired adj. “（感到）疲惫的” , 主语是人 如: I feel tired today. 今天我感到累了.
tiring adj. “令人疲劳的”, 主语是事物 如:This job is tiring. 这份工作令人疲惫.
类似的有: excited 感到兴奋的 exciting 令人兴奋的
interested 感到有趣的 interesting 有趣的
8.15-year-old “15岁的”
15 years old “15岁” 如: He is a 15-year-old boy. = The boy is 15 years old.
类似用法: 2.5-mile / 2.5 miles
9. instead “替代;相反”, 一般单独使用,放在句末,前面用逗号隔开.
instead of…“替代……;而不……,相反”
如: I won’t go to Shanghai. I’ll go to Beijing, instead. 我不会去上海而会去北京.
= I’ll go to Beijing instead of Shanghai.
I drank a lot of milk instead of water. 我喝了许多牛奶而不是水.
have fun doing sth. = enjoy doing sth. 表示 “从做…….中获得乐趣”
如: I have great fun running. = I enjoy running.我总能在跑步中得到很大乐趣。
四、交际用语
(2) 请求和回答
Requests Responses
Could you please do me a favor? Sure. What is it?
Will you join us? I’d be glad to.
Would you mind teaching me? Not at all. Let’s go and practice.
（二）道歉和回答
Apologies Responses
I’m sorry I didn’t call you last night. Never mind.I guess you were busy last night.
I’m sorry I’m late for class. That’s OK. Please take a seat.
I’m sorry I lost your book. It doesn’t matter. That book isn’t important to me.
I’m sorry I broke your pen. Don’t worry. I have another pen.
Topic 3 Beijing will host the Olympics.
一、重点词组:
join the English club 加入英语俱乐部
host the 2008 Olympics 举办奥运会
fill out 填出/好
go on 发生；进行
all the interesting places 所有有趣的地方
quite a lot 相当多
make friends with… 与……交朋友
be afraid 恐怕
be free 有空
see you then 再见
win the first gold medal 赢得第一枚金牌
get 28 gold medals 获得28枚金牌
the winner of the first gold medal 第一枚金牌的获胜者
every four years 每四年;每隔三年
the mascot for the Beijing Olympics 北京奥运会的吉祥物
behave well 举止得体
improve the environment 改善环境
plant trees and grass 种植花草树木
a symbol of … 一种……的象征
stand for 代表
the five parts of the world 世界的五大部分
do morning exercises 做早操
be fond of (doing) sth. 喜欢(做)某事
二、重点句型
1.Could you tell me your name? 你能告诉我你的名字吗?
= What’s your name?
2.What do you do? = What’s your job? = What are you? 你是干什么的?
3. More and more foreign friends ride in my taxi (= take my taxi) now.
现在越来越多的外国朋友搭我的出租车.
4.Speaking English will help me a lot. 说英语将对我有很大帮助.
5.Please fill it out. 请把它填好.
6.What will the weather be like this weekend? = How will the weather be this weekend?
本周末的天气怎样?
7..There will be more roads in Beijing. 在北京将会有更多的马路.
三. 重点语言点
fill out + 名词 “填好……”
fill + 名词/代词+out
如: Please fill out this form. = Please fill this form out. 请填好这张表格.
Please fill it/them out. (当宾语是代词时, 只能放中间) 请把它(们)填好.
be afraid… “恐怕” 指有礼貌地、委婉地拒绝别人.
be afraid of… “害怕(做)……”
如: I’m afraid I won’t be free. 我恐怕没有空.
He is afraid of dogs. 他害怕狗.
They are afraid of losing the game. 他们害怕输了比赛.
may be “可能是……” may是情态动词 + be
maybe “或许; 可能” maybe是副词
如: He may be a teacher. = Maybe he is a teacher. 他可能是一名老师.
He may know her name. = Maybe he knows her name. 他可能知道她的名字.
between 在两者之间
among 在三者或三者当中
如: The answer is between A and B. 答案在A和B 之间.
The winner is among of us. 获胜者在我们当中.
5. There be 句型的一般将来时
正:There will be a sports meeting in our school this weekend.
= There is going to be a sports meeting in our school this weekend.
误:There will have a sports meeting in our school this weekend.
= There is going to have a sports meeting in our school this weekend.
四、交际用语
提建议的句型:
Would you like to go hiking with us? 你想和我们一起去远足吗?
What/How about going hiking with us? 和我们一起去远足怎么样?
Why don’t you go hiking with us? 你为什么不和我们一起去远足呢?
Why not go hiking with us? 为什么不和我们为什么不和我们一起去远足呢?呢?
Let’s go hiking. 让我们一起去远足吧!
Would you mind going hiking with us? 你介意和我们一起去远足吗?
Would you please go hiking with us? 和我们一起去远足好吗?
Shall we go hiking? 我们一起去远足好吗? (shall在疑问句中与I 和we连用,表示提出或征求意见. 意思为 “……好吗?/ 要不要……?)
Unit 2 Keeping Healthy
Topic 1 How are you feeling today?
一、重点词组:
have a (bad/terrible) cold 患（重）感冒
have a toothache/backache/headache/stomachache 牙痛/背痛/头痛/胃痛
see a dentist/doctor 看牙医/医生
have a cough/fever 患咳嗽/发高烧
have the flu 得了流感
have sore eyes 眼睛发炎
have a sore throat 喉咙发炎
take/have a (good) rest （好好）休息
sleep well 睡得好
drink a lot of boiled water 多喝开水
lift heavy things 提重物
stay in bed 呆在床上
have a good sleep 好好睡一觉
feel terrible 感到难受
take sb. to… 带某人去……
take some medicine/ pills 吃药
day and night 日日夜夜
bad luck 倒霉
lie down 躺下
hot tea with honey 加蜜的热茶
brush one’s teeth 刷牙
have an accident 出了事故/意外
send sb. to…. 送某人去……
take/ have a look at… 看一看……
not…until… 直到……才…..
get well 恢复健康
plenty of… 充足;大量
take off your coat 脱掉你的大衣
二、重点句型
You should see a dentist. 你应该看牙医。
You shouldn’t lift heavy things. 你不应该提重物。
You look pale. 你看起来气色不好,很苍白.
