活动主题英文翻译(共8篇)
一、 活动主题
英文才艺show
二、 活动时间
初赛:xx年三月二十号晚
决赛:xx年三月二十四号晚
三、活动地点
初赛:待定
决赛:待定
四、策划主办单位
山东师范大学化学院社团部英语吧社团
五、活动目的及意义
为了繁荣校园文化,展示学子风采,激发同学们学习英语的积极性及热情,培养同学们对英语的兴趣,使大家在兴趣中参加活动,在活动中增长英语知识,从而提高英语能力,英语吧给同学们创造了这样一个趣味性平台,从多种途径学习英语,同时也为英语爱好者提供一个相互认识、交流和同台竞技的机会,让大家更好的展现和丰富自我,进而展示当代大学生的风采。
此次活动形式的多样化(如唱歌、舞蹈、相声、话剧等等)会让参赛者和观众都享受一场视觉听觉盛宴,不仅有益于英语水平的提高,而且增加了社员之间的.凝聚力和社团的影响力,从而展现出出化学院的风采。
六、活动前期工作
①申请校学生会社团部的批准
②海报的制作与宣传
③确定活动时间及地点
④租借音响设备,
⑤发布活动的通知并确定报名人数
⑥确定主持人,申请证书和教室,做好前期准备工作
⑦邀请评委和嘉宾
⑧联系通讯员写新闻稿
七、活动内容与流程
1、内容
本次活动是以各种形式展现英语的风采,例如:小品,话剧,歌舞等进行比赛,比赛分初赛和决赛,最终评出一、二、三等奖。初赛评选出6组优秀选手参加决赛,决赛是在剩下的六组选手中评选出一、二、三等奖并颁发证书。
宣传部干事负责海报制作与宣传工作;组织部干事负责维持现场秩序;秘书处负责联系相关人员并下达通知;社团各部门积极配合以保障比赛顺利进行。
2、流程
初赛:
①由社团干事组织参赛社员入场。
②主持人致开幕词并且介绍到场的评委、嘉宾,介绍比赛的规则评分细则,宣布活动开始。
③选手按以下二个环节依次进行比赛:
第一环节:选手进行简短的自我介绍。
第二环节:选手进行才艺展示。
④主持人向观众及选手公布结果分数。
⑤评委做点评并选出6组优秀选手进入决赛
决赛:
①由社团部干事组织进入决赛的六组选手入场
②主持人致开幕词并且介绍到场的评委、嘉宾。介绍比赛的规则评分细则,并宣布活动开始。
③选手按以下二个环节依次进行比赛:
第一环节:选手进行自我介绍。
第二环节:选手进行才艺展示。
④主持人向观众及选手公布结果分数。
⑤评委做点评并评选出一、二、三等奖并颁发奖状。
⑥主持人宣布比赛结束,参赛选手与评委合影留念。
活动结束:
①整理活动现场的卫生。
任何语篇都是特定文化语境下的产物, 烙有作者对现实世界的主观认识、体验、感受, 并反映作者的思维和个性特征。它既反映作者的时代特点, 又反映作者的个体差异。在进行语篇翻译时, 必须从作者认知世界的方式、文化、思维差异等跨文化语境因素进行考虑, 合理地进行双语语际转换。要从宏观和微观两方面进行整体和局部分析。也就是要“从大处着眼, 从小处着手” (Think globally, act locally) (曾利沙, 2007) , 既从整体上来把握篇章的主题以及主题倾向;又要从细节方面把握段落、词句, 准确遣词造句;同时还要符合一定的社会文化语境。
语篇翻译基本操作流程:
第一步就是要从宏观方面把握源文 (Source Text) 的主题。主题的确立实际上是一个抽象、概括的过程。这一过程, 也就是对整个语句序列的语义信息进行归纳与组织 (陈忠华, 2004:185) , 在确定主题后, 再来寻找各个次级主题。次级主题围绕着主题在文本线性发展中得到进一步扩展, 并形成主题倾向。按照曾利沙 (2006:65) 的观点, 所谓主题倾向, 即在主题规约下的认知逻辑导向, 并以次级主题结构形态在文本局部中得到体现, 是作者表现意图结构链上各节点的逐步展开, 各次级主题之间具有内在认知关联性。各层次主题按照性质以及语用关系, 在语篇发展中形成以下动态语用效果:
从宏观层面分析源语 (source text) 主题、主题倾向以及关联性社会文化语境后, 接下来就是要对段落结构进行分析。不同文化语境下的语篇结构是有差异的, 欧美国家属于盎格鲁—萨克森文化, 这种文化思维模式, 常常开门见山地把主题句置于段首, 文本线性发展也是由抽象、概括走向具体明晰。具有意合性特征的中文语篇, 段落结构主题句的位置具有自由度, 可以出现在句中, 也可以是结尾。这与中国传统哲学的整体观、综合思维和模糊思维有着密不可分的联系。译者在处理中译英时, 应当对句子顺序进行适当调整, 将主题句移至段首, 使其符合英语受众的语言文化心理。
段落结构弄清楚之后, 就可以从微观角度对源语 (source text) 进行准确解读并寻找最佳措辞。要考虑到不同社会文化语境下的指称类化和泛化问题、双语思维形态差异、语义预设以及词义的析取、泛化与缩小等问题。
2 英译文个案分析
下面笔者以张培基的《英译中国现代散文选》中的《渐》的英译文为例, 论述社会文化语境下译文的翻译策略, 并就译文进行个案分析。
首先让我们从宏观方面分析丰子恺这篇散文的主题、主题倾向以及社会文化语境。“丰子恺的散文, 多为关于艺术、儿童和人生的感怀和颖悟。以探究人生和自然奥秘为主, 且受佛教思想影响, 带有玄思色彩的。《渐》是丰子恺的一篇富有哲理性的议论散文, 文章以自我的情感体验和观察为基础, 抒写个人的见解和主张, 它通过对人的生命历程中渐变规律的描述和分析, 揭示时间的隐秘性和欺骗性, 告诫世人要珍惜时间, 把握渐变, 坚持做一个明达、谦让、平和的人, 呼吁社会的谦让与和平”。
