被动语态教学设计

2024-10-07 版权声明 我要投稿

被动语态教学设计(推荐8篇)

被动语态教学设计 篇1

The Passive Voice 一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态教学设计

汕头市第六中学 陈婉霞

<1>教学内容分析:本节微课是以新目标英语九年级Units 5-6两个单元的知识点为教学内容。在简要分析了主动语态与被动语态的区别后,进而分析一般现在时与一般过去时两种时态下的被动语态的异同点,最后通过填空题和改错题,讲练结合来巩固所学知识点。<2>教学重难点:1)主动语态变被动语态时主语的变化; 2)主动语态变被动语态时be动词的变化; 3)被动语态中动词过去分词的正确使用; 4)含不同时态的被动语态的句子的辨析。<3>教学步骤: Step 1 Lead-in 引导学习者观察并总结四组句子。(句子设置的规律:每组的第一句都是主动语态形式的句子,而第二句都是改成了相应的被动语态句子。四组间,A,B两组是含一般现在时的句子,C,D组是含一般过去时的句子。)Step 2 Presentation 在给予学习者足够的时间思考之后,开始归纳总结主动语态如何变成相应的被动语态句子。然后,再引导观察各组句子中因使用不同的时间状语,而构成不同时态的被动语态的规律,最后再结合图示,进行本节微课的重难点总结。Step 3 Exercise 在全面归纳总结知识点之后,引导学习者完成填写不规则动词的过去分词的填空练习,以及被动语态易错考点的改错训练(每题给予三分钟解题时间),进而巩固今天所学知识。

被动语态教学设计 篇2

根据于是唤起原则, 将目标语尽可能多次数的呈现给学生是为今后识别过程搭建理想环境的一种关键方式 (Lewis, 1997) 。呈现在词汇的一般教学中起到举足轻重的作用 (Channell 1988, Wang&Cheng 2000) 。不仅如此, 对于目标结构的呈现在传统语法教学中也倍受重视。

尽管如此, 教科书中被动语态的呈现似乎不够, 尤其是在普通单元里, 因为这些单元的教学重点和难点并不是被动语态。这样的设计模式可能会使得被动语态结构的重要性被忽视, 并且使得相关的语言习得受到影响, 至少针对语用层面来说是这样。

接下来提到的活动就是旨在补偿呈现不足。被动语态结构的重要性已经在学界得到了广泛的认同, 在各种题材的文章中, 包括科技, 法律, 新闻文献等。范例可以从以上的文章类别中选出。尽管在教材中, 不是所有课堂教学的类型都有涉及, 然而在情景教学的观点下, 这是可以接受的。

活动一:识别科技语境

Sample Activity:Reading Authentic Passages and Answer the Questions

Read the short passage chosen from an authentic book, and answer the following questions.

1.What topic is this book about?

2.What voice is frequently used there?

3.Do you think this voice is useful?Why?

It will never be known how and when this numeration (计数法) ability developed, but it is certain that numeration was well developed by the time humans had formed even semi-permanent settlements.Evidence of early stages of arithmetic (算术) and numeration can be readily found.The indigenous (本土的) people of Tasmania (塔斯马尼亚岛) were only able to count one, two, many;those of South Africa counted one, two, two and one, two twos, two twos and one, and so on.But in real situations the number and words are often accompanied by gestures (手势) to help resolve any confusion. (混淆)

以上活动中, 鼓励学生通读整篇文章来体会这种被动语态的真实使用情况。问题1和问题2都是为了向学生暗示被动语态在包括科技类等题材中较高的使用频率。问题3是激发学生思考关于被动语态的重要性及使用特点, 这样一来, 学生有感而发, 在自身理解的基础上更加深入的接受了被动语态结构。二、跨语言探索

意识唤起活动有一个叫做跨语言探索的部分 (Willis&Willis1996) 。在这个活动中, 鼓励学生观察母语与英语之间一些表达的相同和相异的成分。这对于被动语态结构的教学非常重要, 因为在英语和母语 (汉语) 中, 对于被动语态的表达有很多明显的差异。例如, 中文的“坐落”没有出现典型的被动形式, 然而英语的表达为标准的被动形式“be located in”。尽管如此, 如果在没有任何提示的情况下, 学生很难在第一次使用时就做出正确的判断。更重要的是, 在现行教科书中, 对于此类问题, 我们无法在语法部分找到答案, 也无法在词汇学习和词汇表达里面找到答案。将以下句子中括号内的词语进行翻译, 所有的例子都是经过精挑细选以确保其以被动语态的形式在使用中出现。然而, 事先学生并不会被告知这一点。不仅如此, 需要翻译的中文句子本身都是使用的主动语态。一般说来, 语言教学所讲的负迁移会出现在以下情况中。

活动二:使用特殊词语翻译句子

这个村庄坐落在山脚下。 (locate) 2.他坐在教室后面。 (seat) 3.老师对他说的感到满意。 (satisfy) 4.我们反对战争。 (oppose) 5.我们准备采纳他的建议。 (prepare) 。对于第一个题目, 学生可能给出的答案是The village locates at the foot of a hill.然而正确的答案应该是The village is located at the foot of a hill.对于这些题目, 学生大多会感受到一种来自不同语言对被动语态的不同表现习惯的震动。就是在这种自然产生的震动之后, 学生会自发性的对正误表达方式的差异产生关注, 并由此记住正确的表达。这个过程中, 学生首先修改他们关于目标语使用的假设, 尤其是关于被动语态结构的假设。也是在这样的过程中, 学生这方面相关的意识得到了提升。

三、教材信息归类

意识提升活动的另一个类别是归类 (Willis&Willis 1996) 。给学生提供一系列的资料, 然后要求他们根据正式性或语义范畴划分出相同和相异的特性。接下来的活动是建立在人教版学生用书第一册的一篇阅读文章的基础之上, 旨在提高学生识别被动语态结构特征。

活动三, Classifi cation of Voice Information and Sentence Elements (文章略)

1.How many sentences are there in the passages above?How many of them are in passive voice?What is the percentage of this kind of sentence?