You’d better go to see a doctor. 你最好去看医生.
You’d better not go to school today. 今天你最好不要去上学.
Thank you for your flowers and fruit. 谢谢你送来的鲜花和水果.
I couldn’t read them until today. 直到今天我才读了他们.
三. 重点语言点
身体某个部位 + ache，表身体某处疼痛。
如: headache 头痛 backache 背痛 stomachache 胃痛 toothache 牙痛
medicine “药” 为不可数名词
pill “药片” 为可数名词
如: take some medicine 吃些药 take some cold pills 吃些感冒药
with “含有…”
without “没有”
hot tea with honey 加蜜的茶 coffee with sugar and milk 加糖和牛奶
mooncake with eggs 含鸡蛋的月饼
Chinese tea with nothing = Chinese tea without anything 中国清茶
Go to school without (eating) breakfast. 没吃早饭去上学。
until “直到……为止” ; 句中动词一般为延续性动词
not …until…. “直到……才…” ; 句中动词一般为短暂性动词
如: He will wait for his father until ten o’clock. 他将等他父亲一直到10点为止.
He won’t leave until his father comes . 直到他父亲来他才离开.
both…and…. “……和……(两者)都”; 当主语时,谓语动词用复数.
如: I know both Jim and Tom. 吉姆和汤姆俩人我都认识.
Both Jim and I are 16 years old. 我和吉姆都是16岁.
plenty of… “充足;大量” 既可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词, 只用于肯定句,
相当于a lot of…/ lots of…
many “许多”, 修饰可数名词
much “许多”, 修饰不可数名词
如: You should drink plenty of /a lot of boiled water. 你应该喝大量的开水.
You shouldn’t drink so much water. 你不应该喝这么多水.
I have many/lots of/a lot of/plenty of books. 我有许多水.
四、交际用语
(一)询问病情
What’s wrong/the matter/ the trouble with you ? 有什么不舒服?
How are you feeling now? 你现在感觉怎么样?
Do you have a cold? 你得了感冒了吗?
(二)诉说病情
1. I feel terrible./ I am feeling terrible. 我感到难受.
2. I have a headache/stomachache/…. 我头痛/肚子痛…..
3. I can’t sleep well at night. 我晚上睡不4. 好觉.
5. I cough day and night. 我日日夜夜地咳嗽.
6. But my left leg hurts when I move it. 但是当我移动时,我的左腿疼.
(3) 表示同(4) 情
1. I’m sorry to hear that.听到这事我感到难过.
2. That’s too bad. 那太糟了.
3. Bad luck. 倒霉.
(5) 表达建议
1. You’d better (not) do sth 最好(不2. )做某事.
3. You should/shouldn’t do sth 你(不4. ) 应该做某事.
5. Shall I take you to the hospital? 我带你去医院好吗?
Topic 2 Is it good for your health?
一、重点词组:
look tired 看起来很累
watch a soccer game on TV 在电视上观看一场足球赛
stay up 熬夜
keep long fingernails 留长指甲
wash hands before meals 饭前洗手
play sports right after meals 饭后适当运动
take a fresh breath 呼吸新鲜空气
be necessary for… 对于……来说是必不可少的
keep you active 使你保持精力旺盛
in the daytime 在白天
throw litter about 乱扔垃圾
get enough sleep 得到足够的睡眠
exercise on an empty stomach 空腹锻炼
= without eating anything
need to do sth 需要做某事
get into 进入
become sick 生病
fight germs 抗击病菌
keep the air clean and fresh 保持空气清新
eat bad food 吃变质食物
sweep the floors 打扫地板
as we know 众所周知
have the right kinds of food 吃正确种类的（健康的）食品
choose the wrong food 选择错误的（不健康的）食品
in different ways 用不同的方法
make us sick 使我们生病
二、重点句型
I see. Staying up late is bad for your health. 我明白了. 熬夜有害你的健康.
(动名词短语做主语)
2. How did Wang Jun get a headache? 王俊怎样患上头痛的？
Is going to bed early good or bad for your health? It’s good.
早点睡觉对你的健康有益还是有害? 有益. (选择问句要根据事实回答)
Walking is good exercise and it is necessary for good health.散步是很好的锻炼,是身体健康必不可少.
It will keep you active in the daytime. 它(早睡早起)将使你在白天保持旺盛的精力.
You must not throw litter about. = Don’t throw litter about. 不要乱扔垃圾.
We may have more than one headache each month. 每月我们可能会不止一次头疼.
You may get a headache when you can’t get enough sleep.当你睡眠不足时,可能会头疼.
What does it mean when you have a headache? 头痛对你来说意味着什么?
The boy becomes sick. 那个男孩生病了.
As we know, food gives us enery. 众所周知,食物给我们提供能量.
If we eat too little or too much food, or if we choose the wrong food, it can make us sick.
如果我们吃得太少或太多, 或者食物的选择不当会生病的.
三. 重点语言点
1. be good for… 对……有益
be bad for… 对……有害
如: Swimming is good for health. 游泳对健康有益.
Reading in strong sunlight is bad for the eyes. 在强烈的阳光下看书对眼睛有害.
disease 通常指具体的病, 表 “特定的疾病、病名”
illness 通常指生病的状态或表抽象的疾病
如： Germs can cause diseases. 细菌会引发疾病。
SARS is a serious disease. 非典是一种严重的疾病。
Don’t worry about his illness. 别担心他的病。
exercise 表 “锻炼/运动”时, 为不可数名词;
表 “练习”或有定语修饰时, 为可数名词.
