阅读理解模拟试题（精选8篇）
You probably know who Marie Curie was,but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson. Of the outstanding ladies listed below,who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years?
Jane Addams(1860-1935)
Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank. Addams helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community(社区)by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need. In 1931,Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.
Rachel Carson(1907-1964)
If it weren’t for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today. Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the world’s lakes and oceans.
Sandra Day O’Connor(1930-present)
When Sandra Day O’Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952,she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator(参议员) and ,in 1981, the first woman to join the U. S. Supreme Court. O’Connor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.
Rosa Parks(1913-)
On December 1,1955,in Montgomery,Alabama,Rasa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a passenger. Her simple act landed Parks in prison. But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil-rights movement. “The only tired I was, was tired of giving in,” said Parks.
21. What is Jane Addams noted for in history?(A)
A. Her social work.
B. Her teaching skills.
C. Her efforts to win a prize.
D. Her community background.
22. What was the reason for O’Connor’s being rejected by the law firm?(C)
A. Her lack of proper training in law.
B. Her little work experience in court.
C. The discrimination against women.
D. The poor financial conditions.
23. Who made a great contribution to the civil-rights movement in the U.S.?(D)
A. Jane Addams. B. Rachel Carson.
C. Sandra Day O’Connor. D. Ross Parks.
24. What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text?(C)
A. They are highly educated. B. They are truly creative.
C. They are pioneers. D. They are peace-lovers.
B
Grandparents Answer a Call
As a third-generation native of Brownsville, Texas, Mildred Garza never planned to move away. Even when her daughter and son asked her to move to San Antonio to help with their children, she politely refused. Only after a year of friendly discussion did Ms. Garza finally say yes. That was four years ago. Today all three generations regard the move as a success,giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.
No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to adult children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President Obama’s mother-in-law, Marian Robinson, has agreed to leave Chicago and move into the White House to help care for her granddaughters. According to a study by grandparents.com, 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinson’s decision will influencegrandparents in the American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family.
“In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn’t get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own,” says Christine Crosby, publisher of Grand,a magazine for grandparents. “We now realize how important family is and how important it is to be near them, especially when you’re raising children.”
Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices, but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder.
25. Why was Garza’s move a success?(A)
A. It strengthened her family ties.
B. It improved her living conditions.
C. It enabled her make more friends.
D. It helped her know more new places.
26. What was the reaction of the public to Mrs. Robinson’s decision?(D)
A. 17% expressed their support for it.
B. Few people responded sympathetically.
C. 83% believed it had a bad influence.
D. The majority thought it was a trend.
27. What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s?(C)
A. They were unsure of themselves.
B. They were eager to raise more children.
C. They wanted to live away from their parents.
D. They had little respect for their grandparents.
28. What does the author suggest the grandparents do in the last paragraph?(A)
A. Make decisions in the best interestsof their own.
B. Ask their children to pay more visits to them.
C. Sacrifice for their struggling children.
D. Get to know themselves better.
C
I am Peter Hodes,a volunteer stem courier. Since March , I’ve done 89 trips— of those , 51 have been abroad, I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little box because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last.In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor (捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we’ve got 72 hours at most, So I am always conscious of time.
I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stem cells in Providence, Rhode Island, and was meant to fly to Washington then back to London. But when I arrived at the check-in desk at Providence, the lady on the desk said: “Well, I’m really sorry, I’ve got some bad news for you—there are no flights from Washington.” So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said: “In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient —please, please, you’ve got to get me back to the United Kingdom.” She just dropped everything. She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me. re-routed(改道)me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled.
For this courier job, you’re consciously aware thatin that box you’ve got something that is potentially going to save somebody’s life.
29. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph1?(B)
A. provider B. delivery man
C. collector D. medical doctor
30. Why does Peter have to complete his trip within 42hours?(D)
A. He cannot stay away from his job too long.
B. The donor can only wait for that long.
C. The operation needs that much time.
D. The ice won’t last any longer.
31. Which flight did the woman put Peter on first?(B)
A. To London. B. ToNewark.
C. To Providence. D. To Washington.
D
The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness, or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap(间隙)with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person’s needs.
Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what maybe implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.
Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.
Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.
32. What does the author say about silence in conversations?(C)
A. It implies anger. B. It promotes friendship.
C. It is culture-specific. D. It is content-based.
33. Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought?(A)
