虚拟语气课件(推荐8篇)
虚拟语气用在 even if, even though, whatever引导的状语从句中,从句谓语可参照由if引导的.虚拟条件从句的谓语,一般用过去时或过去完成时。例如:
This old machine runs as if it were a new one.
The old worker works as though he were a young man.
Even though she had been here very soon, she would not catch the train.
Example:
He has just arrived, but he talks as if he ______ all about that.
a. know b. knows c. known d. knew
I can’t stand him. He always talks as though he _____ everything.
a. knew b. knows c. has known d. had known
______ I used a lot of examples I still could not get my idea across.
a. Since b. But that c. Now that d. Even though
2. 虚拟语气用在so that, lest (唯恐), in case (万一), unless, in order that(为了,以便), that(为了,以至于), for fear that (生怕,以免), on condition that (如果)等引导的目的,条件状语从句中,从句谓语 may 或 might+原形动词,也有用 should, can, could+原形动词构成的。例如:
The teacher explained the law once more in order that we might understand it better.
Some people eat so that they may live. Others seem to live in order that they may eat.
一些人吃是为了生存,而另一些人似乎是活着就是为了吃。
I left him a note with my address on for fear that he should not know where to see me.
The heroes gave their lives that we might live a happy life.
为了我们过上幸福生活,英雄们献出了自己的生命。
Example:
In case I ______, I would try again.
a. will fail b. would miss c. should fail d. shall miss
You should exercise vigilance _____ you should be killed.
a. so that b. lest c. therefore d. that
3. 虚拟语气用在由 “whether” 引导的让步状语从句中,从句谓语用原形动词。例如:
All engines work on this principle, whether they be large or small.
所有发动机都按这一原理工作,无论它们是大还是小。
We must finish the work before we go home, whether it be early or late.
无论时间早晚,我们必须在回家前干完工作。
All matter, whether it be gas, liquid or solid, is made up of atoms.
所有物质,不论是气体,液体,或固体,都是由原子构成。
在此句型中,可省去 whether ,而将be放在主语前。例如:
Be it so, we must continue to do the test.
We must do our best to fulfil the task, be it ever so hard.
Example:
______ I’ll marry him all the same.
a. Were he rich or poor b. Be he rich or poor
c. Whether rich or poor d. Being rich or poor
EXERCISE
1. ______, I must do another experiment.
a. It is ever so late b. Ever so late it
c. Be it ever so late d. Whether be it ever so late
2. The young driver looked over the engine carefully lest it ______ on the way.
a. goes wrong b. would go wrong c. went wrong d. should go wrong
3. Machines are often oiled so that they ______ well.
a. ran b. runs c. should run d. running
4. Even if he ______ very busy, he would have kept on learning English.
a. had been b. was c. were d. had being
5. Supposing the weather ______ bad, where would you go?
a. is b. will be c. was d. were
6. ______, he could not succeed.
