初中英语语法时态试卷(精选8篇)
初中英语语法共有16种时态,那么同学们是否学习了呢?
一、一般时态
1、一般现在时
(1)一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态,常和副词usually,often,always sometimes, regularly,near,occasionally,every year, every week等连用。例如:
1)The moon moves round the earth..
2)Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day.
(2)在由after,until,before,once,when,even if,in case,as long as,as soon as,the moment以及if,unless等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中,通常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如:
1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.
2)I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.
(3)某些表示起始的动词,可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,这类动词有:be,go,come,start,depart,arrive,begin,leave等。例如:
1)The plane leaves at three sharp.
2)The new teachers arrive tomorrow.
(4)在由why,what,where,whoever,who,that,as等引导的从句中,也常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如:
1)Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.
2)You’ll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.
2.一般过去时
(1)表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态,常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。例如:
We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.
(2)表示过去习惯性动作。例如:
1)He always went to class last.
2)I used to do my homework in the library.
(注意与be used to doing短语的区别)
3.一般将来时
1)表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如:
I shall graduate next year.
2)几种替代形式:
1)be going to +v在口语中广泛使用,表示准备做或将发生的事情。例如:
I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money.
2)be to +v表示计划安排要做的事,具有“必要”的强制性意义。例如:
I am to play tennis this afternoon.
3)be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。例如:
He was about to start.
4)be due to +v表示预先确定了的事,必定发生的事。例如:
The train is due to depart in ten minutes.
5)be on the point/verge of +v – ing强调即将发生的某种事态。例如:
The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home
二、进行时态
1.现在进行时
(1)表示现在正在进行的动作,常与now,right now,at the mother,for the time being,for the present等连用。例如:
Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.
(2)表示现阶段经常发生的动作,常与always,continually,forever,constantly等连用。例如:
My father is forever criticizing me.
(3)表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词。即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有:go,come,leave,start,arrive,return等。例如:
They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.
(4)有些动词不能用进行时,这是一类表示“感觉,感情,存在,从属”等的动词。如:see,hear,smell,taste,feel,notice,look,appear,(表示感觉的词);hate,love,fear,like,want,wish,prefer,refuse,forgive(表示感情的动词);be,exist,remain,stay,obtain(表示存在状态的动词);have,possess,own,contain,belong,consist of,form(表示占有与从属的动词);understand,know,believe,think,doubt,forget,remember(表示思考理解的动词)。但是如果它们词义改变,便也可用进行时态。例如:
1)Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him?
(look在此为联系动词,意为“显得,看上去”)
2)Tom is looking for his books.
(look在此为实义动词,意为“寻找”)
2.过去进行时
过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后,另一个过去的动作正在进行,或表示过去反复的习惯,常与always,continually,constantly等动词连用。例如:
1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.
2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.
3.将来进行时
将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作,或表示要在将来某一时刻开始,并继续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。例如:
1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.
2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?
4.完成进行时
(现在、过去、将来)完成进行时是(现在、过去、将来)完成时的强调形式,将放在完成时态部分讲述。
三、完成时态
完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作。它可分为:
1.现在完成时
(1)现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的,刚刚完成的`动作(常与yet,already,just连用),或者过去某一时刻发生的,持续到现在的情况(常与for,since连用)。例如:
1)I have just finished my homework.
2)Mary has been ill for three days.
(2)常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有:since, for, during, over等引导出的短语;副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等;状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如:
1)I haven’t been there for five years.
2)So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.
3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978.
(3)完成时态可用在下列结构中:
This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定语从句;This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句;This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时;如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时,从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如:
(1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.
(2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.
2.过去完成时
(1)表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况,这个过去的时间可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示;或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如:
1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.
2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.
(2)动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时,表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如:
I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.
另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是:
1)was / were + to have done sth,例如:
We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.
2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如:
I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
(3)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型:
1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。例如:
Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
2)no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如:
No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
3)by (the end of ) +过去时间,主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如:
The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.
3.将来完成时
将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作;也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有:by (the time / the end of ) +表示将来时间的短语和句子;before (the end of ) +表示将来时间的词语或句子;when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例如:
1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.
3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.
4.完成进行时
完成进行时是完成时的强调形式,有现在完成进行时,过去完成进行时,将来完成进行时。
(1)现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如:
I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.
(2)过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如:
It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.
(3)将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻。例如:
By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.
四:时态一致
时态一致是英语四、六级考试的一个重要内容。通常应由主句谓语的时态决定从句的谓语时态。一般原则是:
1、当主句谓语使用现在时或将来时,从句的谓语根据具体情况使用任何时态
He says that he lives in Wuhan.