如: He often takes/does exercise in the morning. 他经常上午锻炼.
Please do the exercises at once.请马上做这些练习.
He does morning exercises every day. 他每天做早操
. Walking is good exercise. 散步是很好的锻炼.
enough adj. “足够的”
修饰名词时, 既可放在名词之前, 也可放在名词之后.(但通常放在名词之前)
如: I have enough time/ time enough to finish this work. 我有足够的时间完成这项工作.
There is enough food in the fridge. 冰箱里有足够的食物.
adv. “足够地” 修饰形容词或副词时, 均放在所修饰词的后面.
如: He is tall enough to reach the apple. 他足够高,能够得着苹果.
He speaks clearly enough. 他讲得足够清楚.
need “需要, 必需”
1 作实义动词: need sth. 需要某物 need to do sth. 需要做某事
如: I need some help. 我需要一些帮助.
You need to see a doctor. 你需要去看医生.
He needs to take a bus. 他需要去搭车.
2 作情态动词: need + 动词原形
如: If she wants anything, she only need ask. 她想要什么东西, 只要开口就行了.
You needn’t finish this work today. 你不必今天完成这项工作.
6． too much + 不可数名词 表“太多的。。。”
much too + 形容词 表“太。。。”，much 起加强语气作用
如：Don’t eat too much meat. 不要吃太多的肉。
He is much too fat. 他实在太胖了。
四.重点语法
情态动词:
①must “必须, 一定” 如: We must study hard. 我们必须努力学习.
mustn’t “不可以” 如: You mustn’t walk on the lawn. 你不可以在草坪上行走.
②should “应该” 如: We should finish it on time. 我们应该按时完成它.
shouldn’t “不该” 如: You shouldn’t go to school late. 你不该上学迟到.
③had better “最好” 如：You had better go to bed early.你最好早睡。
had better not “最好不” 如：You had better not go to bed late.
你最好不要迟睡。
④may “可以” 如: May I come in? 我可以进来吗?
“可能” 如: You may get a headache when you work too hard.
当你工作太努力时,你可能会头疼.
Topic 3 We should do our best to fight SARS.
一、重点词组:
talk with 与……交谈
hurry up 赶紧/快
go ahead = go on 继续（问）
spread easily 易传播
be afraid of… 害怕……
catch SARS 患上非典
do one’s best to do sth 尽力做某事
fight SARS 抗击非典
keep away from animals 远离动物
do house cleaning 打扫屋子
go to crowded places 去拥挤的地方
all the time = always 总是/一直
examine the patients 检查病人
take a message 捎口信
take care of… 照顾……
= look after / care for
tell/ask sb. to do sth 叫某人做某事
call back 回电话
leave a message 留口信
take an active part in 积极参加
care for patients 照顾病人
save the patients 挽救病人
spend the time 度过时光
teach oneself 自学
help mother cook 帮助妈妈煮东西
on the phone/Internet 在电话中/在互联网上
enjoy oneself 过得愉快
tell sb. a story / stories 给某人讲故事
take some Chinese medicine 吃些中药
二、重点句型
We don’t have to be afraid of catching SARS. 我们没必要害怕患上非典。
Please tell my father to take care of himself. 请告诉我的父亲照顾好他自己。
Could you please ask her to call me back? 请叫她给我回电话好吗？
He took an active part in the battle against SARS. 他积极参加抗击非典的战斗。
He cared for the patients day and night. 他日日夜夜照顾病人。
It’s my duty to save the patients. 挽救病人是我的职责。
What do you think of Kangkang’s father? 你认为康康的父亲怎么样？
Long time no see! 好久不见！
You could cook for us next time. 下次你能为我们煮东西了。
三、重点语言点
talk with sb. 表 “与……交流” , 指 “与人平等地交流、讨论”
talk to sb. 表示 “找某人谈话” , 在口语中常 “责备某人”
如: Jim’s father is talking with the teacher. 吉姆的父亲正在和老师交谈.
I will talk to him about his careless. 我要找他谈话,批评他的粗心大意.
常用的反身代词词组:
take care of oneself = look after oneself 照顾某人自己
teach oneself = learn by oneself 自学
enjoy oneself = have a good time 玩得高兴
help sb (to) do sth = help sb. with sth. 帮助某人做某事
如: I helped my mother cook at home.
= I helped my mother with the cook at home. 我在家帮我母亲做饭.
四、重点语法
(一) 情态动词: must 与 have to
① must ＂必须;一定”, 表示有做某一动作的必要或义务,侧重表达说话者的主观看法.（只有一种时态）
如：We must wash hands before meals. 饭前我们必须洗手.
We must eat healthy food. 我们必须吃健康的食物.
② have to “不得不,必须”, 侧重表示因客观条件或客观环境的迫使而＂不得不做某事＂．（可用于各种时态）
如：It’s too late. I have to go now. 太迟了.现在我得走了.
I had to borrow some money at that time. 那时我不得不借了一些钱.
*----Must we keep the windows open all the time?
----No, we don’t have to. / No, we needn’t. (注意回答时不能用No, we mustn’t.)
(二)电话用语:
Hello! Could /May I speak to…, please? 你好! 我能跟……通话吗?
May I take a message? 我能捎个口信吗?
This is Kangkang. 我是康康.
Hello! Who’s that? 你好! 你是谁?