a. However, he tried that b. He tried however hard
c. However he could try d. However hard he tried
7. Even though the enemy ______ wings, they couldn’t escape from our encirclement.
a. had b. had had c. have d. has
8. She described the accident as if she ______ it herself.
a. saw b. has seen c. had seen d. sees
9. He came to meet us at the station for fear that we ______ the wrong way.
a. take b. should take c. took d. had taken
10. The car looked very dirty, as though it ______ hundreds of miles.
a. run b. runs c. has run d. had run
11. The teacher spoke slowly in order that we ______ no difficulty in following him.
a. should have b. had c. will have d. didn’t have
12. All magnets behave the same, ______ they large or small.
a. how b. are c. be d. were
13. At the beginning he didn’t want to speak English lest he _____ mistakes.
a. will make b. should make c. would make d. can
14. I remember the whole thing as if it ______ yesterday.
a. happen b. happens c. happened d. happening
15. She stayed at home for a few days so that she _____ her mother.
a. takes care of b. took care of c. might took care of d. might take care of
16. She took up the meter with care for fear that it _____ .
a. is damaged b. to be damaged c. should be damaged d. was damaged
17. In many cases the heating effect is neglected as if there ______ no flow of current along the wire.
a. are b. were c. is d. being
18. I’ll put the money on the table just in case you ______ it.
a. might need b. would need c. needed d. may have needed
19. Providing you ______ the opportunity to go abroad, which country would you want to visit first?
a. have b. will have c. had d. have had
20. The business of each day, ______ selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
虚拟语气是一种特殊的语法现象, 虽然是被人们从日积月累的日常口语交际中总结出来的, 但并不是只有在会话中才会看到它的影子, 我国很多级别考试中也会冷不丁地蹦出一两个题来, 使考生措手不及, 因此它也就成了英语课堂教学中常被关注的一个知识点。中国的英语语法专家有很多都花大量精力钻研过虚拟语气这个课题, 在归纳各种实例的基础上, 对其做了一些独到的界定。这些成果对我们了解其本来面目起到了较大的帮助。《实用英语语法》里面下了这样的定义:“在表示一种纯然假想的情况或主观愿望时, 动词需用一种特殊形式, 称为虚拟语气。”[1]《新编英语语法教程》用的是“虚拟式”这种提法:“虚拟式 (Subjunctive Mood) , 作为专门表达假设意义和其他非事实意义的动词形式, 仅是古英语遗留下来的残余。它仅有两个形式, 即be-型虚拟式 (BE-Subjunctive) 和were-型虚拟式 (WERE-Subjunctive) ”。[2]徐广联先生所著的《大学英语语法》认为, 虚拟语气描述的是人们猜想及推测的事件, 并不是客观现实中的事件。[3]面对这样的一些定义, 如果能深入了解自然是获益良多, 但如果只是囫囵吞枣地从字面上去联想, 难免会走入种种误区。由于长期以来一些对现成概念的表面化认识, 很多英语学习者对虚拟语气的认识停留在“虚拟”二字上, 认为它最本质的特征是用在对非真实事件的描述上。然而在我们对虚拟语气的范畴, 使用特点等进行一番仔细的分析之后, 就会发现, 这并不是它的重心所在, 真正需要引起注意的地方可能正是很多人所忽略的“语气”二字。
对于虚拟语气的认知应当从以下几个方面来研究。
1 虚拟语气概念范畴的思考