We hope that there will be many people at your party today.
“Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I don’t know who bought it.”
“There’s a lot of excitement on the street.”
“There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?”
2、当主句谓语使用过去时的时候,从句的谓语必须使用过去范围的时态
He said he was writing a novel.
The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.
He said his father had been an engineer.
3、当从句是表示没有时间概念的真理时,从句的谓语应使用一般现在时。例如:
The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.
注:在此种情况下,即使主句谓语用了过去式的各种时态,从句谓语也应用一般现在时。
4、从句谓语只能用虚拟语气的情况
利用时态一致原则确定从句动词时态时,还应注意,若主语动词是表示命令、请求、要求、建议、劝告等的动词,从句谓语只能用虚拟语气,不能遵循时态一致原则。例如:
We insisted that we do it ourselves.
动词的语态
语态也是动词的一种形式,英语有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
1)We use electricity to run machines. (主动语态)
2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被动语态)
1.不能用于被动语态的动词和短语
(1)在英语中,不及物动词不能用于被动语态,但有些不及物动词(包括短语)容易引起误用。如:appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。
(2)某些表示状态或特征的及物动词,如:become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也没有被动语态。
2.被动语态的时态形式
常用的被动语态有表1所列的几种时态形式。
SPAN> 一般时 进行时 完成时
现在 am asked am being asked
is asked is being asked
are asked are being asked
过去
was be asked was being asked
were be asked were being asked
将来 shall be asked shall have been asked
will be asked will have been asked
过去 should be asked should have been asked
将来 would be asked would have been asked
3.短语动词的被动语态
短语动词转换为被动语态时,通常被看作是一个动词,后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。例如:
1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.
2)All the rubbish should be got rid of.
4.“get + -ed分词”的被动语态
“get + -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果,而非动作本身,常用来表示突发性的,出乎意料的偶然事件。例如:
The boy got hurt on his way home from work.
另外,“get + -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事,是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。例如:
get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(离婚)
get engaged(订婚) get confused(迷惑不解)
get lost(迷路) get washed(洗脸)
get married(结婚)
5.能带两个宾语和复合宾语的动词改为被动语态
(1)能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时,一次只能由一个宾语作主语,另一个宾语被保留下来。例如:
1)We showed the visitors our new products.(主动语态)
2)The visitors were shown our new products.(被动语态)
3)Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被动语态)
(2)能带复合宾语的动词改为被动语态时,原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。例如:
1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主动语态)
2)He was appointed League secretary.(被动语态)
6.被动语态与系表结构的区别
(1)The novel was well written.(系表结构)
(2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被动语态)
7.少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思
例1:The book is selling remarkably well.
例2:The song sounds very beautiful.