2.Investigate the reading section of Unit 3, and try to make a comparison between Unit 3 and this unit.Why is passive voice frequently used in this unit?

3.Underline all the sentences in passive voice you have found and write down the subjects of each sentence.

4.What is the characteristic in common among the subjects you have found?

5.What have you learned about passive voice today?

随后, 建议学生查阅教材中另外一篇阅读。前两个问题引导学生注意在不同主题之间被动语态使用的不同偏好。学生接下来发现两篇文章中, 有一篇使用被动语态更加频繁, 例如这里的科技主题文章。问题3到问题5, 引导学生关注在这些被动语态句子中出现的主语, 旨在使得学生自发的形成一种直观的印象, 即被动语态常常是为了增强表达主题的非人格性特点, 尤其是在主语为非生命对象的描述性文章当中。

四、语料库使用培训

帮助学生认识到参考书对学习的重要性也是意识提升活动中一个关键的环节 (Willis&Willis, 1996) 。这也是由意识提升活动激发学生自我修正假设的本质决定的。通过对教材分析发现, 其中并没有对于被动语态结构的词汇信息。鉴于以上情况, 从书中选出了一些动词 (短语) , 期望学生能够通过自主性使用Collins COBUILD Dictionary on CD-ROM 2006来判断这些动词 (短语) 在母语中是否使用被动语态。之所以推荐使用Collins的电子版, 是因为其丰富的自建语料库能够为学生第一时间提供关于地道母语的表达参考, 学生通过在搜索框里面输入相关的动词 (短语) , 可以查询到的例句全部来自英美国家的正规的报纸及刊物等。该语料库在母语国家的英语教学中也起到相当重要的作用。

活动四, 语料库搜学

Which of the verbs or phrase verbs could not be used in passive voice?

Which could?And what do they usually go with?

come about, 2.take place, 3.repeat, 4.bring in, 5.handle.

通过查找, 学生会发现come about使用得最多的方式是come about, 而非学生自己设想的is come about, 随后对于这个词汇被动表达的使用规则有了直观的感受, 相关意识水平自然而然提高, 教学目标实现。

摘要:本文通过研究人教版高中英语教材, 针对教学中被动语态教学相关环节的不足, 结合意识唤起理论, 设计出包括呈现补偿, 跨语言探索, 教材信息归类, 语料库搜学等几项活动, 力求提升被动语态教学效率

关键词:语块,被动语态,意识唤起

参考文献

被动语态教学设计 篇3

从七年级到九年级我们一直在学习主动语态,逐渐形成了用主动语态处理语言的思维习惯,用被动语态思维的意识却相对薄弱。而英语中的动词有两种语态,所以,同学们首先要树立两种语态,两者兼顾、全面思考问题的意识。笔者根据多年的教学经验,下面谈谈自己教学总结。

一、语态概述

英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态:主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。例如:Many people speak Chinese.谓语speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象。例如:Chinese is spoken by many people.主语Chinese是动词speak的承受者。

二、动语态的构成

英语中的被动语态是各种时态结合在一起使用的,其构成是由"助动词be+及物动词的过去分词"构成。(不及物动词无被动语态),人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。例如我们来看下面不同时态的被动语态的构成.(括号里的句子为各种时态的例句举例)

①一般现在时:am/is/are+动词的过去分词

(The classroom is cleaned by the students every day.)

②一般过去时:was/were+动词的过去分词

(The classroom was cleaned by students just now)

③一般将来时:will/shall+be+动词的过去分词

(The classroom will be cleaned by students.)

④过去将来时:would/should+be+动词的过去分词

(The classroom would be cleaned by students)

⑤现在进行时:am/is/are+being+动词的过去分词

(The classroom is being cleaned by students)

⑥过去进行时:was/were+being+动词的过去分词

(The classroom was being cleaned by students.)

⑦现在完成时:have/has+been+动词的过去分词

(The classroom has been cleaned by students)

⑧过去完成时:had+been+动词的过去分词

(The classroom had been cleaned by students)

三、被动语态的用法

(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。

例如:Some new computers were stolen last night.一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的)

This bridge was founded in 1981.这座桥竣工于1981年。

(2)强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者。

例如:The glass was broken by Mike.玻璃杯是迈克打破的。

This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。

Your homework must be finished on time.你们的家庭作业必须及时完成。

(3)当动作的执行者不是人时,使用别动语态,例如:

①The house was washed away by the storm(这栋房子被暴风吹倒了)

②We are all shocked by the news of his sudden death (他的突然去世使我们大家都感到很震惊)

四、如何将主动语态变为被动语态

1、一般的主动语态变成被动语态的方法

把主动语态变为被动语态时,先把主动结构的宾语变成被动结构的主语,然后把主动结构的动词由主动语态变成被动语态,再在动词被动语态后加介词by,再将主动语态结构中的主语放在介词by之后变成介词by的宾语。

①He wrote a letter → A letter was written by him

②They are building a road → A road is being built by them

③We shall finish the work soon →The work will be finished soon by us.

