mba写作范文(共8篇)
1.你最欣赏的企业家是谁?为什么?
2.你对企业文化有什么认识?你认为它有作用吗?每个成功的企业都有优秀的企业文化,你认为这种说法对吗?
3.如何理解绿色营销?举例说明。
4.你认为组织中什么样的人最难领导?假如你是领导,怎样对待品高才低与品低才高的人?
5.保证并提高员工的积极性?
6.描述一下你所在组织的组织结构和管理方式。
7.就员工的能力与业绩而言,你如果是总经理,你认为二者哪个更重要?
8.只有人力资源是需要激励的,你同意这个说法么?为什么?
9.你认为作为一名管理者应该具备的什么的素质?一名优秀的管理者,什么样的个人品质最重要?
10.请你从管理者的角度谈谈对管理的看法。
1.你是怎样理解管理的任务就是“正确地做正确的事”。
2.从创新的角度谈谈你对“家电产品下乡”的认识。
3.谈谈你对“企业文化:无形胜有形”的理解。
4.孙子兵法所说的 “知己知彼百战不殆”在管理中的应用。
5.世界500强企业中,沃尔玛等这样的家族企业就占了三分之一;美国中小企业当中,有百分之八十五也是家族企业;在中国360万家中小企业甚至大型企业中,家族企业占了相当大比例。浅谈中国的家族企业如何提升竞争力。
6.透过“沈阳棋盘山冰川动物乐园东北虎非正常死亡事件”,简要剖析企业管理的道德性。
7.透过 “丰田召回门”与 “惠普质量门”事件,简述对企业扩张与发展的思考。
8.你有一个财务主管,事无巨细、事必躬亲,你怎样去评价?
9.假如你是一个CEO,你的下属向你抱冤,公司的薪水太低,没有个人发展机会,你如何处理?
一、新课程标准对于写作教学提出的要求
初中英语新课程标准对于协作教学提出了新的要求, 从小学到初中, 将写作能力设定为9级, 其中, 8级写作对于学生有着如下的要求:
(1) 可以根据课文写摘要。
(2) 可以根据图表与文字信息写出报告与短文。
(3) 可以写出结构完整、连贯的短文, 可以表达出自己的态度与观点。
初中英语新课程标准更加突出语言的功能, 强调学生可以用语言做事, 首先是内容的深层次挖掘, 其次才是语言与技巧的培训, 在这一背景下, 教师需要反思自己的教学行为, 寻求能够促进学生全面发展的渠道。
三、体裁写作法PK范文背诵法
(一) 体裁写作法的优缺点
该方法着重于思想内容表达方面的训练, 它可以促进学生在写作过程较快地了解写作、调动学生写作的积极主动性。此外, 它还能够增强学生自主学习的意识, 激发学生学习写作的兴趣。
但体裁写作法在实际操作中容易出现语言积累不足的情况, 也容易使学生在写作初期就很丧失对写作的信心, 影响其写作的质量。不仅如此, 该方法常常需要占用大量宝贵的课堂时间。课堂时间是学生学习的黄金时间, 也是学生学习过程中精神高度集中的时间。在这有限的时间里对学生进行写作训练, 不能很快地将学生的写作训练到位, 效果也不是很理想。
(二) 范文背诵法的长短处
背诵是一个长久流传的学习方法, 它可以让学生识记很多知识, 也可以让学生的能力得到提高。众所周知, 背诵过程是一个很复杂的过程, 也是一项长期过程。不过在此过程中, 学生的记忆活动也会随着思维的跳跃而增强。这种方法本身是可取的, 它可以使学生了解各类文章的风格与写作特点, 便于写作主题的敲定。
然而对于素质教育的挑战, 范文背诵法也存在缺陷。死记硬背式和填鸭式的教学也逐渐受到大家的抵触和反对, 创新意识的培养一举成为亮点。只有注重理解, 不要一味地灌输和模仿, 才能摆脱传统背诵枷锁的束缚, 提高学习写作的积极性与主动性, 进而提升写作的思维能力。
四、体裁写作法与范文背诵法的叠加
(一) 体裁写作法与范文背诵法结合的加法效应
由于目前班级学生人数较多, 教师不能对每个学生都进行监督和指导, 加之其占用大量的课堂教学时间, 所以体裁写作法的实践存在很大的难度。而为了弥补体裁写作法的不足, 教师可以利用范文背诵法的优势之处, 将两种教学方法结合起来, 开阔学生的思维视野, 创新学生的写作思路, 让学生自己定位自己的写作。因此, 每位英语教师都应该以班级特点和学生差异作为出发点, 制定出较完善的教学方式。在此之前, 教师必须要深入了解学生对写作的态度和写作的困难, 然后根据实际情况制定出一种符合学生发展需求的教学方式。将这两种方法相结合, 不仅能很好地解放学生的思想, 而且还能提升英语写作的教学质量和水平。
(二) 体裁写作法与范文背诵法结合的建议
1.重体裁教学, 强调写作的真实性。英语写作的重点问题就是应用何种体裁, 如何应用这种体裁, 在写作教学中, 教师需要有计划、有目的地引导学生熟悉不同的写作体裁, 在教学体裁的选择上, 需要具有促进性、趣味性以及关联性, 与学生的语言水平和认知水平相符。在教学方式的选择上, 可以为学生提供代表性的范文, 让学生自行体验, 分析范文的体裁, 在教师的协助下总结不同体裁的语言素材、文本结构特征。此外, 写作教学必须要具有真实性与生活性, 反应出学生生活的真实世界, 对于教材中一些缺乏真实性的素材, 教师需要进行改造。2.口语和写作相结合。口语是英语教学的主力军。在初中的英语教学过程中, 也有很多的口语训练需要相互配合才能完成。例如:
A:Hello, I’d like some drink.