首先, 应当理清全文思路, 把握文章内容。全文主要思想沿着以下轨迹行走:
人生阶段变迁→人生境遇转变→季节的转换→儿女成长→植物花开→昼夜的更替→渐的作用→渐的本质—时间→渐的外在表现;“大人格”、“大人生”的人, 不为“渐”所迷, 不为造物主所欺。由此我们可以确定它的主题:渐的本质为时间的微妙变化。
主题确定了, 文章标题也就确定了。对于标题的翻译, 在语义和语境下能够找到对等词汇时, 就采用直译法, 如Bacon的On study (《论读书》) ;不能对等翻译的情况下一般采用意译法, 也即译出文章的主题来。对《渐》的标题翻译, 张培基先生直译为Gradualness, 笔者认为字面的含义是译出来了, 但它的意境却没有译出来。“渐”在汉语文化语境里具有丰富的含义和深刻的寓意, 频繁出现中国古诗词中, 譬如“乱花渐欲迷人眼”、“衣带渐宽终不悔”、“渐黄昏, 清角吹寒”等, 是极具有诗情画意的一个字眼。具有汉语思维的人, 在阅读“渐”时候往往能够体会到深刻的意境和神韵, 而对应的“Gradualness”源于“gradual”, 在英文里属于一个修饰限定词, 不是一个中心词, 不能单独作为标题来表达完整含义, 更别说能产生什么意境出来。故把“渐”译为“Gradualness”只能是勉强地形似而神不似, 很难向具有英语思维的读者传达作者的意图和写作目的。既然很难找到单独对应词来直译《渐》这个标题, 就只能从主题翻译角度进行意译。例如, 可试译为The subtle fading of time/As time drags on/Time crawls/The true nature of time/The trick of time。
从宏观层面分析了语篇的社会文化语境、主题以及主题倾向后, 就要从微观层面对文章作出最佳解读, 从指称类化、泛化、语义预设、词义析取, 以及双语思维形态差异等几个角度咬文嚼字, 寻找译文最佳措辞了。
2.1 社会文化语境制约下的指称类化和泛化
指称类化和泛化是指指称词“你、我、他”等在不同的社会文化语境下发生指称类化嬗变, 指向特定的群体。例如曾利沙 (2006) 把“他饮他的花酒”中的“他”译为others, 指社会上公款吃喝、纵情于声色犬马的一类人 (others) , “我喝我的清茶”中的“我”进行泛化处理后, 译为第三人称a person (泛化) 。
《渐》是一篇议论性的散文, 而“散文的叙述的方式如果按照叙述主体的人称不同, 可以分为第一人称叙述、第二人称、第三人称叙述。第一人称, 叙述亲切自然, 能自由地表达思想感情, 给读者以真实生动之感;第二人称, 能增强文章的抒情性和亲切感, 便于感情交流;第三人称, 能比较直接客观地展现丰富多彩的生活, 不受时间和空间限制, 反映现实比较灵活自由” (王周平2010) 。
丰子恺《渐》这篇散文中, 除了在文章后面的“我们虽已经历数十寒暑……”、“我们曾在红蜡烛底下守候水仙花的开放”、“我觉得时辰钟是人生的最好的象征了”等几处出现了第一人称之外, 大多数情况下都没有出现叙述人称, 而是就事发表议论, 比较客观地反映生活。对于这种无人称叙述词出现状态下的翻译, 到底是以第一人称, 还是以第三人称进行类化、泛化处理更好呢?张培基的译文似乎有点难以把握, 在第一、二、三人称之间不断进行转换, 令人感觉人称上有点混乱。譬如:
例1我们虽已经历数十寒暑, 但在围炉拥衾的冬夜仍是难于想象饮冰挥扇的夏日的心情。
译文:Though we have gone through several dozen years, yet on a winter night when we sit around a fire or lie in bed, we can hardly imagine how we would feel on a summer day consuming cold drinks and fanning ourselves busily, and vice versa.
例2昼夜也是如此:傍晚坐在窗下看书, page上“渐渐”地黑起来, 倘不断地看下去, (目力能因了光的渐弱而渐渐加强) 几乎永远可以认识书页上的字迹, 即不觉昼之已变为夜。
译文:The same with daylight gradually fading into night.When you sit by your window reading a book towards the evening, you will find the words on each page“gradually”becoming blurred...
例3造物的骗人, 使人留连于其每日每时的生的欢喜而不觉其变迁与辛苦, 就是用这个方法的, 人们每日在抱了日重一日的牛而跳沟, 不准停止。自己误以为是不变的, 其实每日在增加其苦劳!
译文:The creator uses the same trick to make you so obsessed with life that you become oblivious to its changeableness and hardships.You are kept jumping over the ditch nonstop day after day with the growing calf in your arms...