能这样用的动词还有read(读起来),clean(擦起来),wash(洗起来),write(写起来)。
例3:My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).
能像need这样用的动词还有:want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。
例4:The meat is cooking.
一、故事可以贯穿到语法教学的导入环节
导入环节是在语法教学过程中的第一环节。在这一环节,教师利用不同的课堂活动来吸引学生的注意力,并从最大程度上激发学生学习本课时语法的兴趣。然而,在传统的初中语法课上,很多教师完全忽略了这一环节,一上课便开始对相关语法点的讲解,使得学生毫无兴趣可言。为了有效地避免这一情况的发生,教师需要在教学过程中进行不断地摸索,并根据自己学生的实际水平设计既简单又足以吸引学生注意力的课堂活动。在本文看来,将故事贯穿到语法教学的导入环节便是一种有效的方法。这是因为,对于初中这个年龄阶段的学生而言,他们的心智还不够成熟,还有很大一部分学生留在童年的故事所留下的美好回忆中。因此,这时,教师就应该紧紧抓住学生的这一心理特点,利用故事来培养他们的兴趣。
大致上来看,利用故事法来导入相关的语法教学即教师可以通过相关故事导入本节课所要学的语法知识,从而使得课堂既生动活泼,又具有连贯性。比如,在讲解由译林教育出版社出版的初中英语中关于动词的过去式这一时态时, 为了能够自然而然地为学生引入本节课所要学习的话题, 教师可以为同学们讲解这样一则故事:“Boys and girls, yesterday my daughter had a school trip.It was an exciting day for her.Today,her English teacher asked her to write a diary in which the school trip should be described.However,it is difficult for her since she does not know how to describe the past things. Boys and girls,would you like to help her? Do you know how to describe the past events?”通过这则简单的小故事,教师可以有效地激发学生的多向思维,引导他们积极思考“如何描述过去发生的事情”这一问题。在这一过程中,教师需要特别注意的是就算教师能够预测到可能学生思考之后也没有什么结果,也需要给与他们充足的思考时间。因为只有经过学生的亲自思考和亲身体验,他们的理解才更为深刻,对新知识的期待也才会更加热烈。待学生思考未果后,教师便可以自然而然地告诉学生:“Today,we will learn the past forms of verbs.After learning,I am sure you can help my daughter with her diary.”这样,学生的积极性便可以得到有效地调动,并且能够迅速集中精力开始语法知识的学习。
二、故事可以贯穿到语法教学的语法知识呈现环节
除了在语法教学的导入环节,在语法知识的呈现环节, 教师同样可以利用生动有趣的故事。从整体上看,在初中英语语法课堂上,将语法知识运用例句的形式先向学生进行展示符合新的初中英语课程标准,并能有效地培养学生的观察能力和思维能力。但是,在展示语法知识时,为了能够使得全班同学都能积极参与到课堂活动中,有效扩大学生的参与范围,重点刺激他们的有效的思维时间,教师同样需要利用一定的方法。根据本文的研究,将故事贯穿到语法教学的语法知识呈现环节便是一种既简单又实用的方法。但是,在运用这一方法时,很多教师只是要求班里英语成绩较好,或者口语水平较高的学生来讲相关的故事。事实上,这一方法是有失偏颇的。长此以往,有个别的学生得到了越来越多的机会来展示自己,从而更加增长了他们对于英语学习的自信心,然而,对于很多那些不愿意开口的学生而言,他们会越来越觉得自惭形秽,更加不能积极主动地参与到英语课堂中来。
为了有效地解决上述所提到的问题,鼓励并引导更多的学生参与到英语语法课堂中,扩大学生的参与范围,教师在运用故事进行语法知识的呈现时,可以引导同学们在这一环节每一个人都运用相关的语法知识点讲一个句子,然后将这些句子串联起来便成了一则有趣的故事。通过这种方法,每一个学生便都是语法课堂上的主人。同时,如果有同学在故事接龙的过程中遇到了困难,该同学还可以在全班范围内进行求助,从而使得故事接龙能够顺利进行。待学生将这些运用了现在进行时的句子都展示完毕后,教师可以充分利用这些鲜活的语言材料,并开始下一个该语法的教学阶段。
三、故事可以贯穿到语法教学的语法知识拓展环节
语法知识拓展环节是初中英语语法教学过程中的最后一个环节。在这一个环节中,学生的语法知识能够有效地转化为在实际情景中运用英语进行交流的能力。同时,这一环节能够进一步帮助学生认识到学习相关语法知识的重要意义, 并且能把这些知识积极地运用在语言实践中。因此,在实际的初中英语语法教学过程中,教师也应该特别特别注重语法知识的拓展环节,力求充分调动学生的学习积极性,改变学生对传统的语法课堂的认识,引导他们能够真正以主人翁的身份参与到课堂活动中去。另外,对于初中这个年龄阶段的学生而言,他们的思维非常活跃,想象力也很丰富,更为重要的是,他们都愿意积极地表达自己。因此,在这种情况下,教师何不继续将生动有趣的故事穿插在语法知识的拓展环节,让学生们一边讲着各自有趣的故事,一边分析着里面所运用的相关语法知识,从而能够在生动有趣的语境中真正理解每种语法点的适用范围,从而为他们进一步运用打下了坚实的基础。
结语
关键词:初中英语;时态教学;探讨
初中英语教学的目的是加强听、说、读、写的基础训练,在学生掌握英语基本知识的基础上提高运用英语进行交流的能力,达到学为所用。时态教学在初中英语教学作为一项不可缺少的内容,是整个英语教学的主要构架,而动词的时态则是这个构架中的大梁。只要有效掌握《英语课程标准》中的八种基本语法时态,就能打好初中英语的基础,从而进一步学习中、高级英语的提供保证。
一、构建良好的师生关系,激发学生的学习兴趣
(一)建立良好的师生关系
教师在教学中起主导作用,必须处理好师生关系,创建和谐课堂,创造良好的学习氛围。老师与学生要多互动多沟通,老师要多了解学生,多关心学生,老师要成为学生的良师益友,达到师生和谐相处,从而促进初中英语教学工作。
