提纲式作文英语写作

提纲式作文英语写作（精选7篇）

提纲式作文英语写作 篇1

书面表达可以分为四个步骤:列出要点 (全) 、扩展成句 (精) 、连句成段 (顺) 、谋段成篇 (整) 。笔者总结了学生在写作中容易出现的几个问题: (1) 结构不清晰 (分段:总—分—总) ; (2) 层次不分明 (衔接词) ; (3) 要点不全面; (4) 表达不流畅; (5) 书写不规范。以下题为例诠释上述写作技巧和方法指导:

随着网络的日益普及, 人们用于读书的时间逐渐减少。请你根据以下提示写一篇英语短文, 并发表在自己的英语博客上。内容提示: (1) 简单陈述这一现象; (2) 列举读书的好处; (3) 谈谈自己的观点。注意:词数120个左右。

一、列出要点 (全)

列要点, 即写作文提纲。列提纲既重要又必要, 是锻炼思维、提高组织文章结构能力的有效方法, 应尽量做到思维开阔, 思想有深度和广度。在审题、构思、明确文章中心思想之后, 把要点以短语或句子的形式表达出来, 使其成为句子的骨架、核心。这样写出来的文章才能够层次清晰, 结构分明, 重点突出。“全”是指全面, 书面表达时不能遗漏要点, 要点不全定会失分。这篇书面表达的要点列为: (1) Increase enrich our knowledge by reading; (2) Broaden our horizons through reading; (3) Travel in our imagination through books; (4) Make it easier to express our ideas in a correct and simple way; (5) Help us relax ourselves/enjoy lives; (6) Free us from worries of life; (7) Teach us to be a good person; (8) Keep us informed o information both home and abroad; (9) Helpus grow up quickly.

二、扩展成句 (精)

这一步骤最能体现学生的写作水平。而学生的习作中经常出现的问题概括起来有以下几个方面:介词混搭、大小写混用、词性不清、拼写不对、词汇句式简单、复杂句式不会, 另外学生受到母语的负迁移的影响, 经常出现“汉式英语”。因此, 要注意避免“汉式英语”, 避免用词、句式的重复, 尽量使用高级词汇和复杂句式来表达, 如定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、非谓语动词、强调句、倒装句式及其他特殊句式。

“精”即精确、精炼。一篇120字左右的英语作文, 如果每句12词左右, 10句即可满足字数上的要求。切忌写作时在一个要点上长篇大论, 而忽略其他不容易表达的内容。把短语扩成句子时, 语言表达要准确并且精炼。 (1) It is books that equip us with much knowledge and show the world to us; (2) Compared with the Internet, reading has a deeper effect on us; (3) Reading books at home, we can know more about the outside world; (4) There is no doubt that reading can free us from worries of life; (5) What is known to us all is that reading can keep us informed of information both home and abroad; (6) Only when we read many books can we succeed in doing things.As a saying goes, agood book is the key to success.

三、连句成段 (顺)

“顺”顾名思义就是通顺、顺畅。段落要条理清楚、层次清晰, 就需要强化衔接词的使用。可以用firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally/lastly, 也可以用in the first place, besides等连词。这种形式能够明确每个要点, 批卷老师看了会一目了然。可以这样表述:I’m in complete agreemenwith reading books.First, reading equips us with much knowledge and shows the world to us.Secondly, through books we can travel in our imagination.Finally, reading makes it easier to express our ideas in a correct and simple form.

四、谋段成篇 (整)

一篇完整的英语书面表达为总—分—总结构, 通常为三至四段。开头提出主题、亮出观点, 正文分论点阐述, 最后总结全文。这种提纲式作文多有一两句英文开头语, 许多同学在写作文时却忽略了这一点。要把几段有机地结合起来, 还需要承上启下的过渡句。如本文第一段最后可以这样写:However, reading is still beneficial reading is still of benefit/reading stilbenefits us a lot.

精彩范文

Nowadays, with the widespread use of the Internet, many people would rather spend an absurd amount of time online than read books.However, reading is still of great benefit to us.

First, reading equips us with much knowledge and shows the world to us.The more we read, the more we know about the world.Secondly, it is through books that we can travel in our imagination.Actually, imagination is more important than knowledge.People who read a lot can use their imagination and think in a creative way.Last but not least, reading makes it easier to express our ideas in a correct and simple form.There is no doubt that people who read often have a good ability to express themselves.

初中英语“提纲式”教学模式初探 篇2

初中英语“提纲式”教学模式就是：一节课以导学提纲为线索，教师布置预习提纲，小组探究、合作，深化提纲，师生互动完成提纲，总结、升华提纲的严谨的教学过程。该模式主要操作程序如下：

第一环节：听力、口语训练。这一环节，每天安排两名学生和两名教师分别作报告。每名学生和教师每天一个话题，其他学生根据话题内容发表自己的观点和想法。这样，可以扩大学生听和读的输入量，通过大量的语言实践活动，培养学生综合运用语言知识和言语技能进行交乐的能力。

第二环节：复习巩固、反馈。这一环节，教师主要检查学生对上一节课教学目标及教学内容的掌握情况。主要采取师生问答、生生问答拘形式，教师要通过考查、观察和与学生交流，对学生的书面作业、口头作答、演讲等学习行为和学生的学习能力、学习态度、参与程度、合作精神等做出评价。

第三环节：生动有效导入。这一环节就是围绕教学目标，为新课营造宽松、和谐的学习氛围，引发学生的求知欲和兴趣，使学生产生积极探索的心态。常见方法有：趣味故事导入、设疑导入、实例导入、师生对话导人、生生对话导入等。

第四环节：合作探究深化。这一环节就是围绕教学提纲，使学生自己不能解决的问题，在课堂当中通过小组合作学习、共同探究，得以解决。培养学生与他人合作的精神及共同参与、寻求发展的能力，在这种气氛热烈、思维活跃的小组合作探究的认知过程中，教师作适当点拨和引导。

第五环节：师生互动完成。这一环节就是围绕教学提纲，以学生为主体，个体学生和小组选派代表回答提纲中所涉及到的语言信息，教师把握知识的范围和知识的深浅程度。经过师生的共同探讨，使学生自学能力、学习方法以及对知识的理性和感性认识得到升华和提高。

