移动通信英文版

移动通信英文版（精选8篇）

移动通信英文版 篇1

3G-MSC 3rd Generation Mobile Switching Centre 第三代移动交换中心

3G-SGSN 3rd Generation Serving GPRS Support Node 第三代服务GPRS 的节点 3GPP 3rd Generation partnership project 3 代合作项目 AAL2 ATM Adaptation Layer type 2 ATM 适配层2 AAL5 ATM Adaptation Layer type 5 ATM 适配层5 ACIR Adjacent Channel Interference Ratio 邻道干扰比

ACLR Adjacent Channel Leakage power Ratio 邻道泄漏功率比 ACS Adjacent Channel Selectivity 邻道选择性

ALCAP Access Link Control Application Part 接入链路控制应用部分 AMC Adapt Modulation Coding 自适应调制编码 ARQ Automatic Repeat Request 自动重复请求

ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation One 抽象语义描述1 ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode 异步传输模式 AuC Authentication Centre 鉴权中心

BCH Broadcast Channel 广播信道

BCCH Broadcast Control Channel 广播控制信道 BER Bit Error Rate 误比特率

BGCF Breakout Gateway Control Function 突破网关控制功能 BSC

Base Station Controller 基站控制器 BSS

Base Station Subsystem 基站子系统 BTS

Base Transceiver Station 基站收发机 CC Call Control 呼叫控制

CCCH Common Control Channel 公共控制信道

CCH Control Channel 控制信道

CCPCH ` Common Control Physical Channel 公共控制物理信道 CDMA Code Division Multiple Access 码分多址

CDMA TDD CDMA Time Division Duplex 码分多址时分双工 CFN Connection Frame Number 连接帧号 CM Connection Management 连接管理 CN Core Network 核心网

CQI Channel Quality Indicator 信道质量指示 CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check 循环冗余检验

CRNC Controlling Radio Network Controller 控制的无线网络控制器 CS Circuit Switched 电路交换

CSCF Call Server Control Function 呼叫服务器控制功能 DCA Dynamic channel allocation 动态信道分配 DCCH Dedicated Control Channel 专用控制信道 DCH Dedicated Transport Channel 专用传输信道 DL Downlink 下行链路

DOA Direction Of Arrival 到达方向

DPCH Dedicated Physical Channel 专用物理信道

DRNC Drift Radio Network Controller 漂移无线网络控制器 DRNS Drift RNS 漂移RNS DS CDMA Direct Spreading CDMA 直接扩频码分多址 DSCH Down-link Shared Channel 下行共享信道 DTCH Down-link Traffic Channel 下行业务信道 DwPCH Downlink Pilot Channel 下行导频信道 DwPTS Downlink Pilot Time Slot 下行导频时隙 EIR Equipment Identity Register 设备标识寄存器 EP Elementary Procedure 基本过程

FACH Forward Access Channel 前向接入信道 FDD Frequency Division Duplex 频分双工 FFS For Further Study 进一步研究 FP Frame Protocol 帧协议

FPACH Fast Physical Access Channel 快速物理接入信道 FT Frame Type 帧类型

GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node GPRS 网关支持节点 GMM GPRS Mobility Management GPRS 移动性管理 GMSC Gateway MSC 网关移动业务中心

GPRS General Packet Radio Service 通用分组无线业务 GPS Global Positioning System 全球定位系统

GRR GPRS Radio Resources GPRS 无线资源

GSM Global System for Mobile Communication 全球移动通信系统 GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol GPRS 隧道协议

HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request 混合自动重复请求 HFN Hyper Frame Number 超帧号

HLR Home Location Register 归属位置寄存器

HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access 高速下行分组接入 HSS Home Subscriber Server 归属用户服务器

IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity 国际移动用户标识码

IMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 国际电联命名3 代移动通信系统 IP Internet Protocol 因特网协议

IS-2000 IS-95 Evolution Standard(cdma2000)cdma2000 ITU International Telecommunication Union 国际电联 LAN Local Area Network 本地网络

LMU Location Measurement Unit 位置测量单元 MAC Medium Access Control 媒质接入控制 MAP Mobile Application Part 移动应用部分 MC CDMA Multiple Carrier CDMA 多载波码分多址 MC TDMA Multiple Carrier TDMA 多载波时分多址 ME Mobile Equipment 移动设备

MGCF Media Gateway Control Function 媒体网关控制功能 MGW Media Gateway 媒体网关

MIB Master Information Block 控制信息块 Mcps Mega Chip Per Second 每秒兆Chip MM Mobility Management 移动性管理 MPLS MultiProtocol Label Switching 多协议标签交换

MRF Media Resource Function 媒体资源功能

MRFC Media Resource Function Controller 媒体资源功能控制器 MRFP Media Resource Function Processor 媒体资源功能处理器 MSC Mobile Services Centre 移动业务中心

MTP Message Transfer Part 消息传输部分

MTP3-B Message Transfer Part level 3 3 级消息传输部分 M3UA MTP3 User Adaptation Layer MTP3 用户适配层 NAS Non Access Stratum 非接入层

NBAP NodeB Application Part Node B 应用部分 O&M Operation and Maintenance 操作维护 PC Power Control 功率控制

PCCH Paging Control Channel 寻呼控制信道

PCCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel 基本公共控制物理信道 PCH Paging Channel 寻呼信道

PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel 物理下行链路共享信道 PLMN Public Land Mobile Network 公共陆地移动网 PPP Point-to-Point Protocol 点对点协议

PRACH Physical Random Access Channel 物理随机接入信道 PS Packet Switched 分组交换

PSTN Public Swithed Telephone Network 公共电话交换网络 PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel 物理上行链路共享信道 QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 正交幅度调制 QE Quality Estimate 质量评估

QPSK QuadriPhase Shift Keying 四相移键控 QoS Quality of Service 业务质量

R-SGW Roaming Signalling Gateway 漫游信令网关

RAB Radio access bearer 无线接入承载

RACH Random Access Channel 随即接入信道

RANAP Radio Access Network Application Part 无线接入网应用部分 RAT Radio Access Technology 无线接入技术 RL Radio Link 无线链路

RLC Radio Link Control 无线链路控制

RNC Radio Network Controller 无线网络控制器

RNS Radio Network Subsystem 无线网络子系统

RNSAP Radio Network Subsystem Application Part 无线网络子系统应用部分 RNTI Radio Network Temporary Identity 无线网络临时识别 RR Radio Resources 无线资源

RRC Radio Resource Control 无线资源控制 RSVP Resource ReserVation Protocol 资源保留协议 RTCP Real Time Control Protocol 实时控制协议 RTP Real Time Protocol 实时协议 SA Service Area 服务区域

SABP service area broadcast protocol 服务区广播协议 SAP Service Access Point 服务接入点

SBM Subnetwork Bandwidth Management 子网带宽管理 SC TDMA Single Carrier TDMA 单载波时分多址

SSCF Service Specific Co-ordination Function 特定业务协调功能 SCCP Signalling Connection Control Part 信令连接控制部分

SCH Synchronization Channel 同步信道

SCCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel 辅助公共控制物理信道 SCP Service Control Point 业务控制点

SCTP Simple Control Transmission Protocol 简单控制传输协议 SFN System Frame Number 系统帧号

SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node GPRS 服务支持节点 SIB System Information Block 系统信息块 SIM Subscriber Identity Module 用户识别模块 SLF Subscrīption Location Function 签约位置功能 SM Session Management 会话管理