(二)采取多种多样的教学手段,激发学生的学习兴趣
在初中英语教学工作中,如果只通过传统教育方式进行机械灌输,不仅教学效果不好,而且还影响学生的学习兴趣。因此,教师应该在如何提高教学的生动有趣性,使学生保持旺盛的学习兴趣,让他们期待上英语课等方面多花时间多花心思进行教学设计。对于起始年级的学生来说,兴趣才是动力。培养和激发学习兴趣将导致学生热爱英语知识的学习,而有效的教学方法与手段更是激发兴趣的重要因素。通过教师的主观努力,对教学工作中的各个环节不断观察和总结,才能更大程度地提高学生的学习兴趣,才能把激发学生学习兴趣贯穿于整个教学活动过程中。
(三)教师要做好两个方面的工作
一是根据学生的实际情况精心设计教案,结合学生对教学知识思考角度,考虑教学内容的重点与难点,进一步确定教学方法,以达到教与学相统一的目的。二是通过多种多样的教学方法手段,吸引并提高学生在课堂上的注意力。
二、借助多媒体创设情境,形象学习语法时态
在初中英语语法教学中时态是一个非常重要的语法项目,如果仅用单独的句子进行说明和讲解语法现象,或者让学生死记硬背,学生会感到学习语法非常枯燥,太抽象,不好理解掌握,进而产生厌学情绪。因此我们可以采取多媒体教学手段,利用场景的快速转换,有效地调动和控制学生的注意力,先帮助学生形成直观的表象,再根据情境设计有一定信息交流的会话练习,从而激发学生的求知欲。
自由分组创设教学情境,灵活运用所学知识,用英语进行交流。这样,借助多媒体教学,通过对话交流,进行模仿训练,归纳语法现象,活用知识进行实践等一系列活动,有效地帮助学生掌握了动词的用法。
三、培养学生的学习策略,注重学生自学能力的提高
授人以鱼,不如授人以渔。作为教师,不仅要向学生传授知识,而且要向他们传授学习方法。笔者从事多年中学英语教学,发现有些学生的英语学习之所以成功,是因为老师对学生采取积极态度,使学生在课堂上注意听讲,勇于提问,不怕在学习上犯错误,受挫折,具有强烈的交际动机,勇于做各种尝试,勇于锻炼自己的应变能力,并在学习上掌握了一些行之有效的学习方法。在教学活动中,教师要转换角色,要从学习的控制者变成指导者,以增强学生的主动性,让学生慢慢地在没有监督的情况下养成良好的自学习惯,自觉学习,提高自学能力。
在学习语法时态的过程中,不要只单纯地进行语法知识讲解,而要通过反复使用,反复进行基本句型的练习,学习结合实践交流,让学生发现语法中的现象,总结归纳规律,培养一种英语的语言习惯,为提高语言的综合运用能力打下堅实的基础。
四、结语
学习任何一门语言在决心和耐心的基础上还得多下工夫,而在初中英语语法时态教学中,我们要不断摸索,不断总结,采取各种有效的教学方式与方法,让学生在学习过程中更容易理解并掌握语法知识点,从而促进整个初中英语教学活动。
参考文献:
[1]张道真.张道真实用英语语法[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2004.
例如:They were sure that they would succeed.
5.现在进行时的用法(am/is/ are doing)
1) 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作 What are you doing?
2)表示某种感情色彩“总是” You are always watching TV. (was/were doing)
6.过去进行时的用法
1) 过去进行时过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作
例如:In 1980 he was studying in a university. He was reading a novel when I came in. He was watvign Tv at this time yesterday.
7. 将来进行时(will be doing)表将来某一时刻,某一段时间正在进行的动作。
例如: I will be sleeping at this time tomorrow.
8. 现在完成时(have/has done)
1)现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成,但对现在有影响。句中没有具体时间状语。
例如: He has gone to fuzhou. He has been to fuzhou.
2) 现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去,for 和 since 表示一段时间的状语或 so far , now, today, this week (month, year ,), 等表示包括现在内的状语。 in
the past 3 years 等表示包括现在内的状语。
例如:He has studied english for 5 years. He has studied english since 1985. Now I have finished the work. 注意:表示短暂时间动作的词(如 come, go , die, marry, buy 等)的完成
时不能等连用。 与 for, since 等连用。
3)现在完成进行时还可用时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作。
例如:I’ll go o your home when I have finished my homework. If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go to the park.
9.过去完成时的用法(had done)
1)过去完成时由“had + 过去分词”构成。过去完成时的动作表示过去某一时刻或某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态。 句中常用 by, before, until,when 等词引导的时间状语。
例如:By the end of last year we had built five new houses. I had learnt 5000 words before i entered the university.
