游南京中山陵有感(通用6篇)
公元2012年4月7日,周六,晴,气温14—25℃日,无锡商院老师带领我们新疆乡镇管理班的学员进行了南京一日游。我们分别游览了南京中山陵、雨花台、夫子庙。
第一站:中山陵园。步行20分钟左右进入陵园内,首先映入眼脸的是石头雕刻的“钟山国家重点景名胜区—中山陵园风景区”。远处有一座塔矗立着,感觉不是很远,于是我们就朝着这座塔奔去。台阶太多了,一段比一段陡峭,有三段很长的台阶。据说三段台阶象征三民主义,三个阶段越来越艰辛。到顶上就是平坦开阔的视线,看下方看不到台阶,却是平坦的地面,象征胜利之后的平坦道路。平坦处是孙中山先生当葬于此,他的雕像屹立在大殿正中央,威严可敬。
第二站:雨花台烈士陵园。远处就看见高耸的碑,同样有很长的台阶,爬到跟前才看清碑上赫然印着金黄色的七个大字:雨花台烈士纪念碑,这是邓小平同志亲笔题的词。在这里我们举行了简短的纪念仪式:向烈士三鞠躬,由我作为代表发言,宣读宣誓词,合影留念。有一点我没明白:三鞠躬的时候为什么少数民族不鞠躬,难道他们的习俗里有什么特殊的规定?纳闷,在这种场合还是顾全大局的好。
第三站:夫子庙。有当地的同乡带领,我们很快就到了那种吃喝玩乐为一体的地方。南京秦淮河畔就在于此,是以夫子庙为中心,包括学宫和贡院在内的建筑群及其文化遗迹。站在秦淮河的桥上,可以看到宏伟巨大的二龙戏珠图墙,河里的小船悠闲的划着,这里还有夫子庙尊经阁、丹樨孔子铜像、江南贡院等。来这里游玩的人还真是不少,街道到处都是小吃摊、小吃店,各具特色,色香味美,让我一到这地方就寻觅起小吃来。这里还有很多工艺品,百货街,美味店-------参差不一,逛累了坐在供休息的石凳木椅上,欣赏来往的帅哥靓女,煞是惬意。
南京城的东郊紫金山上是中国民主革命先驱孙中山先生的陵寝——中山陵所在地,南京刚刚获得解放后,城内外秩序混乱,中山陵能否得到和平交接,中国人民解放军能否有效保护好中山陵,意义非常重大,可谓举国关注。因此,中共中央和总前委对此都非常重视,在攻克南京的前后,给部队部署了一项鲜为人知的重大政治任务:一定要严密保护好中山陵。
不放一枪和平接管
1925年3月12日,伟大的民主革命先行者孙中山先生在北平逝世。他留有遗嘱:“吾死之后,可葬于(南京)紫金山麓,因南京为临时政府所在地,所以不忘辛亥革命也。”遵照孙先生遗愿,灵枢暂厝于北平香山碧云寺内,在南京紫金山(也叫钟山)修建陵墓。
中山陵自1926年春动工,至1929年夏建成,面积8万多平方米。主要建筑牌坊、墓道、陵门、碑亭、祭堂和墓室等,都排列在一条中轴线上,体现了中国传统建筑的风格。从空中往下看,中山陵像一座平卧在绿绒毯上的“自由钟”。附近还建有音乐台、光化亭、流徽榭、仰止亭、藏经楼、行健亭、永丰社、中山书院等附属建筑。环绕在陵墓周围。不仅寄托了海内外中华儿女对孙中山先生的崇高敬意和缅怀之情。而且都是建筑名家之杰作,具有极高的艺术价值,被誉为“中国近代建筑史上第一陵”。
1929年6月1日。南京国民政府为孙中山先生举行了极其隆重的奉安大典。孙中山从此长眠在紫金山上。为了保护中山陵的安全。国民政府专门成立了中山陵拱卫大队。
1937年12月,侵华日军兵临南京城下,曾用大炮轰击中山陵。中山陵第六层平台西侧那尊铜鼎的外壁上,现今仍遗留着一大一小的两个孔,便是那时被日军炮弹击穿的。拱卫队员们集体写下决心书,“与中山陵共存亡”,并在孙中山陵寝旁举手宣誓。南京城破后,为阻击日军侵犯中山陵,共有26名拱卫队员英勇捐躯。
1945年南京光复后,国民政府重新修缮了中山陵,成立了新的中山陵拱卫大队。
1949年4月20日,人民解放军渡江战役打响。4月23日,南京解放。4月24日凌晨。人民解放军第三十五军第一〇五师第三一五团前卫营第二营在南京奉命追歼南逃的敌人。他们进挹江门,过鼓楼。当行至新街口时,团副政委刘志诚隐约看到了街中心树立的孙中山先生的铜像,不由肃然起敬。他14岁在陕西当学徒,18岁到延安参加革命,在延安学习了很多知识。对孙中山也了解很多,知道辛亥革命是孙中山先生领导的,因而内心对其充满崇拜。
他们从新街口转向东,沿中山东路行至中央医院(现原南京军区总医院)门口时,已走了约10公里。这时天已大明,部队停下来休息。刚坐下不久,侦察员报告,中山陵门外还有国民党一部分部队未走。他们立即追赶上去,准备消灭他们。此时,刘志诚忽然想到,附近就是中山陵,攻克南京前,上级首长就交待过要注意保护好中山陵,特别是第三野战军司令员陈毅还给部队写下了“保护中山陵”的手令。于是就紧急命令部队,不弄清情况,不到万不得已,不得擅自开枪。
经过了解。这部分国民党部队是中山陵的拱卫大队。刘志诚和石副团长都意识到,这个拱卫大队是一支特殊的武装,是负责警卫孙中山先生陵墓的,绝不同于国民党参加内战的一般军队,因此只能通过谈判和平解决,决不能轻易动武。
他们原本想,这拱卫大队负有特殊使命,又在此拱卫多年。通过谈判让他们交出拱卫权一定非常艰难。没想到,他们与国民政府负责管理中山陵的代处长范良和拱卫大队大队长王全中校刚一接触,就顺利达成了协议:解放军分别进驻中山陵和明孝陵、灵谷寺、紫金山天文台;拱卫大队把枪支弹药造册交给解放军,接受解放军的改编,继续担任中山陵的守卫工作。就这样,解放军一枪不放就和平接管了中山陵。
国共两军同站双岗
刘志诚迅速将这个情况向上级报告,上级同意他们的处置方案,决定停止他们追击敌人的任务,改为警卫中山陵。随后,部队开到中山陵园广场集结,正式接管了中山陵、天文台等地。
部队集结完毕后,刘志诚对全营指战员讲话,强调了守卫中山陵的重要意义,并要求大家严守三大纪律八项注意和入城守则。做到秋毫无犯。
讲话完毕,石副团长去具体指导设置哨位和组织巡逻队,刘志诚则召集拱卫大队的干部讲话,说明共产党对孙中山先生是一贯尊敬的。解放军将会保护好中山先生的陵墓。嘱咐拱卫大队的官兵照常安心工作,维护好中山陵的正常秩序。
随后。刘志诚等人由王全陪同去察看了蒋介石和孙科的公馆。蒋公馆又名美龄宮。据王全介绍,这是蒋介石、宋美龄做礼拜的地方。美龄宫建筑金碧辉煌,内部陈设也十分豪华。孙科公馆外表不怎么样,内部家具和装饰却非常富丽堂皇。刘志诚对王全说:“中山陵内所有国民党要人的公馆,我们解放军全不进驻,仍由你们看管,听候将来新的南京市政府前来接收。”
中午,刘志诚到了中山陵植物园,受到技术员吴敬立和潘祖恒等的热情欢迎,他们一直坚持工作,保护园内的各种设备。他们腾出好几间房子,安排第二营营部人员住宿,对战士们的生活照顾得无微不至。
下午。范良陪同刘志诚和石副团长上中山陵谒陵。路上,刘志诚看到,一如早晨达成的协议,每个哨位上都是由两名士兵值勤,一位是身穿解放军军装的战士,手持钢枪。一位是衣着国民党军军服的拱卫队员,徒手站立,他们相向而对,配合得很好。这一国共两军和平衔接、同站双岗、共同护卫中山陵的奇特景象。在中国国共两党的历史上。实为罕见。范良一面引领刘志诚他们往上走,一面讲述当年日军侵犯中山陵时守卫部队拼死抵抗的场景,大家无不感慨万千。
刘志诚等人来到中山陵的祭堂大厅后,大家怀着崇敬的心情,一齐向孙中山先生的坐像鞠躬默哀,然后进入墓室绕着中山先生卧像和棺椁环行一周。
