十大英语写作万能句子
5)Shall we do this? Not necessary the case.6)***, and vice versa indeed.7)On the contrary, in spite of these increase*** 8)Compared with A, B has many advantages such as*** 9)Not so much*** as he had talked about.10)***, the truth of the matter, however, is that*** 11)For some, the way maybe right, nevertheless, for many others*** 12)As everything going to the extreme has its negative aspects, so has*** 13)It is fairly well know that***however, it is less know that*** 14)***, but this was not always the case.15)At first, ***different in their opinions, on secon
d thoughts, however, all of them agree to*** 16)None the less(尽管如此)*** 17)When people succeed, it is because of hard work, however, luck has a lot to do with it too.18)***, sometimes it isn’t totally the case, however.19)Do some A else but B.五. 名理句型 1)It is usually the case that *** 2)It is plain common sense---the more/less***the more/less*** 3)The serious reality had taught us a lesson : not being environment friendly will be avenged mercilessly.4)As a proverb says/as is known to all/as a popular saying goes, *** 5)I can think of no better illustration than an English poem/adage which goes like this:*** 6)The old story of***can serve as a good illustration that*** 六. 强调句型 1)With/due to/spurred by***we can certainly cope with any task we are faced with, that is, *** 2)The reason why***is no other than***as I know.3)The same thing is true with*** 4)What I want to point out is that, for a person who wants to be successful in life and to be useful in society, he will have to learn to be both A and B.5)What a wonderful picture? Especially for we students always swimming in the sea of books!6)It’s high time that immediate measures were taken to better the strength and face the challenges.7)Before everything else, ***is the secret of success.七. 图表句型 1)From the figures/statistics given in the table it can be seen/noticed that*** 2)From the graph/table/diagram/chart above, we can see that***obviously.3)As show in the chart/by the graph*** 4)Have you ever anticipated the prospects of***in the coming decades? Let us just take a look at the figures of***as shown in the graph above.5)The gap between***and***will be further widened.6)In face of increasingly serious shortage of energy, we should take effective measures/which of the measures we should take? 7)It is clear that the increase of percentage gets greater and greater.8)By***, the number of***had less/more than doubled/tripled compared with that of*** 9)短语:made up about***/the figure amounted to/will rise to/will reach/will double that/will tripled that 另外,文章结尾也很重要,它的作用是概括全文内容,进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想,使文章意义表达得更加深刻。文章结尾的形式也是多种多样的,常见的有以下几种: 1.首尾呼应,画龙点睛 在文章的结尾,把含义较深的话放在末尾,以点明主题,深化主题,起到画龙点睛的效果。如“I Cannot Forget Her”(我忘不了她)的结尾: After her death, I felt as if something were missing in my life.I was sad over her passing away, but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people.2.重复主题句 结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上,达到强调的效果。如“I Love My Home Town”(我爱家乡)的结尾: I love my home town, and I love its people.They too have changed.They are going all out to do more for the good of our motherland.3.自然结尾 随着文章的结束,文章自然而然地结尾。如“Fishing”(钓鱼)的结尾: I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours, but my brother caught many more.Tired from fishing, we lay down on the river bank, bathing in the sun.We returned home very late.4.含蓄性的结尾 用比喻
一、植入法
这是进行英语写作时最常用的方法。同学们在掌握一定的词汇和短语之后, 结合一定的语法知识, 按照句子的结构特点, 直接用英语套用相应句型。
例:Don't get the idea that there's such a thing as a free ride. (不要以为有免费的午餐。)
二、还原法
即把疑问句、强调句、倒装句等还原成基本结构。这是避免写错句子的一种有效的办法。
例:It was because he loved my money that he married me. (他是因为爱我的钱才同我结了婚。)
还原为非强调句:Because he loved my money, he married me.
再如:So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. (光速很快, 我们几乎没法想像它的速度。)
还原为正常语序:Light travels so fast that we can hardly imagine its speed.