Review of Units 1---2
break the window 打破窗户（玻璃）
get lost 丢失；迷路
on one’s way (to) 在….的路上
take the wrong bus 搭错车
one of the most popular sports 最受欢迎的运动之一
a group of people 一群人
form an international organization 成立一个国际组织
put sth in low places 把某物放在低处
eat sth by mistake 误吃
put…away 把…收起来
2013年中考英语的复习重点与备考建议
新年伊始，初三毕业班的同学们在结束课本学习后，便要投入到新一轮的紧张复习中了。在前一阶段的学习中，我们已经建立了基本的知识框架，后一段时间，应从掌握中考各题型常考考点及出题规律的方向重点突破。
全国各地的中考题，形式上虽有差异，但都集中包括了听力、单选、完形填空、阅读理解、翻译句子、首字母填空以及写作这几大板块。每个板块都有其自身的特点，优学教育全国各地的名师总结以前经验，建议大家从以下几个板块展开剖析，从这些方面重点掌握。
一、听力部分
听力部分重在考察学生听力辨音以及对内容的理解。整体难度不大，属于容易得分的板块。
备考建议：熟悉常考的听力场景，例如图书馆借书、陌生人问路、口头通知、打电话留便条等。而常考对话的人物多为师生之间、夫妻之间、警察与陌生人等。常见的出题形式有：考察人物关系，辨听数字细节，数字及价格运算，时间加减等。
在做题之前，应利用间隙时间审题，根据题干预测即将听到的内容，做到心中有数；做题的时候，手中握笔，对关键信息点做简要记录，并通过对话的重音、语气等判断人物关系、说话态度以及个人喜恶等。如果有要点漏掉了，应果断舍弃，不要影响后面的答题。
二、单选部分
该板块主要是针对语法、词汇和交际用语的考查。常考考点为：动词的时态语态、固定搭配、词义辨析、不定代词、名词词义辨析、形容词、副词、连词、情态动词表示推测、宾语从句等。
备考建议：对于语法，考生要认真去分析其中的逻辑，而不能一味地硬记硬背；词汇板块，重在平时积累；而交际用语板块，重点考察学生运用语言进行表达的能力。在平时学习的过程中，就要有意识地去归纳。例如，表感谢时，相应的答语有哪些；表达道歉，正确的回答方式有哪些，都要注重整理归纳。
三、完形填空
完形填空，除了考察基础知识的掌握和运用，还要求学生对整篇文章逻辑联系有基本的理解，能在具体的情景中辨析词义以及运用词组短语搭配。这是学生最易失分的板块。
备考建议：在做题过程中要注意：
1、重视首尾呼应。判断文章体裁，预测文章主旨和大意。读懂首句可以帮助建立正确的思维导向，对理解全文起重要作用。
2、重视上下文语境。要留心文中同义词、近义词、反义词的照应以及原词重现等现象，这些线索往往属于正
确选项的。
3、进行逻辑分析。如果无法从语法搭配及词汇的角度解释选项，那么逻辑分析就显得尤为重要，同学们在平时的训练中要注意逻辑的严密性。
在做完形填空时，利用词性分析的方法是解题的重要原则。平时尤其要注重词汇的积累，牢固掌握形近单词的意思及同义近义词组的辨析，同时还需注意熟词生义的现象，了解词汇的用法以及在不同语境中的具体含义，避免词义混淆和概念模糊。
四、阅读理解
初中阶段，阅读理解的体材多为记叙文、应用说明文，议论文考察相对较少。题材多样，常考的多数讲述亲情、友情和励志故事等。该板块分值通常较大，是学生容易得分的。
备考建议：了解不同问题设题的方向。应用说明文，内容多涉及表格、菜单、门票、博物馆等信息类，答案通常就在原文当中，一般可以直接找到答案，不排除有题目需要计算价格、时间等，审题就显得格外重要。该题型选项通常设有陷阱，例如张冠李戴、偷梁换柱等。
而记叙文，通常是通过讲故事、描写人物事迹或寓言故事，得出一个结论或者阐明一个道理，体现积极向上的人生观，要把握文章大意。
在做题之前，学生需要了解设题的四种类型：细节判断题、推理判断题、词义猜测题和主旨大意题，并掌握各种题型的解题方法。
平时应该养成这样的做题习惯。
1、拿到文章，首先给段落标上序号，这样使得文章层次清晰。
2、阅读题干，判断题目型并划出题干中的关键词，再带着问题来浏览文章。
3、根据题干关键词回到文中准确定位，注意关键词在原文中的同义改写及替换，在文中将每一题的线索都做上标记，并且标上题目的序号，方便随后检查。
对于阅读理解，学生容易失分的点多集中在主旨大意题（包括标题概括题目）上。要注意文章主旨或标题通常能很好地概括全篇的大意，而不是文章的某一个细节。该标题通常有一定的深意，但也不能过度拔高文章的内涵，要贴合文章的人物和事件。
做阅读理解不能只是单纯地追求选项的对错，要特别注重积累文章中的生难词汇、短语以及重点句型，还应勾画出文中优美实用的句子，写在摘抄本上，以后在写作及口语中为我所用。
五、阅读理解填词
阅读理解填词是根据文章意思，根据首字母提示，填出文中所缺单词，使文章还原其本来面目。此题的难度要高于完形填空，往往也是学生感觉比较棘手的题目。不仅要在不完整的文段间判断文章大意，还要完成填空练习，兼顾单词的词性、词形和拼写等。
备考建议：注重积累一意多词，并且也要用词性分析的方法来判断所填单词，此外，要特别注意词形。例如，一旦判断出该空所填为名词，就应立即考虑名词的单复数。若为动词，就要考虑时态语态，形容词副词要注意比较级等。
六、写作部分
写作是语言的输出，重在考查学生综合运用语言的能力。该板块在考前可以重点突破的。写作部分多以给材料作文的形式为主，用中文给出提示要点，内容多围绕学生的校园及学习生活展开。例如，倾诉学习烦恼、介绍（新来的）教师或同学、度假计划、旅游安排等，形式集中在通知、书信、E-mail，以及记叙文和议论文等方面。
备考建议：了解不同文体的写作格式，从词句、语法细节和文章结构等方面各个击破。
对于写作相对弱的同学而言，词句使用的准确性方面容易出现漏洞。针对词句的运用，我们应重视教材。课本文章通常难度适中，词汇丰富，是很不错的语料库，在巩固复习课本内容时，注意积累词汇。学生可以将自己写作中的各种错句都汇总起来，记在小本上，隔段时间再来看，自己进行改错，再去对照老师的纠正形式，在对比中领会自己写出错句时的思维和想法，以此建立更为牢固的语法概念，提高写作的准确性。