2、主动语态结构中含有两个宾语时,如何变为被动语态结构

当主动语态结构中含有两个宾语变为被动语态结构时时,一般把指“人”的间接宾语变为主语,指“物”的直接宾语保留不动。例如:

①We gave him some books →He was given some books by us.

②My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.

③He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him

3、如何把含有宾语补足语的主动语态变为被动语态

含有宾语补足语的句子,宾语变为主语之后,宾语补足语改为主语补足语,原来的位置一般不变,但如果宾语补足语是不带to的动词不定式,句子变成被动语态后则要加to,以便将两个动词隔开。这类动词有hear, watch, make, help, let等,如:①The boss made my grandfather work 10hours a day. →My grandfather was made to work for 10 hours a day.

②They saw him enter the room→He was seen to enter the room

③A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.

五、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题:

1. 不及物动词无被动语态。

What will happen in 100 years.

The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.

2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。

This pen writes well.

This new book sells well.

3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式,主动语态中不带to ,但变为被动语态时,须加上to 。

例:make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something

see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something

4、一些动词短语用于被动语态时,动词短语应当看作一个整体,而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。

We cant laugh him. →He cant be laugh by us.

He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.

The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse

被动语态教学设计 篇4

教学活动: Step1:

先让学生看一段1.5分钟的关于美国作家海伦与她老师在平常教学当中的一段视频 然后让学生分两人描述在影片当中海伦的家庭教师对海伦干了什么。Step2:

阅读一段关于海伦成长历程与长大做了什么的介绍之短文。并把其中的简单句划出。Step3: 找期中一句写在黑板,让学生说出中文,同时引导学生以不同观察角度进行观察,同样以学生在小学语文课已经学到的被字句与把字句作为“桥”同样教师把黑板上的句子变成被字句并且附上中文在下面。

Step4:让学生四人一小组讨论,把总结到的结构变化写在纸上。讨论完毕后教师提问两个1小组的组长,把他们的意见写在黑板上再对照黑板上句子。

Step5:下面以各个小组为单位把刚才阅读得的一段短文划线句子都变成被动语态句子。Step6:在对答案时再细致讲解一下不同时态的被动语态的句子变法,以及强调的方面。

在以上的教学活动当中首先会用到归纳法

这样能够使得学生对于语法有感性的认识,对于学生的学习总结方面很有好处。同时在教师讲解后又有之前读过的文章进行演绎出来,运用了演绎法。同时有了老师的讲解,避免了漫无边际地乱改。

同时在后面阶段学生分组在纸上把一些不同情况的句子改为被动语态能够使得学生能够马上运用刚学的知识演绎产出目的句子出来。

被动语态教学设计 篇5

◆典型陷阱题分析◆

1. “Do you like the material?” “Yes, it _____ very soft.”

A. is feeling B. felt

C. feels D. is felt

【陷阱】此题容易误选D,想当然地根据“这布料摸起来很柔软”这一句意,认为“布料”应是“被摸”,所以 feel 选用被动语态。

【分析】其实,此题正确答案为C,因为 feel 在此为连系动词,而连系动词均为不及物动词,不能用于被动语态,尽管有时其汉语意思有被动意味。请看以下类似例子 (答案均为D):

(1) Her forehead _____ hot. I’m afraid she is ill.

A. is feeling B. felt

C. is felt D. feels

(2) The new school has been completed. It _____ very beautiful.

A. is looked B. looked

C. has looked D. looks

(3) The dish _____ nice, but the milk _____ sour.

A. is smelt, is smelt B. is smelt, smells

C. smells, is smelt D. smells, smells

(4) The story of his life _____ interesting.

A. is sounded B. is sounding

C. has sounded D. sounds

2. He was angry _____ your work. He said that he _____ at all.

A. at, didn’t satisfy B. to, didn’t satisfy

C. at, wasn’t satisfied D. to, wasn’t satisfied

【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能被误选。

【分析】最佳答案为C. be angry at (about) sth 意为“对某事生气”,许多同学常按汉语意思将其中的介词 at (about) 换成 to,这是错误的。另外,许多同学将汉语的“不满意”直译为 not satisfy,这是是不对的,因为,satisfy在现代英语中只用作及物动词,其意不是“满意”而是“使(人)满意”,所以其后不能没有宾语,除非本身是被动语态(或是系表结构)。

◆精编陷阱题训练◆

1. The president _____ a cool reception when he visited London.

A. gave B. was given

C. had given D. had been given

2. A red sky in the morning _____ to be a sign of bad weather.

A. says B. is saying

C. has said D. is said

3 If you go there alone after dark you might get _____.

A. attacked and robbed B. attacking and robbing

B. to attack and rob D. to be attacked and robbed

4. What I wanted to know was when and where the meeting ______.

A. was holding B. had held

C. was to hold D. was to be held

5. New medicines and instruments ______ every day to extend life.

A. develop B. are being developed

C. are developing D. have developed

6. I’ll come after the meeting if time ______.

A. permits B. is permitting

C. is permitted D. has permitted

7. The students _____ £50 a year to cover the cost of books and stationery.

A. give B. are given

C. have given D. to give

8. With the development of science, more new technology _______ to the fields of IT.

A. has introduced B. is being introduced

C. is introduced D. was introduced

9.“How about the dishes, Dear?” “The beef didn’t taste very good. It ______ too long.”

