语篇翻译答案1

语篇翻译答案1（共4篇）

语篇翻译答案1 篇1

As a great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism during the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius is a sage to the ancient Chinese people.His words and life story were recorded by his disciples and their students in The Analects.As an enduring classic of Chinese culture, The

Analects has influenced all thinkers, writers and politicians in the thousand years’ Chinese history after Confucius.No scholar could truly understand this long-standing culture or the inner world of the ancient Chinese without this book.2

大约在两千多年前，中国就出现了蜡染（wax printing）。在中国服饰中，蜡染是一种流传 时间长、流行范围大、使用领域广的服装工艺。蜡染是在布匹着色的过程中，以蜂蜡（beeswax）作为防止染色的材料。蜂蜡干了之后，会产生一些裂纹，这些裂纹在染色过程中渗透进靛蓝 色，于是形成了如冰花式样的美妙纹理。这样自然天成的纹理可以说是蜡染的灵魂所在。

Wax printing appeared in China about 2,000 years ago.Wax printing has long been a widespread technique used in the history of Chinese fashion.During the dyeing process, beeswax is applied to prevent some parts of the cloth form being dyed.When the beeswax dries, it develops cracks, which absorb indigo in the process of dyeing, thus forming the beautiful natural lines resembling breaking ice.These naturally formed lines represent the beauty and soul of wax printing.3

景泰蓝（cloisonné）是驰名中外的传统工艺，它集青铜艺术、瓷器和雕刻诸种工艺制作技巧 于一身，是一门地道的北京绝活。它是收藏家收藏的佳品，也是人们居家使用的精美物品。这项工艺始创于明代景泰年间，初创时的颜色主要是蓝色，故得名“景泰蓝”。到了成化年 间，景泰蓝技术进一步成熟，这个时期的作品沉稳凝重又透明灵动，而且铜胎也极为讲究。

Cloisonné is a traditional art widely known in and outside China.It is a kind of superb local expertise form of Beijing, which combines the skills of bronze art, porcelain, carving and other types of folk arts.It is deemed valuable in the eyes of collectors, as well as refined ornaments for daily use.The making of cloisonné first appeared during the Jingtai reign of the Ming Dynasty, with the main colour used being blue, hence the name “Jingtai Blue” as it became known later on.By the time of the Chenghua reign, the techniques for making cloisonné were further developed, with products of this period looking heavy and dignified yet not lacking in eloquence or vividness.Moreover, its cast was always made of choice copper.4

西塘在浙江嘉兴，位于上海和杭州之间。这个占地规模并不大的古镇有着悠久的历史，它初 建于春秋时期（the Spring and Autumn Period），位于吴国和越国的交界处。西塘的大致规 模在宋代之前就已经形成，今所见西塘著名的桥梁望仙桥（Wangxian Bridge）就是宋代的 遗迹。在明清时期，西塘既是远近闻名的鱼米之乡，又是著名的丝绸制造之地，还以制陶业（ceramics）而享誉全国。

Xitang is located in Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, between Shanghai and Hangzhou.Though small in size, this ancient town boasts a long history.It was first built during the Spring and Autumn Period, at the border between the states of Wu and Yue.The present layout had already taken shape before the Song Dynasty, and the famous Wangxian Bridge in Xitang is a legacy of the Song.By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Xitang had become a well-known trade centre for farm products, silks and ceramics, all produced in the surrounding areas and famous throughout the country.5

秧歌舞（Yangko dance）是中国汉族的一种传统民间舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者 通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装，他们的表演动作迅速有力。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上观看秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳舞来保持健康，同时他们也 乐在其中。

The Yangko dance is a traditional folk dance of the Han Chinese, commonly performed in the northern provinces.Yangko dancers usually wear bright and colorful costumes, and their

movements are vigorous and quick.During holidays, such as the lunar New Year and the Lantern Festival, as soon as people hear the sound of drums and gongs they swarm into the streets to watch Yangko dance performances, no matter how cold it is outside.In recent years, elderly people in some cities in Northeast China have been organizing themselves into Yangko teams, with the dancers enjoying themselves while keeping fit all year round.6

中国的青铜器时代（Bronze Age）从夏开始，经历商、西周到春秋时期（the Spring and Autumn Period），前后持续了一千五百多年的时间。大量出土的青铜器物表明，中国创造了灿烂的 青铜文明。这些青铜器物不仅有丰富的政治和宗教内涵，而且还具有很高的艺术价值。今藏 于中国历史博物馆的大盂鼎（the Great Ding for Yu）是中国青铜器时代的代表性作品之一。它是西周康王（King Kang）时期的作品，距今大约有三千多年。

The Bronze Age in China lasted more than 1,500 years, from the Xia through the Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties, to the Spring and Autumn Period.Large numbers of unearthed artifacts indicate a high level of ancient bronze civilization in the country.They feature rich political and religious themes, and are of high artistic value.A representative example is the Great Ding for Yu, which is now preserved in the Museum of Chinese History.It was cast about 3,000 years ago during the reign of King Kang of Western Zhou Dynasty.7

1911年，中国爆发了历史上的第一次资产阶级革命——辛亥革命（the Revolution of 1911），它推翻了中国封建社会的最后一个朝代——清朝，废除了中国延续了2000多年的封建帝制，建立了中国的第一个民主共和国——中华民国。民国政府成立以后，要求全国人民都剪掉头 上的辫子（queues），选择自己喜欢的发型。至此，在中国延续了280多年的辫子法令终于 被解除。

In 1911, the first bourgeois revolution in Chinese history — the Revolution of 1911 broke out.The last dynasty of the Chinese feudal society, Qing Dynasty, was over-thrown and the monarch system that had a history of more than 2,000 years was abolished.The Republic of China, the first democratic republic in China, was founded in 1912.After its foundation, the government of Republic of China had required the citizens to cut off their queues and make the haircut they liked.Since then, the wearing-queue order that had lasted for more than 280 years in China has been abolished.8

出现在中国五代时期的妇女缠足（foot-binding），虽然最初是宫廷舞女为了方便跳舞而采用 的一种行为，但由于有人认为脚裹起来更好看，所有很多人就开始效仿起来。到了宋代，封 建社会的纲常思想非常严重，受到男尊女卑的封建礼教的影响，女子裹脚的风气被传承下来，并逐渐成为一种习俗。为了与妇女的小脚相适应，宋代还出现了专门为裹足妇女制作的弓鞋（gongxie）。

The practice of foot-binding for women appeared in the Five Dynasties, but in the beginning, it was only adopted by the court dancers for convenience while dancing.Since people thought the foot-binding made women’s feet look more beautiful, many females rushed to follow suit.By the Song Dynasty, due to the importance of feudal ethical thoughts and influence of the feudal male superiority conception, the practice of foot-binding was inherited and became a custom.In the Song Dynasty, to meet the needs of women’s small feet, a kind of specially designed shoes gongxie was made.9

据中国古代史书记载，治水有功的大禹通过禅让制接替舜成为部落联盟首领。但大禹死后，他的儿子夏启却破坏禅让的传统，自立为国王，建立了中国历史上第一个奴隶制国家——夏。从此，王位实行世袭制度，中国社会从此步入阶级社会。夏代处在中国社会从原始社会向奴 隶社会过渡的时期，社会生活的各个方面依然保存着原始社会的种种痕迹。

According to the Chinese ancient documents, the legendary leader Shun abdicated and handed over his leadership to Da Yu who had made great contribution to controlling the flood of the

Yellow River of China.When Da Yu died, his son Xia Qi breached the tradition of demise system and set himself as the king.Xia, the first slavery nation in Chinese history, was founded.Since then, the hereditary system had been practiced.Thus, China stepped into a class society.The Xia Dynasty was a transition from primitive society to slave society.At that time, all aspects of social life still reserved traces of primitive society.10

北京烤鸭是自封建帝王时代就在北京城流行的著名菜肴，如今它被认为是中国的一道国菜。这道菜以它薄而脆的酥皮，以及厨师们在客人面前片鸭子的真实情形而著称。专门用于制作 烤鸭的鸭子在养殖65天后就被屠宰了，鸭子在烤制前要先用调料腌制（season），然后才送 进焖炉或者挂炉。鸭肉通常配上葱（scallion）、黄瓜和甜面酱，用薄饼卷着食用。

Peking duck is a famous duck dish that has been popular since the imperial era in Beijing, and is now considered a national dish of China.The dish is prized for the thin, crisp skin with authentic vision of the dish serving sliced in front of the diners by the cook.Ducks bred specially for the dish are slaughtered after 65 days and seasoned before being roasted in a closed or hung oven.The meat is usually eaten with pancakes, scallion, cucumbers and sweet bean sauce.11

秦始皇是中国历史上一位很有作为的皇帝，他生前动用了大量人力、物力为自己修造陵墓。秦陵兵马俑（Terracotta Warriors and Horses）就是为陪葬这位皇帝而制作的陶兵和陶马。秦 始皇陵兵马俑被发现于1974年。三个兵马俑坑（terracotta figurines pits）占地约20,000多平方米，8,000多个与真人真马一般大小的陶俑陶马，排列成整齐的方阵，再现了秦始皇统一 中国时兵强马壮的雄伟军阵。秦始皇陵兵马俑被称作世界第八大奇迹。