对于中等水平的学生而言，存在的问题是能够表达基本的意思，但词汇的多样性不够，句型较单一，文章中的连词缺乏，过渡不够自然妥帖。这就要求可以尝试运用同义词、近义词及词组。此外应总结归纳中考必备句型，认真识记。比如，在描写规章制度的写作中，we should(not)do„是每个人都会运用的句式，若运用we are(not)allowed to do, we are supposed to do就可以让自己的作文增色。如果再写出一个倒装句never should we do，自己的文章立刻便与千篇一律的作文拉开差距。但一定要注意不能为了运用特殊句式而生搬硬套，与文章整体结构和表达内容不符。
对于写作优秀的学生而言，词汇和句式的运用通常较好，写作提分的方向就在语言的润色上及地道的表达上。学生应适当拓展课外知识，增强语感，比如根据兴趣选择阅读书虫系列丛书，此外21st Century、China Daily、English Study等报刊杂志便是不错的选择。在写作中还要注意使用适当的关联词，可以使得文章结构清晰，表达更加鲜明。
此外，写作还要避免：
1、遗漏要点。
2、字数不够。
3、时态及人称运用出错。
4、书写潦草。
备考综合建议：
1、准备好词好句记录本。平时学习过程中，重视课本，若学有余力，则要拓展相关课外阅读。摘抄记录课本及课外阅读，完形各题型中的生难词汇或优美词句，经常朗读，培养语感。
2、准备错题集。归纳整理平时的错题，并且分析出错的原因，追问自己究竟是知识盲点，还是掌握不牢固，或者思维欠严谨。这样反复训练，学生就能发现自身问题，今后可以更有针对性地避免类似错误。
3、循环复习。知识的积累到位了，复习就是一个必不可少的过程。“温故而知新”，尝试在复习的过程中，记录自己新的所得，这样可以不断进步。
临近高考, 复习的方向显得格外重要。
从2009年《考纲》和《说明》固定之后, 数学高考试题的题型和难度也随之稳定。
1. 认清新课程的主干知识面
高考大题离不开主干知识面的支撑, 函数与导数、三角函数与数列、立体几何、解析几何、概率统计是新课程中的主干知识面。
2. 认清题型与难度
高考命题思路是先确定大题, 然后用选择填空题来覆盖。
12个选择题和4个填空题中, 选择题第12和填空题第16题是把关题, 其余是基础和中档。
第17题不是三角函数就是数列, 第18题立体几何, 第19题是统计与概率 (代替了老高考的应用题) ;17、18、19是基础或者中档题。
第20题是圆锥曲线, 第21题是函数与导数;20、21是把关题。
第22题是几何证明选讲、坐标系与参数方程、不等式选讲中三选一, 是基础或者中档题。
二、重点
1. 主干知识面
一轮复习抓点, 二轮复习抓线 (链) , 三轮复习抓面。因此, 抓主干知识面是考前复习的重点。
试题的难度参照2010和2011年而非2007、2008、2009年。随着西部军团加入高考行列, 西部与发达的中、东部在难度上应该有所区别。海南当然跟随西部军团因此在高考试题的难度上不会出现较大的波动。
针对高考试题的模式化辅之以模式化的应考, 当然高考题型并非一成不变, 偶尔某个大题某年变化一下, 第二年马上又还原。
2. 拒绝一题多解, 提倡多题一解
一个例题最多介绍一般解法与特殊解法, 人为的一题多解是少慢差费, 浪费宝贵的复习时间;多题一解是指众多的数学问题用同一种数学思想方法解之。训练考生的数学思维能力, 用典型的例题使之考生的知识系统化。
3. 教会考生学会数学思维, 例题重质量而不是数量
数学解题思维训练过程可以看做一个信息交往的控制过程。它的每一次循环都是通过由题设条件到求证结论的逐步转化来实现的。其中思维过程有时需要反复循环, 即将大脑输出的“题设条件”与预期的“求证结论”进行对比分析, 这一思维过程又可用框图表示如下:
在这一思维过程中中, 解题者根据问题的题设条件与求证结论, 对信息进行识别、加工与变换, 并通过不断地反馈调控, 缩小题设条件与结论之间的差异, 逐步实现条件到结论的转化。因此, 简单地说, 它就是关于解题信息的利用与反馈的一种固定的思维模式。现举例说明:
设cos A=cosθ·sin C, cos B=sinθ·sin C
求证:sin2 A+sin2 B+sin2 C=2。
题设条件:coa A=cosθ·sin C (1)
cos B=sinθ·sin C (2)
求证结论:sin2 A+sin2 B+sin2 C=2 (3)
【对比分析】求证结论中不含θ, 题设条件中含θ。
【揭示本质】由 (1) (2) 消去θ。
【联想相似】sin2θ+cos2θ=1。
【思维建构】 (1) 2+ (2) 2, 得cos2 A+cos2 B=sin2 C (4)
【对比分析】中间状态 (4) 含cos2 A、cos2 B,
求证结论 (3) 含cos2 A、cos2 B。
【创新思维】cos2 A=1-sin2 A, cos2 B=1-sin2 C。
【思维建构】将上两式代入 (4) , 得
1-sin2A+1-sin2B=sin2C,
即sin2 A+sin2 B+sin2 C=2。
此题平铺直叙地介绍解题过程与用综合分析法讲解效果是不一样的。
高难度针对把关题的练习只适合少数尖子生, 对于中等生可以写带有思路的解答供其阅读理解, 差生以提高为主。
4. 参考全国考试卷和部分省市自主命题中的好题
(1) 2009年山东理科第17题
已知函数f (x) =sin2xsinφ+cos2xcosφ-) , 其图像过点 () 。
(Ⅰ) 求φ的值;
(Ⅱ) 将函数y=f (x) 的图像上各点的横坐标缩短到原来的12, 纵坐标不变, 得到函数y=g (x) 的图象, 求函数g (x) 在[0, 4π]上的最大值和最小值。
【解析】
(Ⅰ) 因为已知函数图像过点
(Ⅱ) 由 (Ⅰ) 知φ=
评价:此题注重基础, 强调通法, 不偏不怪。选择题对基础知识、基本技能的考查, 循序渐进, 层次清晰, 当属优秀试题之典范, 本题把三角函数在图像、性质和三角恒等变换有机结合;考查了三角函数的诱导公式及二倍角等基本公式的灵活应用、图像变换以及三角函数的最值问题。体现了新课程不但重视“知识与技能”, 而且重视“过程与方法”, 考生分析问题与解决问题的能力在解题中得到了检验。
(2) 2009年海南省理科第19题
为调查某地区老人是否需要志愿者提供帮助, 用简单随机抽样方法从该地区调查了500位老年人, 结果如下:
(1) 估计该地区老年人中, 需要志愿者提供帮助的老年人的比例;
(2) 能否有99%的把握认为该地区的老年人是否需要志愿者提供帮助与性别有关?