第六环节：扎实有效训练、适时布置提纲。这一环节就是体验性学习，让学生在提纲中获得知识、收集信息，通过阅读训练、对话训练、对话表演、精选习题训练等等方式，达到全面提高运用英语语言的能力。最后，抓住时机，布置下一节课教学提纲的预习内容和方法以及注意事项。

初中英语提纲式教学模式比较适用于从初一下学期开始的英语教学活动，充分体现了新课程和素质教育的要求。主要特征有：

1．突出学生的主体性。

实践证明这一教学模式能在教学活动中突出学生的主体地位，学生可按照提纲自己去收集信息和整理信息。

2．体现了新型师生关系。

教师和学生同台表演，共同解决问题，教师不再是单纯的知识传授者，而是引导者，由权威变成了“平等中的首席”。

3．确立新型的学习方式。

学生在进行模式的第四、五、六环节时，充分地运用了自主学习、合作学习、探究学习、体验学习的方式，充分体现了新课程的要求。

4．运用新型评价方式。

(1)积极评价是一种以人为本的评价，通过肯定、鼓励、信任、赏识，用积极的态度去评价学生的优点和理解学生在学习活动中出现的缺点与不足；(2)目标评价就是坚持形成性评价和终结性评价并重的原则，既关注结果，又关注过程。教师制定导学目标；课堂展示导学目标；教师指导学生达标；课堂检测达标情况；课后补救失误并保证达标。

实践证明，以上程序和要求是符合新课改对英语教学的要求的。“提纲式”教学模式是一种不错的方式。

(作者单位：鸡西市第4中学)

大学英语提纲式四级作文简析 篇3

C.我的看法。

Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X. They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一个原因。They also argue that 支持X 的另一个原因。

However， other people stand on a different ground. They consider it harmful to do X. They firmly point out that 反对X 的.第一个理由。An example can give the details of this argument： 一个例子。

填空式英语作文写作技巧 篇4

(一) 对立观点式

1、给出两个对立的事物或者一个事物对立的两个方面，要求考生支持一方并进行说明。(A)

(1) Some people think that parents should plan their children’s leisure time carefully. Other people believe that children should decide for themselves how to spend their free time, which idea do you agree with? Give reasons for your choice.

(2) Some people think that the family is the most important influence on young adults. Other people think that friends are the most important influence on young adults. Which view do you agree with? Use examples to support your position.

(3) Some people tend to study a subject in a very intensive way over a short period of time, while others tend to study a subject constantly over a long period of time. What do you think is a better way of learning? Explain why.

(4) Should the money invested into a university be used to improve the library or to improve the physical training facilities? What do you think? Why?

2、给出两个对立事物或一个事物对立的两个方面，要求考生说明二者为什么不同或比较它们的优缺点，并给出理由。(B)

(1) Some students participate in school activities such as clubs and sports. Other students do not take part in such activities because they spend more time on their studies. Tell why do you think the two groups of students spend their time differently. Which type of student do you prefer to be? Explain why.

(2) Some people like different friends. Other likes similar friends. Compare the advantages of these two kinds of friends. Which kind of friend do you prefer? Explain why.

(3) Some people pay money for the things they want or need. Other people trade products or goods for what they need. Compare the advantages of these two ways of obtaining things. Which way do you prefer? Explain why.

(4) Some people say that the best way to raise children is to encourage them to be independent thinkers. Others disagree with and say that children need to be taught discipline in order to become successful. Using specific examples, discuss these two opinions. State which one you agree with and why.

(二)单一观点式

1、给出一个论点，此论点不包括两种事物的比较，要求考生支持或反对并给出理由。(C)

(1) People should never be satisfied with what they have, they should always want something new or something different. Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Give reasons for your choice.

(2) Some people think studying in a university is worthwhile only because you can get a degree. Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Give specific reasons to support your answer.

(3) Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Dissatisfaction leads to progress. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

(4) Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: A student’s main purpose in getting an education is to earn a lot of money. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

(5) Games teach people about life. Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Give specific reasons for your answer.

(6) Some say that the world would be a better place now if the automobile had never been invented. Decide if you agree or disagree with this statement and give specific reason for your decision.

2、给出一个论点，主要是对两个事物进行比较的陈述，要求考生支持或反对并给出理由。(D)

(1) People should be realistic rather than romantic in order to live a better life. Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Use specific reasons to support your answer.

(2) Travelling is more important than reading books in order to understand the people and the world. Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Use specific reasons to support your answer.

(3) “Fiction (such as short stories or novels) can teach us more about life than textbooks can.” Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Use specific reasons to support your answer.

(4) “It’s better to make wrong decision than make no decision at all.” Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Use specific reasons to support your answer.

(5) Living in big cities has more advantages than living in small towns or countryside. Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Use specific reasons to support your answer

(三) 选择观点式

1、给出一些选项，要求考生选择其中一个或几个并予以说明。(E)

(1) Newspapers contain many information topics such as sports, current events, business and entertainment. Which topic do you like to read most often? Give reasons to explain your answer.

2、要求考生另外选择论点并给予说明。(F)

(1) Inventions such as eyeglasses and the sewing machine have had an important effect on our lives. Choose another invention that you think is important. Give specific reasons for your choice.

(2) Sometimes it is fun to think of living in another time and place. If you could experience a different time and place, what time and what place would you choose? Use reasons and specific details to support your answer.

(3) How do movies or TV influence people’s behavior? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer.

(4) Many important natural resources such as water, forests, oil, etc, are running out in the world today. What should we do to protect them? Give specific examples to support your idea about one kind of these resources.

(5) Neighbors are the people who live near us. In your opinion, what are the qualities of a good neighbor? Use specific details and examples in your answer.

l TWE填空模板

(一) 对立观点式

1、给出两个对立的事物或者一个事物对立的两个方面，要求考生支持一方并进行说明。(A)

具体表述如下：

TOPIC: Some people like A; others like B. Which one do you prefer -- A or B? Give specific reasons and examples to illustrate your answer.