The first emperor of the Qin Dynasty, known as Qing Shi Huang, made great achievements in Chinese history.While still alive, he mobilized huge manpower and used a great deal of materials to build his tomb.The Terracotta Warriors and Horses were made as burial objects to accompany the emperor in the after world.They were first discovered in 1974.Archaeologists had unearthed some 8,000 lifelike soldiers and horses from three terracotta figurines pits occupying about 20,000 square metres.Standing in formation, they indicate the powerful array of troops of Qin Shi Huang when he unified China.They are regarded as the eighth wonder of the world.12

筷子是广泛适用于东亚各国的传统餐具。筷子的历史起源于中国古代，最早可以追溯到商代。筷子通常由竹子、塑料、木材或不锈钢制成。第一双筷子可能用于烹饪，拨火而不是作为饮 食器具。直到汉代，筷子才开始用作餐具。直到明代，筷子才开始被普遍使用于上菜或者吃 饭。然后它们被取名“筷子”，并拥有了今天的形状。

Chopsticks are used as the traditional eating utensils of various East Asian countries.Chopsticks originated in ancient China and dates back to as early as the Shang Dynasty.They are commonly made of bamboo, plastic, wood or stainless steel.The first chopsticks were probably used for cooking, stirring the fire and not as eating utensils.Chopsticks began to be used as eating utensils during the Han Dynasty.It was not until the Ming Dynasty that chopsticks were widely used for both serving and eating.They then acquired the name kuaizi and the present shape.13

公元960年，宋朝建立，后统一了中国大部分地区。宋朝的统治者建立了有效的中央集权制； 广泛任用民间的学术文人；地方的军事官员及其党羽都被中央任命的官员所替代。宋朝在城 市发展方面是非常显著的，这不单指其在管理上的职能，而且还包括其作为贸易、工业和海 上贸易的中心的职能。在文化上，宋朝发展了历史文献、绘画、书法及坚硬光滑的瓷器等。

In 960, Song Dynasty was founded, and later it reunified most of China.The rulers of the Song Dynasty built an effective centralized bureaucracy staffed with civilian scholar-officials.Regional military governors and their supporters were replaced by centrally appointed officials.The Song Dynasty is notable for the development of cities not only for administrative purposes but also as centers of trade, industry and maritime commerce.Culturally, the Song refined historical writings, painting, calligraphy and hard-glazed porcelain, etc.14

中国科举制度（Chinese Imperial Examination System）是指中国古代官僚机构选拔行政官员 的考试制度。古代的中国人要想成为一位官员首先必须通过多种考试。科举考试的历史可以 追溯到隋朝，在唐朝得到进一步巩固和完善，在清朝走到了尽头。科举制度在中国已经存在 了约1300年。它对中国古代的社会结构和政治体制有深刻的影响。即使是现代选拔公务员 的考试制度也是间接地从科举制度演变而来的。

Chinese Imperial Examination System refers to an examination system of selecting the

administrative officials for the ancient Chinese bureaucracy.Ancient Chinese who wanted to be an official had to pass multiple of examinations first.Its history dates back to the Sui Dynasty.During the Tang Dynasty, the system had been further consolidated and perfected.The system came to an end during the Qing Dynasty.The Imperial Examination System has existed for about 1,300 years in China.It exerts deep influence on social structure and political system in ancient China.Even the modern examination system for selecting civil service staff also indirectly evolved from the imperial one.15

唐代文化是中国文化的一个高峰。尤其是古典诗歌到唐代发展到全盛时期。在唐代300余年 的历史中，产生的流传于后世的诗歌就有48,900多首。如此丰富的作品也使2,300多位诗人 在历史上留下了他们的名字。唐诗在创作方法上，现实主义与浪漫主义并举。唐代最著名的 诗人是李白和杜甫，他们都是具有世界声誉的诗人，后人将他们合称为“李杜”。

The Tang Dynasty witnessed a peak in Chinese culture.Especially, ancient poetry flourished in the Tang Dynasty.In more than 300 years of the Tang Dynasty, some 48,900 poems were handed down and remain widely known today.So many works also made more than 2,300 poets famous in history.As far as the writing technique is concerned, the Tang poetry combined realism and romanticism.The best-known poets of the Tang Dynasty were Li Bai and Du Fu, who are very prestigious in the whole world and people of later generations called both of them as “Li Du” collaboratively.16

江苏菜，又叫淮阳菜，流行于长江下流区域，以水产作为主要原料，注重原料的鲜味。其雕 刻技术十分珍贵，其中瓜雕（melon carving）尤其著名。烹饪技术包括炖、烤、焙、煨（simmering）等。江苏菜的特色是淡、鲜、甜、雅。江苏菜系以其精选的原料，精细的准备，不辣不温的 口感而出名。因为江苏气候变化很大，江苏菜系在一年之中也有变化。味道强而不重，淡而 不温。

Jiangsu Cuisine, also called Huaiyang Cuisine, is popular in the lower reach region of the Yangtze River.Aquatics as the main ingredients, it stresses the freshness of materials.Its carving

techniques are delicate, of which the melon carving technique is especially well-known.Cooking techniques consist of stewing, roasting, baking and simmering, etc.The flavor of Huaiyang

Cuisine is light, fresh and sweet and with delicate elegance.Jiangsu Cuisine is well-known for its careful selection of ingredients, its meticulous preparation, and its “not-too-spicy, not-too-bland” taste.Since the climate varies considerably in Jiangsu, the cuisine also varies throughout the year.The flavor is strong but not too heavy;light but not too bland.17

王安石，北宋宰相、政治家、文学家、江西临川人。1042年，王安石考中进士，踏上了仕 途，从此积极投身于改革大业。他曾给宋仁宗写了一封万字的谏书（remonstrance），主张 朝廷全面改革法度，却没有得到重视。直到宋神宗时，王安石才得以有计划制定新的法度，大刀阔斧地展开以富国强兵为目的的变法运动。这就是中国历史上著名的“王安石变法”。

Born in Linchuan, Jiangxi province, Wang Anshi was a statesman, poet and prose writer in the Song Dynasty.In 1042, Wang Anshi outstood others in the feudal exam and became a Jinshi，marking his first step in his political career and the beginning of his commitment to the reform.He once wrote a remonstrance of ten thousand characters to Emperor Renzong, advocating an all-out reform of the feudal laws and systems.The letter, however, was neglected.It was not until the reign of Emperor Shenzong that he finally got the opportunity to carry out the reform aimed to strengthen the country’s power.This is the famous “Wang Anshi’s Reform” in the Chinese history.18 秦腔（Qingqiang Opera）起源于唐、宋年间的陕西农村，经明、清两代的发展，演变成现在 以“直起直落，慷慨激昂，荡气回肠”为主要特征的表现形式。在陕西境内，根据不同语言 特色和生活习惯，秦腔又分为东、中、西、南四路。西安秦腔吸取东、西两路秦腔的长处和 京剧等外来剧种的优点，既有高亢激昂、粗犷豪放的风格，又有柔和清丽、精致细腻的格调。

Qinqiang Opera originated in the Tang and Song dynasties from the rural areas of the ancient Shaanxi in China and took shape in the Ming and Qing dynasties.Now this folk opera is featured by melodies that do not have many changes yet sound impassioned and soul-stirring.Since the dialects and living habits vary from place to place within Shaanxi province, Qinqiang opera is classified into four schools: the eastern school, the central school, the western school and the southern school.Qinqiang opera performed in Xi’an has absorbed the merits of the eastern and western schools as well as those of other operas such as Peking opera.Thus it sounds loud and rough sometimes, soft and gentle at other times.19

根据中国的阴阳五行学说，世界上所有的事物都是由金、木、水、火、土五种元素构成，这 五种元素相生相克，白色代表金，绿色代表木，黑色代表水，红色代表火，黄色则代表土。中国社会发展到汉代以后，黄色开始被人所接受，并认为是最尊贵的颜色。唐代以后，服饰 制度规定只准皇室穿黄色的服饰，其他人一概不允许。

According to the Chinese thought of yin, yang and the five elements(metal, wood, water, fire and earth), all things in the universe consist of the five elements;there is a phenomenon of mutual promotion and restraint among the five elements.The white stands for metal, the blue for wood, the black for water, the red for fire and the yellow for earth.Since the Han Dynasty in Chinese history, the yellow had been accepted by all people and regarded as the most distinguished colour.By the Tang Dynasty, the clothing system stipulated that all the people were prohibited from wearing yellow clothes except the royal family.20

张择端是北宋时期的一位宫廷画师，拥有大量杰出作品，但最著名的应当是被后人称为“神 品”的《清明上河图》（A River Scene at Qingming Festival）。它是一部写实主义的精品，以当时开封城的景象为题材绘制而成。图中人物多达500余人，真实地再现了当时开封清明 时节的盛况。全图结构完整，描绘准确，被传为稀世珍品。《清明上河图》将那个时代的绘 画艺术推向了顶峰。

Zhang Zeduan is a royal painter in the Northern Song Dynasty, he left many outstanding works, but the most renowned one is A River Scene at Qingming Festival.With various scenes in Kaifeng

as raw materials, the painting paints more than 500 people and thus is a lively portrayal of Kaifeng on the day of Qingming Festival.So complete in organisation and so vivid in painting, A River Scene at Qingming Festival is deemed as the peak of painting at that time.21