A. The Chinese. B. The French.
C. The Mexicans. D. The Russians.
34. What does the author advise nurses to do about silence?(D)
A. Let it continue as the patient pleases. B. Break it while treating patients.
C. Evaluate its harm to patients. D. Make use of its healing effects.
35. What may be the best title for the text?(B)
A. Sound and Silence B. What It Means to Be Silent
C. Silence to Native Americans D. Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold
关键词：NAEP,中考语文,现代文阅读
一、试题题型数量比较
NAEP2011八年级阅读试题和2012年北京中考语文现代文阅读的题型与数量如下表:
从表中可以看出, NAEP2011八年级阅读共测试了三篇文章, 30道题, 其中选择题16道, 主观题14道, 两种题型几乎平分秋色, 平均每篇文章至少10道测试题。而北京的中考现代文阅读也是测试了三篇文章, 共8道题, 都是主观题, 没有客观选择题, 平均每篇文章最多测试三道题。很明显, 两者有很大的差别。究其原因主要在于二者的评价目的不同。NAEP阅读测试框架中把阅读定义为“阅读是能动和复杂的过程, 包括理解书面文本, 发现和解释含义以及根据相应的文本类型、目的和情境使用这些含义”。这个定义包含着丰富的内容, 从对阅读定义中我们可以看出, NAEP阅读测试主要考察学生查找/回忆、整合/解释和批判/评价等能力。每篇文章充足的题量可以保证测试的全面性, 而这些能力的考查既可以以选择题的形式来考查, 又可以以主观题的形式来考查, 很灵活。我国的“中考说明”和“课程标准”并没有对阅读进行明确的界定, 中考阅读理解考查的重点是学生理解和运用语言的能力、记忆和理解语文知识的能力。《2012年北京市中考语文考试说明》在现代文阅读能力的考查一项中列出了11个能力考查要点, 由于每篇文章测试的题目较少, 这些要点在考试中并没有得到全面的考查。
二、问题设计的比较
问题和指导语又称为题干。命题者通过题干来明确答题的要求, 落实评价的目标;被测试者则要根据题干来明确答题的任务。问题和指导语设计得清楚与否, 直接影响到测试的效度。
2012年北京市中考现代文阅读理解按照文体的不同测试了三篇文章, 记叙文测试的第二道题, 试卷中的第16题, 是这样表述的:
16.结合文章内容, 说说为什么作者认为“白梅无价”。 (4分)
记述文测试题的第三道题, 试卷中的第17题, 表述如下:
17.本文的描写和议论都饱含感情, 请以第3段的相关内容为例, 作简要赏析。 (不超过150字) (7分)
第16题题目设计简单明了, 学生读后不会出现歧义, 明确是结合全文来回答问题, 不能限于一个段落中。但是这篇文章语言诗意化, 有很浓的抒情色彩, 与考生平时的阅读有很到的差异, 题目有要求学生结合全文来回答, 所以难度很大。第17题是考查学生从表达方式的角度来赏析文章的第三段, 但是前半句的描述很笼统, 中考说明对表达方式的要求是了解即可, 学生对描写和议论这两种表达方式也只是有所了解, 那如何用来赏析呢?为防止死记硬背的情况, 不妨把描写和议论做一下细致的说明。在两道题对学生的限制太多, 学生都必须要结合原文, 这样留给学生自由发挥的空间就很少了, 不能很好地考查学生自己对文章的独特想法和见解。
NAEP阅读主观题非常注意问题的设计。下面以NAEP 2011 八年级阅读试题中的一个问题为例来进行简要说明。
第2题: 你认为第一段中对阿比盖尔·亚当斯的描写是开始这篇文章的有效方法吗?并解释一下为什么或者为什么不使用文章中的信息。
第11题 你认为参政扩大运动中的女性可能对文中最后一部分的描述——“渐变”, 会有怎样的感受?用文中的例子来说明你的观点。
这两道题分别考查了学生对作者写作手法的评价和对事件的看法, 回答这两个问题学生必须有自己的看法并且还要做出合理的解释, 或是用文中的例子来证明自己的观点。总体来看, 这两个问题具有很强的开放性, 给学生留下思考的余地。题干中“你认为”更是在强调只要是学生自己的观点, 并且言之有理即可。由此可见, NAEP阅读测试更侧重的是学生自己解读文本、自己解决问题的能力。同时NAEP每一道试题都有清晰的能力和难度定位, 具有特定的难度等级和能力要求, 考试指向非常清晰。
三、评分标准的比较
在语文测试中主观题有着自身的优势:可以使学生自由的表达自己的观点和感悟、对文章做出自己的评价。但是答案的开放性却给语文主观题的评分工作带来了困难, 评分的客观公正性很难得到保证。下面我们以2012年北京市中考语文试题的第17题和NAEP2012八年级阅读试题中, 第2题的评分标准为例来进行分析。
北京市中考语文第17题的评分标准
17.答案示例一:
第③段描写了许老在“我”家作画的过程, 用“捉”“横扫”“挥舞”的动作描写, 写出了许老作画时恣意挥洒的样子;用“可他却无法从情感中自拔”的议论, 表达了许老作完画仍沉浸在悲痛之中的状态令“我”既感动又担忧的复杂感情。这些描写和议论都饱含感情, 表现了两位画家之间的深厚友情, 感人至深。
答案示例二:
本文寓丰富的情感与描写和议论中。第③段用“刚躺下, 又爬起来, 大叫‘拿宣纸来’”的动作和语言描写, 表现了许老想通过作画来悼念师兄的急切心情;用“他哪里是在作画, 简直是要划破阴阳之界”的议论, 点出许老作画时笔笔着力、悲痛万分的状态带给“我”的震撼。
NAEP2011八年级阅读试题第2题的评分标准
2.你认为第一段中对阿比盖尔·亚当斯的描写是开始这篇文章的有效方法吗?并解释一下为什么或者为什么不使用文章中的信息。分数及描述:
第一, 完全理解。
这一级别的回答, 能通过文章开始和其他部分的特殊联系或者通过对文章开始与下文如何联系的理解, 来解释对阿比盖尔·亚当斯的描述是否是开始这篇文章的有效方法。
①我认为这是开始文章的好方法, 因为它告诉我们在1776年阿比盖尔·亚当斯就已经想为妇女争取平等权, 但是却没有得到重视。
②我确实认为这是开始这篇文章的好方法, 应为它说出了妇女权利运动最开始的情况。
③是的, 它为让你为下文的阅读做好准备。在开始讨论为独立而战和文章将要谈及的事有关。
④是的, 因为它告诉我们在这个国家里女性有取得和男性平等的决心。
⑤不是, 他们应该以1848年女性想要获得投票权来开始。
第二, 部分理解。
(1) 这一级别的回答要求能够提供基于文本的概括, 来解释对亚当斯的描写是否是开始这篇文章的有效方法。他们不用说明对文章开始和其他部分关系的理解。
①我想是因为这一事件为文章的开始做准备。
②是的, 因为它让你知道一些著名的人物在妇女平等方面的言论, 并且告诉你这篇文章的主要内容。
③是的, 因为它奠定了文章的基调并且告诉我们将要读到的内容。
④是的, 因为引用历史可以引起我们的注意。
或者
(2) 解释阿比盖尔·亚当斯的陈述, 但是他们不能解释为什么这么描写, 这么描写是否是文章开始的好方法。这些回答可能会也可能不会表达个人的意见。
①我认为这是文章开始的好办法, 因为讨论了独立权。
②不, 不完全是, 因为阿比盖尔所说的是女性还没有机会参加选举。
③她希望女性独立。
④阿比盖尔·亚当斯的陈述是文章开始的好方法。她坚持自己的信仰希望人们能起来反抗。
第三, 几乎不理解。
这一水平的回答提供不相关的信息, 或者无法支持个人的见解, 或者仅仅是简单的复述问题。或者是简单回答阿比盖尔·亚当斯的话而没有进一步的解释。
①不是, 它会把一切弄乱。
②我不这么认为因为它读起来非常枯燥。
③是的, 阿比盖尔做了一个很好的陈述, 这是一个很好的介绍。
④可能它们应该和列克星敦和康科德有一点儿联系。
⑤是的, 因为她敦促她的丈夫“记住这些女士们, 对她们要比以前更加支持女性们。