SRNC Serving Radio Network Controller 服务无线网络控制 SRNS Serving RNS 服务RNS SS7 Signalling System No.7 7 号信令系统

SSCF Service Specific Co-ordination Function 具体业务协调功能 SSCF-NNI Service Specific Coordination Function – Network Node Interface 具体业务协调功能网元接口

SSCOP Service Specific Connection Oriented Protocol 特定业务面向连接协议 STM Synchronous Transfer Mode 同步传输模式.T-SGW Transport Signalling Gateway 传输信令网关 TB Transport Block 传输块

TBS Transport Block Set 传输块集

TCP Transfer Control Protocol 传输控制协议

TDD Time Division Duplex 时分双工

TDMA Time Division Multiple Access 时分多址接入

TD-SCDMA Time Division Synchronous CDMA 时分同步--码分多址接入 TFC Transport Format Combination 传送格式组合

TFCI Transport Format Combination Indicator 传送格式组合指示 TFCS Transport Format Combination Set 传送格式组合集 TFI Transport Format Indicator 传送格式指示 TFS Transport Format Set 传送格式集 ToA Time of arrival 到达时间

TPC Transmit Power Control 发射功率控制 TSN Transmission Sequence Number 传输序列号 TTI Transmission Time Interval 传输时间间隔 UDP User Datagram Protocol 用户数据报协议 UE User Equipment 用户设备

UL Uplink 上行链路

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System 陆地移动通信系统 UPTS Uplink Pilot Time slot 上行导频时隙 UPCH Uplink Pilot Channel 上行导频信道

USCH Up-link Shared Channel 上行共享信道

USIM UMTS Subscriber Identity Module UMTS 用户识别模块

UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network UMTS 陆地无线接入网 VC Virtual Circuit 虚电路

VLR Visitor Location Register 访问位置寄存器 WAP Wireless Application Protocol 无线应用协议

WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access 宽带cdma WG Working Group 工作组 WWW World Wide Web 万维网

移动通信英文版 篇2

With the application of IEDs (Intelligent Electrical Devices) , modern power systems are developing complex and intelligent, and information exchange becomes a main factor of realizing global coordinated control and optimization.Thus the communication impact, such as the communication latency and the packet dropouts, should not be neglected during the design of future power system.However, the existing power system simulators are incapable of simulating communication impact concurrently with power scenarios.And this problem cannot be simplified via decoupling without losing essential dynamic behaviors[1].Developing a new simulation environment is potentially time consuming and costs more financial support, especially when the engine must support both continuous and discrete events, various disciplines, and large libraries of component models.

As an alternative, co-simulation supporting reusability of the models has already been developed for each individual simulator and it permits exploitation of discipline-specific simulators.Thus the reuse of simulation engines via co-simulation is becoming more and more common[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10].

In particular, a simulation engine called EPOCHS has been proposed[2], which combines the EMTDC/PSCAD power simulator with the NS-2 network communications simulator.According to the authors’knowledge, it is one of the earliest works that applies the co-simulation method for jointly analysis of power and communication.In literature[3], the existing models are used for the communication network, while extra models are provided for the electric network through interfacing MATLAB/Simulink, in the modular simulation environment based on discrete event network simulator OMNe T++[11].In literature[4], a co-simulation platform is constructed by linking the Open DSS[12]with NS-2 network simulator[13], where NS-2 is used for the simulation of the communication network dynamics and Open DSS is used for the simulation of power distribution system.

Several co-simulation structures have been proposed by authors.Literature[14-18]describe five different co-simulation architectures, which are based on various combinations of two or three off-the-shelf simulation platforms interfaced at various levels, to support the design of MVDC (Medium Voltage DC) shipboard power distribution systems and the corresponding controls, protection, and communications.

However, one of the main constraints of all the existing co-simulation platforms is the co-simulation executing time.It is relatively longer especially when simulating large power systems.Thus, this paper proposes a distributed co-simulation environment, which utilizes the MATLAB PCT (Parallel Computing Toolbox) and DCS (Distributed Computing Server) to improve the computation performance for large-scale power system.Moreover, two different hardware platforms are built to implement the proposed co-simulation platform.The control of a complex AC microgrid is discussed as an appropriate case with this distributed co-simulation environment.

1 Proposed distributed co-simulation en-vironment

1.1 General distributed co-simulation structure

The structure of the distributed co-simulation environment is shown in fig.1.The distributed cosimulation environment consists of four parts:a GUI (Graphical User Interface) for sending startup and stop commands to the controller host;the MATLAB workstations, where power system is simulated in parallel with MATLAB PCT and DCS software;the controller host that is used to execute control algorithms, coordinate the information exchange and synchronize simulation time between MATLAB and OPNET;the communication network dynamics simulated in OM (OPNET Modeler) , where each of the paralleled algorithm in MATLAB is represented as a communication node.The detailed description of four parts will be elaborated in the following subsections.

The distributed co-simulation framework can support the following functions.

a.Analysis of how the performance and characteristics of communication network affect the behavior, stability, and safety of the controlled power system.It is mainly oriented to the determination and verification of design requirements of communication network, such as data rate requirement, topology, etc.

b.Analysis of how the performance and operation of power system affect the behavior of communication system.It is mainly oriented to the determination and verification of design requirements of the power system (including monitoring structure) , such as collocation of high rate measurement instruments, monitoring areas, etc.

c.Analysis of large-scale power systems containing distributed generations and communications, with significantly reduced simulation time.

1.2 Introduction of MATLAB PCT

The MATLAB PCT and DCS software enable users to solve computationally and data-intensive problems by using MATLAB/Simulink on multi-core or multi-processor computers.Parallel processing constructs, such as parallel for-loops and code blocks, distributed arrays, parallel numerical algorithms, and message-passing functions, enable users to implement task-parallel and data-parallel algorithms at a high level in MATLAB without programming for specific hardware and network architectures.Users can use this toolbox with Simulink to run multiple simulations of a model in parallel, speeding up the execution of large MATLAB jobs.A basic parallel computing configuration is shown in fig.2.

MATLAB PCT software provides twelve MATLAB workers to execute applications locally on a multicore machine in addition to the MATLAB client session.Without changing the code, the same parallel applications can be run on a computer cluster or a grid comp uter server using MATLAB DCS.MATLAB DCS software allow users to run as many MATLAB workers on a remote cluster of computers as their licenses allow.Users can also use MAT-LAB DCS to run worker on their client machines if they want to run more than eight local workers.

The key features of PCT can be summarized as follows:

a.Parallel for-loops for running task-parallel algorithms on multiple processors;

b.Ability to run twelve workers locally on a multi-core desktop;

c.Computer cluster and grid support (with MAT-LAB DCS) ;

d.Interactive and batch execution of parallel applications;

e.Distributed arrays and SPMD (Single Program Multiple Data) construct for large dataset handling and data-parallel algorithms.

1.3 Structure of MATLAB host

Fig.3 depicts the structure of MATLAB host.To realize co-simulation with MATLAB, the MATLAB interface provided by MATLAB has been customized.This interface allows C programs to call functions developed in MATLAB and thus enables co-simulation.In the co-simulation environment, the controller host acts as the master and maintains the co-simulation time.The MATLAB engine is started at the beginning of simulation by the function engOpen () .Variables can be exchanged between the controller host and MATLAB host by the functions eng Put Array () and eng Get Array () , and the communication protocol is based on UDP (User Datagram Protocal) .Moreover, the startup command from GUI is also transmitted through UDP, the execution algorithm in each MATLAB host is updated through FTP (File Transfer Protocal) .