在这个话题上, 首先要谈到的是语法范畴的特点, 也就是“语气”这一上位概念。在英语里面, 无论是动词的“时”、“体”、“人称”、“态”、“语气”, 还是名词的“性”、“数”、“格”, 都属于一种固定的语法范畴, 每一种语法范畴都有如下的一些特点:“第一, 有共同的意义领域。我们正是根据词形变化表示出来的共同的意义领域把有关的项归在一个语法范畴里的。第二, 同一语法范畴中的各个变化形式是互相对立的、排斥的。在组合的时候, 选择甲就排斥选择乙或丙。第三, 同一语法范畴中各个项所表示的意义不仅取决于它本身, 而且也取决于它和其他项之间的相互制约的关系。”[4]这里我们来看一看虚拟语气这个概念所属的语法范畴。所谓语气, 本是谓语动词的一种形式, 表明说话的目的和意图。[1]英语里面的这种语气分为四种:陈述、疑问、祈使和虚拟 (也有的学者并未做如此细微的划分, 仅将其分为陈述、祈使和虚拟三种) 。陈述语气用来陈述一个事实或提出一个想法, 疑问语气用来提出问题, 祈使语气向对方提出请求、邀请, 给予忠告、指示、警告, 发出命令等。由此可见, 前三种语气的特点都是基于说话人的某种说话目的而论, 为达到固定的目的而采取相应的表达语气。用简单的字眼来概括, 这三者体现的目的分别是传递信息、索求信息和要求对方发出自己期望的行为。这里我们所要讨论的虚拟语气和前三个类型属于同一语法范畴, 自然也应该是基于某种语用目的而论, 如果在概念上单纯地将其理解为“对非真实事件的描述”, 实际上已经将重心由语用目的转移到了话语内容上。我们应该避免这种倾向的发生。
如果把虚拟语气引回到语用目的上, 它必然也是和另外三种语气一样, 体现出了说话人的某种目的。这里的目的有的时候就是暗指所讨论事件并非现实事件, 也就是人们惯常所理解的概念, 不过重点不在于事件本身的“非真实性”, 而在于说话人强调其“非真实性”这样一个意图。不仅如此, 对“非真实性”的暗指只是虚拟语气语用目的中的一种情况, 实际应用中对其他目的的实现也完全有可能遇上。
2 虚拟语气的名称定位
如果我们考查一下虚拟语气的名称subjunctive mood的词义, 结果可能在一定程度上会让我们感到有些意外。《英汉大词典》有注明, subjunctive这个单词来源于拉丁文, 前缀sub-含有“下面”, “底下”, “往下”, “次于”之类的意思, [5]词根部分来源于拉丁文的jungere, 给出的英文解释是“to yoke”, yoke这个词含有“束缚”, “连结”, “结合”之类的意思, 最后再使用形容词后缀构成了subjunctive这个形容词。从这里我们可以看出来, 虽然subjunctive约定俗成的中文意思是“虚拟语气的”, 但站在构词法的角度来看, 这个词并不像很多人想象的一样具有“虚拟”或“假设”、“假想”之类的含义。字面上来理解, 它只是一种“附带产生的”或者说“附带黏着的”语气。按照这个线索来看, 虚拟语气作为一种“语气”, 它应该反映说话人在说话时所伴随的一种态度、心情。换而言之, 虚拟语气的使用目的主要在于让听话人了解自己对所讨论事件的主观看法或评价, 而这种看法或评价以动词的特定用法为载体, “附带黏着”在话语的具体内容上。
3 虚拟语气的语用目的划分
虚拟语气所体现出来的说话人态度, 即语用目的, 从实际使用情况来看可以有多种不同的类别, 有的使用动词原形, 有的使用动词过去时, 具体说来可以有以下几种类别划分。
1) 这里面较为常见的一种情况就是暗示自己的意愿不切实际, 也是一般英语学习者认为最理所当然的一种虚拟语气。这一类用法一般说来使用过去时, 比如:
I wish that I had never met him.我希望我从来没有遇见他就好了。 (实际上我已经遇见过他了) [6]
If only I were not so nervous.要是不那么紧张就好了[2]。 (实际上是紧张的)
以上例句中的动词结构had never met him和were not so nervous都表达了与事实相反的情况, 将其作为一种不切实际的意愿表达出来。需要强调的是, 这里面更重要的并不是“不切实际”的事件本身, 而是说话人所表达出来的对具体境遇的主观态度, 如向往、奢求、唾弃等。也就是说, 上述第一句话并不在于告诉别人“In fact I had met him”, 而在于表达“It’s an awkward thing that I had met him.”同样道理, 第二句话不在于谈“In fact I am nervous.”而在于说“I want to overcome my nervous-”ness badly, but I fail.”
2) 向听话人表明自己所持的立场、原则等也是虚拟语气的用法之一。这在条件状语从句当中很常见, 一般来说通过动词过去时展现出来, 比如:
If I had spoken to him yesterday, I should know what to do now.
If I were you, I would go.[6]
这两个条件句表达的是非真实条件, 但需要注意的是, 这两句话出现的语境通常是这样一种情况:说话人和听话人双方都本来就知道条件状语从句所描述的事件不成立, 也就是说在交际上没有考虑“如果成立就如何如何”的必要, 同时说话人也并没有把条件的“非真实性”告知给听话人的必要。这两句话的关键意义——或者说要传递的最重要的信息——不在于条件真实与否, 而在于说话人表达的主观态度倾向。前一句话里面, 做过的事和应该做的事恰恰相反, 在于表达一种追悔莫及的语气或态度, 让听话人了解自己真正的心理倾向, 相当于说“It is wrong of me to miss such a chance”, 而不在于强调“I ha-ven’t spoken to him, so I don’t know what to do now.”
对于上面的第二句话, 更是双方都毫无异议的非真实条件, 说话人在说出这句话之后, 听话人绝不会当真去思考“Would you go really if you were me?”因为这样的条件不可能真的成立, 当然也绝不会去在意“Actually you were not me”这种说不说都一样的大实话——即使对方不说, 他也知道“你不是我”。听话人所得到的真正有实际价值的信息是“You are persuading me to go.”那么站在说话人的角度来看, 说这句话的目的就是为了表明自己对“would go”的赞同态度, 以此鼓动对方。
以虚拟语气向听话人表明自己所持的立场、原则等态度除了应用在条件状语从句中, 也可出现在让步状语从句中, 例如:
Even though he were here, he would not help us.