半天来,刘志诚留心观察,发现中山陵园内外都整洁、有序,祭堂、碑亭、陵门等处都没有发现有什么损坏,似乎完全没有受到战乱的影响。刘志诚对范良说:“为了迎接解放,你们的工作做得不错,现在南京解放了,你应该带领陵园工作人员和拱卫大队的全体士兵,认真守卫执勤,把工作做得更好。”范良听了,很受鼓舞。
“致力中华摧帝制,名传后世颂英贤。”——孙中山,一个永垂不朽的人物,打破了中国上千年的封建时代。为新中国的成立奉献了自己的力量。后人会永远赞颂他,敬佩他。他会永远活在我们心中。我带着更多的思考和敬仰之情,我走进了中山陵园。一座被严密茂盛的树丛层层覆盖的山城呈现在我的眼前,没有喧闹,没有繁华,一切树木与建筑都是那么的静谧与和谐。园内游客众多,男女老少,中外游人。然而,我却没有看到在陵园中嬉笑打闹的面孔,可见世人对孙中山先生的尊重和爱戴之情是多么地深切。陵园的主路是一直向上延伸的,途中我们经过“博爱”坊,“天下为公”雕像大厅,每到一处,导游详细周到的解说更是增强了我对孙中山先生的敬仰之情。孙中山先生生平的事迹一点点浮现在我的脑海中。万事开头难,更何况是改变社会性质。千余年来都是皇帝最大,百姓在忍无可忍之时也会揭竿而起,奋起反抗,但是没有正确思想的指导,反抗成功后又是另外一个朝代的兴起,又是另一轮的欺压,百姓永无出头之日,在英军的大炮攻破清朝大门之后,终于有人醒悟,洋务运动,百日维新都是新的尝试,可是都失败了,1894年,孙中山在檀香山组织了第一个革命团体兴中会,这时,才终于有了一个新思想,“建立一个新的,开明的,进步的政府来代替旧政府”。他们发动了多次革命活动,都失败了,终于,辛亥革命推翻了清朝的统治,覆灭了两千多年的封建帝制,可是革命成果却被袁世凯窃取了,一次又一次的失败,他仍保持着顽强的革命精神,首先喊出“振兴中华”的口号,不断摸索救国救民的道路,并坚持奋斗,一代伟人的不凡与崇高是如何做到的?联想到自己,作为一名大学生,身处一个和平安祥的年代,在追求和实现理想的过程中,激情和斗志被现实生活日益消磨殆尽,是一件多么可怕的事情啊!
我沿着长达840多米的墓道,走过392个石阶和10个墓道平台终于到了中山陵墓,满头的汗水,酸软的脚,但是回头再向下看的时候,自己的心情难以言表,似乎每个石阶都代表着革命的步伐,没走一步所付出的努力,换回来的事另一个高度,我们自己的生活何尝不是这样呢?人生目标充满艰难和挫折,只有当我们迈着坚定的步伐才鞥走到胜利的彼岸。许久的期待终于有了回报,我们进入了墓室。即将见到孙中山的坐像,祭堂南面三座拱门为镂花紫铜双扉,门额上分别刻有:民族、民权、民生。祭堂东西护壁大理石刻着中山先生手书的遗著《建国大纲》。二重门为独扇铜制,门上镌有“孙中山先生之墓”石刻。在碑文上没有一条歌颂孙中山先生的文字,这是模仿武则天的无字碑文,先生的功绩是不需要撰写的,他的功绩刘芳于后世的心中。
——15400215 杨林
时光冉冉,如白驹过隙;人生一梦,稍纵即逝。面对无可匹敌的大自然,‚人定胜天‛的想法想必早已成一个谬论。白云苍狗,沧海桑田,太多太多的文化记忆被世事长河冲刷,化为尘烟。但历史真的什么也没留下么?我不禁陷入沉思。
周日,我随团支书和班级其他同学共游了六朝博物馆,终于解开了藏在心中许久的谜底。初至博物馆,我竟对门口的这五个大字,肃然起敬。‚南京梦,梦六朝‛,这是承载六朝文化的地方,这是让世人了解六朝艺术之美的窗口。正如馆长致辞所说,‚曾经的六朝,今日的六朝博物馆,仿佛璀璨的北斗七星,闪耀在古都新城的南京。‛
怀揣着至高无上的崇敬之意,在通过了安检之后,我真正走进了六朝的殿堂。一楼的大厅,摆有当时六朝的两辆宫廷鼓车,中间的屏幕上播放着历史纪录片,对面是六朝帝王表及年代表,楼梯口处竖直垂悬着六条挂幅,分别记有‚東吴,東晋,宋、齐、梁、陈‛这六个王朝。兴许是中午到那儿的缘故,整个大厅被晌午的阳光照得亮堂堂的,虽然没有昔日帝王宫殿的金碧辉煌,但这种氛围足以让一个现代人,尤其是像我一样的在校大学生,深觉华夏五千年文明的伟大魅力。敬意的程度丝毫没有退减,可此时此刻,我内心感触到更多的,不是‚敬‛,反而是‚畏‛!六朝名人的事迹,六朝文化的瑰丽,当真是我这等区区小辈,所能体会的?
尽管有‚敬‛有‚畏”,可我还是抑制不住好奇心,希望能在这繁华三千东流水中,取其一瓢而饮之,便足矣。于是,我登上了楼,继续参观博物馆。宗白华先生曾说,‚六朝是精神上极自由,极解放,最富于智慧,最浓于热情的一个时代,也是最富有艺术精神的一个时代。‛玄学盛行,佛道并行,意识形态,人文思想空前活跃。直至上了楼,我才与宗白华先生有了共鸣,真正切身体会到‚魏晋风度‛的美。六朝的艺术创作重视人的审美感受,以‚传神写照‛‚气韵生动‛为核心进行创作,进而渗透于青瓷、石刻、绘画、雕塑之中。六朝的青瓷以典雅的青色为主,采用点彩的装饰手法,犹如画龙点睛般的,赋予了器物无限的生命活力,彰显了青瓷的釉色美。然而,当时的青瓷尚未普及至平民,因而仍保留着士族阶级的审美情趣。不过,在之后的发展之中,实用与审美也慢慢达到和谐统一,鸡首壶的成熟是当之无愧的一个显赫标志。除此之外,南北朝瓷器上的花瓣纹,三国两晋时的魂瓶等等,则阐释了当时社会人民与佛教神灵源远流长的关系。我不禁对神话佛说有了一层新的认识,领略到六朝古都的神秘感。
六朝时期的书画也很令人赞不绝口。顾恺之、王羲之等书画大师,他们的作品时而着笔于自然山水之美,时而着笔于人格性情之美,极其富有情致。‚永和九年,岁在癸丑,暮春之初,会于会稽山阴之兰亭,修禊事也。‛这是魏晋王羲之《兰亭集序》的首句。当初,学习书法的时候,老师便让练好这个‚永‛字,如今一看,这天下第一行书,果真不是浪得虚名。他的书法,平和自然,笔势委婉含蓄,遒劲健秀,后人评论,‚飘若游浮云,矫若惊龙。‛所以,的确可以算是六朝书法艺术的登峰造极之作了。
当我已被这些杰作深深吸引之后,愈进愈深所见到的艺术作品更让我为之一震。塑像带来的面容之美,冠发之美,服饰之美,流露出万种风情,美不胜收;墓志上的书法,砖上的草书,简牍上的笔墨,不仅仅是线条美的体现,更有六朝书法不同风格的意韵之美;豪宅石门,墓室石壁,一方面是建筑领域的发展,另一方面也包含着六朝时期的经济繁荣。我无法用言语来形容这般壮观的艺术佳作,只是张大着嘴巴,眨巴着眼睛,似懂非懂地欣赏完了这一层的展品。
‚敬畏‛之情容不得让我喘息,催促我走上了三楼,那是六朝人杰的‚住所‛。六朝多名士,他们或雄才大略,或慷慨激昂,或狂狷恣肆,或任情潇洒,或才华横溢,或旷达不羁。‚金陵昔时何壮哉,席卷豪杰天下来‛,无数的英雄人士,用他们一流的才气,超凡的个性,创下一个个不朽的传奇。王导的从容宽厚,谢安的风流潇洒,周处的砥砺自新,陆逊的智勇兼备,一位位良将名臣,用自己的言行举止,创下丰功伟绩,给后人树立为楷模。多想随王谢登高,多想入伍军队,随孙仲谋驰骋沙场……六朝名士所经历的,在目睹这一切之后,我都想亲身去体验一番,好在六朝时期也留下属于自己的传奇。然而这只是我想,并不会成真了。我默默告诉自己,‚过去改不了,未来可掌握‛,我只能汲取六朝名士的精神,并加以发扬,才能让未来的自己有希望成为‘传奇’。‛终于,我不再那么畏惧,此刻,内心的‚敬‛战胜了‚畏‛,剩下的全部只有目标与信念了。