B:what kind of drink would you like?
A:orange juice or milk, please.
在教学中, 教师可以安排学生多进行一些口语练习, 并将口语练习同写作相结合, 而在口语练习后围绕这一情景立即让学生进行写作。等写作完成以后, 可以让学生之间相互点评。这样做不仅有利于激发学生写作的兴趣, 还可以提升学生写作的能力, 一举两得。3.多媒体辅助教学。为了提升学生的写作水平可以提高学生对英语文化的理解。随着社会的发展, 教学手段也在不断的发展和完善。教师不仅可以利用传统的教学方式, 还可以尝试使用新型的多媒体来辅助教学。在课堂上, 教师可以用多媒体播放一些外国的电影片段, 使学生在轻松的氛围中学习和了解外国文化。如果条件允许的话, 也可以请相关的教育专家来学校进行知识讲座, 再利用广播在课余时间播放一些脍炙人口的英文歌曲。这样不仅能够提升英语的学习紧密度, 还可以营造一个良好的学习氛围, 全面促进学生学习。其实, 这些辅助都可以对学生学习和写作起到很好地提高作用。
五、结语
体裁写作法和范文背诵法都是非常好的写作训练方法, 但是就训练结果而言, 体裁写作法的效果更为显著。该方法不但能提升学生的语言能力, 还能帮助学生更好的理解英语篇章。而将体裁写作法和范文背诵法相结合, 更利于节约课堂时间, 培养学生写作的主动意识。所以, 为了促进写作的教学, 我们应该大力推广和应用这种新型有效的教学模式。
参考文献
一、以情传神感动人
散文必须饱含作者的浓烈情感,才会深深感动读者。散文家杨朔的《荔枝蜜》是一篇构思精巧,寓意深刻,意境优美的抒情散文。作者借蜜蜂酿蜜的可贵精神,赞颂劳动人民勤奋不息、一心为人、为子孙后代酿造生活之“蜜”的高尚品质。作者通过回旋曲折、环环相扣、步步深入的结构,把诗一般的艺术境界缓缓地展现在读者面前,使读者的联想逐渐深远并不断品味思索其中包含的人生哲理,从而得到美的享受。作者以自己的感情变化为线索,从“不喜欢蜜蜂”到“赞美蜜蜂”,进而愿意“变成一只小蜜蜂”,把全文串联起来,在情感上引起读者内心的共鸣。
以情动人的立意是作者匠心独运的表现,在这种立意的凝聚下,对生活素材进行整合,写出的文章自然会传神动人。《语文课程标准》对7—9年级提出了明确的写作要求:“写作要有真情实感,力求表达自己对自然、社会、人生的感受、体验和思考。”只要善于观察体验生活,求真求实,有感而发而不矫揉造作,那么写“真情实感”的文章就不会有所谓的难度。
二、详略得当慎选材
魏巍在《我的老师》这篇散文中使用了七则材料,他对材料的处理堪称散文写作选材得当的典范。
师生关系表现为两个方面,老师关爱学生是一个方面,学生敬爱老师是另一个方面。写前者表现老师的敬业、高尚、伟大;写后者是为了表现老师在学生心目中的地位,表现学生对老师的尊敬、思念、怀念,两者相辅相成,相益得彰。在《我的老师》前五个略写的材料中,其中前四例事情即愠怒、教跳舞、观蜂喝蜜、教诗歌是写老师关爱学生。其中三例事件采用了比较详细的写法,而教跳舞一例仅一句话。第五例写了“我们”对老师的态度,作者议论后写下了这样两句话:“我们见了她不由得就围上去。即使她写字的时候,我们也默默地看着她,连她握铅笔的姿势都急于模仿。”老师在学生心目中的地位可见一斑。我们读了这五例事情,会知道蔡老师怎样对待学生以及学生如何对待蔡老师。
初中生学习此篇课文,能仿写五例事情的写作方法,已经非常可贵。
《我的老师》详写了“老师为我处理纠纷”的事情,很有典型意义。因为前面略写的内容,只能给读者一般性的印象。许多有敬业精神、关爱学生的老师多会这样,只是表现形式有所不同而已。而这一事例具有特别意义:蔡老师的公正处理曾是“占据我的心灵”的一件大事。排解学生之间的矛盾,是老师工作能力和人格魅力的反映,是值得学生崇敬的主要原因。所以详写此事后,作者对蔡老师“慈爱、公平、伟大”的议论,有效唤起读者强烈的共鸣。因此,“我对老师的依恋”一段写得非常自然。儿童感恩的方式就是依恋,这里的依恋之情表现出学生对老师的深厚感情,写得水到渠成。
以上两件事情,反映出师生关系的两个方面,可以独立成文。放在《我的老师》中作为重点段落,使蔡老师的完美、高大形象更加让人可感可知,也尽情抒写了作者回忆、赞颂蔡老师的心情。
在散文写作中,面对诸多素材,必须择取去舍,妥善处理好材料之间的关系,叙述详略得当,才能使材料为写作中心主旨服务,从而突出文章主题。
三、表达方式不呆板
教材中的许多散文名篇,都是通过简洁的叙述、概括的描写、强烈的抒情、深刻的议论等表达方式,形成自由活泼、隽秀灵动的风格,给读者留下深刻印象和心灵启迪。
《背影》在叙事中抒发父子深情。写了父亲关心爱护儿子,儿子感激思念父亲。通篇用白描手法来记叙事实,没有任何修饰渲染。从开头点题回忆“背影”,写到当年父亲送别时“我”望见、送别他的“背影”,到回忆父亲的“背影”,文章共四处出现“背影”两字,全文没有使用“关心”、“爱护”、“感激”等抽象字眼,更没有任何华丽词藻。这样的记叙为抒发质朴的大爱之情奠定了基础。
在《藤野先生》中,作者善于通过描写某些生活片断、生活场景和情感细节,刻画人物最突出的个性特征,来表现人物的形神风貌,从而抒发作者特定的感受和情思。比如,通过对藤野的肖像、衣着、言行和声调等主要特征进行刻画,以及他和作者接触、相处、惜别等生活片断和生活场景的描写,来寄寓作者对藤野可贵人格的崇敬、赞颂、感激和怀念的深情,抒发了作者对恩师的缅怀和自己的爱国主义情怀。
《从百草园到三味书屋》中的议论集中在课文第9自然段。三个“也许”表示猜测的语气,表现了告别百草园时作者的疑问和无可奈何的心理,表达了作者对百草园自由快乐生活的无限留恋。同时,这种猜测使“我”显得极为天真可爱,作者眷恋百草园和被迫离开时的无奈与依依惜别的深情流露于这样的议论中,有力地深化了文章主题。
在《记念刘和珍君》这篇战斗檄文里,鲁迅先生把记叙、议论和抒情三者完美地结合在一起。文章对死者生平、死难者的情况作了概括的叙述,这是议论和抒情的基础。对死者的悼念,对屠杀和恶意中伤爱国青年的反动派和御用文人进行揭露、谴责,鲁迅抒发了极其悲痛、愤恨的情感。他说:“真的猛士,敢于直面惨淡的人生,敢于正视淋漓的鲜血。这是怎样的哀痛者和幸福者?”这里用正面抒情、议论,进一步交待、点明写作本文的原因。对死者的英勇战斗和死难意义,鲁迅用抒情议论的方式给予热烈的赞扬和切实的肯定。他这样写道:“人类血战前行的历史,正如煤的形成,当时用大量的木材,结果却只是一小块,但请愿是不在其中的,更何况是徒手。”这种历史的分析和深刻的见解,对“三·一八”惨案中学生采用游行请愿的作用作了客观而又辩证的评价,可谓切中肯綮。
散文的写作,记叙是基础,基础扎实后,随着表达的深入可以自然地运用议论、抒情等手法。初学写作的学生,首先要学会并养成一事一叙的记叙文写作习惯,然后逐渐加上适当的议论来画龙点睛。随着写作能力的增长,可以点缀些抒情的句子。这样,文章的主题、作者的情感才能表现出来。记叙的成分多,是叙事性散文;在叙事的基础上,抒情的成分增多,就是抒情散文。只要留意课文中散文的写法,散文不难写成。
留学美国文书写作
简历的长度:
有的商学院对简历的长度有明确的规定:一页。有的没有明确的规定,那怎么办?到底是写一页呢,还是两页,三页?答案是:只写一页,除非学校另有规定。理由如下:
1)一页对于只有几年工作经验的人来说已经是足够的了;
2)一页简历也是商业界求知过程中的一个不成文的规定;
3)超过一页的简历可能重点不突出,行文冗长,内容杂乱,不容易吸引招生委员们的“眼球”,这一点在将来的求职过程中尤为重要。
简历在MBA 录取的过程中只起到辅助的作用,但是在未来的求职过程中却起到“决定性”的作用,是否有面试的机会,是否能通过面试前的一轮又一轮的简历挑选就取决于简历是否写的很精彩,很专业。
20XX年MBA英语真题写作参考范文