仔细对比两个评分标准我们可以发现:
北京市中考语文主观题的评分标准是按要点给分, 答对一个要点便会得到相应的分数, 然后把分数相加就是该题的最后得分。这种评分方法非常灵活, 便于操作。如第17题中, 答出动作描写、语言描写、找出议论的句子给一部分分数, 对这些描写、议论的句子进行具体的分析给一部分分数, 整个题目的语言表达又要占一定的分数。
NAEP的评分标准是按照等级来给分, 只要达到相应的水平就会得到相应的分数。NAEP阅读评分标准的制定是非常详细的, 把学生可能的答案尽可能的列举出来, 将这些的答案进行归类, 作为打分的分界线。第二题中把学生的答案分为完全理解、部分理解和几乎不理解三个不同的层次, 每个层次又包括对回答的具体描述与说明、所得分值以及相应的样例。根据这些具体的描述与说明增加了评价的可操作性, 也有效地控制了评分过程中可能造成的误差。
参考文献
[1]方云龙.开放性试题质量分析 (J (.语文教学通讯·初中刊, 2002, (9) .
[2]姚永夫.开放性试题的特点及其解法初探[J].中学文科, 2001, (8) .
Switzerland may be a small, little-regarded mid-continental country with a serious image problem. Switzerland covers an area of 41,285 sq km. At the most, it's 220km from north to south, and 348km from west to east. The highest point is the Dufourspitze at 4634m above sea level, the lowest is Lago Maggiore at 193m. The total population is around 7.4 million, of whom 5.9 million are Swiss citizens.
Switzerland has grown into one of the world's richest countries. Its economy is small-scale but thoroughly modern: traditional industries such as watchmaking and textiles（纺织品）now thrive by focusing closely on the luxury end of the market and have ceded（割让）prime position to engineering, pharmaceuticals（药学的）and service industries.
Within this rugged environment, community spirit is perhaps stronger than anywhere else in Europe. Since the country isn't an ethnic, linguistic or religious unity, it's survived simply through the will of its people to resolve their differences.
Tourism has been a high earner since the mid-nineteenth century, when the Alps（阿尔卑斯山）became both a fashionable destination for wealthy travelers and a prescribed retreat for sufferers from breathing diseases needing curative sunshine and fresh mountain air. And yet the country still stands alone.
Switzerland is remarkably polyglot（通晓多种语言的人）. There are four official languages: about two-thirds of the population have German as their first language; about a fifth French; six percent Italian; while Romansh, a direct descendant（后代）of Latin, has clung on in pockets of the mountainous southeast. Around one in ten people use English every day, and many Swiss are comfortably tri- or quadrilingual.
1.Switzerland’s economy has the following characters EXCEPT_____________.
A.small-scale but simply thoroughly modern
B.watchmaking and textiles becoming less important
C.traditional industries thriving in luxury markets
D.engineering, pharmaceuticals and service industries are important
2.What’s the advantage of Switzerland in Europe?
A.Its community spirit is stronger than any other country in Europe.
B.Its community is an ethnic, linguistic or religious unity.
C.Its community spirit has survived through the will of its people.
D.Its people have the will to resolve their differences in every way.
3.Switzerland’s tourism is famous for ________.
A.wealthy travelers B.curative sunshine
C.fresh mountain airD.the Alps
4.What are the four official languages in Switzerland?
A.German, French, English and Latin.
B.German, Italian, French and Romansh.
C.German, Italian, Romansh and English.
D.German, Latin, Romansh and French.
5.What’s the best title of the passage?
A.Area of Switzerland.
B.History of Switzerland.
C.Switzerland.
D.Tourism in Switzerland.
6.What’s the meaning of word “thrive” in Paragraph Two?
A.Cause somebody or something to feel a thrill or thrills.
B.Examine and measure the qualities etc of sb or sth.
C.Grow or develop well and vigorously; prosper.
D.Turn or move sb or sth quickly or violently in directions.