注：在这个命题形式的模板中有些大写字母代表如下：

1、A和B表示选择的两种观点;

2、CHOOSE A 和CHOOSE B 表示对A、B的选择;

3、DO C指题目中提及的某件事情，如：Some people prefer A in order to DO C

请考生在实际写作中根据题目将它们各自代表的内容填入。

MODEL FOR A：

1 Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, contradict A. Personally, I would prefer ① because I think A has more advantages.There are numerous reasons why ② , and I would in here explain a few of the most important ones. The main reason is that ③ . It can be given a concrete example ④ .Another reason why I advocate the attitude of A is that ⑤ . Take the case of a thing that ⑥ .One very strong argument for A is that ⑦ . This demonstrates the undeniable fact that ⑧ .Of course, choosing B also has advantages to some extent, ⑨ .But if all these factors are contemplated, the advantages of A carry more weight than those of B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ⑩ . ①表明自己的观点：赞同A②此处填入赞同A的句子③赞同A的原因之一④举例说明原因之一⑤赞同A的原因之二⑥举例说明原因之二⑦举例说明原因之三⑧表明A的优势⑨列出B的1-2个优势⑩总结观点

2 As students we always face the circumstances: A or B. There are advantages and disadvantages on both sides. According to my personality and fondness, I would prefer A rather than B.Although ① . There is no evidence to suggest that B is always better than A. What is more, if you see that ② , you can understand it more deeply.Another reason for me to choose A is that ③ . We can see that ④ .Furthermore, ⑤ . So, as I see it, ⑥ . such experience will definitely be helpful in one’s later life. ①B的优势②举例说明选择A的第一个原因③选择A的第二个原因④举例说明选择A的第二个原因⑤选择A的第三个原因⑥总结观点

3 In my point of view, A is as important as, if not more important than, B. So why not choose A.The reasons are quite clear. Above all, ① . Perhaps the most important example of A is that ② .A further reason why I prefer A is that ③ . There is good evidence to show that ④ .The third and very important reason is that ⑤ .Finally, ⑥ .So from what has been discussed, one can reach only this conclusion ⑦ . ①支持A的第一个原因②举例说明原因之一③支持A的原因之二④举例说明原因之二⑤支持A的原因之三⑥支持A的原因之四⑦重申观点

4 No doubt, I choose A, because there are too many benefits that outnumber its disadvantages not to choose it. But B, on the other hand, has advantages no more than its disadvantages.The most important benefit of A is that① .To achieve the same effect, B will ② .Another benefit of A, which B almost cannot achieve, is that③ .Although B also has its seemingly profound advantages, it can only achieved conditionally because④ .After understanding the reasoning above, it is quite safe now to say: to choose A is a wise action. ①A能带来的第一个好处②B带来的坏处比如：浪费很多东西，如时间，金钱等③A能带来的第二个好处④B的局限性

5 To choose A or choose B is something of a dilemma to the public because they sometimes are confused by the seemingly good qualities of A, and neglect the genuinely good aspects of B.For A, people are often driven to believe that① , and do not notice its intrinsic harming characteristic that② .Another disastrous fact is that the innate quality of B is unconsciously overlooked. For B, ③ .In fact, ④ .Furthermore, ⑤ .Now, after close examination, it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that only choosing B is sensible. ①A的表面好处②A的害处③B的好处不容易被人发现的原因④B的内在好处⑤B的另一个好处

6 Upon to the question that which is better, A or B, people have different opinion about it. A has its advantages, but at the mean time, it has many disadvantages, too. In my point of view, I would prefer B. There are many instances supporting my view.First, we could take as examples. ① . Clearly, ② .In addition, ③ . For example, ④ . As it turned out, ⑤ .Nowadays, ⑥ . It is a fact that⑦ .Finally, the point I am trying to make is that ⑧ . ①举例说明第一个原因②支持B的第一个原因③支持B的第二个原因④举例说明原因之二⑤B的正面结果⑥举例说明原因之三⑦支持B的第三个原因⑧重申观点

7 Some peoples believe A. These people point out the fact that① . However, other people believe B. They point out that ② . They say that ③ .As far as I am concerned, my preference is for A.The main reason why I prefer A is that④ . We can see that ⑤ .A more personal reason why I like A is that⑥ . As I remember, ⑦ .A is superior in another way, that is⑧ because that ⑨ .As a matter of fact, there are also some disadvantages in A, such as ⑩ . But these can be compensated by its advantages. So, in comparison with B, A is surely a clever choice. ①支持A的原因②支持B的原因③进一步阐述④支持A的第一个原因⑤举例说明原因之一⑥支持A的第二原因⑦举例说明原因之二⑧支持A的第三原因⑨举例说明原因之三⑩列举A的劣势

8 In a modern society, people have the freedom to choose A or B. Although they are normally coexist peacefully, they deserve some close examination.If three criteria were taken into account, in comparing these two, I would prefer A.First of all, ① .Another reason is that ② .The third reason, however, goes this way: ③ .In conclusion, it must be explained that these three reasons sometimes intertwine to form an organic whole and thus become more persuasive than any one of them. Then any thinking person must agree that④ . ①支持A的第一个原因及事例②支持A的第二个原因及事例③支持A的第二个原因及事例④A是最佳选择

9 I can present many examples that are very common in our lives. ① . I can say that if you have no experience like these, your life is an inadequate one. In my point of view, I like A much more than B.The first reason can been seen by every person. ② . To illustrate this, there is an examples that is very persuasive: ③ .The second reason for my propensity for A is that④ . I now still remember that ⑤ .Furthermore, ⑥ .B is somewhat important as well. ⑦ . Nonetheless, I still prefer A, for⑧ . ①列举一些支持A的现象②支持A的第一个原因③举例说明原因之一④支持A的`第二个原因⑤举例说明原因之二⑥支持A的第三原因⑦列举B的优势⑧重申观点

10 Considering the social atmosphere today, it is not a time to CHOOSE A. It is high time to CHOOSE B. The fact that ① is what I wish to emphasize.Those who object to this idea forget a universal truth --② . As I remember ③ .In addition, ④ . An instance that accompanies this reason is that⑤ . On the other hand, ⑥ .Finally, ⑦ .So if we take a careful consideration, it is not difficult to get the conclusion: ⑧ . ①表明自己的观点：支持B②支持B的第一个原因③举例说明原因之一④支持B的第二个原因⑤举例说明原因之二⑥从反面论证B的优势⑦支持B的第三个原因⑧总结观点