A. cooked B. had been cooked

C. was cooked D. had cooked

10. He kept a little notebook, in which ______ the names and addresses of his friends.

A. wrote B. was writing

C. was written D. were written

11. “Look! Everything here is under construction.” “What is the small building that ______for?”

A. is being building B. has been built

C. is built D. is being built

12. Hundreds of jobs _______ if the factory closes.

A. lose B. will be lost

C. are lost D. will lose

13. A red sky in the morning ______ to be a sign of bad weather.

A. says B. is saying

C. has said D. is said

14. New medicines and instruments ______ every day to extend life.

A. develop B. are being developed

C. are developing D. have developed

【答案与解析】

1. 选B.一方面语意要求要被动语态,另一方面从句时态暗示主句应用一般过去时。

2. 选D.此句也可说成 It is said that a red sky in the morning is a sign of bad weather.

3. 选A,“get + 过去分词”表被动。

4. 选D,从逻辑上说,“会议”应是被开,故用被动式。

5. 选B.从语境上看,develop 不仅要用被动语态,而且要用进行时态。

6. 选A,该用法中的 permit 为不及物动词,不用被动语态。其中if time permits 也可换成 time permitting.

7. 选B.谓语为 give sb sth 结构的被动语态形式。

8. 选B.技术应该是“被”引进,故用被动语态;根据语境句子应用现在进行时。

9. 选B.从句意上看,“牛肉”应该是“被”煮,故句子要用被动语态;从时间上看,由于句中有 didn’t taste very good,所以“煮得太久”应该在这一过去时间之前,故用过去完成时。

10. 选D.in which were written the names and addresses…为倒装句式,其正常表达为 the names and addresses of his friends were written in the notebook.

11. 选D.因为 building 应该是“被建”,故用被动语态;再根据前文的 look, under construction 等信息词可知,此处应用现在进行时态。

12. 选B.jobs与lose应为被动关系,故用被动语态;再根据条件状语从句中的一般现在时可知主句以用一般将来时为宜。

13. 选D.因为主语 a red sky 与谓语动词say之间为被动关系,故用被动语态。

14. 选B.因为“新的药物和器械”与“开发”之间为被动关系,故用被动语态。

动词用法与辨析

◆典型陷阱题分析◆

1. If you want to sell your product you must _____ it.

A. advertise B. advertise for

C. advertise on D. advertise to

【陷阱】容易误选B,认为 advertise 的意思是“做广告”,advertise for 的意思“为……做广告”。

【分析】事实上,正确答案为A.advertise 可用作及物和不及物动词:用作及物动词时,其意为“为……做广告”、“登广告宣传”;用作不及物动词时,其意为“做广告”、“登广告”,此时通常后接介词 for,表示“做广告征求”。比较:

advertise for sth (sb) 登广告征求或寻找某物或某人 (此时 advertise 不及物)

advertise sth 为……登广告,登广告宣传……(此时 advertise 是及物动词,其后要直接跟被宣传的东西作宾语)

People advertise things that they wish to sell. 人们为要卖的东西登广告。

The manager wants to advertise for a new secretary. 经理想登广告招聘一位新秘书。

再比较以下用例:

advertise jobs 登广告招人

advertise for jobs 登广告求职

2. No matter how much you’ve learned and how high a standard of education you have had, you must _______ the people heart and soul.

A. serve B. serve for

C. serve to D. serve on

【陷阱】容易误选B,即字对字地翻译汉语的“全心全意为人民服务”,将其中的“为”译为 for.

【分析】答案选A,serve 意为“为……服务”,可直接用作及物动词,其后不能按汉语意思误加介词 for.请看以下类似例子:

(1) I _____ you yesterday, but you weren’t in.

A. rang B. rang to

C. rang with D. rang to

答案选A,ring 可以用作及物动词,表示“给……打电话”,故其后不用介词。

(2) Neither of her parents wanted her to _____ her cousin.

A. marry B. marry to

C. marry with D. marry for

答案选A,marry 可用作及物或不及物动词,用作及物动词时它的意思“与……结婚”,而不仅仅是“结婚”,也就是说,后接宾语时,无需用介词 to, with 等。

(3) How can I _____ you, Mr. Green?

A. contactB. contact with

C. contact toD. contact for

答案选A,contact 为及物动词,表示“与……联系”,其后不接介词。

3. According to the rules, students must not ______ their books during examinations.

A. read B. watch

C. notice D. look at

【陷阱】容易误选A.因为按照英语一般习惯:看书看报用动词 read,看电视用动词watch,看电影用动词see,看比赛用动词watch,看黑板用动词look at,等等。

【分析】一般说来,汉语的“看书”至少有两层意思,一是指阅读性地看书,即看书=读书,此时通常用动词read;另一种看书则不是指阅读性地看书,而只是大概地翻一翻或看一看,比如看看书的封面、定价、内容提要等,或者回答问题时看看书的某些章节或字句以及考试时偷看书本等等,此时通常都不宜用动词read,而应根据情况选用其他动词(如 look at)。又如:

Let me have a look at the book. 让我看看或翻翻这本书。

Please answer my questions without looking at your books. 请不看书回答我的问题。

4. “I love traveling. I hope to go with you this time.” “But does your mother _____ you to go?”