不可否认, 这句话传达了“he”会做的选择, 这是直接从文字上能感受的内容。同时我们需要认清, 虚拟语气的使用也让我们体会到了说话人自己的态度, 那就是一种“确信”, 对“he”的假设做法或对当时客观事件发展趋向的判断抱有极大的把握。显然, 这并不是文字传递给我们的信息, 而是语气。
3) 虚拟语气还可以表达对真实条件的一种倾向性选择。这一点也主要是在条件状语从句、目的状语从句和让步状语从句当中出现。不过这里讨论的条件状语从句跟前面所说的第2点有着巨大差别。前面所说的条件是根本不成立或成立几率极小的非真实条件, 其标志为虚拟语气一定采用过去时, 而下面要说的条件是完全有可能成为事实的真实条件, 其标志为虚拟语气一定使用动词的光秃不定式或“should do”形式。由于使用环境差之毫厘, 产生的效果也就自然失之千里了。从这里还可以看出, 虚拟语气未必总是和不切实际的事联系在一起。例如:
If he be found guilty, John shall have the right of appeal.[2]
He reminded her twice of it lest she should forget.
I will not make a noise for fear that I should disturb you.[3]
上述第一个句子如果换用陈述语气“If he is found guilty…”, 从语法上来讲仍然是成立的, 只是在意义表达上少了一样东西, 即“倾向性选择”。也就是说, 用陈述语气的话, 说话人对“he”的处境会怎样并不感兴趣, 有罪也好, 无罪也罢, 都只是两种可能性中的一种而已, 就好比在讨论“如果明天冷, 我多穿一点;如果明天热, 我少穿一点。”对于气温到底会是怎样一种状况或穿多穿少持无所谓的态度, 没有特别地希望冷或是希望热。再看虚拟语气“If he be found guilty…”, 这里就有一种倾向性选择了:说话人有可能不希望这个人被指有罪, 表达了一种担心的态度;也有可能正希望这个人被指有罪, 同时又怕他继续上诉, 表达了一种防备的态度。可以这样认为, 如果陈述语气条件句中的“if”要译为“如果”的话, 那么虚拟语气条件句中的“if”则更适合译为“一旦”、“万一”、“倘若”之类的字眼, 这些是中文里面具有倾向性的连接词。
第二个句子同样显示出了一种倾向性选择。比第一句话更明显, 这里的从属连词用的是lest (以免) , 可以很容易感觉出“不希望她忘记”的态度。第三个句子使用的从属连词是“for fear that”, 也是一个明显的记号, 体现出“不愿意打扰对方”的心态。
结合平时常见的虚拟语气语法练习单选题来看, 我们会发现, 如果状语从句使用动词原形的虚拟语气, 要求选择正确的从属连词, 设计答案总是for fear that, in case, once或lest中的一个。反过来, 如果要求选择状语从句的动词, 且正确答案是动词原形虚拟语气的话, 那么题目上也一定会有上述几个从属连词中的一个。一般认为最具代表性的状语从句连接词if反倒不会在这类题当中出现, 也不会作为正确答案被选上。其实并不是说if不能引导这类虚拟语气条件句, 而是由于if最基本的词义是“如果”, 这种提法带倾向性也可, 不带倾向性也可, 没有理由让答题人必须选虚拟语气。假设上面提到的句子“If he be found guilty, John shall have the right of appeal.”把动词be空在那里让人填或者选的话, 那么如果用了is, 整个句子仍然成立, 因为没有其他迹象表明这里的选择一定要有说话人的思想倾向。但如果换成某个连接词为lest, in case之类的从句, 那么从句的动词就一定是原形虚拟语气了, 因为连接词本身的词义就已经暗示了某种倾向性选择。出题人在出题的时候有意回避if, 就是为了保证题的严谨。
这些现象都说明了虚拟语气体现倾向性选择的功能。
4 此外, 虚拟语气也可以表达事件的未确定性
这一点主要还是由动词原形或“should do”来实现, 运用环境为名词性从句, 含宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句四种。在这样一些用法中, 说话人的目的在于暗示“该事件仅仅为某人的主观臆想, 是否能成真还是未知数”。例如:
Your advice that she wait till next week is reasonable.[2]
She suggested to us that an exception be made.[6]
第一个句子在使用的时候, 说话人主要是想表明这种态度:要她等待是你的建议, 是否会被采纳还不得而知。而第二个句子在使用的时候, 说话人也是想表明:她建议我们认可这个例外情况, 但我们是否认可还没定下来。
根据上述分析, 虚拟语气在本质上首先是一种语气, 它的使用目的应在于说话人和听话人之间对所谈事件的态度意见沟通, 并不在于事件信息本身的传递, 也不在于事件真实性的传递。作为英语学习者, 在认识虚拟语气的时候, 应该随时注意其目的, 这不仅能帮助我们挖掘说话人的真实意图, 也为我们在实际表达中确定什么时候该用它提供了指导思想。
摘要:英语的虚拟语气对很多英语学习者来讲, 是一个不太容易掌握的语法现象。由于“虚拟”这种提法的存在, 不少人过于拘泥于它所谈事件是否真实这样一个问题, 却没有注意到它原本是一种“语气”。而所谓“语气”, 虽然有可能映射出事件真实与否, 但最重要的目的还是反映说话人对所谈事件的态度、倾向等。因此, 要想对虚拟语气有一个真切的认识, 必须揣摩说话人的思想, 而不能孤立地看话语内容本身。
关键词:语气,语用目的,态度,倾向性
参考文献
[1]张道真.实用英语语法[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2006:236-237.