Failure is not a stranger to life.It can happen anywhere, anytime and to anyone.No person succeeds all the time.The more development you want to make, the more failure you might encounter.On account of this, people are faced with failure now and then.There are different attitudes towards failure.Some are afraid of failure and they can not bear the blow of it, so they stay where they are and try not to make progress.Some optimists, however, fight against failure bravely and achieve all aims at last.Just as the old saying goes, failure is the mother of success.For my part, we’d rather accept or even appreciate failure than be afraid of it.Meeting with failure, we ought not to lose heart.Instead, all our courage should be called up to persist in what we are engaged in.To summarize in the proverb that where there is a will, there is a way.20XX年MBA英语真题写作参考范文
When it comes to health and wealth, different people hold quite different views.Some prefer health, and regard it as the most important part of life.But others take wealth as their top priority.It seems that the two sides can not reach agreement for the time being.As a matter of fact, some convincing arguments have been presented by both sides.On the one hand, those who place emphasis on health believe that good health is the foundation of everything, including making money.For instance, good health will enable them to work effectively, which may contribute to a promotion and a handsome salary.They also argue that good health can help them live longer and work longer.On the other hand, other people think otherwise.They assure that wealth can help them to enjoy their life.With a large sum of money, they can visit any place or do whatever they like without financial problems.Besides, wealth in some way stands for social status.According to what has been discussed above, both sides have their reasons.As far as I am concerned, the first viewpoint is both sound and well-grounded.Therefore, we should give our full support to health.20XX年MBA英语真题写作参考范文
When asked about which is more important: family or career, different people will offer different answers.Some believe that family is more important, while others considers quite the opposite.People preferring the former believe that family is more indispensable to their life.They claim family is the source of power.However, those who insist on the other attitude regard career as a method to realize their ambitions.Only when they make achievements in career can they feel happy and satisfied.In short, family and career are seemingly a couple of opposite things.As far as I am concerned, we should combine them in a way.Without career, we can’t earn a living or fulfill our ideals, yet our life would be even hard and incomplete without families.In brief, we should integrate the two appropriately.Only in this way can we live a colorful and meaningful life.20XX年MBA英语真题写作参考范文
To whom it may concern: I am writing to express my opinion about the current policy on the Golden Week holiday.As you might know , some believe it is a good idea to enjoy a week-long break.For one thing, it provides enough time for people to refresh their minds and thus to have better preparation for their future work.For another, it will lead to increased tourism and in turn stimulate the development of the local economy.Truly, the past decade has witnessed many advantages of the Golden Week holiday, but we should never ignore its disadvantages.On the one hand, it may lead to heavy traffic in that a large number of tourists go on traveling during the same period.On the other hand, some tourists, with no awareness of environmental protection, often drop litter at random so that scenic spots are polluted and thus it demands a tremendous sum of money to eliminate the pollution.Considering the current grim situation, it is necessary that the authorities concerned should take immediate measure to eliminate these disadvantages.Only through these efforts can we relieve the traffic pressure and at the same time enhance people’s awareness of environment protection.20XX年MBA英语真题写作参考范文