2) 过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去。
例如:Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.
10.将来完成时(will have done)
11.现在完成进行时 ( have (has)+ been +(doing)), 现在完成进行时表示现在以前一直进行的动作。有些动词(work, study, live, teach 等) 用现在完成时与用现在完成时意思差不多。
I.单句语法填空
1.More efforts, as reported, __________________(make)in the years ahead to accelerate the supply side structure reform(2016高考江苏卷)
2.Jack __________________(work)in the lab when the power cut occurred.(2016高考北京卷)
3.Dashan, who ___________________(learn)crosstalk, the Chinese comedic tradition, for decades, wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.(2016高考江苏卷)
4.I _________________(read)half of the English novel, and I’ll try to finish it at the weekend.(2016高考北京卷)
5.The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts _______________________(reward)with success in the end.(2016高考北京卷)6.Silk _____________________(become)one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.(2016年高考浙江卷)
7.Life teaches us not to regret over yesterday, for it ________________(pass)and is beyond our control.8.--I am really struck by your spoken English.You speak so fluently.Have you been abroad?
--Yes.I ______________(stay)in London for two years.9.--Do you think I’m a good surfer?
--Of course!I ________________(watch)you earlier.You made it look so easy, graceful even.10.Around two o’clock every night, Jill will start talking in her dream.It somewhat _______________(bother)us.II.单句改错
1.He was hoping to go abroad but his parents decided that they won’t support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.2.The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people be persuaded to eat more fruit and vegetables.3.I was staying with my uncle and aunt because my parents have gone abroad for a holiday.4.According to the art dealer, the painting is expecting to go for at least a million dollars.5.The high standard of the nation’s literature and art has been attracted widespread attention.6.It was ten years since we have had such a wonderful time.7.Last summer I take a part-time job in the International Camp for children.8.I’ll send my friend Li Dong to meet you at the airport when you arrived.9.It has been two weeks since we graduate from middle school.10.Action should taken to protect our environment.参考答案:
I.1.will be made
2.was working
3.has been learning
4.have read
5.will be rewarded
6.had become
7.has passed
8.stayed
9.was watching bothers
II.1.decided 前加have
2.be----are
3.was--am
4.expecting---expected
5.去掉been
6.have----had
7.take---took
8.arrived---arrive
9.graduate---graduated
1.一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言,目前的特征、状态、能力等。2.主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。If it rains tomorrow, I will not go there.3.在以here,there开头的句子里,go,come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作。
There goes the bell.铃响了。There comes the bus.汽车来了。Here she comes.她来了。
二、现在进行时
1.表示正在进行的动作。
2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。
He is working as a teacher tomorrow.从明天起他要做老师。
My father is coming to see me this Saturday.这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。3.代替一般现在时,描绘更加生动。
The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.江水滚滚向东流。The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。
4.大多数动词可用于进行时,但也有些动词不用于进行时。
常见的有:exist, live, understand, mean, owe, belong to, know, doubt, suppose, remember, forget, believe, trust, want, wish, refuse, like, hate, dislike, prefer, mind, hope等。
三、现在完成时
1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果,或说话时已完成的动作。I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room.2.表示从过去开始,待续到现在的动作或状态,往往和“for…”, “since…”表述的一段时间状语连用。He has learned English for six years./ They have worked here since they left college.3.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:
1)用两种时态来表述发生在过去的某一动作,现在完成时强调这一过去动作对现在产生的影响或结果,而
一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态,和现在关系不大。She was very clean.She is very clean and she has cleaned the room.2)汉语中的“了”、“过”、“曾”等词常用完成表达,I have seen that film.我看过那部电影了
但是如果是在特定的过去时间“看了”、“做过”,就不可用完成时而必须用一般过去进来表达。When did you see that film? I saw it yesterday.(你什么时候看了那部电影?我昨天看的。)不能说:When have you seen that film?I have seen it yesterday.4.表示“曾经到过某地(人已回来)”用“have/has been to”, 表示“到某地去了(还未回来)”用“have/has gone to”.——Where is Li Hua? -He has gone to the reading-room.——She knows a lot about Shanghai.-She has been there.5.瞬间动词join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry,finish,complete,begin,start,break out 在完成时态中,其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。(×)He has finished the work for three hours 他已完成工作三小时了。