清朝是中国的最后一个封建王朝。它由满族人（Manchus）建立，是中国历史上第二个由非 汉族人创建的统一王朝。满族人以前也被称为女真（Jurchen），他们居住在明朝境内东北 部、长城关外。在努尔哈赤（Nurhaci）统一女真各部落并建立了一个独立的部落之后，他 们成为了明朝晚期的主要威胁。满族人联合明朝的将军吴三桂打下了北京，并将其作为清朝 的首都。在这之后他们继续南下剿灭（subdue）明朝的残余反抗势力。在满族征战中国的过 程（1618—1683）中，总共造成了2500万人丧生。

The Qing Dynasty was the last imperial dynasty in China.Founded by the Manchus, it was the second non-Han Chinese dynasty that ruled the whole country.The Manchus were formerly known as Jurchen, residing in the northeastern part of the Ming territory outside the Great Wall.They emerged as the major threat to the late Ming Dynasty after Nurhaci had united all Jurchen tribes and established an independent one.The Manchu allied with the Ming Dynasty general Wu Sangui to seize Beijing, which was made the capital of the Qing Dynasty, and then proceeded to subdue the remaining Ming’s resistance in the south.22

明朝是中国历史上最后一个由汉族建立的王朝，历经十二世、十六位皇帝，国祚276年。明 朝初期明太祖朱元璋定都于南京市。1421年由明成祖朱棣迁都至北京市。明朝是继汉唐盛 世后又一个兴盛的中原王朝，也曾是手工业、经济最繁荣的国家之一。《明史》（The History of Ming）认为洪武、永乐在位时期，“治隆唐宋”、“远迈汉唐”。明朝时期，无汉唐之 和亲，无两宋之岁币，天子御国门，君主死社稷，为后世子孙所敬仰。

The Ming Dynasty is the last dynasty established by the Han Chinese in Chinese history.It had 16 emperors of 12 generations in its 276 years.Zhu Yuanzhang, founder of the Ming Dynasty, set its capital in Nanjing in the early years.Emperor Zhudi moved its capital to Beijing in 1421.The Ming Dynasty is a follow-up to the prosperous Han and Tang dynasties, when the handicraft industry and economy flourished.The History of Ming suggests that during the reign of Emperor Hongwu and Yongle, the Ming Dynasty was much more developed than the Han, the Tang and the Song dynasties.The Ming Dynasty was never forced to establish marital relationships with neighboring kingdoms like Tang Dynasty, neither did it pay any tribute like the Song did.Emperors in the Ming Dynasty all dedicated to its country and are respected by their descendants.23

年画（New Year Painting）是中国画的一种，始于古代的门神画（door god painting），在清 朝光绪年间正式被称为年画。北宋年间，每逢过年过节家家户户贴年画已成为一种风尚。木 板年画历史悠久，堪称中国民间艺术宝库中的一颗明珠。木版年画，顾名思义，就是用木板 印出来的年画，不但具有极高的收藏价值，而且还极具观赏性。朱仙镇木板年画和天津杨柳 青、山东潍坊、江苏桃花坞年画并称中国四大年画。朱仙镇木版年画采用的是手工木刻制作，制作工艺非常地讲究。

New Year Painting is a kind of Chinese painting originated from ancient door god painting.In the period of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty, it was formally known as New Year Painting.In the Northern Song Dynasty, it was a trend to paste new year paintings on New Year festivals and other holidays.The wood panel new year painting has a long history.It can be called a pearl of the treasures of folk art in China.The wood panel new year paintings, as its name implies, are painted with wood panels.They not only have very high artistic value, but also are highly ornamental.Wood panel new year paintings in Zhuxian Town, together with new year painting in Yangliuqing of Tianjin, Weifang of Shandong and Taohuawu of Jiangsu are collectively known as the four famous new year paintings in China.Wood panel new year paintings in Zhuxian Town are made of hand-made wood and the production process is very demanding.24

在中国古代社会，官服是权力的象征，历来受到统治阶级的重视。因为明朝皇帝姓朱，所以 官员的官服是以大红为主的（紫色从此不在官服中使用），且样式近似唐代圆领服。最有特 色的是用“补子”（buzi）表示官员的品级。补子是一块约40-50厘米的正方形丝绸材料，可织绣上不同的纹样，然后被分别缝缀在官服的胸前和背后。文官的补子用飞禽，武官用走 兽，分成九个等级。平常穿的圆领袍衫则凭衣服长短来区分身份，衣服长的人地位高。

In ancient China, the official dress was a symbol of power, and was taken seriously by the ruling class of ages.In the Ming Dynasty, as the emperor’s family name was Zhu meaning red, the

official dress was mostly bright red;as a result, the colour purple was no longer used as the colour for the official dress during the period.The Ming official dress looked quite similar to the

round-neck dress in the Tang Dynasty.The “buzi” was the most special characteristic of the Ming official dress, which was used to show the grade of officials.The buzi was a piece of square silk about 40-50cm, which was embroidered with different flower patterns and then sewn to the front part and back part of the official dress.The buzi of the civilian was embroidered with the figure of fowls, and that of the military officer was embroidered with the figures of beasts, which was

divided into nine grades.The ordinary round-neck gowns and robes were distinguished according to the length of the dress.The longer the clothes the higher the position.25

孙权，字（courtesy name）仲谋，今浙江富阳人。15岁时就开始征战沙场。他是一位善于 纳贤的英杰，勇敢果断，选拔官员的标准是唯贤任能。他大胆任用了一批年轻有为的将领，从而帮助孙权成就了一代宏图大业。孙权统治江东50年，对开发建业和整个江南地区做出 了重大贡献。他发展农业，兴修水利，疏浚（dredge）和扩大了秦淮河水道。他还发展了航 海事业，派人到夷洲（今台湾省），出使辽东半岛（peninsula）及南海诸国，还为西域僧人 建造了金陵的第一座佛寺——建初寺。

Sun Quan, whose courtesy name is Zhongmou, was born in Fuyang, Zhejiang Province.Sun began to fight on the battlefield when he was only 15 years old.Later, when he became a leader, he was brave, decisive and impartial in appointing officials.As a result, a lot of young yet talented men were promoted to important position, which helped Sun a lot in building his kingdom.During his fifty years’ rule, Sun Quan contributed a lot to the development of Jianye(present Nanjing)and the south China as a whole by developing agriculture, building irrigation projects as well as dredging and widening the waterway of the Qinhuai River.What’s more, he helped to develop China’s navigation industry by sending off convoys to Yizhou(modern Taiwan Province)，Liaodong Peninsula and some island countries around South China Sea.Under his order, the first Buddhist temple which was named Jianchu Temple was built for monks from the Western Regions.26 祖冲之，429年生于建康（今南京），他从小就显示出过人的才学。他最伟大的贡献就是把 圆周率的数值精确计算到3.141,592,6和3.141,592,7之间。这个数值在当时是世界上最精准 的圆周率数值。直到大约一千年后，欧洲数学家才求得同样的结果。由于祖冲之在计算圆周 率方面的重大贡献，圆周率又被称为“祖率”。国际科学界还将月球上的一座环形山（lunar crater）命名为“祖冲之山”（Tsu Chung-chi）。国际行星中心还以他的名字命名了一颗小 行星（asteroid）。这些都是为了纪念这位伟大的科学巨匠。

Born in Jiankang(present Nanjing)in 429, Zu Chongzhi(Tsu Chung-chi)displayed unusual talent from his childhood.Based on others’ achievements, he calculated out that the precise value of π shall be between 3.141,592,6 and 3.141,592,7.This was the most precise approximation at that time and it was not until one thousand years later that a European mathematician came up with the same result.For all his great contribution, π is also called the Zu ratio in honor of Zu Chongzhi.What’s more, the international scientific circle named one lunar crater as “Tsu Chung-chi”.And the International Planet Centre named one asteroid after his name.All these efforts are done to commemorate this great scientist.27

编钟（Bianzhong）是中国传统的乐器，由青铜铸成，它由不同的钟依照大小排列。这些钟 悬挂在一个巨大的木制钟架上。这些编钟曾被用作和弦乐器（polyphonic musical instruments），其中一些钟的历史可以追溯到2,000到3,000年前。迄今为止最重要的一套 编钟在挖掘曾侯乙（Marquis Yi）的古墓时出土，它由65个大小编钟组成，保存完好。曾 侯乙编钟铸造于两千五百多年前的战国时代（Warring States），制作精美，总重量达到两千 五百多公斤，今天它仍然能够演奏乐曲，在这世界文化史上也是极为罕见的。

Bianzhong is an ancient Chinese musical instrument consisting of a set of bronze bells which are placed by size and hung in an enormous wooden frame.These sets of chime bells were used as polyphonic musical instruments and some of these bells can be dated back to 2,000 to 3,000 years ago.Among the most important sets of Bianzhong discovered are a complete ceremonial set of 65 zhong bells, found in a near-perfect state of preservation during the excavation of the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng.Made in the Warring States about 2,500 years ago, the bells of Marquis Yi of Zeng which feature exquisite workmanship and have a total weight of over 2,500 kilograms can still be played today, which is rare even in the history of world culture.28

在英文中，“中国”与“瓷器”是一个词，这说明，很早的时期欧洲人就把中国与瓷器联系 在一起的了。瓷器15世纪时就传入欧洲，在中外交流中占有重要位置。德国卡塞尔郎德（Keisel Randy）博物馆至今还藏有一件中国明代青瓷（blue-and-white）碗。历史上，中国 和亚洲的其他国家以及欧洲国家的瓷器交易极为频繁，而且数量巨大。据今人研究，在 1602-1682年间，仅荷兰东印度公司（the Dutch East India Company）从中国贩运到欧洲的瓷 器就有一千六百多万件。瓷器以其优雅精致的品质，为中国赢得了好名声。