答案与解析：
1.B。细节理解题。从第二段第二句话可知道瑞士的传统工业例如钟表制造业和纺织业正在兴起而不是变的不重要。
2.A。推理判断题。从第三段第一句话可推测出瑞士人的团体精神比欧洲任何一个国家的都强，因此这就是她的优势之处。
3.D。推理判断题。从第四段第一句话后半部分中的the Alps became both a fashionable destination可知阿尔卑斯山是一个受人欢迎的旅游目的地，因此它应该以阿尔卑斯山出名。
4.B。细节理解题。从第五段第二句话There are four official languages: about two-thirds of the population have German as their first language; about a fifth French; six percent Italian; while Romansh, a direct descendant of Latin,has clung on in pockets of the mountainous southeast.可知道瑞士的官方语言应该是German德语、French法语、Italian意大利语和Romansh语这四中语言。
5.C。概括文章标题题。从全篇文章可知都是围绕着Switzerland展开的，而其他的都是它的一部分，故以Switzerland为文章标题最好。
现代文阅读(31分)
请认真阅读下面文章，完成6-13题。
(一)(16分)
知心的礼物
[美]保尔威利尔亚德
从妈妈领我去了一次小店之后，我便渴望自己去买糖。那时我对钱一无所知。我经常看到妈妈给别人一点什么东西，然后别人则给她递出一个包或一个袋子，这样逐渐地我就有了交换的概念。有一天，我花了好大气力来到店铺弄响门铃，推开了那扇巨大的门。我着迷似地一步步沿着糖果柜台走过去。
我挑选出了一些各色各样的糖果后，威老先生从柜台上弯下身子问我：你有钱买这么多糖果吗?我回答说：我有很多很多钱。我伸出小拳头放在威老先生张开的手中，里面有五六个用闪闪发亮的锡纸细心包好的樱桃核。
威老先生静静地站着注视着自己的手掌，然后，好像是想要发现什么似地看了我一会。
不够吗?我担心地问。
他轻轻地叹了口气。我想是有点多了，他回答说，我还得给你找钱。他打开抽屉，取了钱，弯下身子，把两分钱放进我伸出的手中。
这件事我很快就忘了。成人后我组织了自己的家庭，和妻子开了一个金鱼店，其中大部分鱼是直接从亚洲、非洲和南美洲引进的，每对鱼差不多都值五美元以上。
一个星期天的下午，一位女孩同她弟弟进来了，他们约有五六岁。我正忙着洗鱼缸。那俩小孩站在那儿，眼睛睁得又圆又大，紧盯着在清澈的水中游玩的珠宝般漂亮的金鱼。真棒!小男孩叫起来，我能要几条吗?行呀，我说，如果你们有钱买的话。哦，我们有好多好多钱。小女孩信心十足地说。
她说话神情中的那种东西给我一种熟悉而奇怪的感觉。我把他们挑中的鱼捞进一个旅行罐中，放进一个运输用的口袋里，俯身递给了男孩。
他转向姐姐。姐，付给他钱呀。她紧握的.拳头张开了，把两个镍币和一角钱放在我展开的手掌上。
瞬间，我好像完全领悟到威老先生多年前那件事给我的全部影响。只有这个时候我才懂得当年我对老人的挑战，才弄清楚老人是多么出色地接受了这一挑战。
我看着手中的硬币，像是又站在那个小糖果店里，就像威老先生多年前理解的那样，我理解这两个孩子的纯朴天真以及保护或者摧毁这种天真的力量。我喉咙哽塞了，心里充满了回忆。小女孩充满期望地站在我面前。钱不够吗?她小声地问我。
不，是太多了些。我总算克服了感情的激动，好容易才说出来，还得找你点呢。我把两分钱放在她伸开的手里，然后便站在门口望着孩子小心翼翼地捧着他们的宝贝远去。
我回到店里时，妻子问我：你知道给了他们多少鱼吗?值三十块钱呢。
我给她讲了威老先生的故事，她的眼睛湿润了，在我脸上轻轻地吻了一下。
我敢肯定当我擦完最后一只鱼缸时，我听到威老先生在我身后笑了。
6.结合上下文说说下列句中加点词的妙处。(4分)
(1)那俩小孩站在那儿，眼睛睁得又圆又大，紧盯着金鱼。紧盯着表现了孩子当时怎样的心理?
(2)她的眼睛湿润了，在我脸上轻轻地吻了一下。妻子为什么吻我?
7.第二段中我所理解的钱指什么?(3分)
8.综观全文，题目《知心的礼物》中的礼物有哪两层含义?(4分)
9.威老先生店里出现的那一情景和我金鱼店里出现的这一情景有惊人的相似之处，你从中读出了什么?(5分)
(二)(15分)
①生物学家预言，21世纪将是细菌发电造福人类的时代。
Что такое дневник ученика? Кажется, что это небольшая простая тетрадь. Но на самом же деле это ценность, к которой следует относиться бережно и заботливо. Дневник ученика есть лицо этого мальчика во учёбе. И в дневниках часто обнаруживаются ошибки, что говорит о невнимательности наших учителей.
Некоторые стараются украсить дневники ленточками, даже цветками. А уроки записывают лишь в тот день, когда надо сдавать дневник классному руководителю.
18.Как вы понимаете слово ” дневник "в данном тексте?
а. Записи, ведущиеся из дня в день.
б. Несколько листов, соединённых вместе.
A. As a result, the membership now represents 94% of all exporters and 60% of all importers.
B. In some of these countries, this can amount to as much as 50% of all export earning.
C. In North America, most consumers already have above average knowledge of the range available.
D. For example, frost and wind are particularly damaging to coffee crops.
E. Larger coffee growers, for example, frequently export directly.
F. The main reason for this is higher Brazilian output as production recovers from weather damage to crops.
G. It is cultivated in mountain regions which can only be reached by animal transport, and in other difficult areas where modern agricultural equipment cannot be used.
H. This is because there is a demand for coffee in Germany, and it is also sold in the UK and in the US.
I. This make the coffee industry fairly universal, according to Pablo Dubois, Head of the International Coffee Organisation (ICO), based in London.
PART THREE
Questions 13-20
Read the article below about stress management, and answer questions 13-20 on the opposite page.
A Lesson In Stress Management
Demands placed on us at work can often lead to considerable worry and discomfort. There are, however, ways of protecting ourselves from the stress we face at work. We interviewed Jane Collard, a consultant in stress management.
1. In Jane Collard’s opinion, stress is becoming an increasingly common feature of the workplace. Stress is a highly individual reaction, which varies considerably from person to person, and it is difficult for some employees to avoid it. Indeed, stress is regarded by many as part of the organizational culture of our institutions: it comes with the job. Recent figures indicate that time taken off work because of stress has increased by 500 per cent since the 1950s. Undoubtedly, changes in working conditions have led to greater pressure at work at all levels. With reductions in staffing, workloads for individual employees have increased. In addition, many employees are left worrying about the security of their jobs.