1.4 Structure of controller host

The structure of controller host is shown infig.4.Controller host serves as the master to forward the co-simulation, in particular, it coordinates and synchronizes the simulation steps of each individual simulator, and manages the information exchanged between them.Moreover, centralized control algorithms in power systems can also be implemented in the controller host.As the same as indicated in subsection 1.3, UDP is used to exchange information and transmit the startup command, while FTP is used to update the execution algorithms in controller host.

1.5 Structure of OPNET host

OM[19]is a commercially-available simulator for data networks.It supports design and analysis of communication networks, devices, protocols, and applications, with great flexibility.It uses a hierarchical strategy to organize the basic models to construct the system model of a network.OPNET provides mechanisms to interact with other software.In particular, this interaction can be realized through programming in the execution controller embedded in OPNET as shown schematically in fig.5.The SITL (System In The Loop) models from OPNET allows the communication and power simulation network to run jointly in real-time.Each key power network device will be assigned its own IP subnet, which requires the simulated network to route packets among power network devices.Such studies would allow identification of influence of key communication factors, such as protocols, latency and bandwidth requirements, cyber security and data management, on power system.

As illustrated in fig.5, in order to communicate with the external system, the nodes in OPNET must contain an external system module Esys[15].The Esys not only has the function to handle and sendout packets, but also has a mechanism which enables it to interact with any external C code in execution controller.It is realized through Esys interfaces, which can be set and read either by the Esys itself or by the external C code in the execution controller embedded in OPNET.Hence the interfaces act as bidirectional channels to transmit information between an OPNET model and the external system.User can define how many interfaces there are and what type each interface is within an Esys, because one Esys interface can only handle one selected data type, such as integer, double, string, pointer, etc.

ESD:External Simulator Description;ESA:External Simulation Access

Simulation models in OM are composed as a hierarchy of objects at three main levels:starting from the bottom, there is the process model that consists of a FSM (Finite State Machine) , C code and Proto C functions defining how the process reacts to an event;at the second level is the node model, it is an organized set of modules describing the various functions of each node;at the top of the hierarchical construction is the network model that defines the network layout and characterizes the node attributes for a particular communication scenario.

At the node (second) level, the model of each node contains four parts, or modules, as shown in fig.6.The Esys module is responsible for communication with the external.The process module manages data packet exchanges between the Esys module and other modules of node.Two other modules representing the transmitter and the receiver functions of communication channel are also included.

At the process (lowest) level, the model of the Esys contains four parts, as shown in fig.7.To cosimulaiton, the Esys is the most important part.The behavior of the Esys is described in terms of finitestate machines.Two states are defined for co-simulation, they are the initial state (icon no.1) and the idle state (icon no.2) .Once the OPNET simulator is started, the Esys will shift from initial state to idle state, and remain in idle state during the simulation process unless it is interrupted.Two types of interrupts are defined, which are illustrated in fig.7 as dashed arrows.One is named as ESYS_ARRIVAL (icon no.3) , it is triggered by arrival of external data from the execution controller.The other is named as STRM_ARRIVAL (icon no.4) , it is triggered by arrival of internal data packets sent by other modules inside the node.Once the simulation is started in OPNET, the process model will execute in simulation kernel to realize interaction with external simulator.

2 Hardware implementation scenario no.1

2.1 Implementation with PC nodes

The scenario no.1 of hardware implementation with PC nodes for the proposed co-simulation platform is shown in fig.8.In this case, both the MAT-LAB host and controller host are implemented in the PC server, the structure of PC nodes will be detailed in the following subsection.A personal computer is used as OPNET host, where the OM version 14.5 is installed.This platform is especially suitable for simulation of very-large-scale power system with information exchanges.

2.2 Structure of PC nodes

For the purpose of RT (Real-Time) simulation of multi-domain system, a new type of simulator for complex system that leverages on the computational capabilities of multi-processor machines is under consideration, for the purpose that the PC nodes are acquired based on shared memory machines.This platform offers the advantage of being a commercial product and thus it can be replicated and expanded easier.The following specifications have been set for this machine:

a.Higher speed and lower latency communication among processors;

b.PCI connections supporting I/O boards to perform HIL (Hardware-In-the-Loop) and PHIL (PowerHardware-In-the-Loop) tests.

The proper solution that satisfies these specifications is the use of shared memory architecture, but it is very difficult to find such a shared memory machine that is able to manage at least one PCI connection for every eight cores.The solution that adopted is a mixed architecture where each node is based on shared memory structure, so that the information exchange among 16 cores is the fastest because they all read from the same memory.One of the fastest deterministic protocols on the market called infiniband is used.

Each of 16 cores can be assigned as a MAT-LAB worker, and run the simulation of very-largesystem in parallel through MATLAB DCS.The controller host is also implemented in this PC nodes to coordinate the co-simulation with MATLAB hosts and OPNET host.

3 Hardware implementation scenario no.2

3.1 Implementation with DSP nodes

The scenario no.2 of hardware implementation with DSP nodes for the proposed co-simulation platform is shown in fig.9.In this case, the DSP (Digital Signal Processor) node servers as the MATLAB host, the structure of DSP nodes will be detailed in the following subsection.A Xilinx FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) board is used as the controller host to coordinate co-simulation, and a personal computer is used as the OPNET host.Compared with scenario no.1, this platform is suitable for smaller-scale power system and requires less coding effort.

3.2 Structure of DSP nodes

For the RT simulation of distributed system, another simulator based on series of DSPs is developed.The main focus of this application is the RT simulation of distributed energy system.

The RT simulation hardware is designed to be a modular and rack-based system.Each rack consists of up to eight processing cards connected via a back-plane.Optionall y, one interfacing card can be adde d to each processing card to connect custom hardware.The backplane offers communication interfaces to processing cards and to off-rack components.Multiple racks can be combined in one cabinet and even multiple cabinets can be connected to each other for large-scale system.

3.3 C code generation

The code used for algorithm implementation in DSP cluster is generated from MATLAB.MATLAB coder generates standalone C and C++code from MATLAB simulation models.The generated source code is portable and readable.MATLAB coder supports a subset of core MATLAB language features, including program control constructs, functions, and matrix operations.It can generate functions that let users accelerate computationally intensive portions of MATLAB code and verify the behavior of generated code.

MATLAB coder works with Simulink coder and embedded coder to generate C code from Simulink models that contain MATLAB code.The generated C code can be used for both RT and non-RT applications:

a.Standalone execution;

b.Integration with other software for rapid prototyping;

c.Accelerating MATLAB algorithms;

d.Embedded implementation, such as hardwarein-the-loop testing.

4 Potential application case studies

One of the potential applications of proposed co-simulation environment is to simulate the control performance in AC microgrids.AC microgrids are attracting more attention because they can lead to more efficient integration of DER (Distributed Energy Resources) .The configuration of the investigated AC microgrid is shown in fig.10.It integrates PV (Photo Voltaic) systems, FC (Fuel Cell) , WT (Wind Turbine) generators, ES (Energy Storage) , loads, and a main CB (Circuit Breaker) .All the energy systems are connected in parallel to a common AC bus line through converters and inverters.

The proposed control architecture consists of a GC (Global Controller) that o ptimizes the overall process and a distributed number of LCs (Local Controllers) associated with each subsystem in ACmicrogrid (as shown in fig.10) .