A. let B. agree

C. allow D. promise

【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。

【分析】最佳答案为C.不能选A是因为 let 后用作宾语补足语的不定式不能带 to;不能选B是因为动词 agree习惯上不用于 agree sb to do sth 这一句式;不能选D是因为在 promise sb to do sth 这一句式中,to do sth 的逻辑主语是 promise 的主语而不其是宾语,比如 He promised me to go 的意思是“他答应我,他去”,而不是“他答应我让我去”。之所以能选C,是因为 allow sb to do sth(允许某人做某事)与上文语境刚好吻合。

5. If they _______ to make heart-felt apologies soon we will have to bring an action against them.

A. disagreed B. refused

C. agreed D. hoped

【陷阱】容易误选A,根据 agree to do sth(同意做某事),想当然地类推出 disagree to do sth(不同意或不愿意做某事)。

【分析】事实上,语言有很多问题是不能类推的,如上面这一例,英语可说 agree to do sth,但习惯上却不说 disagree to do sth.类似地,英语中可说 like doing [to do] sth,但在现代英语中习惯上说 dislike doing sth,却不说dislike to do sth.其实上面一题的最佳答案是B,refuse to do sth 意为“拒绝做某事”或“不愿做某事”。

6. They own two cars, not to _____ a motorbike.

A. speakB. say

C. talkD. mention

【陷阱】很容易根据“他们拥有两辆小汽车,更不用说一辆摩托车了”这一中文语境而选择B.

【分析】其实最佳答案为D.因为not to say 和 not to mention 均为习语,但其含义区别甚大:

not to mention=更不用说,此外还有

not to say=虽不能说,即使不能说

It is warm, not to say hot. 天气虽说不上热,但也够暖了。

He was impolite, not to say rude. 他即使不是粗鲁,至少也是没有礼貌。

There’re ten of us ready to help, not to mention the children. 我们有10个人愿意帮忙,还不算小孩。

They have three dogs to look after, not to mention the cat and the bird. 他们有三只狗要照顾,更别提那只猫和鸟了。

7. “Do your parents agree to your doing that?” “Yes, of course. In fact, they always ______ me to try something new.”

A. hope B. suggest

C. support D. encourage

【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。因为若仅从汉语意思来看,四个选项均可填入空格处。

【分析】其实此题的正解答案是D.因为在以上四个选项中,只有encourage 可后接不定式的复合结构作宾语,即可用于 encourage sb to do sth,而其余三者均不可后接不定式的复合结构作宾语,即英语中习惯上不说 hope sb to do sth, suggest sb to do sth, support sb to do sth.顺便说一句,以下英汉语表达也有类似差别,请注意:

汉语说“希望某人做某事”,但英语不说 hope sb to do sth.

汉语说“同意某人做某事”,但英语不说 agree sb to do sth.

汉语说“不同意某人做某事”,但英语不说disagree sb to do sth.

汉语说“害怕某人做某事”,但英语不说 fear sb to do sth.

汉语说“拒绝某人做某事”,但英语不说 refuse sb to do sth.

汉语说“惩罚某人做某事”,但英语不说 punish sb to do sth.

汉语说“建议某人做某事”,但英语不说 suggest sb to do sth.

汉语说“建议某人做某事”,但英语不说 propose sb to do sth.

汉语说“赞成某人做某事”,但英语不说 approve sb to do sth.

汉语说“安排某人做某事”,但英语不说 arrange sb to do sth.

汉语说“要求某人做某事”,但英语不说 demand sb to do sth.

汉语说“感谢某人做某事”,但英语不说 thank sb to do sth.

汉语说“指导某人做某事”,但英语不说 guide sb to do sth.

汉语说“祝贺某人做某事”,但英语不说 congratulate sb to do sth.

汉语说“阻止某人做某事”,但英语不说 prevent sb to do sth.

汉语说“通知某人做某事”,但英语不说 inform sb to do sth.

汉语说“欢迎某人做某事”,但英语不说 welcome sb to do sth.

汉语说“陪伴某人做某事”,但英语不说 accompany sb to do sth.

要表示以上汉语意思,英语需改用其他说法。如:

advise sb to do sth 建议某人做某事

wish sb to do sth / hope for sb to do sth 希望某人做某事

arrnage for sb to do sth 安排某人做某事

demand of sb to do sth 要求某人做某事

thank sb for doing sth 感谢某人做了某事

congratulate sb on doing sth 祝贺某人做了某事

prevent sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事

等等。

8. Nowadays everyone hopes to ______ good education so as to get a good job in the future.

A. accept B. accept a

C. receive D. receive a

【陷阱】容易误选A或B.因为accept 与 receive 的基本区别是前者表示“接受”,后者表示“收到”,而汉语通常是说“接受教育”,而不是说“收到教育”,所以选A或B,

【分析】其实上,此题的正确答案是D,因为英语中习惯说 receive a good education,而不说 accept a good education.另外,education 表示抽象意义的“教育”时,不可数,但表示“一种教育”或“一段教育”时,可与不定冠词连用。