人们常说:不到故宫、长城就等于没去过北京;不到外滩船游浦江、登东方明珠或金茂大厦就等于没去过上海;不长到西湖、宋城就不知杭州的千年风情;那么不到中山陵你就等于白来了一趟南京。大家都是大老远出来旅游的,有的以前也许来过,有的以后可能再来,还有的可能旅游完这一趟以后就不会再来了,所以希望大家能多看一看其中的经典精华少留一些遗憾。
先向大家简要地介绍一下孙中山先生的生平。孙中山,姓孙名文,字逸仙,号中山樵。他于1866年11月12日生于广东省香山县(现已改为中山市),他早年曾求学海外,1892年毕业于香港西医学院,学成之后曾一度在香港、澳门、广州一带行医。由于清政府的腐败,孙中山切身地感到光靠行医是无法救百姓救中国的,于是毅然弃医从政,于1905年8月,在日本东京组织成立了中国近代史上第一个资产阶级革命团体“中国同盟会”,提出了“民族、民生、民权”即“三民主义”的革命纲领。在国内不断发动武装起义,特别是在1911年4月27日发动了广州起义。广州起义虽然最终遭到失败,但为同年10月10日的武昌起义取得胜利奠定了基础。推翻了2000多年的中国封建帝制,这就是中国近代史上影响深刻、意义深远的一次伟大革命——辛亥革命。
1911年12月29日,孙中山被17省代表推举为中华民国临时大总统,1912年1月2日,孙中山在南京宣誓就职。但因袁世凯的阴谋和革命党人的妥协,1912年4月1日,孙中山正式辞去临时大总统职,袁世凯窃取了革命果实,并定都北京。革命虽然受到挫折,但是孙中山先生没有气馁,继续展开了护法运动、护国运动、讨袁运动。1924年1月在广州召开的中国国民党第一次全国代表大会上同中国共产党进行了第一次合作,并提出了“联俄、联共、扶助农工”的三大主张。1924年10月北京爆发了北京事变,冯玉祥将军囚禁了当时的北洋政权的贿选总统曹辊并电邀时在广州的孙中山北上共商国事。孙中山当时已到肝癌晚期,但他仍忍着病痛北上。不想等其辗转到达北京,时局已发生变化,冯玉祥被直奉联军赶出了北京。当政的已是老牌的北洋军阀段琪瑞,孙中山找不到适合的谈判对手,郁郁寡欢,于1925年3月12日,终因肝病恶化在北京逝世,终年还不到60周岁。段琪瑞的北洋政府鉴于其崇高的威望决定对孙中山实行“国葬”
孙中山先生生前十分喜欢钟山(紫金山)。早在1912年,就任临时大总统时,当时的百姓并不知道什么叫大总统,以为只不过是皇帝改了个称呼而已。在中山陵的东边有一个著名的寺庙-灵谷寺,其住持就曾觐见孙大总统,向他推荐了这块风水宝地。具体是怎样的风水宝地,等会儿我们将实地看到。同年4月1日被解除大总统之职后,孙中山曾带着手下来这里打猎,看到这里果然是山水相依,气势雄伟,就有了他日长眠此山的想法,发出感慨:“愿于吾死之后,向国民乞一掊土,以安葬躯壳而。”从这个意义上说,好象还是挺封建的,但是我们说,孙中山是推翻帝制的第一人,就不可能用这些封建的理由。在北京弥留之际,他仍念念不忘这一夙愿,再三叮嘱左右:“南京是国民政府成立之所,之所以葬在南京,是为了不忘记辛亥革命。”激励同仁革命尚未成功,同志仍需努力。为了尊重孙中山先生的遗愿,由孙夫人宋庆龄,儿子孙科等人组成的孙中山葬事筹备处,通过登报悬奖,征集陵墓设计方案。在众多的应征者中,年仅 33岁的青年建筑师吕彦直设计的警钟形图案被一致评为首奖。他本人也被聘主持全部工程。吕彦直是山东省东平县人,1894年生于天津。早年在清华大学建筑系毕业后,被公费派往美国康奈尔大学深造,得到美国著名设计师茂菲的指导,回国后,在上海开设“彦记建筑事务所”。为了设计南京中山陵和广州中山纪念堂,呕心沥血,不辞辛劳。在工程接近尾声时,身患肝癌,于1929年3月18日英年早逝,时年35岁。但他留下了中山陵这一件传世的作品,每年要接待近600 万的中外游客。中山陵于1926年3月12日奠基,6月1日正式开工。因军阀割据、政局动荡,故历时3年多,于1929年春一期工程基本完工,6月1日举行奉安大典。从此80年孙中山先生一直长眠于此。当时为了迎接孙中山的灵柩,南京政府特意拨款修建了一条从江边码头直达东郊陵区的柏油大道,沿途桥梁、学校等多以孙中山的名、字或号来命名。我们现在经过的就是以他的号命名的中山路,前面的那座城门就是明城墙13门当中的东方第一门---朝阳门,(针对团质好的团,如下说:目前南京已有一项世界文化遗产—南京明孝陵,而南京明城墙及南京云锦也正在申报当中,南京明城墙全长33。676公里,蜿蜒逶迤,呈不规则的葫芦型,为当时的世界第一大城,历经沧桑,风雨600年,至今仍保存完好的有21公里。南京云锦列全国三大名锦之首,美若天上云彩,分状花、织金、库缎、织锦四大类,历代朝廷都在南京设有专门督办云锦的机构,专供皇帝御用、或赏赐臣僚、赠送外国使节。2003年中央电视台的春节联欢晚会上9位节目主持人的服装都是从南京云锦研究所专门订购的,现如今除用做少数民族服饰与出口国外的高档面料外,又发展了许多新品种。因为其所有工艺全靠手工操作,目前还无法解决大批量生产的问题,所以很多商场里你还见不到正宗的南京云锦,即使有也多为假冒伪劣。那么,哪里有正宗的呢?全南京你只能在全国唯一的南京云锦研究所里看到,并了解其工艺流程。不仅如此,还能选购到一些适合旅游者需要的新品种,如:床上的被面、男士的领带、汽车的靠垫、客厅的挂屏、女士喜爱的坤包、手帕等等。不过,那可是要收参观费的哦!单是门票每人20元,因为距离比较远,怎么也得补贴司机一点辛苦费和油钱吧!唉,伊拉克在打仗,中东局势不安,全世界都在闹油荒,你看石油的价格真象芝麻开花节节高啊!啊,话题扯远了)。由于孙中山的灵柩从此经过,原有门洞嫌小,经过改扩建成为现今这样,并被命名为“中山门”,门楼上“中山门”三个大字是由孙中山的得意弟子、当时的国府首要汪精卫所书。出了中山门,在我们的左首,这尊大型的青铜雕塑就是南京的市徽,同时也是南京电视台的台标,叫做貔貅。它是上古的神兽,不仅勇于冲锋陷阵而且有一个显著的特点,光吃不拉,光进不出,因为它没有“后门”,具有招财进宝、驱邪消灾的功效。所以貔貅的饰件,尤其以玉石为原料的貔貅的饰件是很多生意人喜爱的聚财符和护身符。“为什么?---都想着生意兴隆、财源滚啊!”“哪里有卖?”南京因为有了它而凝聚了六朝的王气,即使1954、1991年全国的大洪灾,南京城岿然不动,没有受到什么损失。“哪里有卖?不要急,路边的小摊多的是,但我劝您不要去,为什么?假货多呗!他不卖假货怎么赚钱?现在各种费用那么高,不管什么戴帽的还是不戴帽的都能来收一些能说上名目的和说不上名目的费用,路边的小摊小店不这样怎么赚钱?有句话说得好,路边的野花不要采。因为要大力发展中国的旅游产业和地方的经济,所以旅游局在每个旅游城市都设有指定的旅游商场,对指定的旅游商场,国家都有严格的要求和特殊的优惠政策。待会儿有时间,我可以带你们去正宗的国家旅游局指定的旅游商场-----貔貅城去看一看。大家都能选购到货真价实的同时也为地方的经济发展出了力!”