译文评析:从以上三个例句我们可以看出, 译文对叙述人称未明示的句子用第二人称you进行人称类化 (如, 傍晚坐在窗下看书, 黎明凭窗) , 而叙述人称为中性时用第三人称 (如parents, their children) , 在叙述人称代词明示时采用第一人称we。中文作为意合性语言, 这种叙述人称在同一篇散文里出现也是很常见的, 但是英文作为形合性语言, 讲究语法和结构连贯, 就未免有点指称混乱、矛盾的感觉。从认知逻辑角度, 笔者觉得何不对那些未明示叙述人称都统一改用“we”来相称, 不是给人更亲切感觉吗? (如When we sit by window reading a book towards the evening) 作者借农夫抱牛犊跨过小沟的故事, 来泛化到人们都像农夫一样受造物主的蒙蔽, 每日负重抱牛。译文在处理叙述人称时把“人们”翻译成了“you”, 是把人称进行了类化——像农夫那样一类人。其实受造物主骗的是你我等芸芸众生。所以笔者认为倒不如把此处的“人们”泛化为“we”来得亲切。
2.2 社会文化语境下语义预设
语义预设是指某种潜在的已知信息, 或是先设和前提, 是交际双方共同认可的背景知识。在交际中中表现为一种认知推理 (曾利沙, 2006) 。
例4巨富的纨绔子弟因屡次破产而“渐渐”荡尽其家产, 变为贫者;贫者只得做雇工, 雇工往往变为奴隶, 奴隶容易变为无赖, 无赖与乞丐相去甚近, 乞丐不妨做偷儿……这样的例子, 在小说中, 在实际上, 均多得很。
译文:Fiction and reality abound with instances of a goodfor-nothing young man from a wealthy family“gradually”ruining his family by repeating business failures and becoming in turn a poor wretch, a hired labourer, a slave, a rogue, a pauper and a thief.
译文评析:纨绔子弟, 旧指那些富家子弟成天吃喝玩乐、不务正业的人。语义预设是他们除了吃喝玩乐, 什么事情都不做, 他们家产的荡尽原因又怎么是“business failures”?破产了就一无所有, 怎么还能屡次破产呢?既然是破产了, 当雇工、奴隶、无赖、乞丐或偷儿都是有可能, 又怎么还要轮流 (in turn) 一步一步去当呢?在汉语意合性思维里, 人们是可以接受这样的说法, 但在讲究逻辑关系的、作为形合性语言的英语里, 必然会造成逻辑认知上的困惑。
试译为:Fiction and reality abound with instances of a young good-for-nothing from a wealthy family“gradually”losing his family fortune and degenerating into a poor wretch, a hired labourer, a slave, a rogue, a pauper or a thief.
2.3 社会文化语境下词义的析取、增补与删减、泛化与缩小
例5在不知不觉之中, 天真烂漫的孩子“渐渐”变成野心勃勃的青年;慷慨豪侠的青年“渐渐”变成冷酷的成人;血气旺盛的成人“渐渐”变成顽固的老头子。
译文:Through the process of imperceptible gradual change, innocent kids become ambitious youths, chivalrous youths become unfeeling grownups, aggressive grownups become mulish old fogeys.
译文评析:人生渐变四部曲:孩子 (kids) →青年 (youths) →成人 (grownups) →老头子 (old fogeys) 。形容词体现的渐变:“天真烂漫”对应的英语词汇有innocent、naïve、carefree等, 考虑到孩子的特点是思想单纯、无忧无虑, 故而翻译成innocent、carefree比较到位。“慷慨豪侠”含义有大方、行侠仗义等特点, 故译为generous、chivalrous。冷酷:冷淡苛刻、残酷无情、毫无同情心, 在此处指年轻人装酷, 对任何事情无动于衷的样子, 故而要对中文词义进行缩小, 取它的中性含义unfeeling。血气旺盛形容人血气方刚、精力旺盛, 译为vigorous、aggressive。
为了体现人生渐变四部曲, 源文用了四个打引号的“渐渐”特别强调, 而译文中只是用非常普通四个的“Become”, 丝毫没有体现出人生各个阶段“渐变”的特点。孩子用grow up into青年, 青年mature into成人, 成人deteriorate into老人, 则能比较到位地体现作者的用意。
“顽固”一词对应的英语单词有Stubborn、Obstinate、Headstrong、Mulish。其中Mulish含义为as stubborn as a mule, 选择mulish修饰the old man, 不仅突出了老人的极度顽固, 而且更加形象、生动, 使读者产生联想而忍俊不禁, 同时又觉无可奈何。
例6阴阳潜移, 春秋代序, 以及物类的衰荣生杀, 无不暗合于这法则。
译文:The unnoticed mutual replacement of opposites, the change of the four seasons and the survival or extinction of species-all is imperceptibly governed by this law.
译文评析:“阴阳”属于文化缺省, 是中国传统文化所独有的, 翻译成汉语拼音yinyang, 并增补适当的释义为佳。
试译为:The subtle shift of Yin and Yang, the Positive and Negative Forces, the succession of seasons, the prosperity or weakness, survival or extinction of species are all governed imperceptibly by this law.
例7我们虽已经历数十寒暑, 但在围炉拥衾的冬夜仍是难以想象饮冰挥扇的夏日的心情;反之亦然。
译文:Though we have gone through several dozen years, yet on a winter night, when we sit around a fire or lie in bed, we can hardly imagine how we would feel on a summer day consuming cold drinks and fanning ourselves busily, and vice versa.