11 It is often difficult for people to decide whether to CHOOSE A or CHOOSE B. But for us students, the advantages of A always outweigh the disadvantages. Those who object A claim that ① .Although at first glance these arguments sound reasonable and appealing, they are not borne out by a careful consideration. ② .In addition, ③ . As a result, ④ .Finally, the incomparable advantages of A is that⑤ .From the above, I think A has a lot of advantages comparing with B. So ⑥ . ①反对A的理由②支持A的第一个原因并举例说明③支持A的第二个原因并举例说明④A的优势⑤支持A的第三个原因并举例说明⑥重申观点

12 Normally, A and B are the two basic ways in which people DO C. Some people like them both. Others enjoy A and still others prefer B. As far as I am concerned, I vote for the latter. There are no less than three advantages in B as rendered below:First, we can observe easily that in modern society, ① .There is another obvious advantage for B, that is ② .The third, not the last is that ③ .Only these three reasons can make a person draw the conclusion that ④ , not to mention there are more. ①提出B的第一个优势，并举例说明②提出B的第二个优势，并举例说明③提出B的第三个优势，并举例说明 ④总结观点

13 One of the difficult questions that many people are today facing across the world is whether to CHOOSE A or CHOOSE B. More and more, B is seem as the main method in DOING C. Yet there are some people who cast serious doubts on B, and who are prepared to argue with B. But I would have to say that, if I were faced with the decision, I would probably follow the contemporary trend and choose B.On one hand, they offer new ways that can serves substitutes to the traditional, basic method of DOING C. It is claimed that① . For example, ② .On the other hand, ③ . Now, ④ .Another reason that I prefer B is that⑤ . An good example of this is last month⑥ .It is obvious for us to conclude that ⑦ . ①支持B的第一个原因②举例说明原因之一③支持B的第二个原因④举例说明原因之二⑤支持B的第三个原因⑥举例说明原因之三⑦重申观点

2、给出两个对立事物或一个事物对立的两个方面，要求考生说明二者为什么不同或比较它们的优缺点，并给出理由。(B)

具体表述如下：

TOPIC: Some people believe that A while others consider B more appropriate. Give advantages and disadvantages of the two positions and explain which position you support.

MODEL FOR B:

1 A and B are two totally different ideas that have caused heated debate over a long period of time. Anyway, I agree with the idea of A. However, it is unfair to say which is better than the other if we do not see both sides of the story in the following paragraphs.Some people believe B because① . These people point out the fact that② . They also argue that③ .However, other people stand on a very different ground, they believe that④ . They firmly point out that⑤ .An example can give the details of this argument: ⑥ . In addition, ⑦ .In a word, A is too tempting not to be chosen. A, as shown above, has⑧ . ⑨ . ①人们支持B的第一个原因②进一步阐述③人们相信B的第二个原因④支持A的第一个原因⑤进一步阐述 ⑥举例说明第一原因⑦支持A的第二原因⑧选择A的第一个好处⑨选择A的第二个好处

2 Some people believe that① . Other people take the view that② . While both methods may have their advantages and disadvantages, they can be applied under different circumstances. Afterwards, I will explain my opinion about it.For A, ③ .But this also demonstrate that ④ .Moreover, ⑤ .B, on the other hand, ⑥ . For example, ⑦ .In my opinion, the advantages of B are more than those of A because B fits me better in two ways: First⑧ . Second⑨ . ①人们的第一种观点②人们的第一种观点③A的一个优势④A所隐含的劣势⑤A的一个大缺点⑥B的一个明显的优势⑦举例说明此优势⑧对我来讲，B的第一个优势⑨对我来讲，B的第二个优势

(二)单一观点式

1、给出一个论点，此论点不包括两种事物的比较，要求考生支持或反对并给出理由。(C)

具体表述如下：

TOPIC: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? AAA. Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

注：AAA:表示题目中给出的观点，请考生在写作时根据实际情况进行替换。

MODEL FOR C:

1agree Before rendering my opinion, I think it is important to take a glance at the arguments on both sides. People who support AAA usually give some, even all of the following reasons. The first is that① .The second is that② .Third, ③ .Generally, people who attack AAA claim that④ . They also often say that there will be problems of⑤ .As far as I am concerned, I come to the notion that there are three main reasons why I support AAA. Firstly, ⑥ . Secondly, ⑦ . Furthermore, ⑧ . ①人们支持AAA的第一个原因②人们支持AAA的第二个原因③人们支持AAA的第三个原因④反对AAA结论的第一个原因⑤反对AAA结论的第一个原因，填上如果选择AAA会带来的问题⑥我支持AAA的第一个原因⑦我支持AAA的第二个原因 ⑧我支持AAA的第三个原因

2disagree I disagree with AAA for numerous reasons. The first and foremost reason is① . AAA may have some advantages, ② . There may be nothing wrong with these, and they can be easily understood by many people, but③ .AAA has also had a bad effect on ④ .Another innate characteristic of AAA is⑤ . In addition, ⑥ .Finally, it seems to be true that AAA ⑦ , but⑧ .AAA has done may good things. ⑨ . However, we also cannot deny that⑩ . ① 反对AAA的第一个原因② AAA的优势③这些优势里所隐含的劣势④AAA一个重大缺点⑤AAA一个不好的本质特点⑥AAA另外一个不好的特点⑦AAA看起来的一个优点⑧实际上是它的一个缺点，把这个缺点填在此处⑨AAA的确是有贡献的，把贡献填在这里⑩AAA的确是不好的

3agree Many of the world’s religions share a belief that AAA. I agree with the above statement because one can clearly see ① .History presented many examples of AAA. ② .On a personal level, ③ . It even might be said that ④ . Sometimes, for instance, ⑤ .Whatever may be or have been said, most people would hold this as a general truth: ⑥ .To take the idea further, ⑦ .I agree with the above statement because I believe that ⑧ . ①AAA的好处②历史上，支持AAA的例子③我对AAA的看法④我对AAA更深一层次的看法⑤举例支持我的看法⑥AAA的好处⑦对AAA的好处进行进一步阐述⑧重申观点

4disagree There is no need for me to put any emphasis on what the advantages of AAA are. ① . Many people believe that ② .However, I disagree with the title statement because I consider ③ .On the other hand, one of the notorious disadvantages of AAA is that ④ . The modern example of this is ⑤ . So if this is prevalent, ⑥ .Another factor shows that ⑦ .So, as I see it, ⑧ . ①AAA明显的优势②很多人支持此观点的原因③ AAA的缺点之一，并举例说明④AAA的缺点之二⑤举例说明这个缺点⑥这个缺点所带来的坏处⑦AAA的缺点之三⑧重申观点