各位游客:现在我们进入陵区。这条长达3公里的“绿荫长廊”叫陵园路,两侧种植着南京最主要的行道树——法国梧桐。其实这些树并不产自法国,它的原产地在中国的云南,因为孙中山的灵柩在此举行奉安大典,当时很多海内外民众、团体捐赠了很多祭物,这是由当时上海法租界公务局捐赠的,所以命名为法国梧桐。在南京很多的主干道两侧,都种着这种树,使之成为一条条林阴大道、绿色长廊,堪称全国之冠,所以有“上有天堂、下有苏杭,比不上南京的绿色长廊”的美誉。
现在我们正从世界文化遗产明孝陵的碑亭和大金门之间穿过,右前方是著名的美龄宫,她是由当时的南京特别市市长刘纪文、也是宋美龄的情人出资兴建。好了,中山陵马上就要到了,有关孙中山先生的生平事迹就暂时介绍到这里。请各位游客准备随我下车,一同去参观中山陵,瞻仰伟大的革命先驱孙中山先生。“先提醒大家:我们游中山陵是直上直下,2 想要拍照留念的回头下来的时候再拍,我会帮你指出一些比较经典的地方。即使你从前来过最好也要听一听我的讲解,有道是:一样的景点,不一样的讲解,不一样的感受!”
各位游客:我们现在来到了中山陵。根据吕彦直的设计,整个陵区平面呈警钟形,不仅仅坐北朝南,东西对称,更给人以警钟长鸣、发人深醒的启迪。就当是警钟的钟钮这是陵前的广场。广场位于中山陵的正南端。虽然不很大,但却为陵墓平添了庄严肃穆的气势。请大家留意,我们脚下的这片广场呈半月形,是“钟”的下缘。四周苍松挺立,树大荫浓,恰似革命事业万古长青,枝繁叶茂,生生不息。大家再看广场南面那座三层八角形石台上是一尊紫铜宝鼎,被命名为“孝经鼎”,是1933年秋由广州中山大学全体师生在老校长戴季陶的带领下所捐赠的祭物,广州中山大学是全国纪念孙中山先生的最高学府、戴季陶不仅是孙中山的亲密战友更是其盟拜兄弟,鼎的正面铸有“智、仁、勇”三个字,既是中山大学的校训,也是中山先生一生的写照。鼎的背部还刻有国民党以孝治国的8个字:“忠孝、仁爱、信义、和平”,鼎内还刻有戴母黄氏手书《孝经》全文,所以叫孝经鼎。这个鼎就当是警钟的钟钮。现在大家回头看,前方就是中山陵的主体工程,它座落于紫金山的第二峰小茅峰南麓,“前临平川,后拥青幛”,左青龙(小岗山),右白虎(玩珠峰),燕雀(湖)在南,玄武(湖)居北,小红山(也就是美龄宫所在的位置)盘于前方,正好滞阻了两边八功德水和一勺泉的外流,起到聚财凝气的作用。大家请看:前方这座冲天式四柱三盈的花岗岩牌坊,(“这是最经典的拍摄点”)牌坊上端正中的横帽上刻着 “博爱”二字,因此又称为“博爱坊”。博爱坊建于1930年。在我国古代通常建在帝王陵寝的人口处,用来歌功颂德,至此朝拜者必须下马步行。我们眼前的这座牌坊上所镌刻的“博爱”两字是中山先生的手迹,出自于唐宋八大家之首的韩愈“博爱之为仁”一语,意思是说,一个人的爱心、胸怀很宽广、很博大,用在这里十分地贴切于孙中山先生。这也是中山先生生前的座右铭,据说孙先生生前最爱题这两字送人。从博爱坊往上看,你回发现,整个中山陵具有特别的色调,下面是白色的花岗岩,上面是兰色的琉璃瓦,象征着国民党的青天白日。走遍全世界,只要是纪念孙中山的地方都是这样统一的格调。中山陵有很多的台阶,很难数得清。想要数的话,就从现在脚下开始。这些数字有很深的寓意。
经过牌坊,就到墓道。整条墓道长400多米。墓道两旁对称地种植着苍松、翠柏、红枫、银杏,代替了古代陵墓前常用的石人石兽,喻示着中山先生的浩然正气长留天地之间。这就是雪松,是南京的市树,南京的市花是梅花。
(走在墓道上)中山陵共有392级台阶。有很多种说法。
一、代表当时中国3亿9千2百万人口,包括教科书上都这么讲。其实这完全是人云亦云,经不起推敲。没有经过大规模的人口普查,怎么可能精确到200万?
二、说是当年孙中山先生去世时,国民党中央委员有392位,查阅相关的国民党党史资料,这种说法也是谬论。
三、说是举行奉安大典时,来了392位将军,到底是建陵在前还是奉安在前?
四、在灵堂东西两壁的内墙上,刻有孙中山《建国大纲》的全文,据说共392句话,有兴趣的朋友不妨待会儿去数一下,看看有无标点符号,能否数得清。
五、凡是这些数字,都应该和陵墓的主人有必然的联系,这些联系应该反映主人的政治主张和理想抱负。(该到你自由发挥显示才华知识的时候了)中国人自古对数字极有讲究(讲一点中山陵的风水和貔貅的关系,以便你做貔貅),3代表“三民主义”,9是阳数的最大级,代表了九五之尊,不管怎么讲,孙中山的陵墓也可算是帝王的陵墓,并且99重阳也代表对其尊重,这些都不是主要的,我们知道,孙中山所处的那个年代,帝国列强蚕食、封建军阀割据,中国处于四分五裂当中,孙中山的毕生理想是祖国的统一富强,而我们中国自古号称九州,连中央四台的对台广播也称为“九州方圆”,这个“九”,就是指实现孙中山的理想——祖国的统一富强,在今天仍然有其现实意义。2代表孙中山当年所倡导的、我们今天为了祖国的统一大业仍然要讲的:----------国共两党合 作!。
前方就是陵门。坐北朝南,单层歇山式,有三个拱门,每个拱门都装有一扇对开的镂花铜门。陵门平面为长方形,正门平常不开,只走两个边门。但是今年正门开启过两次,分别是国民党的连战主席和亲民党的宋楚瑜主席来拜谒的时候。连战在中山陵还留下了墨宝,写了“中山美陵”四个字.其中却有两个错别字“美”字少一横,“陵”字呢又少一撇.其实不然,连战写的“美”字明明白白地告诉我们,现在是“美中不足”,缺少的那个“一”横,可理解为“统一”,有了这个“一”才能实现海峡两岸的和平统一,那就是最“美”不过的了!所书的“陵”字也少了一笔,陵字右下角本来是“反文”,少了这一撇,成了“又”字。连战的大陆之旅,是和平之旅,是为和平而来。“又”者,“再”也,象征着连战先生60年后重返大陆代表国民党人再次和中共握手的重要意义。连战之名,得于其祖,意思是要与倭寇战斗到底!连先生没有打过仗,但在台湾纷乱的政坛上也算战斗了半辈子,而今先生挚爱和平,不希望统独之事萌生两岸战争,因此,签名之处特意用一简写之“战”字,大家知道在台湾施行的仍是繁体字,“连”字仍为繁体。而“战”字却是简写,并不仅仅是示好于大陆,更有深一层的意义。大家记得繁体的“战”字怎么写吗?左边一个“单”,右边一个“戈”,连先生不仅弃用有独立倾向的“单”字,而且“戈”字有意少写一个点,枪无头以示和平诚意。不仅是大陆的民众,就是台湾的同胞也盼着统一啊!祖国统一的进程是历史的趋势不可阻挡!再看: 门楣上有中山先生亲笔所书“公鸡下天”四个大字!噢!不好意思,读反了。过去的书法顺序和今天的书法顺序正好相反,应该是“天下为公”,什么意思呢?这是说天下不是哪一个人、哪一家的天下,天下是全天下人的天下。我们知道,在孙中山之前,都是一些封建的王朝,讲究“家天下”,有道是:“普天之下,莫非王土,率土之滨,莫非王臣”,孙中山就是要打破这个观念,不然也不会为了“共和”的理想居然把总统的宝座都让给了袁世凯。再看一看,陵门的两边,有两尊石狮,请教大家,能分出公母吗?“奥,恭喜你,你答对了”,要知道,中国本是没有狮子的,这些狮子都是从西域进口而来,(手扶着狮子脚下踩着的球)脚下踩着球的肯定是公的,这个球象征着地球、象征着世界、象征着寰宇、象征着男性的庄严;怀里抱着或脚下轻按着小狮子的肯定是母的,象征着母爱,象征着子孙绵延。中国有句古话,“不孝有三,无后为大”,所以为了一个儿子不停地生啊,招弟、来弟、盼弟。。。一大堆的“弟”,弄得今天人口众多,看看这狮子,很早就知道三口之家的重要性,所以计划生育很重要啊,男女都一样,只生一个好,“要想快致富,少生孩子多钟树嘛!大妈您说我讲的对不?”