译文评析:经历数十寒暑, 指的是在世上活了很多年的意思, “数十”在中文是个虚数, 并非具体的数字。冬夜不记得夏日的热, 夏日不记得冬夜的寒冷时的心情。这一“热”一“冷”, 虽然中文没有明示, 但在英文里应该予以译出, 以形成对比。
试译为:Multi-years we may have survived on the earth, yet on a cold winter night, when we sit around a fire or lie in bed we hardly remember how we feel on those hot summer days when we enjoy the cold drinks and cool ourselves with fans, and on a hot summer day, vice versa.
2.4 社会文化语境下的双语思维形态差异
由于思维形态的差异, 在某种语言里被视为理所当然的事情, 在另一种语言里就未必了。社会观念和文化习俗的不同, 反映到作品中也会产生很大差异。比如汉语中许多不合情理逻辑的语言表达, 只能从意合性特征找到合理的解释。进行汉译英时, 要特别注意在社会文化语境下, 汉语的意合性与英语的形合性差异性。
例8因为其变更是渐进的, 一年一年地, 一月一月地, 一日一日地, 一时一时地, 一分一分地, 一秒一秒地渐进……
译文:...Since the change takes place by slow degrees—year by year, month by month, day by day, hour by hour, minute by minute, second by second...
译文评析:汉语时间顺序是由大到小, 而英语正好相反。而且从认知逻辑来看, 既然变更是渐进的, 那应该先是从秒来改变, 然后是分、时、日、月变, 最后才是一年一年地变。所以在将汉语语篇翻译成英语语篇时, 要特别注意英文时间、地点都是由小到大的顺序。
例9歌剧中, 舞台上的如花的少女, 就是将来火炉旁边的老婆子。
译文:Beautiful young ladies starring in an opera or stage show will someday end up becoming grannies moping their remaining years away around a fi re.
译文评析:“歌剧中, 舞台上”不是指两个供选择的独立的概念, 而是“上演歌剧的舞台上”。尤其考虑到作者创作此文的时代背景, 正是歌剧流行的时期。“火炉旁边的老婆子”在汉语文化语境中的含义, 大家都明白就是围着灶炉做饭的家庭主妇了。但是在英语文化语境里, 恐怕就不能让人与家庭主妇产生语义关联了, 欧式壁炉主要是用来取暖用的, “grannies moping their remaining years away around a fi re”让人感到理解上的认知困惑。
试译为:In an opera, beautiful young ladies starring on the stage will someday end up becoming grannies moping their remaining years away around the kitchen.
例10然而在乘“社会”或“世界”的大火车的“人生”的长期的旅客中, 就少有这样的明达之人。
译文:But few will be as sensible and considerate when making the long journey of life on board a big“social”or“global”train.
译文评析:乘“社会”或“世界”的大火车, 汉语意向性思维语境中理解是没有问题的, 比喻“在社会或世界的大舞台上”, 但照搬中文直译出来, “social”or“global”train对于欧美形合性思维的人来说, 就很难产生语义上认知关联了。
试译为:But few people in the society or even the whole world can keep sensible and considerate throughout a lifelong time.
3 结束语
语篇翻译是在原作基础上进行语言再加工的书写过程, 也是围绕着一些概念和命题进行线性展开的过程。因其难以把握, 翻译的不同策略也是仁者见仁, 智者见智的。在翻译时要做到从大处着眼, 小处着手 (Think globally, act locally) , 从宏观角度分析、寻找主题以及主题倾向, 合理安排篇章的结构。从微观角度来字斟句酌、咬文嚼字寻找最佳解读, 从而在不同的社会文化语境下进行合理的析词、取词, 以便达到译文既被目标受众所接受, 又不违背源语的精神和风貌的目的。
参考文献
[1]陈忠华等.知识与语篇理解——话语分析认知科学方法论[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2004:181-187.
[2]张培基.英译中国现代散文选 (第二辑) [M].上海外语教育出版社, 1999:152-158.
[3]曾利沙.主题倾向与社会文化语境关联性融合——兼论译者主体性的外在动因[J].外语教学与翻译, 2005 (7) .