[2]章振邦.新编英语语法教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2005:266, 268.
[3]徐广联.大学英语语法[M].上海:华东理工大学出版社, 2010:147, 149.
[4]叶蜚声, 徐通铿.语言学纲要[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 2002:112.
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虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议,不是表示客观存在的事实,因此虚拟语气常用在含有非真实条件从句的主从复合句中。虚拟语气是通过句中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的。所以掌握虚拟语气所使用的各种谓语动词的变化形式是学习虚拟语气的关键。
虚拟语气在条件句中的用法:
虚拟语气条件句是用谓语动词的特殊形式来表示与现在、过去事实相反的情况或对将来发生的情况表示猜测。虚拟语气条件句中所用的谓语动词的过去式、过去分词等只表示不同的虚拟情况,与陈述语气的过去时、过去完成时等不同。虚拟语气中,主句与从句中谓语动词的形式如下:
1. 表示与现在事实相反的情况
If I had more time, I would study Japanese.
如果我有更多的时间,我就学日语。(事实是:我现在没有更多的时间,因此我没有学日语。)
If she were not so busy, she would come here with me.
要是她不那么忙,她就和我一起来这里了。(事实是:她很忙,无法来这里。)
If you went to bed earlier, you would not be so sleepy in the morning.
如果你早点睡觉,早晨就不会这么困了。(事实是:你经常晚睡,所以早上很困。)
2. 表示与过去事实相反的情况
I would have bought that storybook if I had money with me yesterday.
如果昨天我身上有钱,我就买了那本故事书。(事实是:昨天我身上没有钱,所以就没买那本故事书。)
If you had worked hard, you wouldn’t have failed the exam.
如果你以前用功,你就不至于考试不及格了。(事实是:你之前没用功,所以考试失败了。)
He would have gone to bed if he had finished doing his homework in time.
假如他及时做完了作业,他早就上床睡觉了。(事实是:由于作业没及时完成,所以他没有去睡觉。)
3. 表示与将来事实相反的情况
If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.
如果明天下雨,我们的野餐就会推迟。(从句中谓语动词用过去式,表示说话人认为“下雨”的可能性不大)
注意事项:
当从句的谓语动词用过去式时,无论主语是什么人称,be动词的过去式一般用were。
主句谓语动词中的would可根据情况由should(用于第一人称),could或might替换。
课堂练习:
请用所给动词的正确形式填空。
1. If I come, I _____ (see) you.
2. If it is fine tomorrow, we _____ (go) for a walk.
3. If it rained, they _____ (stay) at home.
4. You will spoil it if you _____ (not be) careful.
5. We would be very much pleased if you _____ (come).
6. Will you help me if I _____ (need) you?
7. They will get wet if it _____ (rain).
8. What a pity!I haven’t got my car. If I had, I _____ (take) you to the airport.
9. We would answer if we _____ (can).
10. If you eat too much, you _____ (get) ill.
Key: 1. will see2. will go3. would stay4. are not5. came6. need
1.虚拟条件句的`三种基本类型:与现在事实相反、与过去事实相反、与将来事实相反。
2.与现在事实相反,条件从句的谓语用过去式,主句谓语用should(would,could,might)+动词原形。
3.与过去事实相反,条件从句的谓语用过去完成时(had+过去分词),主句谓语用should(would,could,might)+have+过去分词。
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【善归纳】对过去情况的虚拟(和过去的事实相反):其句子结构为:宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时,或would, could, might+现在完成时。
【牛刀小试】____________________________(要是我试着没修表多好啊).I made it worse.3.>I wish she would change her mind.我希望她会改变主意
【善归纳】对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望):从句动词“would/should/could/might + 动词原形” 【牛刀小试】你希望她第二天会到
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二、If 引导的虚拟语气条件状语从句
【品味经典】If the weather were fine, they would go for a swim.If it were to rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the sport meet.If I had taken his advice, I should have not made such a mistake.【善归纳】表示与现在事实相反,从句谓语:过去式(be-were);主句:would/should/could/might+do
表示与将来事实相反,从句谓语:过去式(be-were)/should do/were to;主句:
would/should/could/might+do
表示与过去事实相反,从句谓语:had done;主句:would/should/could/might have+done
【牛刀小试】如果你把杯子丢下来,杯子会碎的。
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三、在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an Englishspeaking country.(我们建议学生应在说英语的国家呆上两三年。
【善归纳】由于这些动词本身隐含说话者的主观意见,认为某事应该或不应该怎样,这些词语后面的“that”从句应用虚拟语气,且均以“should+动词原形”表示这种语气,但事实上“should”常被省略,故此从句中谓语动词用原形
【牛刀小试】主席坚持认为我们应该再讨论一下这个问题。
_________________________________________________________________
【Self-checking】 【Summary】 主备人:王斐 审核: 包科领导: 年级主任: 使用时间:
Grammar-Subjunctive Mood 【Learning aims】
1.To understand the different forms of Subjunctive Mood.2.Learn to use the different forms of Subjunctive Mood correctly and freely through cooperative study.3.Be great English users.【Important and difficult points】
Decide which kind of form should be used according to the context 【Instructions】
1.Preview the usage of Subjunctive Mood.2.Finish the learning guide paper independently and tick out the difficulties before class.【Independent Learning】 TaskⅠCorrect the mistakes of the following mistakes.1.You pale face suggests that you(should)be ill.2.I insisted that you(should)be wrong.3.It is necessary that he(should)come to our meeting tomorrow 4.If he were here, everything would be all right.5.Now that he is in China, he wishes he understands Chinese.【Cooperative Study】
TaskⅡTask Ⅱ Read and understand the following patterns and finish the translation
一、在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
1>I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.我希望我的家乡一年四季都是春天。
【善归纳】对现在情况的虚拟(与现在的事实相反):其句子结构为:宾语从句的谓语be和were,实义动词用过去式
【牛刀小试】我真希望我是一个很博学的人。
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2.> I wish you had called earlier.我希望你早些打电话了。
【教师寄语】Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.胸中有知识,胜于手中有金钱。
【Learning Reflection】
1.What I have got(我的收获)_____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.My puzzling points(我的困惑)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________
Teaching procedure: Step1.lead-in : ask the students to find sentences concerning to the usage of Subjunctive Mood from the reading passage.Step2.explanation of the learning aims Step3.students answer questions in Independent learning and then check answers together Step4.discussion of Cooperative study part Step5.presentation&comments Step6.questions&answers Step7.check-yourself Step8.summary Step9.homework
句型 It is (high) time that + S + V(虚拟语气)…
例:It is high tome that you children went to bed.
(你们小孩子们应该是早已上床在睡的时候了。)
注意:在说话时按正常作息时间小孩子们应已在床睡觉,可是事实上这些小孩在说话时还没睡,这正与事实相反,所以“that…”的动词应使用表达与现在事实相反的虚拟语气过去时。又句式中的“high”是用于加强语气。
2、“wish(that)从句…”
句型 S + wish +(that) + S + V(虚拟语气动词)…
例:I wish (that) I were a frog.(但愿我是一只青蛙。)
例:I wish (that) I could swim like a frog.(但愿我能游得像一只青蛙。)
注意 如例所示,“wish”的宾语“that…”的动词要使用虚拟语气的动词形式来表达,其一致的规则如下:
1、S + wish … S + did (与现在事实相反).