(进入陵门之后),前方就是碑亭,重檐歇山顶的民族式结构,亭中有块碑,高达8.1米,正面刻有国民党元老谭延闿手书的“中国国民党葬总理孙先生于此,中华民国十八年六月一日”24个馏金大字,谭延闿在民国时期曾做过国民政府主席、行政院院长,是国民党内四大书法家之一。并且与蒋介石的关系非同一般,1932年病故,蒋介石不仅决定对他实行“国葬”而且还亲选墓地,又将其女收为养女嫁给自己的心腹爱将陈诚。从这些字中,我们能看出两个问题:
一、既然是“国葬”又为何碑文称孙中山为“总理”而不称为“总统”呢?其实当时段棋瑞政府虽然明令国葬孙中山,但对这种“异类分子”基本是不闻不问的,所有的丧事都是国民党在操办,实际上举行的是党葬,孙中山在国民党内的职务是总理,而且总理这个称谓由他独享,以后都改称为“主席”“总裁”之类了。
二、民国18年,也就是公元1929年,6月1日是举行奉安大典的日子。一块碑,分为碑身、碑帽、碑座三个部分,这碑身上除24个字外,上方还有国民党党徽图案,碑帽全部为云纹,碑座是“山”的图案,有很强的象征意义。“象征着孙中山先生的功绩比山高、与天齐,屹立于天地之间”。在中国,有很多块“无字碑”,比如泰山的玉皇顶、曲阜的寿丘、五台山的显通寺、乾陵的武则天墓碑等等。在我们南京就有三块著名的“无字碑”,雨花台的谢安“无字碑”、江宁牧牛亭的秦烩“无字碑”,还有一块,就是这!。大家也许奇怪了,这不明明有字吗?我们来看一看它的背面。没有题写任何文字。一块碑,它的背面必然要有铭文记述主人的生平功 4 迹。但是这一块碑没有,不是说国民党不想要,当初讨论立碑时,决定由孙先生的两个最得意的弟子---汪精卫和胡汉民来撰写。可这二位花了两年多时间也没能写下来,不知道是因为争权夺利没有时间,还是象今天许多的贪官污吏一样即使有时间也搂着小蜜去泡卡拉ok了,既然他们二位都没写下来,那么其他人还有什么资格呢?于是国民党决定不写了:孙中山先生的伟大功绩,这么一块小小的地方是无法用语言文字来记述的,他只能永远地传承于人们的心中!----(凭栏远眺)(这里也是一个绝佳的拍摄点)前方是中山陵祭堂,中华民族式建筑结构,祭堂的三拱门楣上从东到西依次分别刻着“民族”、“民生”、“民权”6个篆体大字,是国民党元老张静江的手书。居中的门楣上端,还有孙中山所书“天地正气”4个金字直额。祭堂后是墓室,是一座半球形封闭式建筑,顶呈西式穹隆状,这种中西和璧式的建筑格局也就象征着中山先生能学贯古今融汇中西。现在我们往上看:台阶分3路而上象征着三民主义,中间的5层平台象征着五权宪法。中山陵的祭堂位于海拔176米的高处,整个陵区进深700米,上下高差70米,产生一种特别的效果-----:你能感觉到有很多的平台,但你看不见,你看见的只是平台的绵延不断。“哎!朋友,别垫着脚了,就是姚明来了也不会看到的!”而一旦我们到达祭堂再往下看,又只见平台不见台阶,看到的是平台连成一片,这里有一个很强的寓意:往上走是走在革命的征途上,是困难的、坎坷、崎岖不平的,而一旦到达山顶革命胜利了,换成今天邓小平老先生的话说----就是走上了社会主义的小康之路了!----(扭头就走)。这种特别的效果在全世界是首创,上个世纪90年代无锡又克隆出同样的效果,就是位于江苏仅有的两个国家级旅游度假区之一的无锡太湖马山灵山大佛景区,那个大佛可真叫大呀,不仅弥补了五方五佛的缺憾而且是全世界最高的露天青铜大佛“有多高?说出来也许你不相信:比四川的乐山大佛还要高出17米,88米的大佛加上基座20米通高108米又坐落于小灵山的半山腰上,几里地之外都能看到,并且还有大型的反映佛祖降生的九龙灌浴的定时节目------什么叫九龙灌浴、节目几点?有兴趣的待会儿回到车上再具体说吧”------国民党蒋介石尊孙中山为“国父”,汪精卫也以孙中山的嫡传自居,共产党毛泽东更是称他为“伟大的民主革命先驱”,所以中山陵无论在解放前还是解放后都受到很好的保护,但是我们知道在现代中国的历史上有黑暗的两页,南京不可避免地也经历其中,中山陵也不可避免地受到了破坏,那就是抗日战争、南京大屠杀和文化大革命的十年**,前方的平台上有两口紫铜大鼎,是当年的上海市政府所捐赠的祭物,我们来看看西边这口鼎。上面刻着“奉安大典”四个篆书大字,请大家仔细看看铜鼎壁上留有两个弹孔,是1937年12月南京保卫战时日军的炮弹击穿的。这说明什么?-----落后就要挨打!所以我们今天更要为了祖国的统一富强,为了祖国的经济发展而贡献一份力量!小日本至今仍急力否认那一段历史并美化其丑恶行为,那个右翼分子军国主义的代表“小犬纯一狼”年年还参拜供奉有甲级战犯的“靖国神社”,不仅是对遭受过日军铁蹄蹂躏的亚洲各国人民的极度不尊重更暴露了亡我中华的狼子野心!(要想全面地了解侵华日军在南京的暴行就要到“南京大屠杀纪念馆”那里不仅是当年南京大屠杀的“万人坑”的原址之一而且有大量的物品、图片、资料翔实的记载当年侵华日军在南京屠杀我手无寸铁的30万同胞的暴行。大家大老远的来南京,千万不要忘了这屈辱的一页。正好南京大屠杀纪念馆的旁边就是南京云锦研究所,接受爱国主义教育的同时也能让我们有机会认识到南京著名的土特产品)------这口鼎放在这里既是代表了海内外民众对中山先生的景仰同时也是日军侵华的--铁--的---罪--证!(紧握单拳做势轻捶鼎口)
(向上走,直奔左前方的石狮,并以身体遮住石狮的尾部)不知大家注意到了没有,有没有其他的导游带团讲过这尊石狮,大家请看这尊石狮有什么特别的地方,好!大家观察很仔细,你看:由于它不听话,耳朵被揪掉了、毛发也断了、嘴巴也撬破了、嘴里的一颗活珠也不翼而飞了,“你们当中有没有当年的红卫兵阿?”大串联、大破坏,只认一个最红最红的红太阳----毛泽东,你孙中山还是国民党嘞!想一想十年**整整耽误了中国20年的 5 发展光荫,不然今天的中国-------?”这都是当年的红卫兵造的孽,就连这条断腿也被当年的红卫兵拿去当烧烤了!(闪开身子,露出狮尾)再看一看这里还有一条断尾,这是怎么搞的?不坊大家猜一猜这尾巴象什么?什么?扫把?、黄河?长江?当年可没有三峡大坝和小浪底工程!这也不是割资本主义的尾巴,不要把所有的帐都记在红卫兵身上,象什么?女同志最有发言权了,哎!对了,这位大姐说的好,象---辫子。满清的时候男人都要留游辫子,为了这条辫子,孙中山早年在檀香山求学的时侯受到洋人很多的屈辱,要革命首先要割掉这条带有屈辱性的长辫,所以当时追求民主共和的义士都剪去长辫。当年石狮雕好的时候,东西两边石狮的辫子都被割断了,这就是------革------===命!不知大家发觉了没有,这一段的台阶与下面的有何不同?哦!高了、陡了、冒汗了,这就对了!这就说明革命快要成功了,越是革命快要成功的时候越困难,我们现在要冲破黎明前的黑暗,可千万不要做“蒲志高”啊!(站在中路台阶顶端的平台上)大家站在这里回头感受一下这凉爽的山风吧!(站在这里往南拍摄效果很好,一定要将中轴线取入景中标)越过那林密的绿海,远处就是古都南京的主城区,所以此山也称之为北山,因为它蜿蜒委弥具有龙型所以又称之为龙山,再者山上又有很多紫色贝页岩在阳光的照耀下发出紫色的金光所以又称之为紫金山,在这东边不远是明太祖朱元璋的明孝陵,他的后代皇帝又封此山为神烈山,中山陵与明孝陵之间有紫霞湖景区,那是当年蒋介石为自己选好的墓地,可是物是人非,蒋公连同其子经国先生如今仍暂时安厝在台湾的桃园县慈湖行馆殓棺空悬,我们期盼两岸的统一也欢迎蒋公父子能够在南京入土为安了其夙愿,毕竟作为历史人物有其名人效应。除此之外在苍松翠柏之间还散落有东吴大帝孙权、明太子朱标、汪精卫、戴笠、谭延闿、邓演达、范续亭、韩恢、廖仲恺、何香凝等名人墓,大家也许会问:“宋庆龄呢?作为**的宋庆龄葬在哪里?”“在上海”。你们看中山陵掩映在苍松翠柏之间,我们上山的时候是一路的高山仰止满怀崇敬之情而现在又觉得中山陵仿佛融入在绿色的海洋中,这象征着中山先生回归自然、回归大地、回归到母亲的怀抱!南京的绿化水平在全国一直是名列前茅,绿地覆盖率在40%以上,尤其这里是天然的“氧吧”,是火炉南京” 的绿肺,起着天然空调的调剂作用,南京的绿化成绩的取得,离不开孙中山先生,为什么这么说?中山先生生前大力提倡“植树造林,绿化祖国”并且他的祭日是1925年3月12日,而3月12日无论在大陆还是在台湾都是全民义务植树节,如果连这都做不好那还有何面目见孙中山?“由于由于环境保护的需要,所以导游在中山陵都不允许用喇叭讲解,祭堂里更是如此,不允许大声,怕吵醒了中山先生!我先在这里给大家讲解祭堂内部的情况,然后大家再依次进去瞻仰!”祭堂内部以云南产大理石铺地。堂内还产自青岛的12根大理石柱,四隐八现。两侧的护壁上还刻有孙中山手书《建国大纲》全文,有兴趣的朋友不坊可以数一下到底有多少句话。祭堂正中是一尊孙中山全身坐像白色大理石石雕,像高4.6米,底座宽 2.1米。中山先生身穿长袍马褂,膝上放着一本展开的文卷,双目凝视前方,前方是哪里?前方是正南,伟人之所以为伟人,都有他的前瞻性,别看他的个子不高可脑子里充满睿智,翻开中国地图,从南京一直向南就是孤悬海外的宝岛台湾,中山先生也盼望着宝岛回归祖国统一啊!一条不宽的台湾海峡分隔了两岸,中山先生死不瞑目!坐像是由法籍波兰裔雕刻家保罗.科林斯基雕琢而成的,坐像底座四侧有六幅再现了孙中山从事革命活动的浮雕,祭堂的天穹是国民党党徽的图案。坐像的背后是墓室的门,门楣上刻有中山先生亲笔所书的“浩气长存”横额,当时是中山先生亲笔所书给广州黄花冈72烈士的题词。门为为独扇铜门,上刻张静江所写“孙中山先生之墓”7个大字。因为门是开启的方便人们瞻仰,所以这7个字是看不见的,只有当墓门关闭时,门上的字才能看见。
进入墓室。室内是一座半球形,直径约18米,高11米,四壁用8个反光镜;使室内保持柔和而充足的光线。墓室的中央是直径约4.3米的大理石圹,深1.6米,大理石圹四周围着一圈精致的白色大理石栏杆。石圹的正中棺椁上安放着孙中山先生身着中山装的汉白玉卧 6 像,与其真人比例大小一样,神态宁静,面容慈祥,如同生前安睡一样,令人肃然起敬。这是有捷克雕塑家高畦雕刻的。
讲到这里,大家最关心的一定是孙先生的遗体是否仍在中山陵,社会上也流传有各种版本小道消息,事实上,孙先生逝世后,他的遗体的确是历经了磨难。本来孙中山的遗体经过解剖确认患的是肝癌,将身体部分和内脏部分分殓,身体部分暂时安放在小楠木棺内,内脏部分殓入弗而玛琳中,孙中山逝世前,曾经吩咐葬礼仪式和棺木式样仿照列宁的格式,让民众瞻仰遗容。可当孙先生逝世时,苏联赠送的水晶棺没能及时运到,只好暂厝在北京香山碧云寺。苏联政府赠送的水晶棺万里颠簸于1925年3月30日到达北京,经过检测已经有了裂纹,无法保存孙中山的遗体,于是弃之不用,临时向美国政府订购了一口紫铜棺。由于遗体入殓时间已久再加上防腐措施不当,遗容已不能再供后人瞻仰,只好改为土葬。原来的小楠木棺殓入孙先生生前所用的衣物安葬于北京香山碧云寺称为“衣冠塚”。1929年6月1日,遗体从北京迁葬南京,就在这卧像下5米左右的地方。抗战时期蒋介石曾想将其迁往重庆,因为时间太紧没能来得急,抗战胜利国民党还都南京,殓入弗而玛琳中的内脏部分却不翼而飞了,日本人又死活不认帐,加上蒋介石又忙着和共产党争夺天下的头等大事,也无暇过问,这件事也就不了了之了。解放战争后期,蒋介石又想将遗体迁往台湾,但由于爆破墓穴势必会损坏遗体,因而作罢,终于使遗体得以安然保存在中山陵直到现在。
南京中山陵英文导游词
My dear friends ,when you come to a city, you probably want to visit the most famous scenic spots of special interest.Nanjing has many place of historic interests and has been capital for six “dynasties.” But if you leave Nanjing without visiting Dr.Sun Yat-sen` s Mausoleum, undoubtedly you have missed the most arresting and famous tourist attraction of the city.Talking about the Mausoleum we should have an idea about Sun Yat-sen, the great pioneer of Chinese democratic revolution.Mr.Sun `s original name is Sun Wen and styled himself Yat-sen.So foreign friends would call him “Dr.Sun Yat-sen ”.Since he took “Woodcutter in Zhoushan ”as his alias when he took part in the revolutionary activities, he was respectfully and widely called Mr.Sun Zhongshan in China.On October 12, 1866, Mr.Sun was born in a farmer` s family in Caiheng village of Xiangshan county(the present-day zhongshang City),Guangdong Province.When he was still young, he had great expectations.He studied medicine in Honolulu, Hong Kong and some other places and after graduation he worked as a practitioner in Gangzhou, Macao and other places Later he gave up medicine as his profession to take part in political activities.In 1905, he set up China Alliance Organization in Japan and he was elected president.He put forward the famous guiding principle-“driving the invaders out ,restoring the sovereignty of China, establishing a republic and equalizing the land ownership ” and the Three People` s Principles-“ Nationalism, Democracy and the People` s Livelihood.” On