一、《阿甘正传》对励志主题的诠释与升华
在1994年斩获奥斯卡六大奖项的经典美国励志电影《阿甘正传》,由温斯顿·葛鲁姆的同名小说改编而来,讲述了主人公阿甘的传奇一生。生来智商只有75的主人公福瑞斯特·甘,虽然先天智障,但在母亲的引导下,从小自强不息,最终奇迹般地在多个领域创造了不同奇迹,甚至还得到了总统的接见。阿甘的双腿无法像常人一般行走自如,走路要靠金属支架,但大学时期竟一跃成为受人瞩目的橄榄球明星,后来,参加越南战争的他因种种巧合成为著名越战英雄,甚至意外成为美国的乒乓球外交使者,到最后还坐拥十几条渔船,积累无数财富。电影将阿甘的一生讲述得生动而有趣,在观众看来,固然十分具有传奇色彩,而在电影中,更令观众为之动容的则是在阿甘身上体现出的励志精神。可以说,阿甘的一生,就是对“励志”这一主题最深刻的诠释。无知即无所畏惧。阿甘那颗淳朴简单的心灵,以及任何时候都不言放弃的执着,以及他仅有的智慧,指引着他把所有的能量、信念和勇气都集中于无尽的奔跑之中。阿甘不知疲倦地奔跑,这让他的一生拥有了精彩纷呈的阅历,亦让他从不断变迁中美国社会的阴暗面中逃离并得以保持自己的本真和人性中最可贵的真善美。在电影史上,阿甘注定会成为流传后世的经典人物形象,这不仅因为这_人物形象的魅力,更在于他所诠释的精神内涵。
二、《阿甘正传》在课堂教学中的使用效果
较之传统课堂教学中的“教师授课,学生听课”这一形式,使用电影作为教学的辅助手段显然提高了学生们课堂学习的兴趣和积极性,学生的注意力全然为电影所吸引。电影中,阿甘儿时,在珍妮的“Run!Forrest run!”中跑过了同龄人的打骂与嘲笑;上学时,在教练的严苛训斥中跑过了大学的足球场;从军后,在枪林弹雨的越南战场跑过了生与死;冷战时期,阿甘还跑过了乒乓外交的赛场;后来,又在众人的注视下跑遍了美国。故事层层推进,高潮迭起,而学生们在故事中思考,通过对主题的挖掘,得以全方位地感受主人公的励志精神。而影片中阿甘的经典台词成为学生们津津乐道的一部分,通过适当的引导,可以将其引入课堂的学习和练习中。相比课本上的正统的英文教学所选用的材料,影片中地道的美式英语在词汇和遣词用句方面更加贴近其母语环境。寓教于乐的教学方式有助于高效地促进学生的听说水平的提升,而影片以主人公坐在长椅上向路人讲述的方式将整个故事完整地娓娓道来,这一叙事角度同样也能够引发学生们在日后的英语写作中尝试不同的叙事角度的兴趣。从更深层面来看,课堂英语教学,不仅旨在使学生们打下扎实的英语视听说基础,还在于让学生拓宽视野,贴近地去认识西方社会的生活方式以及文化等,通过观看《阿甘正传》,学生还能在这142分钟的观影过程中迅速了解美国社会这几十年的变迁,这进一步拓宽了他们知识面。
三、励志主题的英文电影应用于英语教学的可行性
师者,传道受业解惑者也。在现代的教学中,除了教授知识、答疑解惑之外,“传道”——在这里可以认为是对学生道德品格的培养,也同样重要。从当前来看,这是保证学生德智体美全面发展的要求,从长远来看,则是教育事业的根本。教书育人,最终还是落实到对一代又一代学生的杰出品格和良好的人格修养的培养上。在提倡传递社会正能量的当下,在利用电影对课堂教学进行辅助的同时,对学生的品德方面的培养不容忽略。通过《阿甘正传》和同类型的励志影片,可以有效地向学生传递一种积极向上的人生态度,引导学生在日常生活中培养坚强乐观的性格。目前,我国正进入全面转型的发展阶段,改革开放以来的社会问题和矛盾正累积到一个临界点,另一方面则是人们的思想意识的不断进步以及自身诉求也在不断多样化,现代人道德水准降到了冰点。作为国家未来的建设者,学生群体的道德品格建设同样也对教育工作者提出了新的要求。在教学中传达励志精神,传递正能量是必要的,而很大程度上,可以认为,通过电影这一形式去传达,效果往往更好。
现代英语课堂最主要的目的在于让学生具备使用英语的能力——确切来说是能够将英语用于实际生活当中,如与人交流。而英文电影恰恰具备了这样的特质:它能够提供最正统最地道的语言环境,同时最大程度地展现英语国家的社会风貌。在课堂上,教师可以根据电影中不同的情境引导学生去体会电影中的语言、词汇、句型等,以此营造一种积极的学习氛围,让学生更好地投入到第二语言的学习当中。在通过实际的影视课堂教学中,学者们发现学生们英语学习的动机非常重要,并且这种教学方式也体现了电影的好处,那就是能积极地起到促进学生兴趣的作用。通过电影,学生可以更全方位地了解异国文化,观看电影这一轻松愉快的方式,还能营造出良好的学习氛围,大幅度提高学习效率。作为可以选用在课堂教学上作为辅助的电影,其艺术水平必然出类拔萃,借此机会培养学生电影艺术的鉴赏能力,这不仅能够提高学生的艺术修养,也体现了现代教学的先进理念。此外,在观看电影的基础之上,还可以指导学生进行相应的课后拓展,比如写影评、排練与之相关的主题小品或者话剧,甚至还可以对电影进行改编等。
翻 译 125
张 凡
If You are Honest, I Will Believe in You I don’t know whether you have noticed a note while you were eating in the dining room.There was a note put up on the vending machine, and the word on the paper really touched me.It said that, if you are honest, I will believe in you.The word recalls a story kept in my mind, and now I am so glad to share with you.I believe most of you have watched CCTV Spring Festival Gala this year, but who still remember an old man named Wu Hengzhong.(Look)This man, as a representative of “national moral models”, was invited to pay a New Year call to the people, and was also the protagonist of the story I am going to tell.He was a common 58-year-old peasant in Tongnan ,Chongqing.What makes him well-known is that he has been repaying a debt, which replaced his dead son.In 2001, his son, Wu Jun, borrowed money from his relatives and then bought a truck to make a living from it.However, in 2003, a misfortune befall him as well as his family was involved.He died in a car accident, leaving a 4-year-old child and 19 thousand debt.On the day of bury, he cried at his son’s grave, and said, don’t worry, I will replace the debt instead of you.After that, he was in great distress over the death of his son, but still was strong and alive.However, 19 thousand debt was a really huge sum for him, so for repaying the debt, he just reclaimed all the wasteland in the mountain, the total area 52 mu and became the largest local grower.How much is the 52 mu? Let’s make a calculation together.Each mu is approximately equal to 666 square meters, so 52 mu is about 35 thousand square meters, and is approach to the area of 5 qualified football court.Can you imagine that? An old man cultivated a so huge area.It means that he had to work day and night, and actually he did so.At the same time, for repaying the debt, he has been lived frugally, and the clothes he wore were all from others’.While he was still optimistic, he would rather lived hard himself but to be responsible to all the creditors.All this time, he has been repaid the debt little by little, and just because of his good faith, local residents believed him a lot and helped him.Up to now, all the debts has be paid.There is someone once advised him to work in other places so that he could earn more, but he refused for the reason of avoiding others’worry.He thought of, if he stayed in his hometown, so that the creditors would not have the worry of he would not repay their money.And just because of this belief and his good faith, he has been insisted this tough business.One thing I hope you can realize is that there is no legal provision requires the relatives should repay a debt instead of the debtor,even his father.Now my story is over.I am not sure whether you were touched deeply like me, but I still want to restate again.If you are honest, I will believe in you.Maybe life would be some different, but you will have a clear conscience, and that is more important.Thank you.