9. Wearing dark glasses can _______ your eyes from the sun.

A. care B. prevent

C. defend D. protect

【陷阱】容易误选B.因为许多同学一看到题干中的 from,再联系到选项中的 prevent,便马上想起了 prevent … from … 这个常用搭配。

【分析】在 prevent A from B 这一句式中,A 和 B通常具有主谓关系,如在The rain prevented us from going out (下雨使我们不能出去)中,“我们”与“出去”就具有主谓关系。而上面一题不具备此特点。此题正确答案应是 D,protect … from … 意为“保护……免受……”。

10. Mr. Smith was in great need of money, so he ____ $2 000 for his car.

A. paid B. took

C. cost D. spent

【陷阱】容易误选A,误选的依据是pay … for … 这一搭配。

【分析】若单独说 He paid $2 000 for the car (他付了2 000美元买这车)是完全可以的,但问题是,本句前面有这样一句He was in great need of money (他急需要钱),既然是“急需要钱”,又怎么还会花美元去买车呢?尤其还需注意的是 car 前的物主代词 his,这说明是为自己的车花2000美元钱,不合情理。此题的正确答案是B,take 在此表示“获得”、“得到”,句意为“他急需要钱,把自己的车以2000美元给卖掉了”。

11. There are many kinds _____, but I don’t know which to buy.

A. to be chosen B. to choose from

C. to choose D. for choosing

【陷阱】此题容易误选C.

【分析】其实应选B.choose 表示“选择”,其实是指“选择出来”(pick out),而不是指“从……选择”,要表示后者的意思,要用 choose from,有时也用 choose among.同样地,下面两例中的介词 from 也不可省略:

Here are some dictionaries for you choose from. 这些词典可供你选择。

In fact, there are various colors to choose from. 事实上,有各种各样的颜色可供选择。

比较:

He chose a red one. 他选了一个红色的。

He chose from some red ones. 他从一些红色的当中去选。

He didn’t know which to choose. 他不知道选哪个。

He didn’t know which to choose from. 他不知道从哪个当中去选。

请做以下试题(答案选D):

(1) “We have sent out two best players to the sports meet. What about you?” “Well, not yet. We have few ______, I’d say.”

A. chosen B. to choose

C. to be chosen D. to choose from

(2) “I’d like to buy an expensive camera.” “Well, we have several models ______.”

A. to pick up B. to pick

C. to choose D. to choose from

12. I _____ him not to go abroad, but he wouldn’t listen.

A. persuaded B. tried to persuade

C. have persuaded D. was persuaded

【陷阱】容易误选A.

【分析】正确答案为B.persuade 的真正意思是“说服”,而不是“设法说服”,要表示后者的意思英语应用 try to persuade (当然也可用其他词,如 advise 等)。类似地:

(1) kill 的意思是“杀死”,不表示“设法杀死”,要表示后者的意思英语用 try to kill.

(2) prevent 的意思是“阻止”,不表示“设法阻止”,要表示后者的意思英语用 try to prevent.

13. When she came several days later, she found that all things still _______ where she had _______ them.

A. lay; laid B. laid; laid

C. lay; lain D. lying; lain

【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。

【分析】正确答案选A.第一空填lay,它是lie(位于,在)的过去式 lay;第二空 laid,它是 lay(放,置)的过去分词,句意为“……她发现所有东西还在她当时放它们的地方”。请注意 lie, lay 的以下用法及词形变换:

(1) lay 有两个常见意思:一是表示“放”、“摆”(及物),二是表示“下(蛋)”(及物或不及物)。如:

Lay your coat on the bed. 把你的外衣放在床上。

Are your hens laying yet? 你的母鸡下蛋了吗?

Will you please lay the table for dinner? 请你摆好餐具准备吃饭好吗?

(2) lie 有三个主要意思:一是表示“躺”或“平放”,二是表示“位于”,三是表示“说谎”。用于以上三义时,均为不及物动词。如:

Don’t lie in bed all morning. 别一个上午都躺在床上。

The book lay open on the desk. 那本书摊开着放在桌上。

Don’t lay your coat on the bed. 不要把你的外衣放在床上。

The small town lies among the mountains. 小镇位于群山之中。

I’m sorry I lied to you. 我很抱歉向你撒了谎。

(3) 这两个词经常被混淆的有时不是其意思,而是其词形。注意下表所示:请做下题(答案均为B):

(1) The hens _____ 50 eggs last week, but this week they aren’t _____.

A. lay, lying B. laid, laying

C. lay, laying D. lied, lying

(2) The girl ______ on the ground _____ to me that had _____ the purse on the desk.

A. lying, lay, laid B. lying, lied, laid

C. lie, lied, lay D. lay, lied, lain

14. He _____ a visit to the factory and was warmly _____ by the workers there.

A. took, welcome B. took, welcomed

C. paid, welcome D. paid, welcomed

【陷阱】容易误选A或C.因为许多同学会模仿 come → came → come 的变化形式,想当然地认为 welcome的变化形式是 welcome → welcame → welcome.

【分析】此题第一空应填动词 paid,因为 pay a visit to(拜访)是惯用搭配,其中的 pay 不能换成take.第二空要填welcomed,因为welcome 用作动词时,其过去式和过去分词均为 welcomed,即它是规则动词。有的同学也许会问,我们不是常说 You are welcome 吗? 为什么其中的 welcome 未用 welcomed 呢?那是因为此处的 welcome 为形容词,而不是动词。

15. The boy said that the fish his mother cooked tasted ______.

A. good B. well

C. to be good D. to be well

【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。

【分析】按英语语法,连系动词后通常接形容词作表语,而不接副词,据此可以排除选项B和D.但到底是应选A还是C呢?许多同学凭感觉认为 taste to be good 似乎很通顺,于是选了C.但是,错了,正确答案应是A.原因是用作连系动词的 taste 后习惯上不接to be.如:

这棵树上的苹果味道很好。

正:The apples from this tree taste delicious.