October 10, 1911, the Wuchang uprising broke out and Dr.Sun as elected Inrterim President of the Republic of China by representatives from seventeen provinces.On the following New Year` s day(January 1, 1912)Mr.Sun took the oath of office in Nanjing.From then on ,Mr.Sun experienced Yuan Shikai` s usurpation, the Second Revolution, “Campaign Protecting the Interim Constitution.” In 1921, Mr.Sun took the position of President in Unusual Times in Guangzhou.At the first National Congress of Kuomintang held in Quangzhou in 1924, he perfected the original Three People` s Principles and put forward Three people` s New Principles.He also proposed the policies of “Making an alliance with Russia and the Communist Party of China and helping the farmers and workers.” In November 1924, in spite of his illness, Mr.Sun went up to Beijing to discuss state affairs with General Feng Yuxiang.Unfortunately, he broke down from constant overwork and passed away on March 12, 1925.The location of the Mausoleum was chosen by Mr.Sun himself.Here is exactly a good place to build a mausoleum.You may wonder: Mr.Sun was born in Guangdong but died in Beijing.For his whole life he traveled throughout China for the revolution.Why did he choose Nanjing as the venue of his tomb? It is said that far before Mr.Sun took office in 1912, the abbot of Lingu Monastery had recommended him that his place is good for fengshui, because it faces the plain and is backed up by green mountains as its protective screen.On March 31,1912 Mr.Un resigned as a political compromise for the sake of the union of the North China and the South China.One day of the early April, he went hunting with Hu Hanmin around the Piety Tomb of Ming Dynasty.They took a rest in the place wehre the Mausoleum is located now.Mr.Sun looked around and said “IF possible I would like my countrymen to allow me to have this place to bury my coffin.” Surely, the fengshui of the Zijing Mountain is not the basic reason for the location of Mr.Sun` s mausoleum.The basic reason is that, he said on dying “After my death, you can bury me at the foot of the Zijin Mountain in Nanjing in memory of the Revolution of 1911, because Nanjing is where the temporary government was founded.”So although Mr.Sun stayed in Nanjing not a long time, it had a special meaning to him.Fundamentally speaking, the reason he chose Zijing Mountain as his permanent resting-place is to commemorate the revolution of 1911 and to encourage the revolutionaries.In order to respect Mr.Sun` s wish, the Preparatory Committee of Sun Yat-sen` s Funeral, including his wife Song Qingling and his son Sunke, examined the area and chose the site for the Mausoleum.They delimited 2000 mu and offered a reward in newspaper for the best design of the Mausoleum.Among all the contribution, young architect Lu Yanzhi `s design, a design in the shape of a bell ,was highly praised and gained the first prize and he himself was invited to supervise the whole project as well.On March 12,1926, the first anniversary of Mr.Sun` s death, the project got started and 3 years later, it was completed in spring of 1929.It cost 1.5 million silver collars totally.Unfortunately, LuYanzhi, the young architect with great gift, suffered when supervising the project ,and died at 35, just before the completion of the Mausoleum.The completion ceremony was held on June 1, 1929 and Mr.Sun` s remains was transported from Beijing to Nangjing.From then on ,Mr.Sun has slept here for nearly 70 years.The construction of Dr.Sun Yat-sen` s Mausoleum was an important event in the history of Nanjing.In order to meet Mr.Sun` s coffin, the first asphalt road was built from Zhongshan Port in the west to Zhongshan Gate in the east;it is 12 kilometres in length and also called Zhongshan Road.Up to today, Zhangshan Road is still one of the most important main roads.At the same time, the city gate Chaoyang Gate which was built in Ming Dynasty was renovated and Changed its name to Zhongshan Gate.Between Zhongshang Gate and Dr.Sun Yat-sen` s Mausoleum, a road called the Mausoleum Road was built.Just as the people of Paris take pride of their les Champs-Elysees and the people of New York ,the Fifth Avenue, the nanjing people are prond of their boulevards.And the 3 kilometers long Mausoleum Road is undoubtedly the best representative of these boulevards.Along both sides of the “green corridor” grows the main kind of tree in Nanjing as parasols Usually Chinese people call them French plane trees, in fact they are Chinese local products.Just because Frenchmen took them from Yunnan Province to France and later they transplanted them in their leased territory in Shanghai, that is why they got such a name.Now ,we are going out of the Zhongshan Gate and driving along the Mausoleum Road.The destination ahead is a square in shape of crescent, According to Lu Yanzhi` s design, the place of the Mausoleum is like a “duo”, a big wooden bell, which was used to announce a policy, decree or a war in ancient time.Duo` s sound is loud and clear, implying to make the whole world peaceful and happy.The design reminds the people of Dr.Sun Yat-sen` s well-known saying “The revolution is far from success and we should continue working hard.” This saying also serves s an alert to the later generation.The crescent-shaped square is the bottom of the “Bell of Freedom”.Now ,please look to the south.There is a octagon platform structured with reinforced concrete but covered with Jinshan stone of Suzhou.The platform is divided into three layers and each layer is enclosed by stone rails.The copper “ding”(an ancient cooking vessel)with two looped handles and two legs weighs 5000 kg.IT is 4.25 meters high and its diameter is 1.23 meters.It is one of the construction for memory of the mausoleum.The “ding ” was built in autumn, 1933 with donation of students and teaching staff of the Zhongshan University and Mr.Dai jitao.One side of the “ding ” is engraved with three characters “Intelligence, Humanity and Brevity”.These three words are the school instruction of Zhongshan University.Inside of the “ding ”stands a hexagon copper tablet on which Dai Jitao` s mother` s handwriting of the “Filial Piety” is engraved.To the bell-shaped mausoleum the “ding ” is just like the pendulum.It seems to serve to alarm the whole nation by