In English, china has the same meaning as porcelain.This proves that Europeans have long known of China’s relation to porcelain.Porcelain found its way to Europe in the 15th century, occupying an important position in the exchanges between China and other countries.The Keisel Randy Museum in Germany houses a blue-and-white bowl dating back to the Ming Dynasty.Throughout history, China, along with other Asian countries, and Europe maintained a busy and vast trade in porcelain.From 1602 to 1682, the Dutch East India Company alone transported more than 16 million articles of porcelain from China to Europe.Porcelain earned a good reputation for China for its sophistication and elegance.29

中国人为什么要修长城？在秦始皇时代，每二十个人中，就有一个人参与修建过长城。中国 人经历了无数次毁灭性的战争，他们深知，保护生灵的城墙总比掩埋尸体的壕沟（trench）好。修建长城有说不尽的艰辛，甚至不少人还因此付出了生命。但与惨烈的战争相比，人们 更愿意选择前者。长城在中国历史上发挥的作用是巨大的。在冷兵器时代，长城在军事防御 上起到了不容置疑的作用，尤其在防御北方民族所谓的“马背上的进攻”方面，效果是明显 的。

Why did the Chinese build the Great Wall? During the reign of the First Emperor of Qin, one out of every 20 people took part in the project.Suffering from the devastating damage of wars, people realized that building a wall to protect lives was better than burying the dead in trenches.Building walls was extremely hard labor, sometimes even at the cost of life itself.Compared with bloody wars, however, people would rather choose the former.The Great Wall played a significant role in history.It certainly served the purpose of military defense in the age of cold steel, especially in preventing attacks from northern peoples on horseback.30

围棋（go）于四千多年前起源于中国，是一种重要的棋盘游戏，并在一千多年前就先后传到 朝鲜半岛（peninsula）和日本，为东北亚人们普遍喜爱。每年中、日、韩之间有多种围棋比 赛，围棋成为文化交流的工具。围棋不仅是竞赛项目，也是一种游戏活动，文人（literati）的案台上常常备有围棋。客人来了，除了有酒，还有围棋。旧时，无论在农村还是在市井，人们常常可以见到这样的场面：两个人在对弈，旁边站着一大片观棋的人，观棋的人得到的 快乐丝毫不比下棋的人少。

Go is an important board game with origins in China from more than 4,000 years ago.It was introduced to the Korean peninsula and Japan over 1,000 years ago, and has since become a favorite pastime of many people there.Today, go still serves as a means of cultural exchange between the peoples of China, Japan and Korea, as they engage in numerous tournaments every year.Go is not only a competitive event but also a game of entertainment.The literati would usually have a set of go pieces on their desks.When a friend came around, both the host and the guest would enjoy a game of go, along with fine wine.In ancient countryside and towns, a pair of go players in an open space would often attract an attentive crowd, with the onlookers enjoying the game no less than the players.31

在中国，小孩子的抓周（one-year-old catch）仪式独具风格，在孩子的成长过程中，这个仪 式具有里程碑式的重要意义。抓周仪式在小孩满一周岁的时候举行，最早记载于北齐。小孩 子满周岁的那天，在吃中午的长寿面之前，家里的长辈们会将书、笔、钱币、首饰、玩具和 食物等摆出来，由大人将小孩抱过来，令其端坐，大人们不给予任何的引导或暗示，任孩子

任意挑选，并以此为依据来预测孩子可能存在的志趣和将要从事的职业以及发展，也寄寓了 长辈们对孩子的美好期待。

In China, the one-year-old catch of a baby is of unique characteristic.The ceremony is of milestone-like significance in the growing process of a baby.The ceremony usually celebrates when the baby is one year old.The earliest historical record about one-year-old catch appeared during the Northern Qi Dynasty.On the day when a baby is one year old, the family of the baby will lay out books, pens, coins, jewelries, toys and foods, etc.The parents then put the baby in front of these articles and make him/her sit up.Nobody will give any instruction or cue to the baby so that it is left free to choose by himself/herself.According to the articles the baby catches, the family try to make predications about the baby’s potential interests, future career and development.The ceremony also represents that the elder place good wishes and hope on the baby.32

武则天是中国历史上空前绝后的唯一一位女皇帝，她创造了中国历史的奇迹。她是中国历史 上杰出的政治家、军事家，同时也是一位诗人。武则天出生于唐朝的大户人家，她拥有盖世 的美丽和绝顶的聪明，并喜欢读书。童年时曾随父母游历了名山大川，这培养了她的眼界和 才干。她14岁入宫，在经历了很多坎坷和磨难之后，终于当上了皇后。690年，武则天改 国号（the title of the dynasty）唐为周，正式做了皇帝。她执政期间，经济、文化繁荣发展，边疆稳固，人民生活幸福。

Wu Zetian, the only female emperor in Chinese history, created the miracle of Chinese history.She was an outstanding politician, strategist as well as a poet in Chinese history.Born in a wealthy family in Tang Dynasty, she was the most beautiful and intelligent of her time, and she also liked reading.She had visited famous mountains and great rivers with her parents when she was a child, which had broadened her horizon and developed her talents.She was sent to the palace when she was 14.After many difficulties and hardships, she became the empress finally.In 690, Wu Zetian changed the title of the dynasty Tang to Zhou, and became the emperor herself.During her reign, the economy and culture developed rapidly, the frontier got stable and people led a happy life.33 玉雕（jade carving）是中国最古老的雕刻品种之一。玉石历来被人们当作珍宝，在中国古代，玉被看作是美好品质和君子风范的象征。玉石加工雕琢成为精美的工艺品，称为玉雕。工艺 师在制作的过程中，根据不同玉料的天然颜色和自然形状，经过精心设计、反复琢磨，才能 把玉石雕制成精美的工艺品。玉雕的品种主要有人物、器具、鸟兽、花卉等大件作品，也有 别针（brooch）、戒指、印章等小件作品。中国的玉雕作品在世界上享有很好的声誉。

Jade carving is one of the oldest carving arts in China.Jade was always treated as treasure.In ancient China, jade was regarded as a symbol of refinement and moral ethics.Jade carving refers to the process to carve a piece of jade into a fine article of art.A carving artist has to thoroughly examine a piece of jade, cudgel his brains to make a design according to its natural colors and shape, and turn it into an artistic work.Jade can be carved into human figures, containers, images of birds, animals, flowers as well as small things like brooches, rings or seals.Chinese jade carving works enjoy a high reputation in the world.34

生活在中国黄河中上游的黄土高原上（the Loess Plateau）的人们，利用那里的黄土层建造了 一种独特的住宅——窑洞（cave-dwellings）。窑洞分为土窑、石窑、砖窑等几种。土窑是 靠着山坡挖掘成的黄土窑洞，这种窑洞冬暖夏凉，保温和隔音效果最好。石窑和砖窑是先用 石块或砖砌成拱形洞，然后在上面盖上厚厚的黄土，既坚固又美观。由于建造窑洞不需要钢 材和水泥，所以窑洞的造价较低。随着社会的发展，人们对窑洞的建造不断改进，黄土高原 上冬暖夏凉的窑洞越来越舒适美观了。

People living in the Loess Plateau which lies in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River make use of the solid to build unique residences called cave-dwellings.These can be further

divided into earthen, rock-walled and brick-walled types.Earthen cave-dwellings are hollowed out of mountain slopes;they are warm in winter and cool in summer, and are also sound-proof.Stones or brick-walled cave-dwellings are usually built with stones or bricks first into arch-shaped house and then covered with a thick layer of earth.Since there is no need for steel and cement, the building cost is low.As society progresses, construction of carve-dwelling keeps improving, and today, such houses are more comfortable inside and more pleasant in appearance.35

轿子（sedan chair）是中国古代很重要的交通工具，主要由人来肩扛手抬。汉代的权贵（bigwig）们坐在由人像背包那样背着的轻便竹椅中行进。在北魏和南北朝时期，山水卷轴中出现了绑 在竹竿上的木制轿子。轿子在种类上有官轿、民轿和喜轿等。轿子最重要的用途可能就是用 作喜轿了。传统的中国婚礼上，新娘子被雇来的人用轿子抬到婚礼现场。喜轿装饰华丽、喜 庆（jubilant），通常这些轿子还装饰有一个由红色丝绸制成的帘子，用来防止新娘子的闺 容被旁观者看见。

The sedan chair can be regarded as a crucial vehicle of ancient China.It mainly has the virtue of lifting with shoulders and hands.In Han Dynasty, the bigwigs travelled in light bamboo seats supported on a carrier’s back like a backpack.In the Northern Wei Dynasty and the North and South Song dynasties, wooden carriages on bamboo poles appeared in painted landscape scrolls.As for its kind, the sedan chair can be classified into three types: sedan chair for officials, the civilian and weddings.The chair with perhaps the greatest importance was the bridal chair.A

traditional bride is carried to her wedding ceremony by a “shoulder carriage”, usually hired.These were richly ornamented and jubilant, and were equipped with red silk curtains to screen the bride from onlookers.36