三、分解法
就是把一个句子分成两个或两个以上的句子。这样既能把意思表达得更明了, 又能减少写错句子的几率。
例:There are students here from all over thecountry.Many of them are from the North. (从各地来的学生中有许多是北方人。)
四、合并法
就是把两个或两个以上的简单句用一个复合句或较复杂的简单句表达出来。这种方法最能体现学生的英语表达能力, 同时也最能提高文章的可读性。
例:Our camping trip turned into an adventure when we got lost. (我们迷路了, 这使我们的野营旅行变成了一次冒险。)
五、移位法
由于英语和汉语在表达习惯上存在差异, 根据表达的需要, 某些成分需要前置或后移。
例:The man who told me this refused to tell me his name. (告诉我这事的人不肯告诉我他的名字。)
who told me this为修饰the man的定语从句, 应置于其后。
六、分析法
指根据要表示的汉语意思, 通过进行语法分析和句式判断, 然后写出准确地道的英语句子。
例:Seen in this light, the matter is not as serious as people generally suppose. (从这个角度看, 问题并不像人们一般料想的那样严重。)
分析:分词短语作状语时, 其逻辑主语应与句子主语一致, 由于the matter与sec之间为被动关系, 故see要用过去分词seen。
七、意译法
有的同学在写句子时, 一遇见生词或不熟悉的表达, 就以为是“山穷水尽”了。其实, 此时我们可以设法绕开难点, 在保持原意的基础上, 用不同的表达方式写出来。
例:You can go with us or stay athome, whichever you choose. (你可以同我们一起去或是呆在家中, 悉听尊便。)
为了更好地增强英语句子的表现力, 写作时要注意以下几点:
(一) 避免使用语意弱的“be”动词。
1、把句中的表语转换为不同的修饰语。
例:The trees are bare.The grass is brown.The landscape seems drab.
可改为:The brown grass and bare trees form a drab landscape. (转换为前置定语)
或:The landscape, bare and brown, begged for spring green. (转换为并列结构作后置定语)
2、将作表语用的形容词或名词变为行为动词。
例:The team members are good players.
可改为:The team members play well.
3、在以“here”或“there”开头的句子中, 把“be”动词后的名词代词变成改写句的主语。
例:There is no opportunity for promotion.
可改为:No opportunity for promotion exists.
(二) 多用语意具体的动词, 保持句意简洁明了。
例:She is a careful shopper.
可改为:She compares prices and quality.
(三) 尽量使用主动语态。
例:The organization has been supported by charity.
可改为:Charity has supported the organization.
(四) 避免使用语意冗长累赘的词语。
例:My little sister has a preference for chocolate milk.
可改为:My little sister prefers chocolate milk.
(五) 避免使用陈旧词语或难懂的专业术语。
例:They will not agree to his proposals in any shape or form.
可改为:They will not agree to any of his proposals.
参考文献
[1]单其昌主编:《汉英翻译技巧》, 北京外语教学与研究出版社, 1990年。
---Sth.is worthy of being done
---It is worthwhile to do sth./ in doing sth.---倒装句(Never/Seldom/ Scarcely/ Under no circumstances/ No sooner had…than/ Hardly had…when…/Only +介词短语/Only+状语从句等+一般疑问句形式、Not only+一般疑问句形式,but also+句子
---the +比较级,the +比较级
---It turns out that…
---sb.may as well do sth.---whoever
---句子,only to do…
---A has nothing/little to do with B
---sb.does not do anything until …
---It is adj.for sb.to do sth.---the way +句子
---compared with
---Sb.determines to do sth/
---Sb.is determined to do sth.---A is likely to do sth.---A has the willingness to do sth.---A is willing to do sth.---A is closely related with B
---deprive sb.of sth.---倍数+as many as/ as much as
---persuade sb.into doing sth.---talk sb.into doing sth.---deceive sb.into doing sth.---sb.is involved into sth.---ensure sb.sth.---assure sb.that…
---It is said that/ Rumor has it that
---with +n+doing /p.p
---make /render sb.do sth./ p.p/ adj./ 方位介词短语/make 名词 名词2---A is to B what C is to D
---完整的句子,修饰主语的形容词
---acquire knowledge
---have sb.do sth./ have sth.done
---as +is +过去分词
---强调句
---A does sth.as well as B.---A is as good as B.---It is the mistake on one’s part to do sth.---take …for granted/ take it for granted that…---be confident of/ interested in
---have confidence/ interest in
一、熟记以下句型
want to do sthhelp sb with sthHelp sb do sthask sb to do sth forget to do sthtake sb to spstop doing sthget/Tell sb to do sth see sb do sthsee sb doing sthhear sb doing sthbe angry with sb teach sb to dofill A with Bdecide to do sthlike doing sth hope/wish to do sthremember/forget to do sthbegin/start to do sth There is/are sb doing sthit is kind/dangerous of/for sb to do sth
so+adj/adv„that+句子it takes sb some time to do sth
Not„until„it is happy/glad/sad„to do sth
How+adj+主语+belWhat+a/an+adj+名词(单)!Too+形容词/副词+to do sth