1)“ago法”:He finished the work three hours ago.2)“延续法”:He has been through(with)the work for three hours.3)“since法”:It is/has been three hours since he finished the work.四、现在完成进行时
1.用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在(或今后还要继续一去)的动作。He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.It has been raining for two days.五、一般过去时
表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况,或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。
六、过去进行时
1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作(这一过去时间须用时间状语表示)。
He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.2.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行。
They were still working when I left.3.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生。
I was writing while he was watching TV.4.表示过去将来动作。
He said she was arriving the next day.七、过去完成时
1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。
He had shut the door before the dog came up./ Everything had been all right up till this morning.2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成,甚至还要继续下去。
At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。
We had expected that you would be able to win the match.八、一般将来时
一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况。有下列一些形式: 1.will/shall do(侧重将来行为,不突出计划安排去做某事)2.be going to do(主观上打算或客观上可能发生)3.be doing(按计划将要发生,常和表示最近的将来时间连用)4.be about to do(按计划即将发生)
九、将来完成时
用来表示在将来某个时刻(前)将完成的动作。常和by短语,when,before引起的时间状语连用。例如:We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.主动和被动
一、注意短语动词和含有情态动词的被动语态
That old man was often laughed at.那位老人常受人嘲笑。The doctor has been sent for.已经派人请大夫去了。Time must be made good use of.时间一定要充分利用。The plan will be given up.那计划就要被放弃了。Bad habits have been done away with.坏习惯已经改掉了。
He must be prevented from going.必须阻止他去。
二、get + 过去分词可以表示被动,此结构比较口语化
She got married last week.她上周结婚了。
The patient got treated once a week.那位病菌人一周得到一次治疗。He fell off the car and got killed.他从车上摔下来,摔死了。
三、主动形式表被动意义 系动词look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep + 形容词/名词构成系表结构。The steel feels cold.His plan proved(to be)practical.It has gone bad.表示开始、结束、运动的动词 begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move 等。Work began at 7 o’clock this morning.The shop closes at 6 p.m.every day.表示主语的某种属性特征的动词
read, write, act, iron, cut draw, drive, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut, dry, eat, drink
这类动词一般不单独使用,常用一个修饰语。
This coat dries easily.这种外衣容易干。Nylon cleans easily.尼龙容易洗干净。The door won’t lock.这门锁不上。
Food can keep fresh in a fridge.食物在冰箱里能保鲜。Your speech reads well.你的演说讲得好。
This material has worn thin.这个材料已经磨薄了。His book does not sell.他的书没有销路。Your pen writes smoothly.你的笔好写。This lock won’t catch.这锁锁不上。The match won’t catch.火柴擦不着。
The plan worked out wonderfully.这计划制定得很好。The recorder won’t play.这录音机不转。The engine won’t start.引擎发动不起来。This knife cuts well.这把刀子很快。The cloth washes well.这布很耐洗。少数动词用于进行时,其主动形式表示被动含义print, cook, fry, hang, build, make。
The books are printing.这本书正在排印中。The neat is cooking.肉在煮。
5.介词in, on, under 等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义
表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用,其意义相当于该名词相应的被动形式,名词前不用冠词。under control(受控制)
under treatment(在治疗中)
under repair(在修理中)under discussion(在讨论中)
under construction(在施工中)
beyond belief(令人难以置信)for sale(出售)
in print(在印刷中)
in sight(在视野范围内)on sale(出售)
on show(展出)
on trial(受审)
out of control(控制不了)
out of sight(超出视线之外)
out of one’s reach(够不着)
The building is under construction(is being constructed).The rumor is beyond belief(= can’t be believed).His honest character is above all praise.(= His honest character cannot be praised enough.)That house is for sale.(= That house is to be sold.)The book is not yet in print(= is not yet printed).Today some treasures are on show in the museum(= are being showed).The plane was out of control(can’t be controlled).He took two days off within the teacher’s permission.6. 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语:
fit, have, wish, cost, agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to
1.一般现在时的用法。
1) 表示经常性, 习惯性的动作或状态;表示现在的状态, 特征 , 客观事实或普遍真理。句中常用often, usually, always, every day, sometimes, on Sunday, in the morning或表示频率的词, 如once a year等时间状语, 例如:
He goes to school every day. (经常性动作)
He is a boy. (现在的状态)
The earth moves around the sun. (真理)
2) 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中, 用现在时表示将来, 例如:
If it doesn’t rain this afternoon, we’ll go swimming.
When I see him, I’ll tell him the news.
2. 一般过去时的用法。
1) 表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。句中常用yesterday, just now,
the day before yesterday, last week (month, year…) , in1998 (过去的时间) , at that time, at that moment, just then 等。
They played soccer yesterday.
I worked in a factory in 1986.