The diagram above clearly shows the dramatic elevation has occurred in the recruitment of Master of Engineering(ME)in the past seven years.According to the figures given above, we can see the recruitment of ME was on a steady rise from 1998 to 2004.In 1998, the number was at a low level, only about 2500.Surprisingly, it reached to more than 35000 in 2004 within no more than seven years.Some driving factors that contribute to the above-mentioned changes may be summarized as follows.First of all, China has become particularly active in manufacturing, which leads to the increasing demand of qualified engineers.Secondly, the development of job market on the whole can’t keep pace with the expansion of college graduates, which obliges many students to stay on campus for another reason.Taking all these factors into consideration, we may predict that with the rapid development of our society, the number of recruitment of ME will keep growing in the forthcoming decade.On the other side of the coin, however, this tendency may bring about many problems, such as the waste of talent.We should take measures to ensure this situation doesn’t get out of hand, and encourage students to choose majors in which knowledge and skills will be demanded in the job market.20XX年MBA英语真题写作参考范文
As is shown in the table, the traffic accidents in 2005 add up to 1965 and increase by approximately 10 percent.Apparently, the number of traffic accidents dramatically increased in 2005 compared with the previous years.What accounts for the increase? In the light of the table, we can find that a couple of factors contribute to the change.To begin with drives careless driving behaviors are mainly responsible for the traffic accidents.Among them turning left without care gives rise to the most accidents of 608, while driving under the influence of alcohol leads of the accidents increase rate.In addition, the increase of the accidents has something to do with pedestrians’ careless behavior.Pedestrians’ crossing roads carelessly is blamed for 401 accidents and causes an increase rate of 12 percent.Drivers’ ill driving habits such as failing to give a signal also result in traffic accidents, though the accident rate slightly decrease.Now that we are aware of the causes of the traffic accidents and the increase of them, it is time for us to work out measures to cut down the number.With strict driving regulations and education to drivers and pedestrians, the traffic accidents are expected to fall off and we are expected to live in a secure traffic environment.20XX年MBA英语真题写作参考范文