二、掌握以下词组
be good atbe late forbe worried aboutbe interested inbe busy dong sth be afraid ofon one’s way to+地点 have a good timehave a rest
have sth donelook afterlook overlook likelook the samelook at look+形容词get ready forGet on/offget upget downget to turn on/off/up/downlearn from sbdo well intake awaytake sb to sp take sth with sbtake one’s temperaturetake offgive up doingpick up put upput downput onput sth+介词+地点go awaygo on doinggo into
go out ofgo back togo homego alongmake friendsmake one’s bed
三、熟练掌握以下搭配
Listen to the musictalk to sbread bookswrite a diarywalk to schoolsmile to sb
run on the playgroundtake jumping exercise See a filmwatch TVask sb for help
tell storiessit at tablelie on the bed Sleep in bedplay basketball/footballSing a songlaugh at sbhave breakfast/lunch/supperClean my bedroomswim in the river
lay on the groundteach me Englishthrow about litter Wear a red coatfall off/down on
go shopping/fishing/swimming/boatingdo some cooking/washing/shppingride a bike to sp
混淆点:lie(躺)-lay-lain-lyinglay(放置/下蛋)-laid-laid-laying feel(感觉)-felt-felt-feelingfall(跌倒)-fell-fallen-falling
die(死)-died-died-dying-dead(形)-death(名)
四、句子中只能出现以下谓语结构
1、行为动词(表示动作和状态的词)原形单三过去式
2、系动词+表语(形容词为主)
feel/taste/smell/look/sound+形
be+形/名/介短/数
get/turn/become+形(名)
keep+形
3、情态动词+行为动词原形
can/may/must/need(not)+v4、助动词+行为动词
be+ving
do not/does not/did not/+v
have/has/had+过去分词
be+过去分词(被动语态)
will/would/be going to+v原
六、添加剂
现在把主要连接词,分类列下,供大家参考。
常见的有 whenbeforeafteras soon as
表示“反意见”:
But,however 然而,如:③Jim is intelligent but lazy.表示“举例示范”:
For example, in other words,换句话说
常用的名言和谚语
Better early than late.宁早勿迟
It is never too late to learn.学习永远不嫌晚。
Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成。
Health is better than wealth.健康胜于财富。
Parents are the first teachers of the children.父母是孩子的第一任老师。Time waits for no man.时不待人。
Knowledge is power.知识就是力量。
开头句子: As we know, we students are very tired because of study.Just as the saying goes: “Every coin has its two sides”,television has
both advantages and disadvantages.正像谚语所说:“任何硬币都有两面”,电视即有优点也有缺点。The problem of..is important/serious/..to us.Now let me talk something about it.结尾句子:In a word,I think I will have a good time in …
万能模版一(问题解决类)
分析原因:
引入句:
Why does the situation remain unimproved? There are many factors resulting in it.万能原因:
1.Most people haven’t yet realized how serious the problem has become.2.The greatest blame(根结)should be placed on factors such as grossly(=very)inefficient management and [ without a doubt ] corruption.3.Some people do not care whether X may cause damage to property and injury or even death to individuals, but fix their eyes on the profits/benefits they can get from it.4.X is a social trend(趋势).Reversing undesirable social trends will be far from an easy task and will require a dramatic change in attitudes.5.Measures taken to control the problem are not efficient enough to restrain(约束)violators(违规者).6.The main reason is continuing degeneration of social values(价值观)and decline of morality(道德观).7.污染问题:Excessive quantities of X are being used nowadays with the rapid development of industry.8.环境问题:With the increase in [the country’s] population, the demand for X is growing steadily/sharply(稳步地/急剧地).分析危害:
引入句:
1.Nobody can deny that X has brought a large number of negative effects and it will continue to do so if nothing is done.2.As everyone sees, this phenomenon produces harmful effects in many aspects.万能危害:
1.X do/does great harm to human health/mental health and social morality.2.The bad effect of X lies in the fact that it can hinder(阻碍)the healthy and smooth development of economy/society [ as well as spoil the mutual trust(破坏相互信任)among people.]