LC is responsible for each subsystem inside the microgrid.In LC, polynomial-chaos-theory based method is presented to realize the sensor validation and information rebuilding[20,21], which further guarantees that the measured data is right when control algorithms are applied in AC microgrids.The models of each LC and their associated subsystem are built in each paralleled MATLAB host and the simulation can be run concurrently.

GC coordinates the outputs of the subsystems in order to obtain the optimal efficiency of the whole system.Synergetic control theory, which is based on the ideas of self-organization, is adopted in GC.The theory allows designers to derive analytical control laws for nonlinear, high-dimensional, and multi-connected systems.The synergetic control has the capability to maximize the system efficiency by coordinative control that changes the number of operating converters.The GC control algorithm is implemented in the controller host of proposed cosimulation environment, and the communication dynamics between GC and LCs are simulated in OPNET host with OM.

The model is divided into several targets as shown in fig.10.RT cluster 1 contains the distributed energy sources of WT and PV.RT cluster 2 (in this case study, PC cluster is used) contains the main grid source along with FC and ES, while RT cluster 3 contains the vital and non-vital loads.The communication network is composed of the following nodes:the sensing unit (measurement) , main CB signal, local controller, load controller, and the server which could function as a global control center.The communication is achieved through a virtual Ethernet network and each node is placed at different distances, obtaining dissimilar delay values for different communication paths and applications (e.g.control, protection, etc.) .

When a serious fault occurs at the grid side, the main CB will open and send a signal to the load controller, which will disconnect the noncritical loads.Then, the loads will be connected back to the system one by one.As this process occurs, the DC bus voltage of ES is measured and sent to the switch controller of loads periodically through the virtual network for monitoring.

Within the network, parameters such as latency, bandwidth limitation and packet losses are introduced.Drop of DC bus voltage signifies that there are more loads than the distributed energy sources can sustain, thus, the last load added to the system will be disconnected and the process of reconnecting loads is stopped.The detailed description of the whole process will provided in the following with simulation results.

The influence of the communication network on the model described previously is tested.The details of the power capacity of each unit within the system are shown in fig.10.The distributed energy sources can supply a total power of 11.5 k W, while the non-vital loads and the vital load require 12 k W (4 k W per load) and 1 k W respectively.The normal DC bus voltage is 800 V and its threshold level is700 V (when the bus voltage is lower than this value, the last added load should be disconnected) .

The simulation results without delay and with delay are shown in fig.11 and fig.12 respectively.In fig.11 and fig.12, sCBrepresents the CB signal.

In the first situation, it assumes no delay during the data transmission, an interruption (three-phase fault) from the grid side occurs at t1, the main CB opens, and all the non-vital loads are disconnected.At t2, the first non-vital load is connected to the system, while the rest ones are attached every0.1 s afterwards.At t4, switch 3 is closed and the third non-vital load is added.Since at this time the distributed energy resources do not have enough power to supply the load, the DC bus voltage on the LES side begins to drop.When the voltage drops below 700 V, the load last added to the system is re-disconnected in order to allow the DC bus voltage to return to its normal value.

In the second situation, delay, bandwidth, and packet losses are introduced in the virtual communication network.In addition, it displays the importance of combination of power and communication systems modeling for power system.The restoration process is the same as in the first situation.However, two factors are visible due to the delay introduced by the network.

a.At time t1, there is a larger disturbance when the main CB is disconnected, and the actual voltage measured on the DC bus drops below the threshold voltage.This is due to the communication delay (6ms) between the main CB and the load controller.

b.At time t4, a bigger drop in voltage UDCbelow the th reshold value occurs due to the communication delay (23 ms) between the ES and the load controller.As can be noticed, there are also bigger disturbances in the AC bus voltage and the output current of ES.

The simulation step of the proposed distributed co-simulation platform can reach ms level, or evenμs level, which guarantees RT execution of the simulation model, while the traditional co-simulation platforms will normally cost more than 20 min even when simulating a small-scale system[15,22,23,24,25,26,27,28].Moreover, the distributed simulation will not change the correctness of the simulation results as verified in literature[5]with discrete event system specification.

5 Conclusion

如何学习英文版物理教材 篇3

【关键词】物理 英文 教材 学习

引言

现代物理理论其源头在于西方，现行众多物理教材之概念大抵都源于翻译，一般译本的参考资料则是英文的。由此可见，从某种角度讲，学习英文物理版教材是学生接触物理“原始概念”的途径，如果学生能够深入领会其含义，必然能够深化对物理知识的认知，对于学生知识内化大有裨益。然而倘若学生不能深入挖掘并理解英文版物理教材的内涵，显然这就反作用于学生对物理知识的认知，将导致其原有的知识结构混沌，从而降低整体学习效果。根据实际案例研究发现，我国学子学习英语版物理教材之时，通常会遇到诸多问题，鉴此为了确保学生获顺利汲取知识，那么首先我们就需实际问题入手，帮助学生矫治学习上的问题，并向其提供科学有效的学习意见。

一、英语版物理教材学习存在的问题

从本质上讲，学习英语版物理教材通常存在两个类型的认知误区，其一是学生英语基础薄弱；其二，是学生自身思维习惯及认知特性的影响。下文我们将从这个两个方面来具体探究：英语版物理教材学习存在的具体问题：

1.英语基础薄弱。学习英语版物理教材自然需要一定的英语基础，倘若学生缺乏必要的基础势必就无法看懂参悟其中的物理定义。从实际的学习情况看，学生表现在英语知识薄弱层面的具体问题有以下几点：

（1）阅读障碍。我们在此探究的阅读障碍与一般定义的阅读障碍有所不同，我们主要是指学生在通读英语版物理教材中存在的障碍。即学生无法流畅的阅读教材并理解教材。造成如此窘境的根本原因自然是学生英语基础相对薄弱。英语版物理教材虽然在一般定义时，会出现较为难懂的专业术语，但是其描述语言必然是最为简单易懂的。正统的学术教材都是如此，在编写上都追求精简，通常不会刻意刁难读者。由此可见，学习英语版物理教材并非需要学生掌握过于复杂语法、语态、单词。因此倘若学生阅读英语版物理教材时不能通畅阅读，那么我们可以将此归为英语基础薄弱的问题。

（2）自译有误。所谓的自译有误，通常指在学习英语版物理教材时，学生能够大致顺畅的阅读文章但是较多翻译上存在谬误。正所谓，差之毫厘谬以千里，在学习英语版物理教材时翻译不当则会严重影响学生认知。帮助学生矫治翻译问题则显得十分必要。

2.思维习惯及认知特性。中西思维方式存在必然差异，这是文化异化的自然现象。因而我国学生在学习英语版物理教材时，通常会出现思维习惯及认知特性掣肘理解学习的情况。譬如部分学生对动能（ kinetic energy）与动量（momentum）的理解就存在一些认知特性上的问题。

二、学习英语版物理教材的策略

1.积累专业词汇，并理解其含义。学习英语版物理教材的关键在于学生是否能够通顺的阅读教材，要达到这样的效果就要求学生掌握一定的专业词汇，其中包含了物理及数学专业词汇。从本质上讲物理与数学的专业词汇并不算多，因此在记忆上并不会存在很大问题。但是想学好英语版物理教材便不能死记硬背专业词汇，即不能仅仅记忆词汇的对应汉语注解而是应该将其以定义对照的形式记忆下来，虽然这样的记忆方法存在一定的困难，但是对学生学习英语版物理教材大有助益。例如eigenvalue的汉语意义是本征值，这是一目了然的事，但是倘若学生仅仅记住这个词汇，在阅读英语版物理教材时便会出现“阅读无碍，却理解有误”的现象。显然记忆专业词汇之时必然要结合实际意义去关联记忆。