2. On the stress management courses that she runs, Jane Collard tries to make the trainees realise that stress in itself is not harmful. Everyone needs a certain level of stress to enable them to feel motivated and to perform effectively. A complete absence of stress can be as damaging as overstress, since it can make people lose interest in their work, and even lead to depression. The difficulties occur when the amount of stress rises above a level which is healthy for a particular individual. If this happens, the effects are very obvious and the trainees are taught to recognize the signs. Stress may be expressed physically, for example through headaches and tiredness, or through emotional problems such as depression. A person suffering from stress may also start to behave differently, and can be difficult to deal with.
3. While it may not always be possible to prevent stress, there are a number of ways in which it can be controlled. The first thing that the trainees learn is how to manage their time effectively. This involves, first of all, setting realistic goals for both the short and long term. Once this framework has been established, tasks are then prioritised on a daily basis. The trainees are also reminded that when they are under pressure the less important items should be left, and they should never hesitate to delegate. Everyone is encouraged to look at ways of reducing ‘wasted time ’, for example by grouping similar tasks together or dealing with items immedkiately.
4. Jane feels that one of the most useful features of the course is that it enables trainees to deal with those demands or deadlines that they regard as unreasonable. They are encouraged to avoid being defensive, but at the same time they are advised not to be afraid of saying ‘no’. They are asked to give reasons only if necessary. The training helps them to foresee difficult situations or unwanted demands, and they learn how to prepare themselves mentally. Everyone is encouraged not to get stuck in negative thought patterns, where stress can feed a circular sense of helplessness. One solution they discuss is to think of a more encouraging alternative for each negative message. They learn, for example, to remind themselves that nothing terrible happens when a demand is refused or a deadline missed. Life goes on.
Questions 13-16
For questions 13-16, choose the best title for each numbered paragraph from the list below.
For each numbered paragraph 1-4, mark one letter (A-G) on your Answer Sheet.
Do not use any letter more than once.
A Higher stress levels among top managers
B Coping with stress thr
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植物性食品最有营养
现在市场上充斥了很多人工提炼而分离出来的维生素、营养剂和营养胶囊, 很多人非常相信这些商品, 甚至认为它们可以替代正常的饮食中富含的营养。然而, 这些经过加工所分离出来的营养, 并不能模拟真正植物性食物的功能。现代营养免疫学所研究的营养是从“完整性”植物中摄取的营养, 而那些经过人工加工过的营养则往往失去了“完整性”。有些分离出来的物质会变成亲氧化剂, 从而产生数以亿计的有害自由基。例如, 维生素C在橙子中时是一种抗氧化剂, 而一旦离开橙子, 就会制造自由基, 对身体产生伤害。
完整的植物食品富含维生素和矿物质等多种营养, 就拿橙子来说, 就有胡萝卜素、柠檬油精、叶酸、钾质、钙质等四十余种营养。对人体免疫系统而言, 它们所含的植物营养素、多糖体、抗氧化剂是最重要的。这些综合营养成分在人造的维生素药丸里是找不到的。除此之外, 植物性食品中还含有对健康有益的纤维素。研究发现, 虽然一般来说, 纤维素不能被人体消化吸收, 但是, 它是一种天然的食物处理器, 能帮助我们从摄取的食物中吸收营养, 特别是吸收能调节免疫系统功能的营养, 所以, 我们不要认为, 不能消化和吸收的纤维素是没用的。