龙袍（imperial robe），从字面上理解就是绣（embroider）有龙形花纹的袍服，在中国古代 服饰文化史上占有重要地位。龙纹最早出现在周朝，当时出现画有龙纹的服装，但没有出现 真正意义上的龙袍。秦汉时期，上下相连的袍服出现，但袍服上仍没有龙形的花纹。直到隋 唐时期冕服上才开始出现龙纹，但是帝王平时穿用的常服上并没有龙纹。只有到了元明时期，帝王袍服上绣有龙纹的现象才越来越多，自此也就出现了真正意义的龙袍。

Imperial robe literally means a robe that is embroidered with images of Chinese dragon, which played an important role in the history of Chinese ancient dress culture.The design of Chinese dragon appeared as early as in the Zhou Dynasty but the real imperial robe had not yet existed.By the Qin and Han dynasties, the robe with upper and lower parts as a whole was designed, but still no flower pattern of Chinese dragon on the robe.By the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the crown clothing that consisted of both upper clothes and lower skirt began to have the flower pattern of Chinese dragon.However, the ordinary dress worn by the emperor wasn’t embroidered with the flower pattern of Chinese dragon.Only by the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, imperial robe

embroidered with the flower pattern of Chinese dragon began to become more common and the real imperial robe came into being.37

西安作为十二朝古都，见证了历史的荣辱兴衰。历史在这里留下的文物景观和遗址不胜枚举，如兵马俑（Terracotta Warriors and Horses）、大雁塔（the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda）、华清 池等都是人类文化艺术的瑰宝。大雁塔位于西安南郊，建于唐代，是唐朝太子李治为了追念 他的母亲文德皇后而建立的，至今已经有1000多年的历史。大雁塔塔身由青砖砌成，结构 坚固，外观简单又不失庄严，最初建立的时候只有5层，后来又经过多次重修，现在的塔是 7层，高达64米。

As the capital of twelve dynasties, Xi’an had witnessed the rise and fall of history.There are numerous cultural relics and historical sites throughout the history.Among them are Terracotta Warriors and Horses, the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda and the Huaqing Pool, which are all precious treasures of humankind’s culture and art.Located in the south suburbs of Xi’an, the Giant Wild Pagoda was built by Li Zhi, a prince of the Tang Dynasty in memory of his mother Empress Wende and has stood there ever since for more than one thousand years.Simple yet solemn, the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda is of a firm structure built of grey brick.Originally built with only 5 stories, the Pagoda now measures 64 metres high with additional two stories after several repairs.38

中国人有在清明节扫墓祭祖和踏青插柳的习俗。每到清明节，家家户户都要到郊外去祭扫祖 先的坟墓。人们为坟墓除去杂草，添加新土，在坟前点上香（incense），摆上食物和纸钱，表示对祖先的思念和敬意。清明时节，树木发芽，到处一片新绿，呈现出生机盎然的景色。人们会到郊外呼吸新鲜空气，观赏蓝天、绿树、小草和鲜花，或者折根柳枝在戴在头上，叫 做“插柳”。据说，插柳可以驱除鬼怪和灾难，祈求平安幸福。

The Chinese people have the custom of sweeping the tombs, taking an outing and wearing a willow twig on the head on the Tomb-sweeping Day.When the Tomb-sweeping Day comes, every family will go to the country side to hold a memorial ceremony at their ancestors’ tombs.People get rid of any weeds growing around the tomb, add new earth, burn incense and offer food and spirit money to show their remembrance and respect for their ancestors.At this time, the grass and trees have put forth new buds, with fresh green everywhere, which reflects the vitality of spring.It is a good time for people to breathe the fresh air in the countryside and appreciate the blue sky, green trees, grass and flowers.People like to wear a willow twig on the head because it is supposed to be able to drive away ghosts and disasters and bring safety and happiness.39

618年6月18日，唐朝由高祖建立，是中国文明的黄金时代，在艺术，文学，尤其是在诗 歌和科技上发展显著。佛教成为普通百姓的主要宗教。长安（今西安）是唐朝的首都，是当 时世界上最大的城市。第二任皇帝太宗发动了军事行动来化解游牧（nomadic）部族的威胁，扩展边界，使邻国服从朝贡（tributary）制度。唐朝在塔里木盆地（Tarim Basin）军事上的

胜利保持了丝绸之路畅通，连接长安到中亚地区，并远至西部。在南方，利润丰厚的海上（maritime）贸易路线从港口城市开始，如广州。

Tang Dynasty was founded by Emperor Gaozu on 18 June 618.It was a golden age of Chinese civilization with significant developments in art, literature, particularly poetry, and technology.Buddhism became the predominant religion for common people.Chang’an(modern Xi’an), the national capital, was the largest city in the world of its time.The second emperor, Taizong, launched military campaigns to dissolve threats from nomadic tribes, extended the border, and submitted neighboring states into a tributary system.Military victories in the Tarim Basin kept the Silk Road open, connecting Chang’an to Central Asia and areas far to the west.In the south, profitable maritime trade routes began from port cities such as Guangzhou.40

中华民族是龙的传人，而实际上根本没有龙这种动物存在，它只是人们臆想出来的一种动物 象征，结合了许多种其他不同动物的特征，包括：鹿、鱼、老虎、狮子、马、牛、驴、蛇、和秃鹰（vulture）。龙被人们看作是一种具有神性的动物，时常与云朵、雷电和降雨联系在 一起，它可以在陆地行走，在海里游泳，在天空翱翔，化作风神和雨神。中国人不仅认为龙 是一种福神（mascot），还是权力、尊严、运气、力量和成功的化身。

语篇翻译答案1 篇2

Unit 1 text A Translation 1.这个小男孩最喜欢做的事就是搭积木

What the boy likes to do most is putting together building blocks.2.就先前的工作经验而言,约翰是这个职位的最佳候选人.In terms of previous working experience, John is the best choice for this position.3.我的物理老师经常使用类比来说明一些较难理解的概念

My physics teacher often uses analogy to explain some difficult concepts.4.在家人和朋友的帮助下,汤姆经营的出版企业逐渐兴旺起来

With the help of his family and friends, Tom built up his publishing business bit by bit.5.琳达没能进入那所著名的大学,但她打算重新开始,而不是逃避挑战

Linda was not able to go to that famous college, but she planned to start all over again rather than give up the challenge.6.这个公司有着很好的公众形象。人们总是将它的产品与高质量和优质服务联系在一起。This company has a very good public image.People always associate its product with high quality and good service.Unit 2 text A Translation 1.孩子们很苦恼,因为他们的家长不允许他们在铁路轨道旁玩耍

The children were pretty annoyed that their parents won’t allow them to play around the railway track.2.我打赌我只要速度快一点,肯定会比他们先到目的地

I bet if I pick up a little speed I will reach the destination sooner than they do.3.这种糟糕的天气让人不想出去，你还不如在家舒展一下筋骨，做做运动

You don’t want to go out in such rotten weather.It’s better for you to stay home and stretch your legs and do some physical exercises.4.已经十点半了,你不应该还在睡觉!快赶到飞机场去接你弟弟!It’s half past ten, and you are not supposed to be sleeping!It’s time to head for the airport to pickup your cousin.5.是谁想到让麦克来接管这项工程的? Who came up with the idea to ask Mike to take over the Project.6.学校对不同种族背景的学生没有区别对待。

The school makes no distinction in treating students from different racial backgrounds.Unit 3 text A Translation 1.他是一个合格的机械师，但他后来却搞起了国际贸易。

He is a qualified mechanic, but he winds up with a job in international trade.2.他在业余时间报名参加计算机基础知识的培训,但没能坚持到底。

He enrolled in an elementary computer training program in his spare time, but he fails to get through.3.校长经过面试,选择了几个优秀的大学毕业生从事教学工作。

After the interviews, the principal chose several outstanding university graduates to work as teachers.4.这份合同对我们公司非常重要，所以写得越具体越好。我要和我的同事们好好谈谈。This contract is very important to our company.The more concrete it is, the better.I need to talk it over with my colleagues.5.那个小男孩患上了严重的白血病,必须转到大医院接受进一步治疗

The boy suffers from severe leukemia and has to be transferred to a big hospital for further treatment.6.当他得知父亲所在的学校已经倒闭后,泪水从他的脸颊上滚落下来。

When he heard that the school where his father worked had closed down , tears rolled down his cheeks.Unit 4 text A Translation 1.布鲁斯先生对他不尊重当地传统的行为表示了歉意。

Mr.Bruce made an apology for disrespect for the local traditions.2.在会议上,双方就两国关系方面交换了各自的观点。

At the meeting the two parties exchanged their opinions on the relationship between the two countries.3.他目前心情很糟糕,不适合在公共场合露面。

he is in such a bad mood that it is not appropriate for him to appear in public.4.你提水的时候至少应该做到不要把水泼出来呀！

You should at least try not to spill the water when carrying it.5.这位科学家的论点得到了学术界的极大支持。

the argument of this scientist received tremendous support from academic circles.。6.无论你遇到什么困难,大家都会帮你渡过难关的。

No matter what difficulties you may come across, we will pull you trough.Unit 5 text A Translation 1.移动通信会取代固定电话成为人们最常用的通讯方法吗? Will mobile communication edge out fixed lines as the most frequently used means of communication? 2.我指指墙上的钟。女儿心领神会,加快了穿衣服的速度。

I pointed at the clock on the wall.My daughter took the hint and sped up dressing herself.3.在会议期间，请各位关闭手机或将其调整至静音状态。

Please switch off your cell phone or set it in silent mode during the meeting.4.气象学家密切关注台风的发展，以便及时向公众发布警报。

Meteorologists are on the lookout for the progress of the typhoon so as to alert the public in time.5.小张说中国经济稳定增长，前景看好，所以他决定回国就业。

Xiao Zhang cited the steady economic growth in China and its bright future to explain his decision to return to work here.Unit 6 text A Translation 1.杰米冲到人行道上，捡起钱包，举得高高的，大声喊道：“妈妈，你的钱包掉了！”

Jimmy raced to the sidewalk, picked up the purse, which he held high up, and shouted, “Mom!You’ve dropped you purse.”