2.S + wish … S + had + p.p.(与过去事实相反)…
3.S + wished … S + had + p.p.(与更以前的事实相反)
例:I wish I were as tall as that big tree.(但愿我如那棵大树一样地高。)
例:I wish I had told her the truth yesterday.
(我真希望我昨天向她说了真话。--事实是没有说,而我现在觉得很后悔。)
例:At that time I wished I were a doctor.
(当时我真希望我是一个医师。--事实是我并不是医师。)
例:He wished he had learned Chinese before he came to China.
(他希望他来中国之前先学了中文就好了。--事实是他来中国之前并未先学好中文。)
3.“look, talk, … as if (though)…”
例:He looks as if he were very ill.
(他看起来好像病得很重的样子。--事实并没有病,与现在事实相反。)
例:He looks as if he had been ill for a long time.
(他看起来好像病了很久的样子。--事实并没有,与现在以前的事实相反。)
例:At that time she acted as if I were her servant.
(当时她的举止好像我是她的仆人。--事实是我并非她的仆人,与当时事实相反。)
例:She talked as though she had seen a ghost.
(她当时讲话好像是见了鬼似地。--事实是世上并没有鬼存在,与当时以前的事实相反。)
注意: 本句式的“as if (though)…”是“好像……”的意思,其所指的事物若是与事实相反,当然就用虚拟语气的动词来表达(如各例句所示),但若所指的是不确定的事物,则可用陈述语气的动词来表达。
例:She looks as if she is very ill.Better send for a doctor.
(看起来她病得相当严重,最好还是去请医师来。--如脸色苍白,全身无力等)
例:It looks as though it is going to rain.
(看这天色好象要下雨了。--如天空已乌云密布,气温在急速下降等)
4.insist (that)…
句型 S + insisted that + S + (should) V…
例:They insisted that she go by train.(他们力劝她搭火车去。)
注意: 本句式所示的虚拟语气在文法上称为“Subjunctive Present(虚拟语气现在时)”,用于表达如“强制、必须、命令、义务”等。在美式英语,句式中的“should”常省略而只用原形动词。
1.if条件状语从句中虚拟语气的判断。if条件状语从句有真实条件句和非真实条件句。假设条件可以实现的句子为真实条件句, 反之为非真实条件句, 要用虚拟语气。其形式分为以下三种:
(1) 与过去事实相反的假设。结构为:从句的谓语动词用“had+过去分词”, 主句用“should (would, could, might) +have+过去分词”。例如:
If we had started earlier, we should not have missed the train.
If she hadn’t been ill, she might have come.
If they had helped us, we would have finished the task. (实际上没帮)
(2) 与现在事实相反的假设。结构为:从句的谓语动词用过去式, 系动词用were, 主句的谓语用“should (would, could, might) +动词原形”。例如:
If I were a bird, I would fly to the top of Mount Hua.
If I had time, I would go to the movies with you. (实际上没时间)
(3) 与将来事实相反的假设。结构为:从句的谓语动词用“should (were to) +动词原形”, 主句用“should (would, could, might) +动词原形”。例如:
If you should miss the chance, you would feel sorry for it.如果你错过了这次机会, 你会难过的。
If it should/were to/rain tomorrow, I would stay at home. (下雨的可能性很小)
注意:虚拟语气的倒装语序:上述 (1) (2) (3) 三种时态的虚拟句中, 如果if从句里含有should, had, were或其他助动词, 则可将从属连词if省去, 将助动词、情态动词、be或have放在句首形成部分倒装。
二、宾语从句中的虚拟语气
1.wish后接宾语从句中的虚拟语气:根据从句的意义来判断。
(1) 表示现在的愿望, 从句谓语用一般过去时, be换成were。
I wish I were not at the party.我希望现在自己没在这个晚会上。
(2) 表示过去的愿望, 从句谓语用过去完成时或could have+V.ed
I wish I had studied harder last term.我希望上学期我学习更努力就好了。
(3) 表示将来不大可能实现的愿望, 从句谓语用would+V.
I wish he would invite me to the party this weekend.