2.打好数学基础。数学是物理的基础，因而夯实数学基础是帮助学生学习物理知识的关键因素。在英语版物理教材时，数学知识的作用更为凸显。学生面对不易理解的物理知识，通常也通过数学推导去理解。当学生在阅读英语定义有障碍时，学生大可使用数学语言去演算证明。由此可见数学基础是帮助学生学习英语版物理教材知识的关键。

3.适应西方思维逻辑。众所周知，中西方人类的思维方式存在较为突出的差异。西方人思维偏向于逻辑推理，讲求证明推导；而中国人的思维重于辩证折中；加之我国应试教育体制在一定程度上造成了我国学生的思维的固化。鉴于此，学生学习英语版物理教材时就应该摆脱思维固式的束缚，积极的思辨，尽可能的理解并遵循西方逻辑思维。许多学习英语版物理教材的瓶颈并不在于语言能力不足，而是其思维拖住了后退。在学习英语版物理教材时，学生要以平和的心态去学习，要放下应试阶段的学习紧张情绪，将物理知识当做故事去浏览，然而在深入探究，譬如对于格里菲斯量子力学英文教材，学生就可以以看故事的心态去阅读或许会取得意想不到的效果。

4.阅读英语教材要循循渐进。学习是一个循循渐进的过程，学习英语版物理教材也不能急功近利，要按计划慢慢施行。首先是弄懂英语版物理基础教材，入门的教材笔者推荐阅读Riley的《Mathematical methods for physics and engineering》。当学生吃透此书后，即可以纵向阅读各个方向的物理教材了譬如学习Jackson的《经典电动力学》。总而言之，学习过程要根据自身学习特性做好学习规划，并以此为指导循循渐进的学习。

通信工程师英文简历 篇4

Family name: yjbys.com

Gender: male

School: Jilin University―Lambton College

Major: Electronics Engineering Technology (Communication)

Telephone: E-mail:

Education

1. A diploma in Telecommunications Engineering Technology from the College of the North Atlantic

2. A Bachelor degree Of Technology from Memorial University of Newfoundland

Academic Main Courses

Oral Communication, Communication Skill, Written English

Engineering Graphics, Engineering Management, Engineering Economics, AutoCAD, OrCAD

光通信中英文对照 篇5

GIF：渐变型光纤 SIF：阶越型光纤 DSF：色散位移光纤 DCF：色散补偿光纤 DFF：色散平坦光纤

POF：塑料光纤(Plastic Optical Fiber)PCF：光子晶体光纤

PANDA光纤：偏振保持光纤 HNLF：高非线性光纤

HCF：密封涂层光纤 CCF：碳涂层光纤 MCF：金属涂层光纤 ECF：偏心光纤

光纤阵列：fiber array;FA;FABU；BFA 光纤阵列模块：Fiber Array Block(FAB)AWG：阵列波导光栅 FBT：熔融拉锥

Coupler：耦合器

平面波导型光分路器：PLC splitter 熔融拉锥光纤分路器：Fused Fiber Splitter

CW：连续 Pump：泵浦 Power：电源

laser crystal：激光晶体 PD：光电二极管

LD：半导体激光器、激光二极管 ILD：注入型半导体激光器

LED：发光二极管Light Emitting Diode DBR：分布式布拉格反射 DFB：分布反馈

DFB-LD：分布反馈式半导体激光器 FP-LD：法布里-珀罗半导体激光器 DSM-LD：动态单模半导体激光器 SC：超连续光源(Super continuum)

PA：前置放大器 LA：线路放大器

BA、PA：功率放大器 OA：光放大器

中英对照

LNA：低噪声放大器 OFA：光纤放大器

SOA：半导体光放大器 SRS：受激拉曼散射

SRA(RFA)：拉曼光纤放大器 SBS：受激布里渊散射

SBA ：受激布里渊散射光纤放大器 BRA(BFA)：布里渊光纤放大器

TDFA：掺铥光纤放大器(属掺杂稀土离子)EDFA：掺饵光纤放大器 PDFA：掺镨光纤放大器 NDFA：掺铌光纤放大器

IL：插入损耗 RL：回波损耗 EL：附加损耗 TL：传输损耗

PDL：偏振相关损耗 BIL：弯曲附加损耗 CR：分光比 ER：消光比 FL：均匀性

PMD：偏振模色散、单模光纤中偏振色散 EMB：有效模式带宽 OFL：满注入带宽

OM：光模式Optical Mode MFD：模场直径

Isolator：隔离器 Coupler：耦合器 Connector：连接器 Splitter：分路器 Collimator：准直器 Optical switch：光开关 Attenuator：衰减器 Modulator：调制器 Filter：滤波器 Receive：接收器

OC：光载体、光纤载波 CW：载波 carrier wave

OLT：光缆终端设备、局端机房设备 ODN：光配线网络

ONU：光节点、光网络单元

3-1 ONT：光网络终端 OTN：光传送网

OTM：光终端复用器 OUT：光转发器 OTU：波长转换器 OSU：光用户单元 OXC：光交换节点 ODF：光纤配线架 DDF：数字配线架 OT：输出终端 PCM：电端机 CO：中心局

3U：超高速、超大容量、超长距离

OAN：光纤接入网 LAN：局域网 MAN：城域网 高速短距离的光纤通信系统WAN：广域网

Metro networks：地下网路 Ethernet：以太网 Network：网络

CUN：可持续网络 NGN：下一代网络 NPN：新公众网 UN：一体化网

ASON：自动交换光网络

OAN：光接入网 PON：无源光网络

WDMPON：波分复用型无源光网络 CDMA PON：码分多址型无源光网络 PSPON：功率分割型无源光网络 APON：

BPON：宽带无源光网络 Broadband PON EPON：以太无源光网络 Ethernet PON GPON：吉比特无源光网络 Gigabit PON

TDM：时分复用 OTDM：光时分复用

OADM：光分插复用(Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer)CDM：码分复用 FDM：频分复用 WDM：波分复用

中英对照

Wavelength：波长 Division：分开

Multiplexer：多路(复用)器 DWDM：密集波分复用 CWDM：粗波分复用

FWDM：滤波片式波分复用器 HWDM：高隔离度波分复用器

CDMA：码分多址(Code-division multiple access)

SDMA：空分多址

MUX：多路复用(multiplex)

DEMUX：解复用(de-multiplex）

GFF：增益平坦滤波器(gain flattening filter）bit：二进制位、比特

Byte：字节、8位元组

1字节=8比特 bandwidth：带宽、频宽 baud：波特率

bps(bit per second)：bit/s

DFG：差频

3R再生：再放大、再整形、再定时 2R再生：再整形、再定时 1R再生：再放大 REG：再生器

XGM：交叉增益调制 XPM：交叉相位调制 FWM：四波混频 TOBPF：带通滤波器 SPN:：节点共享式 SPL：链路共享式

RZ：归零码 NRZ：不归零码 ASK：幅移键控 FSK：频移键控 PSK：相移键控

IM-DD：强度调制-直接检测 PC：偏振控制器 OC：光环形器 PBS：偏振分束器 GEQ：增益平坦器

MTBF：平均无故障时间 match gel：匹配液

3-2

CamSplice：光纤接续子 OTDR：光时域反射器 ESA：激发态吸收 DGD：微分群时延

FTTH：光纤到户Fiber To The Home FTTB：光纤到大楼 FTTC：光纤到路边

VOD：视频点播

IPTV：即交互式网络电视

CATV：有线电视网(采用模拟传输方式)