(3) 根据 (2) 的结论, 能否提供更好的调查方法来估计该地区老年人, 需要志愿帮助的老年人的比例?说明理由。
【解析】:
(1) 调查的500位老年人中有70位需要志愿者提供帮助, 因此该地区老年人中, 需要帮助的老年人的比例的估算值为57000=14%
由于9.967>6.635, 所以有99%的把握认为该地区的老年人是否需要帮助与性别有关。
(III) 由 (II) 的结论知, 该地区老年人是否需要帮助与性别有关, 并且从样本数据能看出该地区男性老年人与女性老年人中需要帮助的比例有明显差异, 因此在调查时, 先确定该地区老年人中男、女的比例, 再把老年人分成男、女两层并采用分层抽样方法比采用简单随机抽样方法更好。
评价:试题来源于现实的生活背景, 在新课程实验中的“研究性学习”和“综合实践活动”普遍开展, 教师在教学中和学生在研究中很重视, 对于课改区的学生而言, 倍感亲切, 此题理论联系实际, 考察了统计概率的应用价值, 是新课程“情感、态度、价值观的体现”。
5. 杜绝使用超纲试题
(3) 2009年山东省理科第21题
如图, 已知椭圆=1 (a>b>0) 的离心率为, 以该椭圆上的点和椭圆的左、右焦点F1、F2为顶点的三角形的周长为。一等轴双曲线的顶点是该椭圆的焦点, 设为该双曲线上异于顶点的任一点, 直线PF1和PF2与椭圆的交点分别为A、B和C、D。
(Ⅰ) 求椭圆和双曲线的标准方程;
(Ⅱ) 设直线PF1、PF2的斜率分别为K1、K2, 证明K1·K2=1;
(Ⅲ) 是否存在常数λ, 使得|AB|+|CD|=λ|AB|·|CD|恒成立?若存在, 求λ的值;若不存在, 请说明理由。
【解析】
(Ⅰ) 由题意知, 椭圆离心率为, 得a=, 又, 所以可解得, 所以b2=a2-c2=4, 所以椭圆的标准方程为;所以椭圆的焦点坐标为 (±2, 0) , 因为双曲线为等轴双曲线, 且顶点是该椭圆的焦点, 所以该双曲线的标准方程为
(Ⅱ) 设点P (x0, y0) , 则k1=, 所以k1·k2=, 又点P (x0, y0) 在双曲线上, 所以有, 即y02=x02-4, 所以k1·k2=
(Ⅲ) 假设存在常数λ, 使得|AB|+|CD|=λ|AB|·|CD|恒成立, 则由 (Ⅱ) 知k1·k2=1, 所以设直线AB的方程为y=k (x+2) , 则直线CD的方程为y= (x+2) ,
由方程组消y得: (2k2+1) x2+8k2x+8k2-8=0, 设A (x1, y1) , B (x2, y2) , 则由韦达定理得:x1+x2=, x1x2=, 所以|AB|=·, 同理可得
又因为|AB|+|CD|=λ|AB|·|CD|, 所以有λ=所以存在常数λ=, 使得|AB|+|CD|=λ|AB|·|CD|恒成立。
评价:此题有些眼熟, 有似曾相识之感。虽然它是一个好题, 它作为新课程之考试题不适合, 因为《标准》规定双曲线文、理科都是了解要求 (抛物线文科是了解要求, 理科是掌握要求) , 此处把双曲线内容作为掌握要求考察是超出《标准》要求的, 当然也是超出《说明》要求的。
(4) 2009年江苏省第23题
已知△ABC的三边长都是有理数。
(1) 求证cosA是有理数; (2) 求证:对任意正整数n, cosnA是有理数。
【解析】:
(方法一) (1) 证明:设三边长分别为a, b, c, cosA=, ∵a, b, c是有理数, b2+c2-a2是有理数, 分母2bc为正有理数, 又有理数集对于除法的具有封闭性,
必为有理数, ∴cosA是有理数。
(2) (1) 当n=1时, 显然cosA是有理数;
当n=2时, ∵cos2A=2cos2 A-1, 因为cosA是有理数, ∴cos2 A也是有理数;
(2) 假设当n燮k (k叟2) 时, 结论成立, 即coskA、co (k-1) A均是有理数。
当n=k+1时, cos (k+1) A=coskAcos A-sinkAsinA,
解得:cos (k+1) A=2coskAcosA-cos (k-1) A
∵cosA, coskA, cos (k-1) A均是有理数, ∴2coskA-cosA-cos (k-1) A是有理数,
∴cos (k+1) A是有理数。
即当n=k+1时, 结论成立。
综上所述, 对于任意正整数n, cosnA是有理数。
(方法二) 证明: (1) 由AB、BC、AC为有理数及余弦定理知cosA=是有理数。
(2) 用数学归纳法证明cosnA和sin A·sin nA都是有理数。
(1) 当n=1时, 由 (1) 知cosA是有理数, 从而有sin A·sinA=1-cos2A也是有理数。
(2) 假设当n=k (k叟1) 时, cosA和sinA·sinkA都是有理数。
当n=k+1时, 由cos (k+1) A=cosA·coskA-sinA·sinkA,
sinA·sin (k+1) A=sinA· (sinA·coskA+cosA·sinkA) = (sinA·sinA) ·coskA+coskA+ (sinA·sinkA) ·cosA, 及 (1) 和归纳假设, 知cos (k+1) A和sin (k+1) A都是有理数。
即当n=k+1时, 结论成立。
综合 (1) 、 (2) 可知, 对任意正整数n, cosnA是有理数。
评价:此题作为数学奥林匹克竞赛试题极其普通, 照搬到高考考场上却很另类, 因为它不是《标准》规定学习的内容。区分度肯定差, 优秀生和差生一个样。只有数学奥林匹克竞赛选手才能解答此题, 那也是个别考生。数学考试结束后考生哭声震天, 命题者遭到网上“人肉搜索”。
6. 教会考生规范答题也很重要
1. educate
【分析】educate v.教育，训练，培养
常用于短语educate oneself自学；be well educated受到良好的教育；Be educated at/in a college受大学教育，上大学；educate one’s interest in培养……兴趣。
As is known to all, school teachers educate children. 众所周知，学校的老师教育学生。
He educated himself in the evening after finishing his work. 他在晚上做完工作后自学。
These young people are well educated in Australia. 这些年轻人在澳大利亚受到良好的教育。
My elder brother was educated at a very good college. 我哥哥在一所很好的大学受过教育。
The father educated his son interest in painting. 父亲培养儿子的绘画兴趣。
【拓展】educated adj. 受到教育的；education n. 教育
Many educated people from the college are shouldering the heavy responsibility. 许多受过大学教育的人正肩负起重要的责任。
His whole school education added up to no more than one year. 他的这个学校教育加起来不超过一年。
2. intended
【分析】intended adj. 为……打算/设计
The advertisement is intended to promote the products. 这个广告是为推销该产品而设计的。
What are you intended to do? 你打算怎么办？
【拓展】Intend v. intend doing/to do 打算做
He intends to be a teacher in the future. 他打算将来做老师。
What do you intend doing next? 下一步你打算做什么？
Intend sb. to do 打算是某人做