The past several years have witnessed the emergence of a widespread social phenomenon.That is, a growing number of people are in quest of college education for adult despite whatever degrees they have required before.It is reported that 390 university graduates, together with 15 candidates who have master’s degrees have taken the National Adult College Entrance Examination in Shanghai this year.This issue, without the slightest question, has given rise to great concern in the public.People’s attitudes towards this phenomenon differ widely.Some find it quite understandable when considering the fact that life-long education is an era of knowledge explosion.Rather, one has to recharge himself with updated information so as to keep up with the development of the society.And yet those who hold negative views regard it as a waste of time as well as educational resources.Personally, I am in favor of the former opinion.Education is becoming a lifetime study, just as the old saying goes: live and learn.After all, there is no denying the fact that education is of benefit to both personal growth and economic prosperity.And this is also the exact reason why I have determined to do an MBA.20XX年MBA英语真题写作参考范文
In the new millennium, text message is set to become an essential feature of individuals’ life.It comes no surprise that a vast majority of people are indulged in sending and receiving short message, considering the great pleasure and convenience it brings about.Still, there are some others viewing text message as a curse of modern life, for it cause extra waste and do harm to our health.Text messaging, as a means of communication, shortens the distance between people, which, many believe, is one of its apparent advantages.By sending regards to them via short message, we can not only maintain contact with our friends and relatives, but share pleasure with them as well.Another benefit obtained from text message is the convenience for people to keep up with the latest information they need whatever they go and whatever they do.For instance, a large number of people have subscribed to various short-message services ranging from weather forecast to fashion news and enjoy them very much.Accordingly, with text message people’s daily life will be greatly enriched.Truly, apart from those benefits, text messaging might have its drawbacks.But it is my view that its negative impacts depend, to a large extent, on how it is used.As a consequence, if we make proper use of it, short message will never do us more harm than good.20XX年MBA英语真题写作参考范文
小作文参考范文: Dear president,I am writing this letter in purpose of expressing my appreciation for your hospitality accorded to me and my delegation during our visit to your company.During the entire visit, my delegation and I were overwhelmed by the enthusiasm expressed by you and your faculty members.I sincerely hope we could have more exchanges like this one so that we would be able to further our communication to explore the feasible ways to expand our cooperation.I am looking forward to your early visit to china, when I will be able to pay back the hospitality we received.With kind personal regards.Faithfully yours,Zhang Wei
大作文参考范文:
From the information given in the above column chart, we can see a striking contrast in mobile-phone subscriptions between developing and developed countries from 2000 to 2008.During this period, there has been a dramatic increase from 0.4 to 4 billion mobile phone subscriptions in developing countries, while that of developed countries remained steady under 1 billion during the decade.At least two fundamental factors could contribute to this phenomenon.On the one hand, with the rapid increase in economy happening in the developing countries, the telecommunication industry in those countries got a great bound to meet the demand of globalization.As a result, the user of mobile phone which can narrow the distance between people and link the whole world together rose