Adapter：适配器 connector：连接器 Attenuator：衰减器 Isolator：隔离器 Transceiver：收发器

Coupler：耦合器

光耦合器(OC)FIC：快速连接头field installable connector V-groove：V型槽 Source：源

lamp-house：(仪器上的)光源 Power Meter：功率计

Photoelectric detector：光电探测器 optical switch：光开关 FVW：电子显微镜 Adhesive：胶粘剂

Optical Adhesive：光学胶黏剂 Setting：测试 I/O：开/关

Bare：赤裸

Bare Fiber：裸纤

Ribbon Fiber：带状光纤 Loose：宽松 Tube：管

Loose Tube：松套管 Tight：紧的 Buffer：缓冲层

Tight Buffer：紧缓冲层

single：单 dual：双

Multi-mode：多模 Standard：标准

中英对照

storage：储存 temperature：温度 loss：损耗

Fan-Out：输出端 Input：输入 Output：输出 Special：特殊的 Other：其他

TLC：泰尔认证

ITU-T：国际电信联盟远程通信标准化组织IEC：国际电工委员会 ISO：国际标准化组织 GB/T：推荐性国家标准

Package：包装 Dimension：尺寸 Port：端口 Type：类型 Length：长度 None：没有

Six-axes stage：六维微调架 Backstop：支架 Fixing：固定 Precision：精密

optical part：光学零件 Side Pull：侧拉

LSZH：聚烯烃 PE：聚乙烯 PVC：聚氯乙烯 Metal：金属 Steel：钢铁

Stainless Steel：不锈钢 Plastic：塑胶

PMMA：亚克力或者亚加力、有机玻璃。SMC：片状模塑料 PPO：聚苯醚

PPR：无规共聚聚丙烯

ETFE：乙烯四氟乙烯共聚物

APD：雪崩光电二极管

PIN(本征)型二极管(PIN Diode)

通信工程专业应届生英文求职信 篇6

respect your advertisement officer:

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reading my cover letter.the sails, depend on you the east wind power!im xxmunication collegemunication engineering fresh graduates weeks xx.will face the employment choice, i think of your unit is

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国外英文版体育书刊推介 篇7

刊名:Track Coach期号:2012年第202期

篇名 (作者) :

1.Racing Strategies (By Jason R. Karp)

文摘:It really does help to have a race plan. Here are 10 points of race strategy for you to think about. Excerpted from 101 Winning Racing Strategies for Runners by Jason Karp (Coaches Choice, 2012)

2.A Modern Pole Vault Training Area (By John N. Kernan)

文摘:Equipment innovations can provide your vaulters sufficient scope to develop their gymnastic skills. Here is one interesting idea.

3.The Spirit Of The Pole Vault 10 Tips On Pole Vault Development (By Tim St. Lawrence)

文摘:Tim is co-director of the Hudson Valley Flying Circus Pole Vault Academy, Warwick, New York. He was the Warwick Valley High School (NY) track & field coach, 1974-2008, and was the 2012 National High School Pole Vault Coach of the Year. www. Hvflyingcircus.com

4.Long Jump Technique (By John Shepherd)

文摘:John Shepherd is the editor of ultra-FIT magazine. He jumped 7m89cm and now coaches some of the top junior and senior long jumpers in Britain.

刊名:Track & Field News期号:2013年第1期

篇名 (作者) :

1.T&FN Interview Carmlita Jeter (by Jon Hendershott)

2.Britain Snags 2 More U.S. Coaches (by Sieg Lindstrom)

刊名:Runner’s World期号:2013年第1期

篇名 (作者) :

The Secret language of running spouses (Marc Parent)

游泳 (Swimming)

刊名:Swimming World期号:2012年第5期

篇名 (作者) :

1.Olympic Flashback (by Jeff Commings with special contributions by Steve Johnson) (连载)

文摘:Each month from January through July, Swimming World will chronicle the history of swimming at the Olympic Games from Athens in 1896 through Beijing in 2008. This month: 1976-1984.

2.Dryside Training: Six Great Medicine Ball Exercises (by J.R. Rosania)

3.How They Train: Katie Ledecky (by Michael J. Stott)

刊名:Swimming World期号:2012年第6期

篇名 (作者) :

1.Olympic Flashback (by Jeff Commings with special contributions by Steve Johnson) (连载)

文摘:Each month from January through July, Swimming World will chronicle the history of swimming at the Olympic Games from Athens in 1896 through Beijing in 2008. This month: 1988-1996.

2.Nutrition Choices of the Stars (by Jeff Commings)

3.Dryside Training: Train Like an Olympian! (by J.R. Rosania)

4.How They Train: Chris Satterthwaite (by Michael J. Stott)

5.Goldminds: Power and Pressure (by Wayne Goldsmith)

文摘:Here's how to improve your distance per stroke-and swimming performance-by improving your feel for the water.

足球 (Soccer)

刊名:Success in Soccer期号:2012年第5期

篇名 (作者) :

1.Make teamwork your club’s top priority (by Thomas Grenz)

刊名:Success in Soccer期号:2012年第6期

篇名 (作者) :

1.The many benefits of station training (by Rolf Mayer, Technical/Tactical Training)

2.Small-sided games and competitions (by Martin Friemel, Small Group Training, Youth Training)

摔跤 (Wrestling)

刊名:Wrestling USA期号:2012年第12期

篇名 (作者) :

1.Remaining Optimistic After Losing an Important Match (Stan Popovich, Sports Psychology)

运动心理 (Sport Psychology)

刊名:International Journal of Sport Psychology期号:2012年第4期

篇名:

1.An explanation for the fallacy of facilitative anxiety: stress, emotions, coping, and subjective performance in sport

2.Hold your Head High. The influence of emotional versus neutral nonverbal expressions of dominance and submissiveness in baseball

3.Self-regulation of learning and performance level of elite youth soccer players

4.Gaze behavior during the soccer penalty kick: an investigation of the effects of strategy and anxiety

5.The role of time pressure and accountability in moderating the impact of expectan cies on judgments of tennis performance

运动营养 (Sport Nutrition)

刊名:International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism期号:2012年第5期

篇名:

1.β-Alanine Improves Punch Force and Frequency in Amateur Boxers During a Simulated Contest

2.The Effect of Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Beverage Drinking Strategy on 10-Mile Running Performance

3.Fluid Balance of Elite Female Basketball Players Before and During Game Play

4.Runners Greatly Underestimate Sweat Losses Before and After a 1-hr Summer Run

5.Dietary and Training Predictors of Stress Fractures in Female Runners

6.Relationship Between Eating-Behavior Disorders and Psychological Parameters in Male First-Year Physical Education Students

7.Case Study: Nutrition and Training Periodization in Three Elite Marathon Runners

运动训练 (Sport Training)

刊名:Journal of Athletic Training期号:2012年第5期

篇名:

1.Trunk-Rotation Flexibility in Collegiate Softball Players With or Without a History of Shoulder or Elbow Injury

2.Eating Disorder Risk and the Role of Clothing in Collegiate Cheerleaders' Body Images

刊名:Strength and Conditioning Journal期号:2012年第5期

篇名:

1.Maximizing Strength Training Performance Using Mental Imagery

2.Exercise Programmming for Cardiovascular Disease

3.Protein Requirements for Strength Training

体育产业 (Sport Industry)

刊名:Sport Marketing Quarterly (SMQ) 期号:2012年第4期

篇名:

1.Attracting Facebook 'Fans': The Importance of Authenticity and Engagement as a Social Networking Strategy for Professional Sport Teams

2.Development of a Brand Extension Decision-Making Model for Professional Sport Teams

3.An Analysis of the Motivators of Seattle Sounders FC Season Ticket Holders: A Case Study

刊名:SportBusiness International期号:2012年第6期

篇名:

1.The Business of the Olympics (Part 4: Event Management)

2.A Necessary Expense? (Corporate Hospitality)

刊名:SportBusiness International期号:2012年第7期

篇名:

1.The Business of the Olympics (Part 5: The Role of the Host City)

2.Living For The City Ultimate Sports Cities 2012

3.High Flyers (Team Travel and Logistics)

刊名:Club Business International (CBI) 期号:2012年第5期

篇名 (作者) :

1.Value Proposition: Med-Fit Systems, Inc. (IHRSA Report, Member News)

文摘:You may not be familiar with this company's name, but the major product lines it manufactures or represents speak well of its reputation.

刊名:Club Business International (CBI) 期号:2012年第6期

篇名 (作者) :

1.Industry Authorities (By Jennifer H. Mclnerney)

2.Value Proposition: Sportsmith

文摘:Mastering basic business skills and catering equally to the needs of its clients and suppliers has made this firm a fitness industry leader.

书目 (Books)

1.Pedagogies, Physical Culture, and Visual Methods (Routledge Studies in Physical Education and Youth Sport) 《教育学, 体育文化和可视化方法》

Editor: Laura Azzarito, David Kirk; Pub: Routledge

ISBN: 9780415532778, 年代:2013, 页数:256

2.Sport Brands 《运动品牌》By Patrick Bouchet, Dieter Hillairet, Guillaume Bodet; Pub: Routledge

《暴风骤雨》英文版在海外的传播 篇8

中国文学的对外出版历史，是伴随着中华人民共和国诞生后才开始真正起步的，一直到1966年“文革”爆发，其间有过十几年的辉煌，史称“文学十七年”。其中有周立波的《暴风骤雨》、杨沫的《青春之歌》、赵树理的《小二黑结婚》、梁斌的《红旗谱》等，这些作品大都在1966年之前广泛传播到世界各地，这是新中国主动对外传播的一次努力。但对于这些红色经典取得的传播效果，学界关注并不多。本文尝试对这些努力进行总结，以便给中国文化“走出去”以借鉴。

《暴风骤雨》在哪些国家传播？

在这些得到外译的新中国文学作品中，《暴风骤雨》属于图书馆收藏数量最多的作品之一，达到172家。本文借助wordcat书目数据，查阅到172家图书馆的国家分布情况，详见下图：

由上图可以看出，全世界收藏《暴风骤雨》英文版一书最多的国家是美国，达到135家图书馆，英国8家，加拿大和澳大利亚分别是7家，荷兰4家，日本和中国香港地区是3家，新西兰2家，比利时、德国、以色列各1家。

再看看收藏《暴风骤雨》英文版最多的美国都有哪些类型的图书馆，限于篇幅，本文列举具有代表性的一些图书馆，它们分别是：ARIZONA STATE UNIV（美国亚利桑那州立大学）、UNIV OF ARIZONA（美国亚利桑那大学）、CALIFORNIA STATE UNIV, LONG BEACH （美国加州州立大学长滩分校）、CHAPMAN UNIV LEATHERBY LIBR （美国查普曼大学）、CLAREMONT COL ACQRC（美国克莱蒙特学院）、LOS ANGELES PUB LIBR （洛杉矶国立图书馆）、OCCIDENTAL COL LIBR （美国洛杉矶西方学院）、SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIV LIBR（美国旧金山州立大学）、SAN JOSE STATE UNIV （美国圣何塞州立大学）、STANFORD UNIV LIBR（美国斯坦福大学）、UNIV OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA（美国南加州大学）、UNIV OF THE WEST（美国西部大学）、COLORADO COL（美国科罗拉多学院）、UNIV OF COLORADO AT BOULDER（美国克罗拉多大学波尔德分校）、CONNECTICUT COL（美国康涅狄格学院）、LIBRARY OF CONGRESS（美国国会图书馆）、NATIONAL AGR LIBR（美国农业图书馆）等。由上述一长串美国图书馆名称可以看出，《暴风骤雨》一书的英文版几乎涵盖了美国本土的48个州和海外的夏威夷州，从东海岸到西海岸，从常春藤大学到各个州立大学，甚至一些城市图书馆、博物馆、社区图书馆都收藏了这部作品。可见，这本书受到了极为特殊的关注。

在英国收藏《暴风骤雨》的图书馆有：BRITISH LIBR（大英图书馆）、CAMBRIDGE UNIV（剑桥大学）、NATIONAL LIBR OF WALES（国立威尔士图书馆）、UNIV OF LEEDS（英国利兹大学）、UNIV OF LONDON, SCH OF ORIENTAL & AFRICA（伦敦大学东方与非洲研究院）、UNIV OF MANCHESTER LIBR THE（曼彻斯特大学图书馆）、UNIV OF OXFORD（牛津大学）、UNIV OF SHEFFIELD（谢菲尔德大学）。上述名单中除了世界闻名的大英图书馆、剑桥大学、牛津大学、伦敦大学东方与非洲研究院，还有曼彻斯特大学、谢菲尔德大学这些一般性大学和地方图书馆。这种情况也同样出现在澳大利亚和加拿大。如澳大利亚的名单上，除了UNIV OF MELBOURNE（墨尔本大学）、UNIV OF SYDNEY（悉尼大学）、NATIONAL LIBR OF AUSTRALIA（澳大利亚国家图书馆）这些著名大学、公立图书馆，还有不太知名的MURDOCH UNIV LIBR（澳大利亚莫道克大学）、GOLD COAST CITY COUN（澳洲昆士兰金海岸城市公会）。在加拿大的名单上，除有TORONTO PUB LIBR（多伦多大学）、UNIV OF ALBERTA（加拿大埃尔伯塔大学）、UNIV OF BRITISH COLUMBIA LIBR（加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚大学），还有UNIV OF VICTORIA，MCPHERSON LIBR（加拿大维多利亚大学麦克弗森图书馆）、UNIV OF NEW BRUNSWICK, FREDERICTON（新不伦瑞克大学佛雷德里克分校）、WESTERN UNIV（加拿大西方大学）、CONCORDIA UNIV LIBR（加拿大康克迪亚大学）。

可见，《暴风骤雨》一书在东西方对立的年代，确实被当作新中国的代表性图书被“特殊”馆藏，得到了广泛传播。

《暴风骤雨》为什么会得到广泛传播？

笔者注意到《暴风骤雨》一书在wordcat的登记时间是1977年，表明这本图书起码是1977年之前被输入到美国和西方一些国家的各大图书馆。以收藏该书最多的美国为例，1977年之前的中美之间，绝大部分时间属于彼此对立的时代，美国反共和封锁中国的麦卡锡主义盛行，虽然1972年中美建交后有所缓和，但对于一本1955年中国出版的外文图书，不可能一下子有这么多图书馆前来购买，因此可以肯定这本书是在1972年之前输入美国各大图书馆。