My father intends you to take over the company. 我父亲打算让你来接管公司。
3. advertise
【分析】advertise v. 做广告， 登广告
Their company advertised their goods in all the newspapers. 他们公司在所有的报纸上登了他们的商品广告。
advertise for sth./sb. 登广告以求某物或某人
I want to advertise for a job in your magazine. 我想要在你们杂志上登广告求职。
Progress is the activity of today and the assurance of tomorrow.(Emerson)
【拓展】Advertisement n. 广告
His boss put an advertisement in today’s newspaper. 他的老板在今天的报纸上登了一则广告。
4. share
【分析】share vt. 分享，分担 share sth. with sb. 与某人分享某物
She shares the bedroom with her sister. 她与姐姐共用一间卧室。
Good friends should share their joys and sorrows together. 好朋友应该甘苦与共。
The cake will be shared among his four children. 蛋糕将在他的四个孩子中分掉。
【拓展】Share n. 份额
They divided the sweets into equal shares. 他们把糖果分成了相等的几份。
I haven’t got my share of the fruit. 我还没有拿到我的那份水果。
5. impression
【分析】impression n. 印象；感想；印记
His speech made a strong impression on every one present. 他的演讲给每一位到场的人都留下深刻的印象。
You should pay attention to your first impression. 你应该注意你的第一印象。
【拓展】impress v. 使……铭记；使……有深刻印象
His words are strongly impressed on my memory. 他的话使我深深铭记心头。
I impressed on him the importance of his work. 我使他注意到他的工作的重要性。
We are deeply impressed by his words. 我们深深地被他的话打动了。
6. announce
【分析】announce vt. 宣布，宣告，发表；通报（某人/某事物）的出席或到来；（在无线台、电视等上）主持介绍（演唱者、演讲者等）
Would you announce the guests as they come in? 如果有客人来请你通报一下。
【注意】 向某人宣布，不能用announce sb.，必须用announce to sb.。
【拓展】It has been announced that… 据宣布……
make an announcement 发布通知
announcer n. 宣告者；(电视、电台)播音员；(戏剧等的)报幕员；(比赛等的)解说员
7. compete
【分析】Compete v. 竞争；对抗；比赛。
常见的搭配：compete against/with与某人竞争/比赛；compete in参加……的比赛，compete for sth.为争取……而竞争
Several companies are competing against each other for the contract. 几家公司正为争取一项合同而相互竞争。
The two teams competed in the 400meter dash. 两个队参加了400米赛跑。
The new product must be good if it is to compete with the many products in the market. 新产品必须是好的如果要在市场上与许多产品竞争的话。
【拓展】compete的名词是competition意思是“比赛，竞争”。形容词是competitive “有竞争的”。
8. attraction
【分析】attraction n. 吸引，引诱
The Palace Museum is one of Beijing’s great tourist attractions. 故宫是北京吸引游人的地方之一。
The elephants were the chief attraction at the circus. 大象是马戏团很具有吸引力的动物。
进步是今天的活动、明天的保证。(爱默生)
【拓展】Attractive adj. 有魅力的，吸引人的
Her dark eyes are very attractive. 她黑色的眼睛很吸引人。
I am interested in this attractive idea of yours. 我对你这很吸引人的想法很感兴趣。
In the meeting, a practical idea is attractive to the chairman. 会议上，一个实际的想法引起了主席的兴趣。
attract v. 吸引，引诱
The concert attracted a great number of people. 音乐会吸引了很多人。
9. remove
【分析】remove vt. 拿走；去掉；
Please remove your hat and bow to the hero. 请摘掉帽子向英雄鞠躬。
His words have removed my doubts about the whole thing. 他的话消除了我对整个事情的疑团。
His son has been removed from school for the crime. 他儿子因为犯罪而被学校开除了。
【拓展】vi. 迁移，搬家
The whole family removed from the city to the countryside ten years ago. 整个家庭十年前就从城里搬到农村了。
10. design
【分析】design v. 计划，谋划；设计，构思
They designed building/to build a house here. 他们打算在这儿建座房子。
The garden was designed by his daughter. 那座花园是他女儿设计的。
The land is designed for a park. 这块土地打算用来建公园。
【拓展】design还可作名词，意为“图案；花样；设计；计划”等
a hopeless design 毫无希望的计划
a beautiful design 美丽的图案
by design 故意地，蓄意地
Did you do it by design or just by accident? 你是有意那样做的还是无意的？
Part Two 词组专讲
11. even if
【分析】英语中，even if相当于even though它们的意思是“即使；尽管”，引导让步状语从句。
注意与even so的区别：even so表示“即使这样”，起承上启下的作用。
We’ll go there even if it rains. 即使下雨我们也将去那儿。
Allow children the space to voice their opinions, even if they are different from your own. 让孩子有空间去发表他们的观点，即使与你自己的不同。