2.父亲最近情况不是太好，我这部小说写完后就回北京照顾他。

Father has been in a rather bad shape recently.I’ll return to Beijing to care for him as soon as I’m finished with writing this novel.3.我突然想起他让我帮他收拾行李，因为他明天要出差。

It suddenly came to me that he had asked me to pack up for him because he was leaving on a business trip tomorrow.4.她收拾好她的东西然后悄悄的离开了家。

She gathered up her belongs and left home quickly.5.他谁的话都不听。我不知道拿他怎么办。

He won’t listen to anyone.I don’t know what to do with him.Unit 7 text A Translation 1.在喝了三罐啤酒之后，玛丽连站都站不起来了。

After drinking three jars of beer, Mary could hardly get to her feet.2.由于担心房产价格可能会下跌，一些房产商开始急于出售房屋。

Some real estate developers are now eager to sell their houses for fear that the prices might drip.3.当琳达打开房门时，眼前的景象使她惊呆了。橱柜的门都敞开着，地上到处是衣服和书。When Linda opened the door, she was shocked by what she saw.All the cupboard doors were wide open, and there were clothes and books lying here and there on the floor.4.麦克早已经对老板每周一次的长篇报告感到厌倦，每次听着听着他总会打起盹来。

Mike has already got tired of long speech given by his boss every week.He always dozed off in the middle of it.5.芬兰是一个以湖泊众多而著称的国家，我曾经去过几次，非常喜欢那个地方。

Finland is remarkable for its large number of lakes.I have been there once or twice, and I like it very much.6.在贝蒂三岁生日的那天，爸爸送给她一只很有意思的盒子。只要你一打开它，一只可爱的兔子便会突然蹦出来。

At Betty’s third birthday, Dad gave her an interesting box.Once you opened it, a lovely rabbit would pop out.Unit 8 text A Translation 1.人类向往登上其他星球而不仅仅是用望远镜和卫星来观测它们。

Human beings long to go to other stars rather than just observe them with telescopes and satellites.2.一想到她与一位不同寻常的著名演员共进晚餐，玛丽感到十分高兴。

Many brightened(up)at the thought that she was going to have dinner with an extraordinary and famous actor.3.罗伯特原本打算在公园完成他的油画，但他却发现自己在漫无目的地闲逛。

Robert had planned to finish off his oil painting in the park, but he found himself wandering about.4.道路上积满了雪，很不好走。我走了一会儿就感到累坏了。

It was tough walking on the snow-covered roads.I was tired out after walking for a while.5.马克已经把自己关在办公室里拼命工作了三天。同事们都认为他必须立即停止工作，否则就会生病。

Mark shut himself up in his office and worked very hard for three days.All his colleagues thought that he must leave off work immediately, otherwise he would fall ill.6.在这所学校里，许多学生上课迟到，更糟糕的是，老师对此似乎已经习以为常。

In this school, students are often late for class.What’s worse, teachers seem to have got used to it.Unit 9 text A Translation

1.他希望在下届奥运会中能创出100米短跑世界纪录，然后光荣地退役。

He hopes he can set a world record in the 100-meter race in the next Olympic Games and then retire with honor.2.他不幸换上了癌症，更糟的是他没有足够的钱去治疗。

Unfortunately he developed cancer.To make matters worse, he didn’t have enough money for treatment.3.我相信这些科学家对政府的很多决策有很大的影响力。

I believe these scientists have considerable influence over many government decisions.4.他因闯红灯而出了车祸，不幸致残。

He was crippled in a car accident, which was caused by his running a red light.5.那个搬运工在搬运货物时不小心扭伤了腿，医生建议他每天对褪做一次按摩以辅助治疗。That porter carelessly twisted his legs while carrying goods and the doctor suggested that he give himself a massage every day by rubbing his legs to assist the treatment.6.她们的教练虽然非常严厉却受到她们的尊敬。Although very strict, their coach is looked up to by them.Unit 10 text A Translation 1.在孩子个性形成时期，家长要特别关心并注意他们是否有心理问题的迹象。

Parents should pay special attention to their children during their formative years and watch for symptoms of psychological problems.2.天才往往对自己喜爱的事物充满着激情。

Geniuses usually have a great passion for things they’re interested in.3.他不知道简就是他的亲生姐姐，只是觉得她的名字听上去有一点点熟悉。

He has no idea that Jane is his biological sister;only her name sounds faintly familiar to him.4.看着稻谷在干燥的阳光下枯死，农民们毫无办法，只有叹息。

Seeing the rice crops dying in the dry sun, the peasants could do nothing but sigh.5.自从杰克的老板拒绝了他请长假的要求，他一直在考虑辞职。

Ever since his boss turned down his request for a long vacation, Jack has been thinking about quitting his job.6.我不喜欢足球，今天也不例外，我不想和你去看球赛。

I don’t care for soccer, and today’s no exception.So I don’t feel like going to watch the game with you.Unit 11 text A Translation 1,坐落于中国东部的上海是中国的商业中心。

Shanghai which is located in the east of china , is the business center of the country.2,我购物时一般付现金，避免使用信用卡。

When I shop , I usually pay by cash and avoid using credit card.3,卸货时要小心，别把这些电视机给砸了。

Be careful when discharging , don’t put these tv sets to hit.4,这天可真热。我几乎一整天都在出汗。

This day would be really hot.I almost all day in sweat.5这位拳击手朝小偷打了一拳，小偷应声倒地。

The boxer toward the thiefs face a punch down, the thief hit the floor.6,警察命令卡车司机靠边停车，因为从卡车上落下的甜瓜把路搞的一塌糊涂。

The policeman ordered the truck driver to pull over, because falling from a truck the melon a mess by road.Unit 12 text A Translation 1.他被捕后遭到毒打，但却没有向敌人透露任何有用的信息

He was brutally beaten after being arrested, but he revealed nothing useful to the enemy.2.他们面试了很多人，最后缍找到了令他们满意的候选人

They interviewed a lot of people before finally getting hold of a satisfactory candidate.3.他自愿捐助修建了一所学校以使那些穷孩子能读书

He made a voluntary construction to the cost of building a school so that poor children could get an education.4.为了你,我一定会努力训练以争取获得进入决赛的资格

For your sake I will train very hard to get the qualification for the finals.5.在那样的情况下他除了勇敢地面对挑战以外没有其他选择

Under those circumstances he had no choice but to face up to the challenge bravely.6.如果我们想确保及时到达那里就该早点动身

We should start early if we want to make sure of getting there in time.Unit 13 text A Translation 1.他鼓励儿子积极参加社会活动。

He encouraged his son to participate wholeheartedly in social activities.2.我们意识到了学生们对学习的厌倦情绪，决定进行改革。

We were aware of students,boredom with their studies and decided to reform.3.根据政府方面的声明，总统正在稳步康复中，但他的病情仍然严重。

According to the government statement,the President is recovering steadily,but his condition is still quite serious/his illness is still quite severe.4.我们在旅途中有没有什么可怕的事情发生？ Was there any scary incident during your journey? 5.尽管大多数人对他的雄心壮志不予理睬，但他没有失去信心，仍然努力进行他的项目。Although most people ignored his ambition,he did not lose heart and still worked hard on his project.6.市长在他明年的经济发展纲要中指出，本市家庭年收入估计将突破2万元。In his program for economic development next year,the mayor pointed out that the annual household income was estimated to exceed RMB 20,000.Unit 14 text A Translation 1.一些著名的歌唱家将举办一场音乐会，为这家儿童图书馆筹款。但是，音乐会门票的销售情况一点都不让人满意。

Some famous singers were going to put on a concen to raise money for the children library.But the sale of the tickets was from sates factory.2.这篇新闻报道真实地展示了监狱中的生活，引起了公众的关注。一些记者决定继续追踪报道。

This news report showed prison life in the raw and gor a lot of attention from the public some reporters decided to follow it up.3.安妮独自一人出发去了那个小镇。她一点都没想过，她的父母会为她的安全而担心。Anny set out for the small town by herself.It never occurred to her that her parents might be worried about her safely.4.去年，我取得了做外科医生的资格。回想在医科大学度过的五年，我觉得那是我生命中最艰苦也是最快乐的一段日子。

Last year.I qualified as a surgeon.I looked back on the five years at medical university as the hardest as well as the happiest time of myself.5.布郎先生是一位十分杰出的实业家。他曾经说过。“想要在商业领域里取得成功，你必须得冒许多险。”

Mr brron is an eminent business man.He once said you have to take a lot of risks if you want to succeed in business.6.彼得靠在饭店里洗盘子维持生活。但是最近饭店准备裁员，彼得每天都生活在被解雇的恐惧之中。