striking the bell.Stepping on the steps, we will see a soaring memorial archway with four columns.The archway was built between 1931 and 1933, 12meters hight and 17.3 meters in width.It is made of huge Granite from Fujian Province, but its structure is in Chinese traditional wood structure style.Now, look up at the shining words inscribed on the horizontal board.The word in English mean fraternity.They were written by Dr.Sun Yat-sen.The word are taken from a Tang Dynasty poet Han Yu` s “Fraternity is humanity ”.It is said that Mr.Sun very much liked to write these two words to others.Dr.Sun devoted his whole life to bourgeois democratic revolution with great fraternity and struggled for the national independence and freedom fro scores of years.So we can say that “fraternity” is the best generalization of his life.Further from the Fraternity Archway, there is a road leading to the mausoleum.The road is 480 meters long and dozens of meters wide.The whole design of the mausoleum gives prominence to Chinese traditional style, grand, solemn and specific.In order to embody the greatness of Mr.Sun, the Mausoleum followed the example of ancient mausoleums and was built against mountains and the coffin chamber was placed at the top of the mountain that is 160 meters high.In addition, the plants of the Mausoleum are symmetric, which make it feel more solemn.Now, please look forward to the north, along the hillside ,situate the mausoleum Gate, the Stele Pavilion, the Memorial Hall and the coffin chamber right behind.The pines,cypresses, ginkgoes and maples on the both sides of the road represent Mr.Sun` s revolutionary spirit and lofty quality.They take the place of statues and stone beasts which usually flanked the sacred road in ancient times.Among the trees, cedar is one of the “four kinds of tree for appreciation” and has been honored as the tree of Nanjing City.The grand archway at the end of the Mausoleum Road is the formal beginning of the mausoleum area.IT is 16 meters high, 27 meters wide and 8.8 meters deep.It is made of granite from the Fujian Province, too.Inscribed on the horizontal board of the middle passage is Dr.SunYat-sen` s handwriting.It means that the state doesn` t belong to one family but belongs to the entire nation and the common people.This is the goal for which Mr.Sun struggled for his whole life and it is also the excellent explanation of the Democracy of the Three People` s Principles.We have passed the gate of the Mausoleum, then in front of us is the Stele Pavilion.The 9-meter high stele in the middle of the pavilion was engraved with 24 gold-plating characters of Yan Zhenqing style, “Chinese KMT buried Premier Sun here on June 1, 18th year of the Republic of China”.These words were written by one of the founder members of KMT, Tan Yankai.When talking about setting up a stele, Wang Jing wei and Hu Hanmin were arranged to write an inscription for Mr.Sun, but two years passed, yet nothing they could write.Because they thought that Mr.Sun` s merits couldn` t be generated by word, then they chose to use the present from to praise Dr.Sun without engraving an inscription.Going out of the pavilion, we` ll see numerous layers of steps.The people of Nanjing often say that the steps in the Mausoleum ware as number as the stone lions on Lugou Bridge(known for Westerners as Marco Polo Bridge).So when coming here tourists usually ask, “how many steps on earth are there in the Mausoleum?” My friends, if you are interested you can count them.Now we are coming near the top platform.Look ,there are two big copper “ding”.They were contributed by Shanghai municipal government of that time.Now, please look carefully.There are two holes in the bottom of the left “ding”.Why? Just let me tell you.In late 1937, when the Japanese army attacked Nanjing, their shooting left two holes in the left ding.Now, although the circumstances have changed, the two holes always remind Chinese people not to forget the national humiliation.Not far away, there are two bronze dings in ancient style.They are presented by Mr.Sun` s son Sun Ke and his family.Ascending the steps, now we have reached the top of the platform.Here we can have a bird-view of what it is in the distance.The Memorial Hall is the half way up to the mountain and there are altogether 392 steps covered if you count from the archway of Fraternity.The vertical distance is 70 meters but the plane distance is 700 meters.If you count the steps from the Stele Pavilion, the number of steps is 290.In order to avoid monotone ,the architect divided the 392 steps into 10 parts and every part has a platform and there are totally 10 such platforms.More marvelous, if you look up from the bottom, you can see that the steps extend to the top without stop and you cant see any platform.But if you look down from the top, you only see the platforms.The number of the steps, 392, is not a random number, it implied the number of Chinese population at that time-392 million.Now we are in front of the Memorial Hall and the coffin Chamber.They are the major parts of the Mausoleum.The construction of these two building was supervised then by Lu Yanzhi, the gift young designer.If is when he was doing these two building he died of cancer.So when the later generation mention him they would often say, “It is a great pity he died before his complete success.” The structure of the Sacrificed Hall is of a ancient wooden palace style.It is 30 meters long, 25 meters wide and 29 meter high, surrounded by smaller constructions of fortress style and two 12.6-meter-high cloud columns.Its roof, with double-eaves and nine ridges, is covered with blue glare tiles.The outside of wall is covered with granite from Hongkong.The inscription on the horizontal board is engraved with seal characters cut in relief-“Naturalism” “Democracy” and “The people` s livelihood”.These are the most basic and general guiding principles of Mr.Sun` s revolutionary activities.Above “Democracy” , there is a horizontal inscription board with Sun` s handwriting on it, “Fill the World with Justice”.Please follow me into the Memorial Hall.The floor is covered with white and black marble from Yunnan Province.The colors of white and black are among the traditional color for burial ceremonies in China.There are 12 black stone columns, with 