There was never any time for Kate to feel lonely, even though she was an only child. 尽管她是个独生子女，凯特从来没有过感到孤独的时候。
【拓展】even so
They would not like to go to the park tomorrow. Even so, I will go there. 明天他们不想去公园。即使这样我也要去。
12. be used to
【分析】be used to 对……习以为常，习惯于，适应
My grandpa used to live in the city and now he is used to living in the countryside. 我爷爷过去生活在城市现在他适应了乡下生活。
She is used to getting up early and doing her morning reading. 她习惯于早起读书。
【拓展】used to do sth. (过去)经常做某事
The old man used to live with his sons. 老人过去常和他的儿子们住在一起。
be used to do/for sth. 被用来……
As is known to all, wood can be used to make paper. 众所周知，木头可以用来造纸。
The jealous are troublesome to others, but a torment to themselves.(W. Penn)
13. be satisfied with
【分析】be satisfied with 某人对……满意
My parents are satisfied with the results of my exams. 我父母对我的考试结果表示满意。
satisfied adj. 满意的
What he said made his teacher satisfied. 他所说的使得老师满意。
【拓展】Satisfy vt. 使满意；使满足
常用于satisfy somebody 使某人满意 satisfy the needs 满足需要
What he said satisfied the teacher. 他所说的使得老师满意。
something be satisfying 某事是令人满意的
The result of the discussion is not so satisfying. 讨论的结果不是令人满意的。
satisfaction n. 满意；满足
I expressed my satisfaction by nodding my head. 我点头表示满意。
Satisfactory adj. 令人满意的
Our work is quite satisfactory to our teacher. 我们的工作对我们的老师来说是相当满意的。
14. put forward
【分析】短语 put forward的意思是“提出主意、计划等”。
He put forward several interesting plans. 他提出了几项令人感兴趣的计划。
【拓展】put aside 搁置一边；停下；put out 熄灭(火)；put off推迟；put away放好；put on穿上，上演；put down放下，记下，镇压；put up张贴，举起，建立；put… into… 送入，输入，把……翻译成……； put sb. to bed哄某人睡觉；put one’s heart into… 一心扑在……；put up with容忍，忍受
15. take part in
【分析】短语take part in 意思是“参加（某活动）”
Are you going to take part in the singing? 你打算参加唱歌活动吗？
【拓展】attend 用做及物动词，意思是“参加，上学，出席”等。
His father suggested that he attend a private school. 他父亲建议他上私立学校。
The headmaster decided to attend the meeting in person. 校长决定亲自参加会议。
Join 意思是“参加；加入”。
I joined the League in 2001. 我是2001年加入共青团的。
另外，短语join somebody in something 意思是“和某人一起做某事”。
巩固练习
1. The young man is used to________ things advertised on TV.
A.buy
B.to buy
C.bought
D.buying
2. —Was the judge________with the result?
—I don’t think so. But perhaps no judge is easy____ .
A.satisfying; satisfied
B.satisfied; to satisfy
C.satisfactory; to be satisfied
D.satisfaction; satisfactory
3. They are________ the pandas to sit up and perform.
A.educated
B.educating
C.taught
D.trained
4. The international agreement,________encourage children not to smoke and help people kick the habit, was signed on January 16th.
A.intending to
B.being intended
C.intended to
D.to intend to
5. We must________ for a good cook for our restaurant.
A.introduce
B.bring
C.advertise
D.comment
6. The sights of the city never fail to________ foreign tourists.
A.impress with
B.impress on
C.impress
D.impress to
7. The____________ the news________the public on TV.
A.announcer; announced; /
B.announcer; announced; to
C.announcement; announce; /
D.announcement; announce; to
8. Most people didn’t accept the theory when it was first____ .
A.set about
B.set off
C.put forward
D.put out
9. It is reported that more than 20 people________the discussion at the meeting held in Beijing.
A.took part
B.took part in
C.attended
D.joined
10. Jean________ with us for the first prize in the competition last Sunday.
A.struck
B.completed
C.compared
D.competed
参考答案
1-5 DBDCC 6-10 BBCBD
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