5agree I think the statement is true. It is human nature to ① . There are many instances in our daily life that can verify this.We can take② as an example. ③ .④ follows the same pattern. ⑤ .Good or bad, if considered seriously, ⑥ . ①支持上述观点AAA②一个例子③详细阐述此例，以证明AAA④另一个例子⑤再进行阐述⑥总结观点

6agree I do strongly support the idea that AAA. This I support with the following reasons..As we know, firstly, ① . A small example could give some light to this point. It is said that ② .Under some circumstances, the deviation of AAA would be potentially harmful, or at least, unpredictable in its results. For instance, ③ . I illustrate this extreme example just in an attempt to state one thing clearly: ④ .Last, but not least, ⑤ . In order to see this point clearly, let us to see an example: ⑥ .So, based on the above discussion, I agree with the opinion that ⑦ . ①支持AAA的第一个原因② 举例说明原因之一③ 举一事例④支持AAA的第二原因⑤支持AAA的第三原因⑥举例说明原因之三⑦重申观点

7disagree This problem is a much debated one in that it affects everybody in their daily lives. People may prefer one to another, although some have no opinion about it. But if I am concerned, I can only disagree with the title statement and the reasons are give below.With reference to ① , the reason why I disagree with AAA is that ② .Second, because ③ . As a result, ④ .Finally, ⑤ .Again, I would state my objection to this issue after analyzing the three reasons. ⑥ . ①反对AAA的一个侧面②反对AAA的第一个原因③反对AAA的第二个原因④ 原因之二造成的后果⑤ 反对AAA的第三个原因，并举例说明⑥总结观点

8agree The title statement is the focus in these days and any speech about it would surely strike the top lines of most newspapers. To agree or disagree with it is a matter of balancing between its pros and cons.But if one has considered the following perspectives, he/she could only agree with the title statement as I do.First, if this statement is applied to ① , it is very clear that ② . Then, one can only agree that ③ .Moreover, ④ . This can be only brought by ⑤ , exclusively. Any deviation form it will cause manipulation of the good.It is true that whether AAA is right is still not answered. But it can be only a matter of time in the future, I think. ①一个侧面②从这个侧面引出第一个原因③支持AAA④AAA能带来的好处⑤这个观点

9agree For the purpose of consciously saying yea or nay to the given statement, I could first give you the following examples.In certain circumstances, for instance, ① .Then, it is only inconsiderate to say “ I disagree with AAA”.I can give you another illustration about it. ② . Didn’t it bring benefit to you?These examples are only illustrations, there’s a deeper theory underlying the problem, that is, ③ .Once you have known all of these, you must agree with me that AAA is right. ① 举例说明AAA能带来的第一个好处② 举例说明AAA能带来的第二好处③说明此观点的第三个好处

10agree I totally agree with this statement, and I will explain why this is the case. The first and most important reason is that it is human nature to ① . If you just look around, you will always see ② . For instance, ③ .Another reason why I agree with AAA is that ④ .In fact, a good example of this is that ⑤ . Moving on to wider themes, ⑥ .It is very clear that ⑦ . There is no question in my mind that ⑧ . ①支持AAA的第一个原因②此原因带来的正面结果③举例说明第一个原因⑤支持AAA的第二个原因⑥ 举例说明原因之二⑥支持AAA的第三个原因⑦总结观点⑧重申观点

2、给出一个论点，主要是对两个事物进行比较的陈述，要求考生支持或反对并给出理由。(D)

具体表述如下：

TOPIC: A is superior to B in DONG C. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Use specific reasons to support your point of view

注：在模板中用A、B表示相比较的两个事物，这种形式与对立观点式有着很大的相

似之处，考生可以进行适当的借鉴。

MODEL FOR D：

1disagree I completely disagree with this statement that choosing A has more advantages than choosing B. And I would like to present two explanations to confirm you that I am right.First of all, ① . Generally, ② . Let me give you an example: ③ . Thus, proving my point, ④ .The second thing that must be taken into consideration when choosing A or B is that ⑤ . As I have said, ⑥ . Finally, the point I am trying to make is that it is not better to choose A than choose B in that ⑦ .In sum, ⑧ . ①支持B的第一个原因②进一步阐述支持B的原因③举例说明原因之一④填入一句支持B的句子⑤支持B的第二原因⑥进一步阐述支持B的第二原因⑦支持B的第三个原因⑧总结观点

2 Something we all cannot neglect as we get older is to accept the opinions of others. On the question whether it is better to CHOOSE A or CHOOSE B, I have long admitted that A has a strong argument. Privately, however, ① . I disagree with the above statement and support the superiority of B.Although ② . There is no evidence to suggest that ③ . What’s more, ④ . Similarly, it has been said that ⑤ . To be sure, ⑥ .Another reason why I secretly dispute the statement above is that I am very sure that ⑦ . For instance, ⑧ .To take the point above to an extreme, ⑨ .For me, A could never equal B. ⑩ . ①提出自己的观点：支持B②A具备的优势③A胜于B④A的一个缺点⑤A的第二缺点⑥支持B⑦支持B的另一个原因⑧举例说明⑨举出一个极端的例子来支持B⑩A和B的比较，总结观点

3agree This controversy describes the dilemma faced by many people. In my opinion, I agree with the above statement that A is superior than B in DOING C.It is an obvious fact that ① . For example, ② .Perhaps another reason why A is superior to B lies in the fact that ③ . An example to show this can be found in the story that ④ .Let’s bring our discussion here to a more present and practical context. In today’s world, ⑤ . This may explain why A is better than B. On the other hand, a common sense goes that ⑥ .We can conclude from the foregoing reasons and examples that ⑦ . ①赞同A比B好的第一个原因②举例说明原因之一③A比B好的第二原因④举例说明永远之二⑤再举一个事例进行说明⑥B的劣势⑦总结观点

(三)选择观点式

具体表述如下：

TOPIC: In order to do XXX, there are many ways: A, B, C, D……. Which do you choose? Give specific reasons and examples to illustrate your answer.