人体每天都需要多种植物性食品, 在蔬菜、水果中含有人体所需的各种植物营养素。科学家们研究发现, 人每天要食用十种以上的植物, 才能有效地强化身体的免疫力, 促进人体的健康。之所以需要多种植物食品, 是因为没有哪一种植物食品能够满足人体所需的营养需求。比如说, 不是一天吃五个苹果就能够达到身体对植物性营养的需求。每种植物都有不同的抗氧化剂、植物性营养素和多糖体。因此, 我们的饮食中应当包含更多样的植物性食品。每天仅仅吃白菜、萝卜、黄瓜、茄子之类是不够的。而且, 我们现在知道, 不同的营养物质能够在疾病的不同阶段产生预防效果。每一种植物所含的营养素都有很多种, 每一种的功能都不一样, 它们分别针对不同的致病原因起到预防作用, 我们有时候不知道疾病到底是在哪一个环节出了问题, 所以, 在我们的食谱中, 需要安排不同种类的植物性食物, 以增强身体的抵抗力。
哈佛大学癌症研究中心的数据显示, 30%的成年人癌症死亡病例与饮食和肥胖的副作用相关。现代医学的观点认为, 不仅是癌症, 其实很多疾病都可以通过选择健康食品而达到预防效果。通过改进饮食, 注重植物性食品的摄取就可以达到增强身体免疫力的作用。因为植物性食品可以通过最自然的方式平衡我们的免疫系统, 在免疫系统达到平衡状态的时候, 人体就能维持健康并具备对抗疾病的能力。我们应该具备这样的观念:预防疾病最好的方法就是增强免疫系统的功能, 而为免疫系统提供平衡、健康的营养, 正是我们在日常生活中应当认真对待的。
(选自《百科知识》)
1. 下列对营养“完整性”的意思理解最准确的一项是 ()
A.要求一种食物包含人体所需的全部营养。
B.要求一种植物性食物提供人体所需的各种营养物质。
C.人体所需的营养物质靠人体自身从未经提纯加工的植物性食物中摄取。
D.人体从未经加工提纯的植物性食物中获得某一种营养物质。
2. 下面所列的, 不属于“我们的饮食中应当包含更多样的植物性食品”的原因的一项是 ()
A.人每天要食用十种以上的植物性食物, 才能有效地强化身体的免疫力。
B.人体所需的营养物质是多样的, 不是一两种植物能满足的。
C.苹果、白菜、萝卜、黄瓜、茄子之类的食物, 营养不够丰富。
D.不同的营养物质能够在疾病的不同阶段产生预防效果。
3. 下列所述, 不符合原文意思的一项是 ()
A.人工提炼的维生素、营养剂、营养胶囊, 不能替代正常的饮食中富含的营养。
B.完整的植物食品含人体所需的综合营养成分。
C.植物性食品中的纤维素不能被人体消化吸收, 基本上是无用的东西。
D.食用植物性食品对预防癌症有一定效果
4. 下列根据原文信息所作的推断, 不正确的一项是 ()
A.从植物性食品中提炼的营养物质, 会制造自由基, 伤害人体。
B.每天食用十种以上的植物性食品, 就能有效强化身体免疫力。
C.部分癌症患者与饮食有关, 并不是所有的癌症患者都与饮食有关。
D.获得平衡、健康的营养, 有利于增强免疫系统的功能, 有利于对抗疾病。
二、阅读下面文言文, 完成后面题目。 (共36分, 选择题每题4分)
张嶷字伯岐, 巴郡南充国人也。弱冠为县功曹。先主定蜀之际, 山寇攻县, 县长捐家逃亡, 嶷冒白刃, 携负夫人, 夫人得免。由是显名, 州召为从事。时郡内士人袭禄、姚迪位二千石, 当世有声名, 皆与嶷友善。建兴五年, 丞相亮北住汉中, 广汉、棉竹山贼张慕等钞盗军资, 劫掠吏民, 嶷以都尉将兵讨之。嶷度其鸟散, 难以战擒, 乃诈与和亲, 克期置酒。酒酣, 嶷身率左右, 因斩慕等五十余级, 渠帅悉殄。寻其余类, 旬日清泰。后得疾困笃, 家素贫匮, 广汉太守何祗, 嶷宿与疏阔, 乃自举诣祗, 托以治疾。祗倾财治疾, 数年除愈。其党道信义皆此类也。
越隽郡自丞相亮讨高定后, 夷数反, 杀太守袭禄、焦璜, 是后太守不敢之郡, 只住安上县, 去郡八百余里, 其郡徒有名而已。时论欲复旧郡, 除嶷为越隽太守, 嶷将所领之郡, 诱以恩信, 蛮夷皆服, 颇亦降附。北徼捉马最骁劲, 不承节度, 嶷乃往讨, 生缚其帅魏狼, 又解纵告喻, 使召怀余类。表拜狼为邑侯, 种落三千余户皆安土供职。诸种闻之, 多渐降服, 嶷以功赐爵关内侯。
定作、台登、卑水诸县去郡三百余里, 旧出盐铁及漆, 而夷徼久自固食。嶷率所领夺取, 署长吏焉。嶷之定作, 定作率狼岑, 般木王舅, 甚为蛮夷所信任, 忿嶷自侵, 不自来诣。嶷使壮士十余人直往收致, 晓喻种落以狼岑之恶, 且曰:“无得妄动, 动即殄矣!”种类皆面缚谢过。嶷杀牛饷宴, 重申恩信, 遂获盐铁, 器用周赡。
郡有旧道, 经旄牛至成都, 平且近。自旄牛绝道, 已百余年, 更由安上, 险且远。嶷遣左右赍货币赐旄牛首狼路, 路率兄弟与妻子诣嶷, 嶷与盟誓, 开通旧道, 千里肃清, 复古亭驿。
在郡十五年, 邦域安穆, 屡乞求还, 乃征诣成都。夷民恋慕, 扶毂泣涕。过旄牛邑, 邑君襁负来迎, 及追至蜀郡界, 其督相率随嶷朝贡者百余人。嶷至, 拜荡寇将军, 其慷慨壮烈, 士人咸多贵之。
(节选自《三国志·蜀书》)
5. 下列各句中加点的词语与现代汉语意思相同的一项是 ()
A.乃诈与和亲B.甚为蛮夷所信任
C.种类咸面缚谢过D.嶷遣左右赍货币赐旄牛首狼路
6. 下列各组句子中, 加点词的意思和用法相同的一组是 ()
A. (1) 是后太守不敢之郡 (2) .士人咸多贵之
B. (1) 乃自举诣之 (2) .乃征诣成都
C. (1) 嶷以都尉将兵讨之 (2) .晓喻种落以狼岑之恶
D. (1) 皆与嶷友善 (2) .路率兄弟与妻子
7. 下列对原文有关内容的分析和概括, 不正确的一项是 ()
A.张嶷和他的上司何祗关系密切, 得了重病寄居何祗家, 直到痊愈。
B.张嶷治理越隽郡使用的是“擒贼擒王”、威恩并用的策略, 而且成效显著。
C.张嶷在治理卑水等县时用的是“惩一儆百”的策略, 而且目的明确———控制盐铁。
D.张嶷解决“旄牛绝道”问题, 靠恩信结人心。张嶷善施政, 体现在用不同办法解决不同问题。
8. 翻译文中加线的句子。 (12分)
(1) 时论欲复旧郡, 除嶷为越隽太守, 嶷将所领之郡, 诱以恩信, 蛮夷皆服, 颇亦降附。 (6分)
译文:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2) 过旄牛邑, 邑君襁负来迎, 及追至蜀郡界, 其督相率随嶷朝贡者百余人。 (6分)
译文:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. 翻译下面一段文言文。 (12分)
齐宣王见文王囿大, 人以为小, 问于孟子。孟子曰:“周文王之囿, 方七十里, 刍荛者往焉, 雉兔者往焉, 与人同之, 民以为小, 不亦宜乎?臣闻郊关之内, 有囿方四十里, 杀其麋鹿者, 如杀人之罪, 民以为大不亦宜乎?”楚灵为章华之台, 伍举谏曰:“夫先王之为台榭也, 榭不过讲军事, 台不过望氛祥。”
翻译:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
三.古诗词鉴赏 (16分)
1 0. 阅读下面一首宋词和一首元曲, 完成后面题目。
浣溪沙
欧阳修
堤上游人逐画船, 拍堤春水四垂天。绿杨楼外出秋千。
白发戴花君莫笑, 六幺催拍盏频传。人生何处似尊前!