误:The apples from this tree taste to be delicious.

类似地,feel, smell, sound 等连系动词后习惯上也不接不定式 to be.如:

你的想法听起来很好。

正:Your idea sounds a good one.

误:Your idea sounds to be a good one.

玫瑰发出香气。

正:Roses smell sweet.

误:Roses smell to be sweet.

比较:seem, appear, prove, turn out, continue 等连系动词后可以接不定式 to be,也可省略 to be.如:

She seems (to be) a little tired. 她似乎有点累。

He appears (to be) quite young. 他显得年轻。

The examination turned out (to be) quite easy. 结果考试相当容易。

The weather continued (to be ) fine. 天气仍然很好。

注:用作连系动词的 look 后能否接 to be,各语法家意见不一:有的认为可接to be,有的认为不能接 to be.为此,建议同学们以不接 to be 为宜。

◆精编陷阱题训练◆

1. We’re so busy that no one in the office can _____ for any other work.

A. spare B. be spared

C. share D. be shared

2. He regards that book _____ one of the worst that he’s _____ read.

A. to be, ever B. to be, never

C. as, ever D. as, never

3. “Did you get a job?” “No, I ______, but it’s no use.”

A. expected B. tried to

C. managed to D. planned

4. “Do you know that Jack ______ a postman for about six years?” “Yes, I see.”

A. has become B. has turned

C. has changed D. has been

5. The thing that ______ is not whether you fail or not, but whether you try or not.

A. matters B. cares

C. considers D. minds

6. I don’t want the green coat. It is red and black colours that ______ me very well.

A. suit B. fit

C. suits D. fits

7. “Will another fifty be enough?” “Just twenty will ______.”

A. work B. do

C. suit D. fit

8. Goodbye, Mr Carter - my secretary will _____ you to the door.

A. send B. lead

C. drive D. show

9. This kind of cancer can be cured, provided it is ______ early.

A. got B. gained

C. seen D. caught

10. We haven’t enough books for everyone; some of you will have to _____.

A. help B. enjoy

C. share D. spare

11. He asked her to marry him and she _____ him.

A. answered B. received

C. accepted D. agreed

12. My worst fears were _____ when I saw what the exam questions were.

A. done B. seen

C. finished D. realized

13. The plan looks good on paper, but will it _____?

A. work B. pass

C. agree D. does

14. What’s the matter with the radio? Why isn’t it _____?

A. broadcasting B. working

C. doing D. sounding

15. High unemployment _____ the government billions of pounds in lost taxes.

A. spends B. takes

C. uses D. costs

16. It’s hard to rescue drowning people because they _____ so much.

A. sink B. swim

C. jump D. struggle

17. She went to the station to meet her husband, but _____ him in the crowd.

A. passed B. recognized

C. missed D. lost

18. I missed what was happening because I wasn’t ______ very closely.

A. noticing B. running

C. watching D. glancing

19. If you lend me a pound, it will _____ me having to go to the bank.

A. save B. share

C. serve D. help

20. Don’t _______ your breath trying to persuade them; they’ll never listen.

A. use B. waste

C. spend D. put

21. He has spent little time on his lessons this term, so he _____ to fail the exam.

A. expects B. hopes

C. wishes D. requires

22. He will never ______ anything if he doesn’t work hard.

A. hope B. wish

C. achieve D. succeed

◆ 答案解析 ◆

1. 选B,spare 在表示“腾出或省去(多余的人或物)”。

2. 选C,regard … as …的意思“把……当作……”,其中的介词 as 不能换成 to be.

3. 选B.I tried to 为 I tried to get a job 之省略。

4. 选D.因为A、B、C均为终止性动词,均不能连用 for about six years 这样的一段时间。

5. 选A.matter 在此的意思是“要紧”、“关系重大”。

6. 选A.填空句为强调句,强调主语 red and black colours,故其后的谓语要用复数,即排除C和D.另外,fit 与suit区别是:fit 表示“适合”或“合身”等(及物或不及物),主要是指尺寸、大小、形状等方面的适合,而 suit 表示“适合”,主要指款式或花色等方面的适合。

7. 选B.do 在此表示“够”、“足够”、“适合”、“行”、“可以”等义。又如:

This will never do! 这事永远不可以。

I’m hungry. Get me something to eat. Anything will do. 我饿了,给我弄点吃的东西,什么都行。

8. 选D.show sb to the door 意为“送某人到门口”。注意,其中的介词 to 不可省略,否则就成了 show sb the door(驱赶某人,下逐客令)。另外,也不要按汉语意思选A,因为send 通常表示派人送,而不表示亲自送。

9. 选D,catch 在此表示“发现”,句中的 provided 用作连词,意为“如果”。

10. 选C.既然书不够,不能每人一本,所以有些人只能share(分享)了。

11. 选C.accept 意为“同意”、“接受”,注意不能选D,因为 agree 后不能直接跟名词或代词作宾语。

12. 选D.realize 在此的意思不是“实现”,而是指“使(不安、恐惧等)成为事实”。

13. 选A,work 在此的意思是“起作用”、“奏效”。

14. 选B.work 在此的意思是“运作”、“运转”。

15. 选D.spend 和 cost 均可表示“花费”,但句型不同:spend + 时间或金钱 + on sth (in doing sth),cost + 某人或某机构 + 金钱或时间。

16. 选D.由句意和常识推知。

17. 选C.miss 指“错过”。

18. 选C,由句子的语境可推知。

19. 选A,save 指“省去(劳力等)”。

20. 选B.