at an incredible speed.On the other hand, the extremely advanced civilization of developed countries means less potential in many aspects including in the area of private telecommunication tools and their demand for further enlargement of such tools tend to saturation.In conclusion, while mobile phones subscriptions, if used carelessly or without restraint, could prove to be a double-edged sword, the fact remains that it is already extremely prevalent in both developing and developed countries and even today, continue rise in popularity.Given the levels of intelligence, prudence and discretion imbued in people, I am sure that most of them will be able to sidestep the potential drawbacks of mobile phones, while taking advantage of all its merits.20XX年 MBA英语真题写作参考范文
小作文参考范文: Dear Li Ming,Congratulations!I’m absolutely delighted to hear that you have just been admitted to Stanford University.I know there was a lot of competition this year but your hard work and perseverance certainly paid off.I’d like to give you several practical proposals on how to prepare for your university life.Firstly, it’s my hope that you will take advantage of the library in your university by reading books outside the college curriculum.Secondly, I believe that free-time should be divided into three main activities: physical exercise, relaxation, and communication with friends and family.Wish you further success in your continuing studies and hope you will invite me to your graduation ceremony in four years time.Yours faithfully,Zhang Wei
大作文参考范文:
首先,XX为各位考生说说MBA考试综合试卷的由来,是管理类联考改革的一年,在这之前,管理类联考总共有四张试卷,分别是英语、数学、逻辑写作和管理,考试时间为2天。管理是一门 单独成卷的科目,改革从撤掉管理这一门开始。撤掉管理之后,还有三门课,考试时间也由2天变为1天半。后来专家组建议将考试时间缩短为1天,于是有了现在 的两门科目――英语和综合(数学、逻辑和写作)。
而命题专家组将数学、逻辑和写作放在一起考是十分有道理的。综合这张试卷测试考生的 逻辑思维素养,逻辑本身这门课是一种逻辑思维的较量;数学也是逻辑思维的学习,以前有一门学科就是数理逻辑,数学逻辑本一家;至于说到写作这门科目,可能连很多MBA考生都不是很了解,考试的写作科目跟以前在学校写作文是完全不一样的概念,MBA写作可以说是未来管理人的一场思维逻辑的较量,
接下来,XX为各位考生解读一下MBA考试的写作大纲。综合能力考试中的写作部分主要考察考生的分析论证能力和文字表达能力,通过论证有效性分析和论说文两种形式来检测。
论证有效性分析,给出一段有缺陷的论证,要求考生分析其中存在的问题,选择若干要点,评论该论证的有效性。论说文要求考生在准确审题的基础上,对材料给出的观点进行分析,表明自己观点并加以论证。
有人要问了,为什么管理类联考要以这两篇文章来考察考生?管理就是通过他人更好的完 成任务,那么通过他人的渠道就是沟通,何为沟通?沟通就是“听”和“说”。在这里,论证有效性分析就是“听”的部分,它给你一段材料,你需要理解和回应,于是你得锻炼自己听的能力,才能对这段材料给予回应。论说文就是“说”的部分,给一段命题,需要考生说出自己的观点和论点。于是论证有效性分析和论说文成为未来管理人的一种考核形式。
读懂了考试大纲,XX来讲一讲广大MBA考生最为关心的话题,那就是怎样提高 MBA写作水平。MBA写作考察的是分析论证能力和文字表达能力,这背后考察的其实是考生的逻辑思维能力。对于论证有效性分析的题目,做题步骤是读题―找 错―析错,其中需要考生具备比较好的逻辑思维分析能力,在正确读题的基础上,找出题干中的逻辑错误进而分析错误。对于论说文部分,考察的是考生的“说”的 能力,这也需要考生具备逻辑思维并用文字表达出来。XX建议MBA考生多多阅读XX的写作讲义,抄写范文,翻翻历年真题,跟同学们一起讨论来 提高。
英语“观点型”议论文是高考和模拟考的热点写作形式,其在文章结构和段落展开上有着鲜明特点。对于这类文章的写作训练,可以通过引导学生学习经典范文的方式,让学生宏观感知范文的谋篇布局,指导学生分析和模仿范文写作结构,积累范文语料素材,体味范文主旨内涵,再进行相应的写作训练,轻松达到提高学生的写作技巧和水平的目的。
比如,在最近的一次考试中,笔者的学生们遇到了这样一个作文题:“People can go to shop,bank and work with smart phones.But the danger of smart phones is people are getting isolated and losing some social skills.To what extent do you agree with this opinion?”,也就是让学生们评价“智能手机的消极影响”。由于是学生们第一次接触议论文写作,为了让学生写出议论文的结构特点,笔者补充了一篇类似结构的“评价电脑的消极影响”的范文,供学生们阅读并加以指导,让学生们体会写出“观点型”议论文应有的语言文字和结构特点。
在引导学生们对范文进行分析和学习时,笔者做了如下几个方面的工作。
一、引导学生分析整篇范文的结构
1.运用图示处理文章结构。图示法中的概念图能将文章结构形象化、系统化和图示化,是一种“语义网络的可视化表示方法”,能帮助学生构建语篇的逻辑框架。学生在运用概念图处理范文结构的过程中,可以帮助他们熟悉和把握议论文的谋篇布局和逻辑结构特点,有利于其提高自身的逻辑思维能力,将这种能力运用到自己的议论文写作中,使自己的文章更具逻辑性,结构更清晰,符合议论文写作特点。
2.强调链接结构在标明文章层次中的重要性。本文中链接结构的使用对于学生来说十分具有借鉴意义,它们是的文章更加结构清晰,层次分明。笔者在分析文章时,向学生强调了三个表示观点列举的链接结构:in the first instance,secondly,last but not least;表总结的in general;表转折对比的however,on the contrary;表举例的for example以及表递进关系的furthermore.