2) 表示过去经常发生的动作, 运用“used to do ”。例如:
I used to live here.
注意:used to表示过去常发生的动作或存在的状态。另外“be used to+名词 ( 动名词) ”表示 “习惯于…… ”。例如:
I am used to the climate here. (我习惯了这里的气候)
He is used to taking a walk after supper. (他习惯晚饭后散步) .
3. 一般将来时的用法。
一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态。 句中常用tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, tonight, next week (month, year…) , in+时间段, 其表达形式除了“will或shall+动词原形”外, 还有
1) “to be going to+动词原形”, 表示即将发生的或打算, 计划要做的事。例如:
There are lots of black clouds?It is going to rain.
We are going to have a picnic this afternoon.
2) leave , go, come, start, move, 等可用进行时态表示将来的动作。例如:
We are leaving for Beijing.
He is coming.
4. 现在进行时的用法。
现在进行时表示现在正在发生的动作或行为, 由“ be+ v-ing”构成。句中常用now, at the moment, Look, Listen, this week , these days。
例如:What are you doing now?
Look! The boys are playing basketball.
5. 过去进行时的用法。
过去进行时表示过去某一具体时刻, 或某一阶段正在发生的动作, 由“was (were) +v-ing”构成。句中常用at this time (或具体时间) yesterday, when, while。
例如:
When the teacher came into the classroom, the students were talking.
While he was doing his homework, his mother was cooking.
6. 现在完成时的用法。
现在完成时由“have (has) +过去分词”构成, 所表示的动作在说话之前已完成, 对现在造成一定影响。句中常用ever, never, once, just, already (用于肯定句) , yet (用于否定和疑问句) , so far, recently, for+时间段, since+过去时间点。
I have studied English for 5 years.
I have lived here since five years ago.
现在完成进行时的用法
现在完成进行时由“have (has) +been +v-ing”构成, 表示以前进行的动作直到现在都还在发生。句中最常用for或since, 动词用延续性动词。
I have skated for three hours. (已滑完冰)
I have been skating for three years. (还在滑冰)
注意:
①表示短暂时间动作的词, 如: buy, borrow, come, go, die, …在完成时态中不能与for, since等表示一段时间的词连用。
②have (has) been to与have (has) gone to的区别
have (has) been to (人在说话地点) 曾经过去某地
have (has ) gone to (人不在说话地点) 到某地去了
I have been to Beijing (我去过北京) (人现在在说话地点)
Ann has gone to the library. (安已经去了图书馆) (安不在说话地点)
7. 过去完成时的用法。
过去完成时由“had+过去分词” 构成, 过去完成时的动作表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作状态。句中常用by, before, until, when等词引导的时间状语。例如:
By the end of last year we had learned two thousand English words.
When I got to the station, the train had left.
8.过去将来时的用法。
过去将来时表示从过去的某时间看将要发生的动作或状态。过去将来时由“should或would+动词原形” 或was (were) going to构成.第一人称用should, 其他人称用would.常用于宾语从句中.例如:
They said that they would win the football match.
因此, 我们在做题时, 一定要找准时间提示词。
练习:
选择最佳答案:
1.He______ back in three hours.