注：在模板中用大写XXX表示一件事情，A，B，C，D代表做此事所用的不同方

法。因为这种命题形式不为多见，所以我们仅提供两个模板供读者参照。

MODEL FOR E/F：

1 How to do XXX? Whether the traditional methods such as A, B and so on or the modern method for example C and D has its advantages and disadvantages. Which you prefer depends on your own experience, life style and emotional concern. I prefer C most in my point of view. Then I prefer C, there are, three advantages of C as follows:This can trace back to my childhood. Once with curiosity, I ① .Yet for another reason is that ② . I can quote a common example. ③ .Then why I do not like others? For example, why I do not like A? Because I have a bad experience with it. ④ . So, even when anyone mentioned it, I will catch a feeling of fear. There are still many other reasons that can account for my fondness for it, but the obvious ones have been presented as above. ⑤ . ① 喜欢C的第一个原因②喜欢C的第二个原因③举一个例子支持第二个原因④举例说明⑤重申观点

提纲式作文英语写作 篇5

Unit Eight

1.The definition of a business proposalp.205

A business proposal is an offer or bid to do a certain project for someone or for some other company.More specifically, a proposal is a plan for solving a problem either for your company or for your client’s corporation and agency.2.Types of Business Proposalp.205-206

⊙Internal vs.External

⊙Solicited vs.Unsolicited

⊙Large vs.Small

3.Match your business & objectives with clientsp.206

Approach your proposal as a problem-solving activity

Regard your readers as skeptical

Research your proposal thoroughly

Scout out your competitors

Prove that your proposal is workable

Be sure your proposal is financially realistic

Package your proposal attractively

4.Writing elements of a business proposalp.208

Problems/ solutions/ benefits/ credibility/ samples/ targeted/ personalization

5.Channels of Proposalp.209-210

⊙ Oral presentation

⊙ Memo & E-mail proposals

⊙ Letter proposal

⊙ Business/ Technical-report proposals

6.Simple Form for Proposal Writingp.211-213

⊙External Proposal

A.Introduction

B.Problem identified and defined

C.Objective & goal set

D.Solutions proposed

E.Implementation & measuring

F.Costs and timeframe estimated

⊙Internal Proposal

A.Identify the problem

B.Define the problem

C.Generate solutions

D.Compare costs with benefits

7.Basic Components of a RTPP.224

⊙Description of the project

⊙Clearly stated needs or requirements

⊙Budget

⊙Time frame

⊙Who has “ownership” of the project?

⊙Potential risks

Unit Nine

1.The definition of a business reportp.231

A written report is a document that conveys information to a reader who will use the information to make a decision.Most reports are written because readers want and expect them.2.Types of reportsp.231-232

Reports are typically classified according to their purposes in the organization.⊙Routine Reports

⊙Task Reports

3.Report Qualitiesp.233

Accurate, Reliable, Objective

4.Special Parts in Business Reportp.239-240

·Title page: It contains four main elements——the title, the “prepared for” line, the “prepared by” line, and the date.COST ANALYSIS OF PRODUCT F AND E

SUBMITTED TO……

PREPARED BY……

OCTOBER 20, 2010

·Letter of Authorization

·Letter of Transmittal

·Table of Contents——shows the headings in a report and their page numbers.·Table of Illustrations——list of figures

·Abstract——a brief overview of the entire report

·Executive Summary——summarizes essential elements in a report

·Body

·Appendices

·Bibliography

·Index

5.Ways of gathering informationp.242-243

⊙Secondary Sources

⊙Primary Sources

6.Common Business Reportsp.250

Memo Reports

Letter Reports

Agenda, Minutes

Expense Reports

Personnel Evaluations

Progress Reports

Recommendation Reports

Proposals

Feasibility

Formal Reports

Unit Ten

1.The definition of contract.P.262

A contract is a voluntary undertaking between or among people and organizations that creates a relationship in which one or more of the parties to the contract promise to do something, or not do something.2.The definition of some special termsp.263

A promise is a manifestation of intent to act or refrain from acting in a specified way.Breach or default of contract is a failure to fulfill a promise.A remedy is the solution or amelioration of a problem or difficulty.3.Validity of contractsp.263-264

·A valid contract must meet the following criteria.·Offer

·Acceptance

·Mutual consent or meeting of the minds

·Consideration

·Capacity

·Legality

·Proper form

·Mutual right to remedy

·Mutual obligation to perform

1.Some contract-related terms

Bargain——An agreement between parties fixing obligations that each promises to carry out.Agreement——The act of agreeing.Void, voidable and unenforceable contractsp.266

Conclusion:

Key Points:

Definition of some important terms

Writing: Memo

Minutes

体验式英语写作教学问题探究 篇6

一、学生英语写作现状

自从接触英语, 就学了英语信函的写作格式, 经过初、高中的学习历程, 仍不能正确写出英语信函格式的大有人在, 甚至没有英语信函的概念。无温馨的问候, 缺美好的祝愿, 忘记英、汉语言在思维方面的基本一致、在格式表达方面的差异, 当表达、格式和结构同时运用时, 顾此失彼, 漏洞较多。此外, 汉式英语写作现象严重, 据调查统计, 学生英语写作水平普遍偏低, 令人瞠目。

二、传统式的写作方式与体验式写作方式过程对比

为使学生更好地学习英语写作, 在英语基础大致相同的两个班 (每班32人) 进行长达一学期的写作训练。一班实施“体验式英语写作”, 另一班实施“传统模式英语写作”。在“体验”班, 教师对学生进行任务驱动教学:教师提前给出实际任务或者模拟情景任务, 由学生带着任务课前学习课本及相关书籍, 收集写作相关信息, 课堂小组进行讨论、归纳格式及语句, 师生共同导出文章。学生有自主学习、相互学习的空间, 脑、心、手共同作用, 兴趣越来越浓, 学习也越来越主动。同学之间相互批阅, 师生参与选出最佳语句和作品。学生的主体地位和教师的主导地位得到了有机结合。在“传统”班, 教师按照传统教学方式:按课本认真备课、授课, 课后要求学生进行写作, 教师批阅。初始, 学生颇有兴趣, 随着写作过程推进, 学生渐显疲倦。传统教学方式, 不能时时激发学生的兴趣, 不能持久地吸引其注意力和培养其探究能力。