3.分析文章段落展开方法。
(1)找出每段的主题句。议论文最鲜明的特点就是作者的分论点一般作为各段的主题句(通常是第一句话)讲明,各段作为支持该分论点的论据展开。笔者采用师生共同分析的方法,带领学生找出文章各段排比形式的主题句,体会如何围绕论点,确定分论点,层层扩展,阐述自己的立场和态度。
(2)向学生介绍写好扩展句的方法。议论文的各自然段需要丰富的内容来扩展主题句,对于主题句的展开,通常采用如下几种方法:Question,Quotation,Example,Comparison,Survey,Statistics,Classification,Other words,Reason and cause,Positive and negative sides。在范文中,学生们可以清楚的体会出作者所运用的Reason and cause以及Example等多中扩展主题句的手法。笔者还提醒学生,合理的段内结构(及对主题句的扩展)和巧妙的构思与规范的语言一样,对于一篇议论文至关重要,学生们应在自己的写作中巧妙运用这些方法,提高自己文章的耐读性。
二、帮助学生积累范文的语料素材,为写作打下坚实基础
学生在写作时常常苦于腹中无词,不能准确得体地表达出想要表达的意思,这是因为学生还没有积累出丰富的词汇和句式。按照语言生成规律,写作的次序应是:词——句——篇,因而,提高学生写作能力的基础和前提就是为其提供丰富的话题语料储备,并训练他们在写作过程中不断灵活地使用已经习得的词汇,重点培养学生应用这些词汇和句型的能力,为他们的写作打下坚实基础。
笔者在带领学生分析完范文篇章结构之后,利用不同的教学形式,注重常用学生话题词汇的拓展,要求学生找出并吸收文中丰富的话题词汇(文中的黑体字就是推荐学生们积累使用的话题词汇),运用到自己的文章中。笔者还要求学生注重对范文中重点句型的操练,和学生一起找出文中各类从句和含非谓语的句子,总结出好的句子结构。
三、鼓励学生思考、体味范文的立意与内涵,表达自己的观点
写作,尤其是议论文的写作是学生在平时的学习、生活中对身边事物所思、所想的集中表达,可以反映出作者的思想和价值观。在新课标的理念下,我们教学的指导思想之一就是关注学生的情感,提高他们的人文素养,培养他们高度的社会责任感,养成他们独立思考和表达的习惯。在学生写作议论文时,谋篇布局和遣词造句固然重要,更为重要的是文章的立意和观点态度。
在阅读范文时,笔者还会在最后鼓励学生根据文章主题,复述作者思想内容,并对作者思想内容进行简单评价,并鼓励他们说出自己的看法。同学们应当明白,作者的观点态度是作者的生活体验和思考的结果,同学们应当向作者那样平时勤于观察思考,写作时善于总结和表达,写出自己的内心情感和视角。
【关键词】教材文本 高考书面表达范文 高级句式
高级句式的运用是提高学生书面表达得分的重要因素。许多高中生在英语写作中能基本表达文章主要要点,但缺乏高级句式的运用。单一的句式结构极大影响了整体文采,降低了得分。而复杂多变的句式结构却能使篇幅有限的书面表达文章灵活生动,吸引阅卷老师的眼球。一篇优秀的高中英语作文,除了能够准确无误的表达题目所要求的内容要点之外,还应该体现学生个人的英语素养和文采(Krashen.S.D,1988)。现行的北师大版教材文本和历年的高考范文覆盖了广泛的话题,具备丰富的文章体裁。因此,教师在日常教学中应充分挖掘教材文本和高考范文,有效地指导学生认真进行解读,采掘其中的高级句式并恰当地运用到自己的写作过程中。作者归纳整理了北师大版教材文本及高考范文中的部分经典例句和学生习作中的部分句子以供分享。
一、非谓语结构
Without the naturally occurring gases, the suns rays would bounce back into space leaving the Earth cold and impossible to live on. (北师大版教材文本)
Everything done,the volunteers sat in the yard,chatting with the elderly people. (09年浙江)
Moved by the story, everyone stood still, unable to say a word. (学生习作)
非谓语结构是最能体现文采的高级句式之一。它简练出彩,书面性强,一直以来备受阅卷老师的青睐。但是,大部分学生却很难自如地运用非谓语结构。其实,几乎所有的状语从句都可以改写为非谓语结构,尤其是时间状语从句,原因状语从句,条件状语从句及方式状语从句。熟练掌握非谓语结构,并能充分运用到日常写作中,定能提高书面表达的得分。
二、倒装句
At the bottom of the bed was the stocking, now full of all kinds of small presents and sweets. (北师大版教材文本)
Along this 800-metre-long street are more than 300 shops. (09年全国Ⅱ,宁夏,海南)
Not until I graduated from shool did I realize the importance of education. (学生习作)
倒装句是一种有效提升句子亮点的句式结构。如何运用倒装句可以根据文章体裁进行选择,这具有一定的技巧性。
1.地点状语或时间状语开头的完全倒装。在介绍方位地点的文章中常要描述某一建筑物位于某地或某地有某物,这时可以运用完全倒装,把整个地点状语放在句首,然后是谓语动词,最后是主语。主语后还可以再加一个非限定性定语从句,使整个句子呈现出丰富的变化。此外,在记叙文中,如果把时间状语放在句首,采用完全倒装句式,会使得整个事件的描述更为紧凑,句与句之间衔接自然。
2.部分倒装。以否定词或only为开头的部分倒装句式也是常见的高级句式。当写作中需要用到否定词never, seldom, hardly等时,不妨直接把这些否定词放在句首,引起部分倒装。叙事时运用No sooner...than...,Hardly...when...来代替when会使描述更加栩栩如生,体现文采。而在解决问题型议论文结尾提出号召时,则可以应用only放在句首的部分倒装句式,不仅能升华文章的精神内涵,又使文章结尾更具有张力。其他类型的倒装句式也各有其妙处,在写作中尽量使用一两个倒装句式。
三、被动句