A、 is B、 was C 、will be D 、has been
2. My uncle in London______ a birthday present to me yesterday.
A 、send B 、sends C、 sent D、 has sent
3. If you go there by taxi, it ______much faster.
A、 is B、 is going to C、 shall be D、 will be
4. He______just______ his supper.
A、 is, having B 、will, have C、 has, had D 、had, had
5. I______in his hometown since he left here.
A 、lived B、 live C、 have lived D 、 am living
6. I______when you phoned me.
A、 sleep B、 slept C、 am sleeping D、 was sleeping
7. What______he______at this time yesterday?
A、 did, do B 、is, doing C、 does, do D、 was, doing
8. She______the car in 1999.
A、 has bought B、has had C、 bought D、buys
9. Listen! Some of the girls______about Harry Potter. Let’s join them.
A、 are talking B、talk C、 will talk D、 talked
10. He said that he______ me up when he got there.
A、 rang B、 will ring C 、rang D 、would ring
1.C 将来时提示词in。
2.C 过去时的提示词yesterday。
3.D if 引导的条件状语从句, 主句将来时, 从句一般现在时。
4.C 完成时态的提示词just。
5.C 完成时态的提示词since。
6.D过去进行时的提示词 when you phoned me。
7.D过去进行时的提示词at this time yesterday。
8.C过去时的提示词in 1999。
9.A 进行时的提示词 Listen。
现行初中英语教材中总共出现了八种时态,即一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在完成时和过去完成时。
尽管教师细心讲解、反复举例,但学生还是不能正确判断运用,而近年来的中考题目中时态是必考点,占据重要分量。通过不断的摸索和教学实践,为帮助学生更快更明地掌握好时态,我归纳了一种学习方法,也就是“三步”学习法。
二、英语时态“三步法”教学的运用
“三步法”指的是第一步掌握时态的用法,第二步掌握时态的结构,第三步掌握时态的句型变化。
我们知道,时态是指动作在某个时间所处的状态,时态和时间紧密相联,通过时间来判断用什么时态,所以我们说时间决定时态,而时态是要靠动词表达出来的,所以我们又说动词体现时态。实际上只要掌握时间和动词,就能很好地把时态掌握好。下面谈谈英语时态“三步法”在英语教学中的运用。
以一般现在时为例,第一步掌握其用法。一般现在时表示经常反复发生的动作或存在的状态,常与often, usually, always, sometimes, every day, on Sunday等时间连用,这些时间就可以用来判断决定时态。
第二步掌握其结构。因为动词是时态的体现,所以结构主要表现在动词上,一般现在时的动词有三种,即be的现在时am, is, are, there is, there are,还有行为动词要用动词原形或动词的第三人称单数形式(也就是在动词后加“s”的形式)。
第三步掌握其句型变化。句型变化主要是指把句子变成否定句、疑问句或进行肯定、否定回答。句型变化有以下三种情况:一是有“be”用“be”变;凡有“be”的句型只要在“be”后加“not”,就变成了否定句;把“be”与主语的位置调换就变成了疑问句,然后还是用“be”进行肯定、否定的回答。二是动词原形用“do”变,也就是说假如句子是动词原形作谓语的话,只要借助动词do就可进行各种形式的变化,比如否定形式用“dont”,疑问时把“Do”放在主语前提问。三是“三单”形式“does”变,假如谓语动词是第三人称单数的话,可借助助动词“does”来进行句型的变化,当然千万别忘了在“does”后面接动词原形。
在掌握了一般现在时之后,可以用对比法掌握一般过去时。只要按照用法、结构和句型变化三步骤就能很好地掌握这种时态。过去时的用法,主要使用的时间是过去的时间,所以当时间是yesterday, last week,in2008等时,就可知要用过去时态了。然后结构体现在动词上,be要用was和were,而行为动词也要用加-ed或不规则的形式表达出来。句型变化有两句口诀:一句是重复一般现在时中的有“be”用“be”变,另一句是过去形式“did”变,即行为动词为过去形式时借助助动词“did”改变句型,当然也别忘了“did”后面加动词原形。
现在进行时可和过去进行时对比掌握。比如它们的用法,一是指现在正在发生的动作,时间为“now”。一是指过去某个时间正在发生的动作。结构对比体现在助动词“be”的形式上,现在进行时是am, is, are+doing,而过去进行时是was, were+doing。句型变化还是一句,有“be”用“be”变。
一般将来时可和过去将来时对比进行掌握。一般将来时的用法强调在将来的时间发生的动作,它也有自己适用的时间,比如tomorrow, next week, in the future等;过去将来时是指过去某个时间将要发生的动作,这种时态常用于宾语从句中,主句为过去时,从句的动作还未发生(俗称为过去的将来发生)。结构也可进行比较,一般将来是助动词will+动词原形,过去将来是助动词would+动词原形,由于这两种时态中都使用了助动词,所以我们只要用助动词来改变句型就可以了。
现在完成时也可和过去完成时对比进行掌握。现在完成时的用法指过去的动词对现在造成了影响或结果,还有一种用法就是过去的动作持续到现在。这两种用法分别和already, yet, just, ever, never等,还有since, for连接的时间连用。而过去完成时的用法表示是过去的时间之前发生的动作(俗称为过去的过去发生的动作)。这种时态常用于宾语从句或before+过去时间,by the end of last term 等时间连用。句型结构的区别主要体现在助动词上,现在完成时是助动词have/has+动词的过去分词构成,而过去完成时是助动词had+过去分词构成。句型变化也是借助助动词改变句型。
三、英语时态“三步法”教学带来的启示
学习英语时态的“三步法”,除了能帮助学生更好地掌握时态外,还可以激发他们学习英语的兴趣。可见,教师应该在传授知识上多想办法,尽量找到适合学生口味、适合学生学习策略的方法进行教学,做到学以致用,充分发挥学生的学习积极性和主动性,教学结合,从而最大限度地提高学生学习英语的水平。
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