传统式和体验式写作过程对比为:

由此看出:传统式写作过程学生大部分时间处于坐、听、记状态, 脑、心、手运作过程缺失较多;体验式写作过程学生自老师备课便处于做、动、思状态, 静态写作过程呈现为动态写作过程, 个体习得呈现为小组合作。

三、不同写作模式的学生心理状况研究

1. 无备而学与任务驱动的心理、状况对比

在体验写作模式中, 学生课前收集了资料, 课堂讨论的是已知内容及教师提供的内容, 学生心中有数, 从而自信。而小组讨论的学习氛围, 使学生没有了教师一言堂的枯燥或一对一提问的紧张心理, 就心理状况而言, 学生应用知识的准备状态促使正迁移产生, 因此表现得积极主动。而传统班学生课前缺失任务驱动, 缺失应用知识的心理准备, 正迁移无从产生, 写作只能按课堂所记, 生搬硬套。

心理学研究及教学观察表明:任务驱动可帮助学生形成有利的准备状态, 形成自信的心理基础;而小组讨论体验式学习模式, 也可有效地缓解学生的被动、紧张心理, 从而促进正迁移的产生。

2. 听课记忆与讨论的心理状况对比

传统式写作班学生听课时的心理状况为:无需思考、心境平淡、机械记忆, 由此注意力不能长久集中。心理学实验表明:如果学生做一种练习时间太长, 只能使学生的大脑机械反应, 根本不会有收获。学生有时在课堂表现出疲倦状况表明教师一言堂的弊端。体验式写作班讨论时的心理状况为:自主讨论, 需言之有理, 需思考, 需注意力集中, 因此大脑不易疲倦, 学的东西容易记住。以同学相伴的讨论, 能尽情表达思想, 心理可得到满足, 进而有显示才能的愿望, 这时若使其展示, 可使心理满足得到提升, 从而激发学习热情。讨论中学生变化地了解写作知识, 远优于机械的记忆。且研究实验证明:记忆知识丰富的学生, 对于问题的解决, 未必能利用所记忆的知识;而善于解决问题的学生, 乃是富有思考能力的学生。采取小组讨论、自主发现的学习, 就发展学生思维而言, 其所获, 远大于教师的传授。

3. 做笔记与展示的心理状况对比

传统的教学方法是学生边听边做笔记, 心理学原理表明:人类大脑同时支配两项活动, 效果不可能很好。显而易见, 边听边做笔记, 分散心力, 有碍学生积极思维。而体验式写作中学生课堂展示的方法, 对促进学生理解、发展学生积极思维十分有益。学生用心看、用心学, 不是只靠耳听笔记, 因此印象较深, 学生出于自愿课堂展示, 思维能力发展的同时, 内在兴趣、需要得到满足。学生的主动加之教师的指导, 这样的学习, 应该是最有效的。

四、传统式写作结果与体验式写作结果对比

在基础相当的两个班学生所进行的传统式英语写作和体验式英语写作训练中, 两种不同的写作方式下的偏误情况有所不同, 在每一种偏误类型中, 几乎所有体验式写作的偏误都少于传统式写作出现的偏误。尽管两种写作方式的班级写作篇幅的长短有差异, 偏误出现的机遇随之改变, 但就学生的参与程度、认可程度而言, 学生更青睐体验式英语写作。

五、体验式写作感言

1. 体验促进格式的记忆

在英语体验式写作过程中, 学生归纳写作格式、掌握写作格式, 主动学习使学生“思而得之则深”。“这种教学方式很好, 让同学们自己动手、自己思考、自我讨论, 很有特点, 很容易让大家记住教学内容, 又不感觉很难。”一学期的体验写作学生热情始终不减。

2. 体验促进信息的积累

“英语写作先由自己查找学习资料, 然后老师教, 大家共同总结, 给同学们留下深刻印象, 教学效果好。”这种方式有利于提高学生的自主学习能力和发挥主动学习的积极性和参与性, 在完成任务的过程中获得成就感。日积月累, 能力在不知不觉中就得到提高。

3. 体验促进语言的运用

“课堂上的活跃, 课堂上的语言以及气氛足以证明同学们接纳了这种教育方式, 这种有着互动的课堂让同学们在快乐与娱乐中学到了知识。”这种方式让学生体验到学生是学习的主体, 老师起引导和主导角色。

4. 体验促进动机的生成

“教学方式很新颖, 能够时刻带动同学们的学习兴趣, 使同学们没有太大的压力, 学习处于一种追求爱好的基础上, 而不是为了完成任务。”英语体验式写作, 为学生学习动机的确定起了积极作用。在教与学的相互体验中, 师生距离拉近, 学生逐渐喜欢上了这种学习方式:既是一种知识的学习, 也是一种人本化的体现。

传统式和体验式英语写作实践的结果再一次证明了:英语教学应该活动化。英语写作教学也是如此, 体验式英语写作对提高学生的英语写作能力具有两方面优势, 一以情感心理学为基础, 激励学生主动地、活动地、用心、用情地去探究学习, 以达到情深而文明的目的;二使学生在日常注重信息的积累, 以达到识高而文高的目标。把握学生心理状况, 改革教与学模式, 学校学生英语写作应该会有新的改观。

参考文献

[1]万云英, 方展画, 张伟远, 胡文斌.当代国外教学流派.武汉:湖北教育出版社, 1989.

[2]Timothy Light, 黎天睦.现代外语教学法.北京:北京语言学院出版社, 1987.

[3]张德琇.教育心理研究.北京:教育科学出版社, 1982.

[4]冯忠良.学习心理学.北京:教育科学出版社, 1981.

[5]胡克英.教学论研究.北京:教育科学出版社, 1981.