Each year, elite American universities and liberal arts colleges, such as Yale, Harvard, Columbia, Amherst and Wellesley, offer a number of scholarships to Chinese high school graduates to study in their undergraduate programs. Four years ago, I received such a scholarship from Yale.
What are these Chinese undergrads like? Most come from middle-class families in the big urban centers of China. The geographical distribution is highly skewed, with Shanghai and Beijing heavily over-represented. Outside the main pool, a number of Yale students come from Changsha and Ningbo,swhereseach year American Yale graduates are sent to teach English.
The overwhelming majority of Chinese undergraduates in the US major in science, engineering or economics. Many were academic superstars in their high schools - gold medallists in international academic Olympiads or prize winners in national academic contests. Once on US campuses, many of them decide to make research a lifelong commitment.
Life outside the classroom constitutes an important part of college life. At American universities the average student spends less than thirteen hours a week in class. Many Chinese students use their spare time to pick up some extra pocket money. At Yale, one of the most common campus jobs is washing dishes in the dining halls. Virtually all Chinese undergraduates at Yale work part-time in the dining halls at some point in their college years. As they grow in age and sophistication, they upgrade to better-paying and less stressful positions. The more popular and interesting jobs include working as a computer assistant, math homework grader, investment office assistant and lab or research assistant. The latter three often lead to stimulating summer jobs.
苏轼这首《念奴娇》,无疑是宋词中有数之作。立足点如此之高,写历史人物又如此精妙,不但词坛罕见,在诗国也是不可多得的。
他一下笔就高视阔步,气势沈雄:“大江东去,浪淘尽、千古风流人物”──细想万千年来,历史上出现过多少英雄人物,他们何尝不煌赫一时,俨然是时代的骄子。谁不赞叹他们的豪杰风流,谁不仰望他们的姿容风采!然而,“长江后浪推前浪”,随着时光的不断流逝,随着新陈代谢的客观规律,如今回头一看,那些“风流人物”当年的业绩,好象给长江浪花不断淘洗,逐步淡漠,逐步褪色,终于,变成历史的陈迹了。
“浪淘尽”──真是既有形象,更能传神。但更重要的是作者一开头就抓住历史发展的规律,高度凝炼地写出历史人物在历史长河中所处的地位,真是“高屋建瓴”,先声夺人。令人不能不惊叹。
“故垒西边,人道是、三国周郎赤壁”──上面已泛指“风流人物”,这里就进一步提出“三国周郎”作为一篇的主脑,文章就由此生发开去。
“乱石崩云,惊涛裂岸,卷起千堆雪”──这是现场写景,必不可少。一句说,乱石象崩坠的云;一句说,惊涛象要把堤岸撕裂;由于乱石和惊涛搏斗,无数浪花卷成了无数的雪堆,忽起忽落,此隐彼现,蔚为壮观。
“江山如画,一时多少豪杰”──“如画”是从眼前景色得出的结论。江山如此秀美,人物又是一时俊杰之士。这长江,这赤壁,岂能不引起人们怀古的幽情?于是,由此便逗引出下面一大段感情的抒发了。
“遥想公瑾当年,小乔初嫁了,雄姿英发”──作者在这里单独提出周瑜来,作为此地的代表人物,不仅因为周瑜在赤壁之战中是关键性人物,更含有艺术剪裁的需要在内。
请看,在“公瑾当年”后面忽然接上“小乔初嫁了”,然后再补上“雄姿英发”,真象在两座悬崖之间,横架一道独木小桥,是险绝的事,又是使人叹绝的事。说它险绝,因为这里原插不上小乔这个人物,如今硬插进去,似乎不大相称。所以确是十分冒险的一笔。说它又使人叹绝,因为插上了这个人物,真能把周瑜的风流俊雅极有精神地描画出来。从艺术角度来说,真乃传神之笔。那风神摇之处,决不是用别的句子能够饱满地表现的。
“羽扇纶巾”──这四个字,充分显示周瑜的风度闲雅,是“小乔初嫁了”的进一步勾勒和补充。
“故国神游,多情应笑我,早生华发”──从这里就转入对个人身世的感慨。“故国神游”,是说三国赤壁之战和那些历史人物,引起了自己许多感想──好象自己的灵魂向远古游历了一番。“多情”,是嘲笑自己的自作多情。由于自作多情,难免要早生华发(花白的头发),所以只好自我嘲笑一番了。在这里,作者对自己无从建立功业,年纪又大了──对比起周瑜破曹时只有三十四岁,仍然只在赤壁矶头怀古高歌,不能不很有感慨了。
“人间如梦,一尊还酹江月”──于是只好旷达一番。反正,过去“如梦”,现在也是“如梦”,还是拿起酒杯,向江上明月浇奠,表示对它的敬意,也就算了。这里用“如梦”,正好回应开头的“浪淘尽”。因为风流人物不过是“浪淘尽”,人间也不过“如梦”。又何必不旷达,又何必过分执着呢!这是苏轼思想上长期潜伏着的、同现实世界表现离心倾向的一道暗流。阶级的局限如此,在他的一生中,常常无法避免而不时搏动着。
综观整首词,说它很是昂扬积极,并不见得;可是它却告诉我们,词这个东西,绝不是只能在酒边花间做一名奴隶的。这就是一个重大的突破,也是划时代的进展。
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) , the greatest romantic novelist of the nineteenth century in American literature, is regarded as one of the pioneers of short stories.His tales“belong to the highest region of art.”Besides Mosses form an Old Manse and The Snow Image and Other Stories, his another collection of short stories, Twice-Told Tales, “contains perhaps the best definition of the short story from and ranks Hawthorne as the best practitioner of the art.”He created“the romance history of psychology, ”which put emphasis on psychological analysis.Like Poe, in his over one hundred short stories, Hawthorne usually explored the dark recesses of the human heart, as Herman Melville’s remark of his greatest achievement which is the best description of darkness.The Minister’s Black Veil, Young Goodman Brown, Rappccini’s Daughter, The Birthmark are four of his famous short stories, and also are the good examples of Hawthorne’s common themeprobing into the essence of the sin.