3.It can make people lose faith in the [local] government since they think it is the government’s responsibility to lay a strict control over the problem.4.In many cases, X interfere(干扰)with the normal social order [ and exerts a negative influence on the stability of our society.]
5.Having been hurt by X, some people may hold quite pessimistic(悲观)attitude towards it.Even worse, they may do the same behaviors of hurting others or themselves.6.X causes unfair competition which disturbs the order of the market and hampers(妨碍)the innovation of economic/educational structure.7.环境问题:As these precious resources are not inexhaustible, wasting or polluting them will be a potential threat to human’s future surrival.解决方案:
引入句:
1.It’s time for us to take some effective measures to get the problem into control.2.Considering the seriousness of the problem, it is an urgent thing for us to take certain counter measures to eliminate it.万能措施:
1.We can make the evil nature of X known to all people so that they could consciously(有意识地)guard against it.2.The government needs to tighten its regulatory standards, stiffen its inspection program and strengthen its enforcement policies.3.The government is supposed to lay down rules and regulations to cope with(=solve)the problem.I feel that anyone who violates relevant rules or laws deserves to be punished severely.4.Although there are laws designed to protect us, the number of law enforcers is not sufficient enough.Hence, we should learn to discern between true and false.Only in this way can we defend our legal rights and interests.5.Authorities should strengthen instruction and guidance on people, and more campaigns should be organized to raise people’s awareness(意识)the harm of X.6.We should modify some long-accepted practices or turn to less hazardous(危险的)alternatives.结束句:
1.Certainly, there are some other cures, which are worth adopting.But if we take measures outlined above, we can ensure a reliable prevention system.全文结句:
1.As far as the future prospect is concerned, I am sure that good results will be achieved in this respect.2.To conclude, it seems obvious that tomorrow will be much better and brighter only if everyone does its part and tries hard to seek solutions for its control.万能模版二(社会现象评论类)
As we can see from the situation, has become a common phenomenon among ________.According to a newspaper survey, about _______ percent of _______, this trend will continue for a while in the future.With regard to this phenomenon, people vary greatly in their viewpoint.Some argue that it’s ____________.They believe that ____________________.They also hold that ___________________.However, there are other people who look at this phenomenon in another way.For them, _________________________.Besides, ___________________.In their beliefs, we should take immediate measures to put an end to the current situation.As a coin has two sides, it’s no exception to the phenomenon ofI’m concerned, _________ should be(encouraged)in our(country).Our government should play an active role in this respect.万能模版三(分析利弊类)
首句:
1.Nowadays, X are/is extremely popular and play a very critical role in the modern society.Taking a look around, you can find numerous examples to mention individually.2.Many people tend to agree with me if I say that X makes a necessity for us to live a happy / decent / comfortable / convenient / interesting life.过渡句:
1.As a matter of fact, many people now resort to the new way, less depending upon the old traditional way.Why? Because X have great influence on the work, study and life of people in modern society.2.The prevalence of X will do good to both the individual and the society.接着深入展开X的好处:
1.It is advisable for people to take advantage of this modern, scientific and technological product X, as it has brought us a lot of convenience.Such as …
2.X is a symbol of freedom.It enables an individual or a family to … , without relying on traditional methods.转折句:
1.However, a coin has two sides.Some of us have began to realize that it is the source of trouble as well.2.Nevertheless, X might bring some negative effects and potential dangers to us.深入展开X的危害:
1.Some people might be so indulged in them/it that they may ignore their own duty.结句:
一、壮族学生英语学习的背景
对于壮族中学生而言, 壮语是他们的母语;汉语是他们接受教育的语言, 属于第二外语;而英语只是一门学校开设的科目, 并不是日常交流的语言, 因此英语只是一门外语。此外, 他们是以汉语为媒介来学习英语的。他们英语学习经历以下过程:壮语—汉语—英语。
二、语言的迁移
迁移是“在一种情景中技能、知识和理解的获得或态度的形成对另一种情景中的技能、知识和理解的获得或态度的形成的影响” (James 2001) 。壮族学生的母语必然会对英语的学习会造成影响。两者相似的地方将会促进英语的学习, 产生正迁移 (positive transfer) ;而两者有差异的地方会给学生的英语学习带来困难, 造成负迁移 (negative transfer) 。母语负迁移是学生的写作错误的主要原因。
三、壮族学生句法层面错误的分析
壮族初中生在写作时用壮语中的句法组织的规则和英语词汇来构建句子。这种将壮语结构作为语言组织和处理的根本原则的倾向反映在他们的写作错误上
(一) 省略
英语是一种形合的语言, 句子之间的关系主要是通过语法手段来表示的。在其书面语中, 省略现象十分罕见。而壮语是一种意合的语言, 句子之间的语法和逻辑关系主要通过语义来表明。为了意义表达, 句子的任何成分都可以省略。这种本质上的区别是造成壮族初中生的英语写作中省略现象的主要原因。
1.主语的省略
英语属于主语突出的语言 (subject-prominent language) , 主语通常位于句首, 是句子中必不可少的一部分, 并且只有名词或者名词性短语才能充当主语。在英语中, 一个句子往往会要求有明显的主语。壮语则是主题突出的语言 (topic-prominent language) , 位于句首的往往是句子的主题, 而不一定是主语。在壮语中可以充当主语的成分很多, 主语可以是名词短语、动词短语、介词短语、形容词、表示时间的短语等等, 并且在很多主题结构中主语可以省略。因此, 受到壮语主题结构的影响, 壮族学生往往将主题当作主语, 省略了真正的主语。
Sunday visit the theme park.
在这个句子中, 学生将表示时间的短语Sunday当做主语, 正确的说法应该为“I visited the theme park on Sunday.”
2.be的省略
在壮语中也存在系动词“dwg”, 但与英语不同的是在表示肯定判断的简单句中可以省略。
壮语:Guo lwgnyez. (I teacher)
Guo dwg lwgnyez. (I am teacher)
英语:I am a teacher.
由于母语的影响, 壮族学生在英语写作中经常会省略系动词“be”, 出现以下错误:It interesting place. (It is an interesting place.)
(二) 一致
壮语是不发生曲折变化的语言, 其语法关系主要是由词序或者独立的语法助词来表示, 所以并不存在主谓一致的语法概念。而在英语中, 语法关系主要是通过增加词缀或者动词本身的曲折变化来表示, 动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致。壮族学生因为母语的影响, 往往会忽略动词与主语保持一致, 出现以下错误:Mr.Chen like playing basketball. (Mr.Chen likes playing basketball.)
“Mr.Chen”是第三人称单数, 动词要加上词缀“-s”。
(三) 词序
英语的基本词序是SVO, 词序比较固定。壮语的词序则比较灵活既有SVO也有SOV, 壮语的词序主要上取决于语用和语义而不是语法。壮族学生在词序上的错误主要表现在以下几个方面。
1.形容词副词的语序
在名词短语和动词短语中, 壮语是“A (中心词) +B (修饰词) ”的顺行结构, 二英语则是“B (修饰词) +A (中心词) ”的逆行结构。
这种词序上的差异也会造成壮族学生的写作错误:
It is a place beautiful. (It is a beautiful place.)
Mr Lei has hair black. (Mr Lei has black hair.)
2.直接宾语和间接宾语的语序
在壮语中直接宾语与间接宾语的语序是“S+V+OD+OI”英语的语序则是“S+V+OI+OD”
壮语:De soengq saw hawj gou (He give two book me)
英语:He gives me two books.
由于母语的负迁移壮族学生在句子中出现直接和间接宾语的情况下也很容易出现错误
结论
通过对常见句法层面错误的分析, 作者发现母语的负迁移是造成壮族初中生英语写作句法层面上错误的主要原因。教师应该比较壮英两种语言的异同, 在课堂上重点讲解和练习来帮助学生克服壮语负迁移引起的学习上的困难。
摘要:壮族学生的写作错误主要是壮语负迁移的结果。本文通过分析壮族学生中句法层面错误, 比较壮英的异同, 希望能帮助其克服母语负迁移引起的学习困难。
关键词:壮族,错误分析
参考文献
[1]张元, 覃晓航.现代壮汉语比较语法[M].北京:中央民族学院出版社, 1993.
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