Peter makes a living by washing dishes in a restaurant.But recently the restaurant has been planning to cut jobs and peter is living in daily of being fived.Unit 15 text A Translation 1.有一张名牌大学的文凭，即使在公司解雇人的时候他也不担心会丢工作。

With a diploma form a famous university, he felt secure in his job even when the company was laying off people.2.当鲍勃被指控撒谎时，他勃然大怒。

Bob flew into a rage when(he was)accused of lying.3.由于她的愚蠢，我们的项目彻底泡汤了。

Our project was totally ruined because of her stupidity.4.经理深受公司里同事们的尊敬。

The manager was held in high esteem by his colleagues in the company 5.小男孩子跑到他爸爸跟前，兴奋地猛拉他的袖子。

The little boy ran up to his father and tugged his sleeve excitedly.6.很显然，他对他的论文很有信心。

Apparently, he was quite confident about his essay.Unit 16 text A Translation 1.餐厅经理一看到百万富翁来用餐，就顾不得和我们讲话了，满脸放光地迎了上去。

The moment the restaurant manager set his eyes on the millionaire, he cut us short and heated for the latter, his face lighting up.2.欢迎乘坐我们的飞机。商务舱在楼上，经济舱就在这一层。

Welcome aboard our plane.The business class section is upstairs and the economy class is right on this floor.3.打喷嚏之后要说“对不起”。听到别人打喷嚏要说“保佑你”。

You must say “Excuse me “after sneezing and “Bless you” when someone else has sneezed.4.六号房间号码牌挂倒了，变成了九号，快去把它弄正！

1.The sign for Room “NO.6 ” has been turned upside down into “NO.9 ”, Fix it up immediately.5.大超市一来，许多小商店都应声关了门。

语篇翻译答案1 篇3

2.His girlfriend advised him to get out of/get rid of his bad habit of smoking before it took hold.3.Anticipating that the demand for electricity will be hight during the next few months,they have decided to increase its production.4.It is said that bill has been fired for continually violating the company’s safety rules.5.It is reported that the government has taken proper measures to avoid the possibility of a severe water shortage.1.As is predicted by scientists,global pollution has become one of the most serious problems humans are faced with.2.Competition for these jobs is very tough---we have five times as many applicants this year as we did last year.3.As the facts show,educational programs need to fit into the national plan for economic development 4.The car burns too much gas,and moreover,the price is almost twice as much as I intend to pay.5.To understand a great international event,we first of all.need to consider the historical and political background to it.1.I’m not sure where you can find a good carpenter—you’d better ask around.2.Feeling a little embarrassed,he quickly cleared his throat and looked up at the painting on the wall.3.Michael was survived by three sons,two daughters,and his wife Elizabeth.4.As a financial expert,William advised us to invest our money in the stock market.5.We small retailers can’t compete with supermarkets in pricing and sales.1.Before I went off to university,my grandfather gave me a few words of wisdom which impressed me deeply.2.Never tell my parents about my injuries and I’ll be very grateful to you

3.At the meeting some of our colleagues put forward sensible suggestions about improving our working environment.4.The management has agreed to grant the workers a 10% pay rise in response to union pressure.5.It was very thoughtful of the hostess to give the house a thorough cleaning before we arrived.1.A local business undertook the project but went bankrupt before it was completed.2.Let’s make a deal –you wash my car,and I’ll let you use it tonight.3.We got to the village which we thought must have been wiped out in the severe earthquake.only to find it slightly damaged.4.My garden is dary and shady—few plants thrive in that condition 5.Mystery still surrounds the exact truth behind the film star’s death

1.Without his personal file,an applicant can hardly expect to get 2.With enough ice,we would be able to chill the drinks.3.In my humble opinion,reading is the most pleasant way to spend one’s leisure

探讨英汉翻译语篇衔接论文 篇4

关键词：衔接手段转化翻译策略

摘要:本文依据Halliday和Hasan的语篇衔接理论,针对各语篇衔接手段在英汉语篇中的表现进行了对比研究,并结合英汉两种语言的根本差异,即英语多用“形合法”,汉语则重于“意合法”,总结出在英汉语篇互译中转化语篇衔接手段的翻译策略。

本研究将汉英语篇衔接手段与翻译策略这两个问题相结合,将翻译研究向语篇层次拓展,强调分析英汉语言中不同的语篇衔接模式是译者合理调整翻译策略、正确传达源语信息的有效途径。

一、衔接的概念、意义及特征综述语言学界对于语篇衔接理论出作突出贡献的当数英国语言学家Halliday和Hasan。

他们多年来潜心研究衔接概念、理论定位、范围及其在语言系统和语篇连贯中的地位,1976年他们合著的《英语中的衔接》促进了衔接理论的广泛应用。Halliday和Hasan将英语的衔接手段(cohesivedevice)归纳为五种:照应(reference)、替代(substitution)、省略(ellipsis)、连接(conjunc-tion)及词汇衔接(lexicalcohesion)。词汇衔接手段又分为两类:复现关系(reiteration)和同现关系(collocation)。复现关系指词汇手段的再现,包括1)原词复现,2)同义词、近义词复现,3)上下义词复现,4)概括词复现。衔接是将语篇不同部分联系在一起的语法、词汇和其他手段的统称。从语篇生成的过程来看,衔接是组句成篇的必不可少的条件,如同建筑物的钢筋接头,将整个结构牢固地联系在一起。

二、英汉语篇衔接手段对比及翻译策略不同的语言有不同的语篇衔接手段,因此汉英两种语言在语篇衔接手段的使用上有所偏重。

汉语主要用“意合法”,意义上的衔接而不一定要依赖连接词语,而句子内部以及上下文之间多靠语义来连贯;在结构形式上,汉语语篇多采用句内与句间的直接组合,形式上缺乏显性的衔接手段,但通过逻辑推理或直觉判断,语义是连贯的。所以,我们可以说汉语是高语境的语篇构成的。现代英语语句的衔接多用“形合法”,英语语篇结构形式多为句与句的有序排列,形式上照应指称,衔接严谨,环环相扣,语义上脉络明晰,一意贯串直到篇末。由于人们思维模式的不同造成了英汉在衔接手段运用上的差异,而这一点意味着我们在双语互译时须进行相应的策略转化,才能使译文尽量符合译入语读者的思维方式和行文习惯.翻译策略

(一):汉语使用重复而英译时多使用替代汉语更常用原词复现和省略,而英语则多用照应和替代。潘文国(1997:350)依据Halliday和Hasan的英语衔接手段分类,将汉语的语篇衔接手段重新分类,即“原词复现”为前一类,称作“重复”;同义词、近义词复现,上下义词复现,概括词复现以及Halliday的照应(reference)和替代(substitution)则合并为后一类,统称为“替代”。这一区分显示出汉英话语组织的显著差别,即汉语倾向用重复手段,而英语则倾向于用替代手段。汉语很少使用同义替代的手段,也很少使用代词,以免引起指代不明。例如:(1)那是一个寒冷潮湿的晚上,这样的晚上大部分人呆在家里。Itwasoneofthosecold,weteveningswhenmostpeoplestayathome.例(1)使用关系副词when引导定语从句,起替代作用,避免了汉语原文中的重复。另外,汉语语篇中重复的词语和结构,译成英语则往往需要代词等其他词语或结构替代。如:(2)独自享乐是一种快乐,独自悲伤也是一种快乐。Happinessenjoyedaloneisapleasure,soissorrowedtastedprivately.英语中除了修辞需要外,很少重复同一个词或结构,而在汉语中重复现象频繁出现。英语中不能省略的成分往往使用代词、同义词、近义词以及代替句型来替代前文出现的词语和结构,而汉语则倾向于使用相同的词语或结构呼应前文出现过的词语或结构。翻译策略

(二):汉语使用重复而英译时多使用照应英语的照应大多用人称代词和指示代词来表达语义关系,而汉语常用零式指代和名词的重复来实现。例如:(1)Hehatedfailure;hehadconquereditallhislife,risenaboveit,despiseditinothers.例句(1)译为“他讨厌失败,他一生中曾战胜失败,超越失败,并且藐视别人的失败”,将句中三个第三人称代词it都作为后照应,回指前面说过的“失败”,使上下文在意义上连结起来;而汉语则通常重复人称代词所照应的名词。(2)Menandnationsworkingapartcreatedtheseproblems;menandnationsworkingtogethermustsolvethem.人与人之间、国与国之间离心离德,便产生这些问题;人与人之间、国与国之间齐心协力,定能解决这些问题。从例句(2)我们可以看出,英文中“theseproblems”一词在这个语篇中并没有重复,整个语篇的衔接通过人称指称来实现的,即通过人称代词“them”在后句的重复完成英语语篇的衔接;而在汉语翻译中,往往将人称代词“them”所照应的“这些问题”重复。由于源语和目的语存在差异,衔接手段上会存在一定的差异性,这种差异性处理得是否得当直接影响到翻译质量。鉴于汉语衔接的“意合”性,语篇构建时应少用照应手段,转换成英语时,应根据“形合”的特点予以补充。例如:(3)她的黑发蓬松地飘拂在宽宽的前额上,脸是短短的,上唇也是短短的,露出一排亮亮的牙齿;眉毛又直又黑,睫毛又长又黑,鼻子笔直。Herdarkhairwaveduntidyacrossherbroadforehead,herfacewasshort,herupperlipshort,showingaglintofteeth,herbrowswerestraightanddark,herlasheslonganddark,hernosestraight.源语是汉语中典型的“意合”表达方式,但是为了符合英语“形合”粘连原则,译文共用了7个“her”。译文有必要增补重复代词,否则译文将有悖英语的照应习惯。例(3)译文并不含混,反而更简练、流畅、自然。通常,在汉译英时,类似的增减都可根据目的语的语篇特点而进行调整。反之,英译汉时,可以适度地减少照应手段,来满足汉语“意合”的粘连特点,避免冗余信息的产生。翻译策略