笔者查阅了当时外文局所属的唯一一家对外图书发行机构——国际书店（今天的中国国际图书贸易总公司）的发行记录，得知《暴风骤雨》一书在1955年出版后即印发18550册。而当时国外代销网点仅有42个国家，总共278家书商，美国本土能够获准代理新中国图书的代理商基本没有。由此可以断定，美国图书馆购买的《暴风骤雨》可能绝大部分是通过英国转运的，也就是说，当时中国在英国的销售商，如英国克列茨书店、英国朗格公司等起了非常关键的中转站作用。

为什么《暴风骤雨》会得到广泛传播？这里有三层原因值得探讨：

第一，在中西方对立的冷战时代，因为正常交流的渠道被隔绝，西方社会关于中国的一切信息都被屏蔽，但对于能够通过第三方传播到西方社会的新中国图书文献就受到“特别关注”。通过美国、英国、加拿大、澳大利亚的图书馆藏分布来看，《暴风骤雨》英文版就属于受到“特别关注”的图书之一。

第二，《暴风骤雨》这部小说真实地反映了新中国土地改革运动的实际状况，一些西方学者把这部文学作品作为研究中国土地改革的现实材料使用，而不仅仅是一部文学作品。

据考证，《暴风骤雨》所记录的生活完全来自作者周立波的实际生活。他于1946年10月到松江省珠河县元宝区元宝镇参加土改，1947年7月完成上卷初稿。周立波感觉材料不够，又带初稿去五常县周家岗继续深入生活，参加“砍挖运动”，10月回哈尔滨，完成上卷创作。《暴风骤雨》上、下卷分别于1948年、1949年由东北书店出版。因为生活的真实，该作品一出版便获得巨大成功，并于1951年获得斯大林文学奖。此外还有电影剧本版、改写版、简写版、少年版、连环画版。

第三，高水准的翻译。《暴风骤雨》一书完全是中国人自己翻译的，它创造了一个典型个案，那就是中国人英译自己的作品，尤其是翻译中国方言、土语要比老外好。《暴风骤雨》英文版1955年由外文出版社出版，英文书名为《The hurrican》，译者是著名翻译家许孟雄先生。对于许孟雄，今天知道的人可能不多。他于1922 年毕业于福州格致中学，1929 年毕业于清华大学英语系，为该系首届毕业生。1938年，抗战爆发后，他只身到武汉八路军办事处，以党外人士身份参加由周恩来直接领导、王炳南具体负责的对外宣传小组工作。其间，许孟雄首次把毛泽东的 《论持久战》等多篇著作译成英文，同时还翻译了大量有关抗战的文章，陆续在国外刊物上发表，让海外人士更好地了解中国共产党及中国人民的抗日战争。当时美国著名记者兼作家斯诺看了许孟雄的译作，对他的精湛译艺大加赞赏。1949年新中国成立后，许孟雄先后任北京外国语学院（今北京外国语大学）和中国人民大学英语教授，他一面教书，一面翻译，《暴风骤雨》《子夜》等就是这一时期的翻译成果。

对于许孟雄先生在《暴风骤雨》一书的英译特色，福建师范大学张培基在2000年的一篇文章中介绍到：许孟雄的译作语言地道，流畅自然，富于表现力，不仅忠实原文，而且又特别注意语篇神韵的再创造，力求保持原文的信息和体现原文的功能，并在文章中多处以《暴风骤雨》的一些段落为例说明土语、方言的英译是多么传神。许孟雄的英译水准不仅受到西方人的高度认可，也引起了周总理的注意。周总理曾对许孟雄先生说：“你翻译的《实践论》和《矛盾论》，美国著名记者斯诺先生读后大为赞扬。”

对中国文化“走出去”的启示

周立波的《暴风骤雨》、杨沫的《青春之歌》、赵树理的《小二黑结婚》、梁斌的《红旗谱》等这些新中国文学作品的外译，是在当时国家有限的财力下传播自己国家文学产品的一种伟大实践，今天看来这是无比正确的选择。它对于今天正在进行的中国文化“走出去”战略，有两点启示：

第一，中国对外文化传播的主角应该是中国人自己，指望西方社会弘扬中国文化是不现实的。之所以这样说，是因为东西社会的制度、文化具有根本的区别。早在20世纪30年代，由鲁迅主持编辑的我国现代短篇小说选《草鞋》，早已在美国记者伊罗生等中外友好人士的共同努力下完成英译工作。但因美国麦卡锡主义的限制，它被压了足足40年，直到1974年才问世。时光步入21世纪，东西方冷战时代已经结束，但在资本主义盛行的西方社会，尤其是中华文化尚且没有成为世界主流，传播中华文化是不能带来巨大商业利益的，因此是不可能有奇迹发生的。外文局的胡志辉先生曾指出，尽管前几年美国大学生对中国当代女性的现状颇感兴趣，尽管应邀去美国大学讲课的朱虹女士一再争取，但英文版《中国现代女作家散文选》的出版一再延迟，最后朱虹只能回国自费出版后再带出去当教材。由此可见，要指望由西方人出钱来弘扬中华文化，那是一厢情愿，万不可能的。

第二，保持文化传播的主动权，这种主动权指的是要传播具有中华文化特色、能够说明自己价值观的文学作品。以“文革”17年间外译的红色经典为例，如果不是中国自己主动传播自己，在当时的西方社会，是没有任何一家出版社愿意出版、翻译这些文学作品的。英文版《暴风骤雨》出版后，仅仅在个别东欧的社会主义国家得到译介和出版，传播范围较小。目前能够查到的仅有《暴风骤雨》捷克语版、波兰语和罗马尼亚语。捷克曾有三家出版社出版，分别是Ceskoslovensky Spisovatel在1951年出版，此后C·eskoslovensky· Spisovatel在1953年再版，Statni Nakladatelstvi Krasne Literatury在1958再次出版。罗马尼亚语版由Editura de Stat Pentru Literatura? s·i Arta?在1952年出版，波兰语版由Czytelnik在1953出版。

为了进一步扩大《暴风骤雨》一书的影响，从1960年开始，国家在当时财力极其有限的情况下，拿出一部分经费资助《暴风骤雨》一书由英语译介成其他小语种版，增加传播范围。比如乌尔都文版由印度的沙西恩出版社出版，翻译费为1000卢比，纸张费为1800卢比，印刷费为2000卢比，合计4800卢比（约等于42972元人民币）。乌尔都文版于1961年5月在印度出版发行，当时发行2000册，定价6卢比。希腊文版于1964年出版，印发2500册，定价为190德拉克马，由费克西斯出版社出版，资助金额达到9120德拉克马（当时的希腊货币约等于500多英镑）。这种资助新中国文学作品在海外出版的做法，取得了极佳的传播效果。如在中印边境冲突刚刚结束的1962年，在印度发行比较广泛的《书评月刊》上就刊发了署名为廉尔·阿巴斯·阿巴西关于《暴风骤雨》乌尔都文版的一篇书评，文章写到：“从写作的意图来看，这本中国文学作品是一个思想性的小说，写得很成功。小说对于阶级斗争特别是农民和封建地主间的冲突，运用马克思主义观点做了极有教育意义的详尽描写。由此我们认识到，像暴风骤雨一样起来的千百万农民，正在形成一股力量，这股力量是任何外力都不能摧毁的”。显而易见，这对于印度人民了解中国的农村土地变革是极其有益的。