0.8 meter as the diameter for each.You will see that the interiors of the walls around are inset with black marble.Now you can have a look at Mr.Sun Yat-seen` s handwriting of “Programme for Founding a State”, engraved on the east and west walls.The main colors of the Hall are black, white and blue, which are used to express filial piety in China.The inside windows are inlaid with smaltos.They present western flavors especially with floods of sunshine.The style of the whole structure is a blend of the East and the West, representing the well blended doctrine of Dr.Sun Yat-sen.In the middle is the sitting statue of Dr.Sun Yat-sen in a robe.It is 4.6 meters high and the bottom is 2.1 meters wide.It was sculpted by the famous French sculptor Paul Arinsky whose native country is Poland.He was entrusted by the committee of Dr.Sun Yat-sen` s Funeral for sculpting it.He chose the Italian marble as the material for the statue.In 1930, the sculpture was sent to the Mausoleum from Paris.Its total cost was 1.5 million francs.The sic relief below are pictures depicting Mr.Sun` s life and revolutionary activities.Passing through the Hall, we have come to the Coffin Chamber.There are two doors that you need to get through.The outer door consists of two American-made safety door leafs which are made of copper.The nails on them and the mysterious beasts on the copper loops are typical of traditional Chinese.The horizontal inscription board was engraved with “The noble spirit will never perish ” which was Sun` s handwriting for the 72 martyrs` tomb in Huanghua Mound of Guanzhou.The secound door is a single copper leaf engrave with seven characters “Mr.Sun Yat-sen` s tomb” which were written by Zhang Jing jiang.The tomb is a half globe in shape.The design of KMT emblem is mosaicked in the vaulted dome.The floor of the round room is covered with marble.The room` s diameter is 18 meters and the height is 11 meters.The walls are covered with pink marbles.The circular marble pit is 1.7 meters deep and 4.35 meters in diameter.It is enclose with 1-meter-high white marble rails.In the pit lays Dr.Sun Yat-sen lying statue in Zhongshan Suit.This is sculpted in accordance to Mr.Sun` s remains by a Czechoslovakian sculptor.His copper coffin is lying about 5 meters below the sculpture.You may ask why on earth the clothes Dr.Wears for the sitting statue are totally different from those for the lying one? In those years, the leftists and the rightists inside of the KMT had severe conflicts.The rightists, headed by Chang Kai-shek wanted to restore the ancient ways and opposed revolution.They insisted that Mr.Sun should wear long robe, while the leftists insisted he wear Zhongshan Suit.Since they had different opinions thus the two statues have different clothes styles.My friends, I `m afraid you must be concern about whether Mr.Sun remains are in the tomb or not.In fact, his remains had a unusual experience.After his death, his remain were dealt with antiseptic and placed in Biyun Monastery in Beijing in March, 1925.When the warlord Zhang Zong chang was defeated by the North Expeditionary Army and withdrew to Beijing in 1926, he ascribed his failure to Mr.Sun` s remains and decided to burn them.It is the patriotic general Zhang Xuelian who sent troops to protect the remains.Unfortunately they were once exposed to the air though they were safe again.On May 28, 1929, Mr.Sun` s coffin was sent to Pukou from Beijing by Jinpu Railway, and on June 1 it reached the Mausoleum.After the Grand Ceremony of Feng` an, the coffin and the remains were put into the pit and used cement to concrete it.The bottom of the tomb is granite.Under the copper coffin, there is a specially made wooden pad and enclosing the coffin is a well-sealed crystal box.After the breakout of the Resistance War against Japan, KMT government planed to transport the remains to Chongqing and at the end of the liberation war, Chang Kai-shek planed to transport it to Taiwan this time.Because it was not a easy job to take the coffin out and the work might do damage to the remains as well, this plan was fiercely attacked by the engineering field and the left wing of the KMT.At last Chang gave up the plan.So the remains have stayed here safely up to today.Passing through the door in the back wall of the square outside you will arrive at the Mausoleum Park.The back wall of the park is a “Exhibition of Construction of Dr.Sun Yat-sen` s Mausoleum ”.The Exhibition contains nearly 200 precious historic materials which show the construction of the Mausoleum and the process of the transportation of Mr.Sun` s remains.Beside the main structure, there are also some constructions around the Mausoleum built in memory of Mr.Sun.Most of the constructions are built after 1929 with the donation of those from both all trades in China and overseas Chinese.The Fraternity Pavilion on top of the Plum Hill is built with the donation of a Taiwanese compatriot.IT was completed on November 12,1993, the 127th anniversary of Mr.Sun` s birthday.Ladies and gentlemen.Mr.Sun struggled for a better China for his whole life and overthrew monarch feudalist system which lasted for more than 2000 years.He carried out the three principal policies of “Making an alliance with Russia and the Communist Party of China and helping the farmers and workers” in his later days.The great feat Mr.Sun has achieved has gained great respect and praise from people from both home and abroad.After liberation, both central and local governments have exerted great efforts in preserving this excellent heritage.Now, as one of the “Top Forty Tourist Resorts in China” Dr.Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum receives numerous Chinese and international friends every years.People come here to pay homage to Mr.Sun.Today, the unification has become the main tendency in terms of the relations between the Chinese on both sides of the Straits.I believe that most Chinese people, from both home and abroad, are expecting from the bottom of heart the coming of the day when our country is united and getting more prosperous.At that time, when hearing this.Dr.Sun would smile and be satisfied for sure in the other world.OK, thank you very much for your cooperation.Good bye and good luck!
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