2.0 The source of Hawthorne’s creation thought
Hawthorne’s work are famous of ambiguity, which always examples the complication of the author’s thinking, based on his complicated life.
2.1 Hawthorne’s life
Bore in Salem, Hawthorne was himself the descendent of Puritan worthies, two of his ancestors won notoriety in the Puritan theocracy of seventeenth century New England, which he took shame upon himself.
2.2 Puritanism
Hawthorne is both an inheritor and critic of New England Puritanism.He was born in the old Puritan family and haunted by the spell of his ancestors’misdeeds.Yet, though Hawthorne freed himself from its precepts, he never escaped from the brooding upon sin and the moral life that was the cause of Puritanism and its legacy.The doctrine of original“sin”and entire degenerate rooted in Hawthorne’s thought.Puritanism, for him, was a“fortress from which he had escaped and was glad to be gone”. (5) The Puritan age and its sure morality was an obsession in his life.Spiritual failures, moral failures, were for him;as for the Puritans, the great theme, and all of his great characters can be described in no other terms.
3.0 Exploration of the sin in Hawthorne’s tales
3.1 Through symbolism and allegory
Though quite different from the optimistic Emerson, Hawthorne is influenced by the transcendentalist principle.Transcendentalists believe the universe is composed of Nature and the soul.On the one hand, they put emphasis on the spirit, or the over soul, which is regarded as omnipotent and omnipresent.It exists in Nature and man alike and constitutes the chief element of the Universe.On the other hand, the Transcendentalists offer a new conception of Nature far from being pure matter.Nature is symbolic of the spirit, or God.The physical word is a symbol of the spiritual.Hence the symbolism and allegory are used effectively in his works.Hawthorne believes that all truth that matters is inner and externalities are inherently deceptive.He tends to apprehend truth through emblems and with his deep ideas in simple and even mysterious symbols.
3.1.1 Scenes used as symbols.
Rooted deeply in the doctrine of Calvinism—predestination, original sin and total depravity, Hawthorne, in his tale describes many gloomy scenes to show his evil themes.The forest, which is always used as a symbol in Hawthorne’s works, is described as“the whole forest was people with frightful sounds, the creaking of the trees, the howling of wild beasts and the yell of Indians;while sometimes, the wind tolled like a distant church bell, and sometimes gave a broad roar around the travellers, as if all, nature were laughing him to scorn.”
3.1.2 Characters used as symbols
Besides the description of atmosphere, the theme also can be found out through the fates of characters.Faith’s name clearly indicates something of that quality, but the young wife’s misgiving and pink ribbons are also real.Furthermore, her husband’s loss of his wife implies his loss of his own faith.Brown cried in the forest This faith implies nit only his wife, but also the faith f the religion and human.At the beginning of the tale, the author said:“Faith as the wife was aptly named”.This Faith symbolizes Brown’s original faith, which becomes collapsed and lost when he meets with Satan and becomes suspicious of the goodness.Brown has been aware of his misbehavior on the way to the meeting, and also wants to turn back.However, He gradually loses himself when he finds more and more respected people get—together in the meeting.The sable from (Satan) shouts the secret deeds to Brown:“how hoary bearded elders of the church have whispered wanton words to the young maids of their households;how many a woman, eager for widow’s weds, has given her husband a drink at bedtime, and let him sleep his last sleep in her bosom;how beardless youths have made haste to inherit their fathers’wealth;and how fair damsels—blush not, sweet ones—have dug little graves in the garden, and bidden me, the sole guest, to an infants funeral.”