双调·折桂令过金山寺
赵禹圭
长江浩浩西来, 水面云山, 山上楼台。山水相连, 楼台相对, 天与安排。
诗句成风烟动色, 酒杯倾天地忘怀。醉眼睁开, 遥望蓬莱。一半儿云遮, 一半儿烟霾。
(1) 上面两首作品都描绘了水上景致, 但景物的状态和画面的层次感有别, 试作简要分析。 (8分)
答:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2) 《浣溪沙》里有两句话表明了词人内心的矛盾, 请找出加以分析。 (8分)
答:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
四.阅读下面的文章, 完成后面的问题。 (32分)
船
谭岩
(1) 渔船一年四季放在阶沿坎上, 侧扣着, 像一条风干的鱼。上面盖了一层薄塑料, 又堆放着棉花杆和芝麻杆, 像老人身上穿了一层厚厚的衣服。
(2) 盖塑料是为了防止漏进雨水, 盖柴禾是为了防日头晒。每天进出门, 老人都会看看阶沿坎上的船。这条船在河里撑了多少年了, 一篙下去, 船就像一条受惊的鱼, 昂着头, 一下蹿出丈把远。
(3) 如今河水却跌了, 船不再像一条鱼自由自在地划上划下。即使船下了河, 也不能过石滩。况且河里已没有鱼。
(4) 船就像用过的犁耙一样, 放到了阶沿坎上。到了冬闲的时候, 老人就又会把那船维修一遍。抱去堆在上面的柴禾, 揭去盖在上面的塑料, 细细地扫去上面的灰尘, 然后开始刮泥子。那泥子像一团白面, 散着桐油的气味, 老人用一块木板装了泥子靠近船帮, 像泥墙一样, 把那些泥子用一柄很薄的瓦刀刮进干裂的船板缝里。上了几层桐油的船黄澄澄的, 停放在院子里的两个板凳上, 经日头一晒, 散发着桐油的香味和太阳的温热气味, 如同一只新造的船清新而刚健, 得到路过的人的赞誉, 老人的脸上也会发出红光, 高兴地诉说这条船的历史, 老人像一个什么展览的讲解员。然而时间一长, 人们听了几遍, 也再觉不出什么新意, 走过老人的院门口, 竟一个个匆匆而过, 怕又被老人缠住讲半天。没有人来欣赏船, 老人便觉出了寂寞, 一人站在院子里, 拣起风吹在船上的落叶。天上一片灰蒙, 怕要下雪了。于是老人又请人把船抬到阶沿坎上, 蒙上塑料和柴禾。
(5) 家里人已经很有些微词。一年一次的维修, 打桐油请木匠, 也要花去不少的钱。老人听了, 沉默着, 只是每天早晨起了床, 头一件事就是去看阶沿上的船。
(6) 河里的水一年比一年浅, 到干涸的时候, 白白的石床上只有一丝水流着, 像老人重孙子的一泡尿。河的上游还在不断地筑坝。船放在阶沿上, 就像只干枯的虫壳。
(7) 河里的鱼少了, 堰塘里的鱼却多起来。堰塘大, 养鱼的就到处找船, 终于有人打听到老人的船, 要买走。老人自然是不同意, 家里人却都说, 趁早买了, 不然不管你怎么修, 船不见水, 总有一天船板都会腐了。跟老人大半辈子的船, 终于被拖走了。被拖走的那一天, 老人照例是天一发白就起床, 抱去船上面的高粱和油菜的枝叶, 又揭去盖在上面的塑料, 再请家人把船抬过来放正, 端来一盆盆水, 把船里船外都洗了一遍。老人拿来抹布, 一条船帮一条船缝地擦洗着, 把那钉在船帮上的抓钉的锈也擦去了, 露出了光亮。老人像是在擦拭着四十多年的打鱼岁月, 回想着每次撑船下河的往事。买船的请了一个拖拉机, 突突地开进了院子, 但老人却像没有看见, 仍蹲在船边一遍一遍地洗拭着, 像在不停地揩着从板缝里流出的泪水。
(8) 清洗一新的船抬上了拖拉机, 突突地出了院子, 又突突地驶过了河边的公路。老人总担心那船会从拖拉机上滑下来, 滑进路坎下的河里去, 但那船只是颠了几下, 终是没从那拖拉机上滑到河里去。那船是再也不能见这条河了。老人像突然很累了, 靠着院门站着, 听着拖拉机的突突声渐渐消失, 放在拖拉机上的船最终似一尾鱼, 远远地向天边游去了。
(9) 老人早晨起来, 仍会到阶沿上去看, 然而那里除了堆着曾经盖过船的高粱和油菜秆, 什么也没有。
(10) 有一天早晨, 老人起床后就出了门, 吃早饭时没有回来, 吃午饭时也没有回来。家人以为他在菜园, 去找, 没有;以为他下了田, 去找, 也不见他的影子。直到吃晚饭的时候, 他才回来, 像是走了很远的路, 布鞋上全是灰和泥。他端了一碗饭只扒了几口, 就搁下碗筷进屋去睡了。家人问他是不是病了, 他却长叹一声说, 那船就放在堰塘里, 不烂也烂了。
从此, 老人有了心病。一有病, 人就老了, 再起床的时候, 就拄着一根拐棍。拄着拐棍的老人常站在河边, 看那快要断流的河水无声地东去。
1 1. (1) 文中为什么要反复写拖拉机的“突突”声? (4分)
答:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2) 第十段的加线句如改成“直到吃中午饭的时候也没有回来, 家人到菜园和田里去找, 都不见他的影子”好吗?为什么? (4分)
答:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 2.“船”的命运为什么会是这样呢?作者想告诉我们什么? (8分)
答:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 3.“船”既没有了用途, 老人为什么还如此珍惜?请综合全文作答。 (8分)
答:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 4. 第七段主要用了哪种描写方法?作用是什么? (8分)