In other cultures, looking thin for a husband-to-be is not what a woman desires at all-rather, looking a little overweight is considered more attractive. (北师大版教材文 本)
It is suggested that all the people wear a hat and a pair of gloves. (09年辽宁)
All classes are taught by teachers with rich experience. (学生习作)
当不强调动作执行者,动作执行者不明确或主语过长时,宜使用被动句。被动句具有地道之美。然而,我国中学生长期受汉语思维的影响,几乎整篇文章都运用主动句。通篇采用人称开头表达某人做了某事。这种文章句式显得尤为单调,缺乏文采。英语是一门客观的语言,运用被动语态的场合似乎比汉语多。被动语态便于论述客观事实,故常用于科技文章,新闻报道,书刊介绍以及景物描写。因此恰当地使用被动语态更符合英语的表达习惯。学生若能巧妙地将文章中个别主动句改为被动句,便会使该篇文章句型变化丰富,语言表达更地道。
四、虚拟语气
If you had to choose the single most important discovery of the 20th century, you would have a real dilemma on your hands.(北师大版教材文本)
Besides, I wish there would not be too many students in a class. (2014 新课标)
It is high time that we put an end to phenomenon of wasting food. (学生习作)
虚拟语气具有较强的修辞功能。它在语用功效上是一种言语表达现象。虚拟语气表示所说的话是一种主观的愿望,假想或建议,甚至还可以是怀疑,忧虑,祝愿,遗憾或后悔等。在写作中恰如其分地运用虚拟语气会使表达更加委婉,含蓄,从而增强语言的表现力,使句子意味深长,甚至有话外之音,言外之意的特殊功效。
五、It的各种句型
It was only when I got home tow hours later that I realized Id forgotten it and there was nothing I could
Do as the library was closed. (北师大版教材文本)
It is not until about 5:00 p.m. that 1 will come home. (09年全国I)
It is necessary that efficient action should be taken to prevent such things from happening. (学生习作)
It 作为引词,起到先行引导的作用。它可以在句子中作为形式主语,引导以下常见句型:
It + be + noun/ adjective + V-ing.
It + be + noun/ adjective + ( for/of)somebody + to do something.
It + be + noun/ adjective + that...
It + be + p.p.+ that...
It也可以作为形式宾语,运用于:
Vt.+ it + adj./n. +to do/doing/that...
常用于这一类句型的动词有believe, find, consider, feel, make, think等。
提到it的用法,最为突出的句式是it引导的强调句。it引导的强调句的运用便于表达主观的意愿或增强情感。通过对句子的某个部分,尤其是主语,宾语或状语进行强调,从而起到了修辞的功效。学生在写作过程中合适地运用it引导的强调句可以让文章更富于变化,更具有吸引力,容易引起阅卷老师的关注及共鸣。
六、名词性从句
That chances that we will all have the opportunity to live in an English-speaking country are small. (北师大版教材文本)
However, what makes us surprised is that most of the Chinese mothers do not agree with the authors practice. (2011年 广东)
What the boy badly needs is regular exercise and a balance diet. (学生习作)
英语名词性从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句及同位语从句。其中,what引导的主语从句最为常见。当句子的谓语动词为动宾结构或介宾结构,可将句子改写为主语从句。此外,当需要对某个抽象名词进行解释说明时常运用同位语从句。
七、非限制性定语从句
This might explain his interest in fast cars, of which he has a vast collection. (北师大版教材文本)
You should sign your name in the office before 5:00 p.m. next Thursday,which is the deadline. (09辽宁)
As students, we often take examinations at school ,but sometimes we have too many examinations, which lay a heavy burden on us. (学生习作)
Which引导的非限制性定语从句常起着后位补述的功能。补述既可以使语言连贯,又有简练,生动的效果。常用于事实表述后的情感感受,引发感想或对细节补充的场合。这一句式值得学生重视。
综上所述,英语写作是一个长期的复杂的训练过程。写作更是一个厚积薄发的过程,是一项将积累释放于一时的过程。可供学习的写作素材无处不在,教师应坚持长期有效地指引学生挖掘教材文本及历年高考范文,鼓励和指导学生多读多练,坚持不懈,熟能生巧方可达到“下笔如有神”的境界。此外,教师还应引领学生互相学习,共同成长。
参考文献:
[1]余文森.课堂有效教学的理论与实践.