4.0 Conclusion
As the first American psycho—analytical writer, Hawthorne’s influence has been great.As Henry James puts it“ (Hawthorne’s) work will remain…Among the men of imagination he will always have his riche.”
摘要:霍桑, 美国心理分析小说的第一人, 因深受家庭和清教徒思想的影响在其作品中更多地反映人心深处的恶, 他的四篇短篇小说中恶的主题尤其明显。本文依此探讨恶在其作品中的体现。
关键词:霍桑,原罪,短篇小说
参考文献
一、区域材料的收集、投放围绕主题内容,丰富幼儿的游戏材料,便于幼儿开展活动
幼儿是活动真正的主人,在创造区域环境时我们充分考虑到幼儿之间的交流、合作、班级的实际环境。区域活动中材料是幼儿活动的对象,材料的选择要来自幼儿的生活。材料要便于收集,注重多样性。同时要考虑材料与主题内容之间的关系,做到有的放矢,加强材料投放的针对性、目的性和科学性。学期初,我们根据幼儿的实际、纲要要求制订出适合本班幼儿的主题活动。围绕主题内容我们和孩子一起收集各种区域材料,大力发展家长资源,收集各种废旧材料、半成品,如:纸盒、可乐瓶、雪碧瓶、树叶等,进行合理分类,围绕主题的深入开展不断地投放到各个区域中,让幼儿在区域活动中自由探索,自由创造,每个孩子都有机会自由的选择,用自己的方式学习。
二、区域材料的投放与主题内容之间的整合,鼓励每个幼儿积极参与,促进幼儿不同程度的发展
1.我们根据幼儿区域、主题活动的开展深入,不断进行更换和补充操作区域材料。如在冬天的主题内容中,我们在美工区投放了冬季服装、用品的涂色练习,还准备了绒线、各种布料头的剪贴装饰,手套的制作材料等,幼儿在美工区里练习涂色、剪剪贴贴,动手制作,完成了一件件的作品,教师将幼儿制作好的小手套、帽子、服装等布置到主题板上,一幅关于“冬天的用品”的主题内容就在幼儿的探索、操作中生成了,孩子们既得到了能力的发展,又获得了积极的情绪体验,促进他们更愉快地投入到区域活动中。材料投放的过程中我们注重层次性,分层进行投放,满足不同幼儿的需要,切实使每位幼儿都得到发展和提高。
2.创设互动的主题墙,让墙饰会“说话”。在“多彩和秋天”主题活动中,我们和幼儿—起观察,感知、探索秋的特征。孩子们通过自己的观察发现秋天到了,菊花绽放了;秋天到了,树叶变黄了;秋天到了,树叶一片片落下来了…幼儿对各种树叶充满了兴趣。我们就抓住这一契机和幼儿、家长一起收集各种树叶标本,孩子们非常积极、准备充分,收集来的每树叶上面都贴上了树木名称,在孩子们的交流中能力得到发展同时获得了知识。我们将孩子收集的树叶投放到益智区、操作区中,孩子们通过自己的操作探索用树叶进行贴画,制作出了美丽的金鱼,可爱的蝴蝶,安静的小屋等,老师及时地在主题墙上反映出来,看到自己的成果孩子们高兴极了,动手能力、创造能力,合作能力都获得了发展提高。活动中常看见孩子们在主题墙前交流评论,主题墙“活”起来了,形成了主题与区域与幼儿的三者互动,更大更好地发挥了作用。
三、增强幼儿的成功意识,促使区域活动和主题的不断探入发展
幼儿通过探索区域中的各种材料,挖掘各种材料的可塑性,让幼儿对区域材料感兴趣,愿意游戏。材料投放时注重每个幼儿的发展水平,投入材料循序渐进,由浅入深,并不断地进行更换和补充,教师在活动中注重引导,坚持从正面鼓励幼儿积极尝试,努力探索。当幼儿在活动中主动探索时,教师在—边观察鼓励他取得更大的进步;当幼儿在活动中遇到困难时,老师适时适当地帮助,引导幼儿找出解决问题的好方法。使每位幼儿都有成功的体验,获得积极的情感。
我们有意识地进行区域与主题的整合、互动。幼儿的作品、探究的“热门话题”呈现到主题内容中,幼儿产生了强烈的自豪感。如:我们班的轶轶,开学的口头禅就是“我不会”,每次不管什么活动,他的回答都是那句话,不动嘴,不动手,不动脑。有一次在区域活动时,我看见他拿了一支小蜡笔在纸上涂红苹果,虽然不是涂得最好,可也能一笔一画的自己练习,在活动讲评时,我特意把他的作品找出来剪下,布置到主题墙上的“果实树”上,他看到自己的作品被贴上主题板,开心地到处告诉小伙伴,看!老师把我的红苹果贴上去了!下午爸爸来接他时也激动地告诉爸爸:“老师表扬我了,看,那只苹果是我涂的”,从那以后他做事情好像有信心了,也乐于开始尝试,老师也在活动中不断鼓励他,主题板上也出现了更多他的作品,小轶已经融入到区域活动及主题墙的创设中,我们经常可以看到他在区域中认真的尝试、探索,现在即使在其他活动中他也积极投入,认真勇敢地表现自己,我们的区域活动和主题也得到不断地深入和发展。