【关键词】高考 阅读理解 真题 特点
新课程改革到目前已有九年之久,而改革的目的也逐渐在高考试卷上显现出来。从近几年的试卷可以看到,阅读理解和写作的分数占卷面分的比例不断的提高,尤其是阅读理解。因此就有这样的一种说法:得阅读理解题者得天下。现分析近三年的高考英语阅读题目:
1.内容难度不大,相比2007、2008、2009年的试题难度有所降低。从2007年的高考命题改革开始,连续两年的高考阅读文章,都是议论性比较强的文章,一般学生对于议论文的处理是最不熟练的。往往会忽视各段之间的关系,从而导致抓不住重点而做错题。但是,这两三年的叙述和说明的比重较大,这种体裁的文章,学生容易找到感觉,能快速地找出文章的主旨大意,因此得分率较高。
2.词汇总体难度都不大,常见单词比较多,而超纲单词减少了,从而也避免了偏怪词和生僻词汇的出现,但是要求学生能读懂文章中一些俚语表达。比如2011年阅读理解B篇里有个短语“so-and-so's fault”,2012年阅读理解的A篇就介绍了人们相互之间常说 “Have a nice day”这一习惯。
3.重视各种体裁,各种话题,各个方面的短文阅读,因而阅读的范围扩大化。同时还注意文化的渗透,以及外国生活的方方面面。比如2012年阅读理解的A篇介绍了外国的俚语“have a nice day”以及D篇美国体育节目的商业化。
4.阅读理解题除了考查学生的思维能力,还考查到学生做题的严谨性。想取得高分,必须在细节上取胜。其中2010年的阅读理解题的三篇文章中细节理解题占15题中的7题,2011年占20题中的6题,而2012年阅读理解题就占20题中的14题。
5.将近一半的题目答案在文章里没有直接出现,而是需要学生对文章的信息再次加工,深层次的理解,这就避免学生出现 “投机取巧”的心理。
针对这几年的高考阅读题给高考生提出几点建议:
1.打好扎实的英语基础,扩大词汇量
有的考生说看不懂文章讲什么,那首先要问他里面的单词到底认識几个,脑袋里没有一定的单词储量,阅读理解根本无从谈起。也有的考生做题速度相当的慢,往往一场考试下来,可能还有两三篇阅读题没时间去做,这其实还是词汇量不足在作怪。每一个高三备考的环节都要经过三到四轮的复习阶段,而第一轮便是回归课本。这一环节就要把课文里的单词都牢牢地记住,四会、三会、乃至二会的也要知道是怎么用的,这一步骤做好了,后面的复习就会轻松很多。
例如:(2011年广东高考英语31题)
The underlined word swimmingly in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _______. 填空的选项有:early, sweetly, quickly, smoothly.
这里有一部分的考生选择了sweetly,显然对swimmingly的理解不够。原文是这样:if the cat is adopted before the dog, and if they are introduced when still young, if is highly probably that the two pets will get along swimmingly. 这里指的是猫和狗能够顺利的和睦相处,答案是选smoothly。这里如果考生平常能够留意到swim的衍生词,并且理解好单词在句中的意思,这一题应该不会失分。
2.精读真题,从真题中学习单词,增加词汇量
精读真题中的问题以及选项,耐心总结适合自己的解题技巧。每篇高考真题都是很宝贵的资源,千万不能随便做完、对完题目就扔在一旁,而去对付更多更难的题目。我们的阅读方法分为泛读和精读,然而对待高考题我们要牢记文章中的每一个生字,正确并且准确的理解文章中的每一句话的含义。但这还不够,因为有的同学读懂了文章,但选不对答案,原因在于他没有好好地钻研文章后面的问题和选项,很多同学都忽略这一步,对真题囫囵吞枣,所以无论他们做多少篇的阅读练习,成绩仍然难以提高。
3.巩固语法知识,掌握大量的固定句型,惯用表达形式等
因为我们知道英语的逻辑性很强,其语法结构比较规整,可以从中找出一定的规律。虽然近几年的阅读理解题难度降低,但还是会出现一些长难句,这就会影响到对文章的理解。因此如果考生掌握足够多的英语句型,在脑子里形成一个理解语句的框架,那么也比较容易捕捉到句子表达的意思,阅读效率自然也就跟着提高。
4.扩大阅读面,加强知识储备
要想拿到更高的卷面分,提高自己的英语水平,仅仅停留在课本的复习和平常的做题练习上是不够的。因此同学们须扩充自己的阅读量,拓宽知识面。在扩大自己的词汇量之余,还积累了相关的文化背景知识。上文提过近几年的高考阅读题比较重视文化的渗透,因此同学在平时的英语阅读当中,要有意识地积累文化知识,比如一个民族的历史、风俗、宗教、传统、思想感情、思维定势等,并与我们自己的文化进行对比,找出这两种文化的共性与个性之处,这样自己便获得了更深刻的认识。
总之,面对高考,英语教学的主要目的就是让考生在考试中如何拿到高分。考生必须要扎实地掌握基础知识,没有必要过多地钻研所谓的高、精、深类的题目,相信自然会水到渠成。
【参考文献】
[1]谭云杰. 英语方法论[M]. 中南大学出版社,2002.
[1]李柏榆. 英语报刊阅读教学模式的探究[J]. 教育导刊,2009(8).
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