2.在suggest, order (命令) demand (要求) , request (要求) , require (要求) , propose (建议) , move (提议) , command, (指挥) , recommend (推荐) , decide, insist (坚持) , desire (渴望) , urge (督促) 等动词后的宾语从句中要用“ (should) +动词原形”来表示愿望, 建议, 命令, 要求等。
注意:由上述动词派生或转化的名词形式, 如suggestion, proposal, plan, motion, recommendation, demand, order, desire, request, requirement, insistence, advice, decision等的同位语从句或表语从句中也要用相应的虚拟形式。
三、主语从句中的虚拟语气
1.It be+形容词+that... (should) ...。用于该句型的形容词有:necessary, good, important, right, wrong, better, natural, proper, funny, strange, surprising等。例如:
It’s natural that he should feel hurt.他感到疼是很正常的。
2.It be+过去分词+that... (should) ...。用于该结构中的过去分词是表示“建议、请求、命令”等词的过去分词。如:desired, suggested, requested, ordered, proposed等。例如:
It is desired that the building of the house be completed next month.真希望这所房子在下个月前就能竣工。
3.It is time (about time/high time) that...+ (过去时或should+动词原形) ...。例如:
It is high time I went home now.=It is high time I should go home.我该回家了。
4.表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气。在s u g g e s t i o n, proposal, order, plan, idea, advice, decision等需要具体内容解释的名词后要使用虚拟语气, 其谓语动词为:should+动词原形, 连接从句的that不能省略。例如:
My suggestion is that we should go there at once.我的建议是我们应该马上去那儿。
四、其他情况
1.在It is/was+某些形容词+that从句的句型中, that从句中的谓语动词常用虚拟语气, 即“should+动词原形”。这些形容词有:
important, necessary (必要的) , essential (关键的, 及其重要的) , imperative (必需的) , natural, strange, advisable (可取的, 明智的) , desirable (可取的) , possible, probable (很可能的) , astonishing (令人震惊的) , surprising, desired, suggested (被建议的) , requested, (被要求的) recommended (被推荐的) , ordered等。
如:It is necessary/essential/imperative/important that he should be given the chance.
It’s ordered that he should come back without delay. (他被命令不许回来迟了。)
It’s very essential that we should learn to speak English under the background of economic globalization.
It’s advisable that he should take part in the party.
2.用在It is about (high) time+that从句中 (表示应该做, 但还没做) 。That从句的谓语用一般过去时, that可省略。如:It’s high time we went to bed.
3.用于含蓄条件句。当句中中带有介词如“but for”, ”without”表示“要不是”, “否则”等, 虚拟语气的使用。如:
But for your advice, I could not have done it so successfully.
下面重点谈谈虚拟语气在条件句中的用法,虚拟语气条件句是用谓语动词的特殊形式来表示与现在、过去事实相反的情况或对将来发生的情况表示假设。
具体情况如下:
1. 表示与现在事实相反的情况
例如 : If I were you, Id get there earlier. 如果我是你,我就早一点到那儿。(事实是:我不是你,因此我没有早到那儿。)
2. 表示与过去事实相反的情况
例如: If you had worked hard, you wouldnt have failed the exam. 如果你早用功,就不至于考试不及格了。(事实是:你早没用功,所以考试失败了。)
3. 表示与将来事实相反的情况
例如: If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. 如果明天下雨,我们的野餐就推迟。(事实是:最近天气很好,下雨的可能性不大。)
注意:用虚拟语气表示条件的条件从句, 可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后,但所表达的意义侧重点不同。主句在前时,强调 “结果”;从句在前时,强调 “条件”。
【巩固练习】
Ⅰ. 单项选择。
( )1. If I were you, I ______ try my best.
A. would B. shallC. hadD. will
( )2. If I ______ ten years younger, I ______ very happy.
A. am; shall beB. were; would be
C. were; shall be D. am; would be
( )3. If I ______to the moon, I would bring something unusual back to the earth.
A. goB. goesC. wentD. will go
() 4. If Jane ______here now, she would explain to us how to do it.
A. beB. is C. wasD. were
() 5. —You can ask your brother for help.
—He is not at home. If he ______, I ______.
A. is; would B. is; will
C. were; wouldD. were; will
Ⅱ. 用动词的正确形式填空。
6. If I ______ ( be ) a teacher, I would not be so strict with my students.
7. If I ______ (have) time, I would come to help you.
8. If she were not so busy, she ______ (come) here with me.
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