提纲式作文英语写作 篇7

关键词： 英语写作 汉语思维 解决策略

《英语课程标准》要求初中学生掌握听、说、读、写四种基本技能。在这四种技能中，“写”这一技能是一种较高的综合语言能力的训练，是学生对所学语言知识的综合运用。英语写作能力的强弱能体现出学生英语综合素质的高低，然而，它却是英语教学的薄弱环节。由于中英文化背景差异所造成的思维方式的不同，以及写作角度、方法、用词等的不同，中国学生在写英语作文时出现许多错误。

实践证明，学生英语学习的言语错误与汉语干扰有关，即负迁移，也就是汉语与英语之间的差异对外语学习造成的干扰，以及与所学外语的某些特点、某些规则造成的干扰有关。例如，汉语表达“一阵大雨”，英语写成“a heavy rain”，不能写成“a big rain”。汉语说“我不知道这是对还是错”。如果写成“I dont know its true or not.”则是错句。因为在英语中，如果“know”之后跟疑问句，则用“whether”或“if”引导从句。汉语干扰还表现在学生对所学语言规则的错误类推、过分概括上。例如，由“yesterday morning” 推理出“yesterday night”，则是一个错误，“昨天晚上”英语只能说“last night“，而“昨天上午/下午”则用“yesterday morning/afternoon”。由于汉语干扰，学生照汉语思维直译，导致表达错误和不地道、不准确的英语表达。比如，学生把“你的来信收到了。”写成“Your letter has received.”，这是从汉语直译出来的，因为英语中物作主语时，应该用被动语态，应写成“Your letter has been received.”。

从以上例子可以看出，汉语干扰乃是导致表达错误的一个主要原因。汉语干扰致错原因有以下几个主要方面：

一、因认识角度和使用形象不同造成错误

在学习英语写作过程中，学生由于对汉英语言、文化间的差异，不同文化背景所产生的不同思维方式不甚了解，经常用汉语思维，导致用词错误。例如，“红茶”被写成“red tea”，英语应为“black tea”。“黑眼珠”被写成“black eye”，应为“dark brown eye”，英语中“black eye”意为“被打得发青的眼圈”。在用英语写作的过程中，不少学生由于英语语言功底较差，还不能用英语思考，经常先在脑海里用汉语构思，然后将构思好的汉语腹稿译成英语。这种机械的对应思考方法，往往造成严重的用词错误。例如，在“Excessive smoking will injure your body.”中，“body”在英语中作“躯体”讲，而汉语“身体”有两重意思，一是指“躯体”，二是指“身体健康状况”。该句表达的意思显然是指“身体状况”，由于受汉语影响，而误用“body”，应将“body”改为“health”。

另外，由于英汉语言使用的形象不同，两个民族的思维习惯不同也造成了许多语言错误。例如，“熟睡”被写成“sleep like a dead pig/dog”，英语为“sleep like a top/log”。“大海捞针”被写为“look for a needle in the sea”，而英语为“look for a needle in a haycock”。

二、因表达方式不同造成的错误

英、汉两个民族有时对某些事物和现象的认识角度、思路都是相同的，但是由于表达方式不同也造成一些错误。

1.词形错误

汉语的名词词形一般不分单、复数，也无可数、不可数之别，因此英语写作中出现主谓不一致、遗漏第三人称单数的错误。汉语中，主谓间不存在数的关系，谓语没有第三人称单数问题。因此，谓语部分不需要因为主语而做数的调整。由于汉语习惯的影响，学生会写出这样的句子：（1）The streets are full of garbages.（2）He speak fast.

在例句（1）中，garbage被当做可数名词，其实它是不可数名词。在例句（2）中，speak应为第三人称单数speaks。

另外，汉语动词无时态之分，只是采用一些副词或助词表示时态，而英语的时态却相对复杂得多，因此出现时态使用混乱现象。有的学生在该用过去时态动词时，却用现在时态，特别是在复合句中。例如：If he works hard，he could pass the exam.（could改为can）。

2.词性错误

有时学生只注意所选词的词义，而忽视了该词的词性，常造成句子不合乎语法规范的用词错误。例如（1）My father adviced me not to go out alone at night.（2）My roommate doesnt afraid of dogs.

例句（1）把名词误用为动词，例句（2）把形容词误用为动词。这是由于有些学生基础不牢，对某些常用词不认真考证，随手写来，又检查不出错误，导致误用词性却浑然不觉。

3.虚词错误

英语虚词包括冠词、介词和连词。由于受汉语的影响，学生在使用虚词时常用错。例如：（1）Although I like my college，but I miss my home. （2） He arrived Tokyo yesterday. （3） I bought the dictionary in 1980s.

在例句（1）中，由于受汉语“虽然……但是”结构影响而出错。英语中although...but只能用一个。例句（2）中arrive是不及物动词，其后一定要用前置词in或at，所以在arrive后加in。例句（3）的错误是，英语中“……年代”前应用定冠词，所以原句应改为“in the 1980s”。

4.误解词义导致错误

英语写作要求作者有较深的语言功底，即词汇基础和语法基础等。选用自己没有完全掌握词义或用法的单词组词造句，是造成用词错误的原因之一。另外，英、汉两种语言中，均有一词多义和一义多词的现象。对同义词、近义词的细微差别分辨不清是导致这类错误发生的原因。例如：（1）The young man always puts on a white jacket.（2）Both salt and sugar are easy to melt in hot water.

在例句（1）中，put on虽有“穿”的意思，但该动词词组仅表示穿的动作，不表示穿的状态，该句子表达的意思是“穿着”，而不是“穿上”，应改为wears a white jacket。在例（2）中，melt常指物体经过加热后熔化或者指易溶物质受热溶化，不指溶质在溶剂中溶解，melt应改为dissolve。

5.不注意语境导致的错误

语境在很大程度上制约着用词。语境不同，用词也不同，因此写作时要选用适合上下文的词语来遣词造句。如不注意语境对选词的影响，就可能因用词不当而写出前后矛盾、不合逻辑的句子。选词与语言环境不适宜，就会用词不当。例如：

（1）The ice cream melted away in the plate. 例句中，melt away的含义是“融化并消失”，而盘中的冰淇淋只是融化了，并没有消失，应把melt away改为melt。

（2）Would you mind opening the gate The air in the room is too close.例句中，gate指“院落的大门”，一般不用于指房门。从上下文看，说话者指的是房门，所以应改为door。

6.指代不明

英文写作中代词同它所指代的先行词之间关系要明确无误，否则句子的连贯性就会受到破坏，句子的含义就会模糊不清，甚至引起误解。在“He told my brother，he was wrong.”句中，第二个he可以指主语，也可以指my brother，指代不明确。可改为：“I am wrong，”he said to my brother ./“You are wrong，”he said to my brother.

三、解决策略