(三):汉语使用省略时而英译时多使用连接从语句衔接方式来看,英语句子之间或句群之间往往使用一些过渡词来衔接,要求结构上的完整;而汉语句子结构一般都按时间顺序或逻辑顺序排列,语序相对固定、关系明确,不需要太多的连接词来表示相互的关系。因而,与其它衔接手段相比,连接是英汉两种语言之间差别最大的一种。英汉语篇连接成分的不同之处归结起来主要有两方面:即显性与隐性的差异及短句方式不同所引起的差异。故汉译英时,译者应根据目的语的特点对译文的逻辑连接方式进行调整,适当地增补一些关联成分。例如:(1)a.知己知彼,百战不殆;不知彼而知己,一胜一负;不知彼不知己,每战必殆。b.(若)知己(而又)知彼,(则)百战不殆;(若)不知彼而知己,(则)(将)一胜(及)一负;(若)不知彼(而又)不知己,(则)每战(将)必殆。(潘文国,335)c.Youcanfightahundredbattleswithoutdefeatifyouknowtheenemyaswellasyourself.Youwillwinourbattleandloseonebattleifyouknowyourselfbutleaveyourselfinthedarkwithouttheenemy.Youwillloseeverybattleifyouleaveboththeenemyandyourselfinthedark.(刘宓庆,159)例(1)a句中的“而”字只是形式词,可有可无。但如果此句要去掉“而”字,我们须按汉语的节奏规律改成“知己不知彼”(为了符合汉语表达的先双后单规律)。如果我们把这段话中省略、隐含的东西都补上,则改写成b句。对比例(1)中原文与译文,形合和意合的特点非常明显,凡汉语中隐含的成分在英语中一个也不能少,译文多用连接词表明句际关系的特点,理顺句子的语义关系,使汉语的隐形粘连显性化,以此符合英语的形合特征和行文要求。另外,我们还要注意英译文中出现五个“you”,而原文中没有,汉语中类似的虚词主语或无主句运用频繁,但英语由于要遵守主谓一致的原则却必不可少,这一点会在下文着重分析。同理,英译汉时,译文应考虑汉语的衔接特点,汉语句法结构重意合,语篇结构紧凑,词语的冗余现象较少。因此,英译汉时原文的从属连接词均可予以省略。例如:(1)SundayisthedaywhenIamleastbusy.周日我最闲。

(四):汉语使用省略而英译时多使用重复就省略而言,由于英语是以形合为主的语言,因而英语中的省略多数伴随着形态或形式上的标记;而汉语是以意合为主的语言,省略在很大程度上与所表达的意义有直接的联系。因此,简洁地说,汉语的省略只求达意。英汉两种语言中的省略现象大致可分为三种:名词性省略、动词性省略和小句性省略。1.名词性省略在以汉语为母语的人的传统思维中,常常反映出某种隐性的主体意识。这种汉语隐性主体意识的典型表现可见于汉语中大量无主句的运用,而英语作为主语显著(subjectpromi-nent)的语言,一般不能省略主语。例如:(1)(你)开始吃头盘菜或冷碟的时候,印象很好。(你)吃头两个主菜时,也是赞不绝口。(你)越吃越趋于冷静,(你)吃完了这顿宴席,缺点就都找出来了。(选自2004专业八级汉英翻译试题)Youwillbenotonlyfavorablyimpressedwiththefirstdishorcolddish,butalsoprofuseinpraiseofthefirsttwocourses.How-ever,themoreyouhave,themoresoberyoubecomeuntilthedin-nerendsupwiththeflaws

exposed.(参考译文)从例(1)可看出,英语句法特征是主语突出,但由于受汉语的影响,学生汉译英时主语缺失的现象较严重。在汉译英时,我们要把原文不明显、被省略或未说明的主语在译文中表现出来。

另补充说明,处理英语无主句的方法很灵活,例如:(1)早上我起来的`时候,小屋里射进两三方斜斜的太阳。WhenIgotupinthemorning,Ifoundseveralbeamsofsun-lightpenetratingthroughthewindowintomyhouse.(重复主语)(2)树缝里也漏着一两点路灯光,没精打采的,是瞌睡人的眼。Hereandthereafewraysfromstreet-lampsfilteredthroughthetrees,listlessastheeyesofonewhoisdozing.(调整句子结构,选择句中合适的主语)以下两例均为汉语无主句,译者对汉语的框架结构有较好把握,适当进行调整,除运用重复或增添主语等技巧之外,译法灵活,译句顺畅,符合译文主语突出的句法特征。2.动词性省略英语动词性省略是常用的衔接手段,试析以下例句:(1)Readingexercisesone’seyes;speaking,one’stongue;whilewriting,one’smind.(F.Bacon)阅读训练人的眼睛,说话训练人的口齿,写作训练人的思维。(2)———Weseemedtobefollowed.———Irememberhavingbeen(...)whenwegotoutofthehotel.———好像有人跟踪我们。———我记得刚出旅馆时就有人跟踪我们。翻译时需特别注意英语原文中无其形但又有其意的词语。如(1)中后两句中的动词“exercises”被省略,突出英语以简洁为美、精炼压缩的特点,但为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格,并使译文合乎表达习惯,汉译时须采取增词法,将省去的两个动词意思均重复,构成排比句,句式整齐,语言生动有力。同样,例(2)中的“跟踪”只有重复,才使汉语语篇衔接紧凑。由上文可见,英语中常常省略前面已出现过的动词,而汉语则往往重复再现英语中的省略现象,有时为了保持语法的正确;有时是为了促成结构的整齐匀称、表达流畅的需要;有时既是语法的要求,也是修辞的需要。3.小句性省略谈及英语小句性省略现象,首先我们须明确小句省略和复句之间的关系。在结构上直接相关的两个或两个以上的小句构成一个复句。复句可是平行关系,也可是主从关系。在平行结构的复句中小句有相同的地位,而主从结构中的复句中各小句之间的地位则不同。

Halliday提出,在小句中有三种类型的主从结构关系:条件(通过表结果、目的、条件或原因等的小句表达),附加(通过非限定性关系小句表达)和引述。(Halliday,199-200)在复句中平行结构和主从结构可以任意组合,如下文所示:(1)———Johnwasabouttoattendthemeeting,butsomebodycalledinandhadsomethingurgenttotellhimsohehadtoputoffthemeeting.———Who?(2)IkeepquietbecauseBarbaragetscrossifanyonemen-tionsJack’sname.Idon’tknowwhy.(3)———Ifinishedwritingthepaperanditisgoingtobepub-lished.———When?例(1)和(2)有一共同点,即第一个小句均在被预设的范围之外;另外,在(1)句的平行结构中,Who?(谁?)与somebody(某人)前后衔接;被预设的小句是somebodycalledin(有人打电话来),句子剩余部分也在预设范围内,其意义应为“Whocalledinandhadsomethingurgenttotellhimsohehadtoputoffthemeeting?”汉译例(1)的答句时,应采取重复的手段,译为:“是谁那么急着打电话进来说有紧急的事情要跟他讲以致他不得不推迟会议?”相应地,处理例(2)时,也须通过重复手段将省略的主从结构重复译出“我不知道为什么如果有人提及杰克的名字巴巴拉就会发怒。”(Idon’tknowwhyBarbaragetscrossifanyonementionsJack’sname.)例(1)和(2)体现了一个原则,即任何类型的省略小句都可以预设复句中的任何小句,然后又自动地预设在它之后(在并列结构中)和所有依赖于它的(在主从结构中)小句。(Hall-iday,201)但要注意的是,这一原则也有限制,甚至还有造成歧义的可能。如例(3),答句“When?”在这里既可指“Whendidyoufinishwritingthepaper?”,也可指“Whenisitgoingtobepublished?”如何本论文由无忧整理提供解决取决于诸多因素,有一种倾向是预设更靠近的成分;也就是说在复句后部的成分,而不是前部成分,尤其是当在后面的成分较长时,更是如此。但此策略并非所有情况都适合,故在汉译英语小句省略句时,究竟应重复句中哪部分内容,须慎重考虑。

三、结语

本文研究得出,英汉两种语言在语篇衔接手段上存在的差异主要表现在重复、替代、省略、照应和连接词的使用上,从中分析比较中总结出英汉互译中重要的转化策略:1.汉语使用重复时而英译时多使用替代;2.汉语使用重复时而英译时则多使用照应;3.汉语省略或隐含连接词时而英译时则多使用连接;4.汉语使用名词、动词或小句省略时而英译时则多使用重复。衔接是构成英汉语篇的重要条件,而翻译是跨文化、跨语言的语篇交际,要实现以源语言文化为归宿而进行的语际之间篇章意义的相互转换,就必须了解和研究英汉互译中语篇的衔接手段的差异。纽马克也曾说过,“衔接是语篇分析或篇章语言学中可用于翻译的最有用的成分”。因此,了解衔接模式不仅是我们正确理解源语句意和把握原文框架结构的关键,也是我们正确传达源语信息的有效手段。

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