21. 选A,expects 在此不是表示“期待”,而是表示“预料”。

22. 选C,achieve 意为“完成”、“做到”。其余三项均不能直接跟名词或代词作宾语。

被动语态教学设计 篇6

一. 注意不可遗漏being

现在进行时的被动语态表示说话时正在进行的一个被动的动作,强调主语是动作的承受者,其构成为“am / is / are + being+动词的过去分词”。如果我们把being漏掉,就成为一般现在时的被动语态或系表结构。如:

Look! The children are being taken care of by their aunt.

瞧!那些孩子正由他们的姑妈照看着。

Children are taken good care of at school. 孩子们在学校被照看得很好。(指通常情况)

The report is being written by one of the best students.

报告正在由一名最好的学生写着呢。

The report is well written.

这个报告写得很好。(系表结构)

二. 注意不可忽视 “现阶段”

现在进行时的被动语态也可表示目前这一阶段正在进行的一个被动的动作。如:

Many interesting experiments are being carried out these days.

如今许多有趣的实验正在被进行着。(说话时,并不一定在进行)

三. 注意现在进行时的被动语态也可以表示将来

现在进行时的被动语态有时可表示按计划或安排将要进行的一个被动的动作(此种用法仅限于少数及物动词)。如:

A party is being held tonight.

今晚将要举行一场晚会。

四.注意没有现在进行时的被动语态的动词

一些表示“状态、心理活动、拥有、存在”等的动词,一般不用现在进行时的被动语态,而常用一般现在时的被动语态。如:

Xiao Wang, come here. You are wanted on the phone. 小王,过来,有你的电话。

Football is becoming more and more popular. In other words, it is loved by more and more people.

足球现在越来越流行了, 换句话说,它被越来越多的人喜爱。

五. 注意“be +under/ in等介词+名词”结构可表示现在进行时的被动语态的含义。如:

The problem is under discussion (is being discussed) at the meeting.

这个问题正在会上讨论。

The telephone is in use (=is being used) now. 这部电话正在使用中。

被动语态教学设计 篇7

受语言基础不扎实和母语负迁移的影响, 中国学生在英语被动语态的学习和应用上经常会出现这样或那样的问题。相较于中学生, 大学生的语法知识体系相对完善, 被动语态的使用错误主要是语用偏误, 而非结构偏误, 即不能在合适的语境下正确使用被动语态。本文在认知语言学的框架下研究英语被动结构及其使用影响因素, 并探讨如何改善被动语态的课堂教学。

二、认知视角下影响被动语态应用的因素分析

认知语言学认为语言是认知发展的产物, 语言的形式结构受制于人们的认知结构。语态, 作为语言的一部分, 当然也与人类的认知过程密不可分。不同语态反映了说话者认知事件的视角不同。主动语态表示说话者从动作施事者的角度看待某一事件;被动语态表示说话者从动作受事者的角度看待某一事件。语态的选择体现了说话者认知视角的选择。下文将从认知语言学的视角分析影响被动语态应用的因素。

(一) 受制于语篇的衔接和连贯

语篇的衔接指语篇中各部分在语法和词汇方面的关联。而连贯通常通过无形的手段体现语篇的内聚力, 指内容情节上的串联和逻辑关系上的贯通。根据认知语言学的信息结构理论, 语篇中的被动语态将受事者前置, 作为话语的起点, 承载的往往是旧信息, 而句子的尾部往往承载着新信息。这种“旧信息+ 新信息”“已知信息+ 未知信息”的结构不仅符合人类认知过程的特点和规律, 同时, 句首旧信息的重复有利于与上文之间的衔接, 句尾新信息的引入又为语篇的发展提供新的话题和素材, 推动话语不断向前发展。如下例:

1 A:Where is Sophie?

B:Her i Phone was stolen and she is rushing to the police station.

2 Jon Snow offered him hand to help him over the thick tangle of roots, but Tyrion shook him off. He would make his own way, as he had all his life. Still, the camp was a welcome sight. The shelters had been thrown up. The horses had been fed and a fire had been laid.

3 …Someone had thrown up the shelters. Someone had fed the horses and laid a fire.

句1中Sophie作为话语的主题衔接上文, 帮助听话人建立心理上的连贯。尔后的stolen作为对主题的描述, 是新信息, 同时也为rushing to the police station埋下伏笔, 增强文章了的内部连贯性。句2中的Tyrion经过艰难跋涉终于到达露营地。Shelters, horses和fire均是读者在读到上文camp时可以联想到景象。用它们作主语不至于语言突兀, 可以使读者迅速代入。若将其改为主动句 ( 即句3 ) , 不但气势减弱, 而且新信息someone的引入会扰乱读者心理, 打乱文章的内部连贯。

(二) 受制于要突显的焦点信息

被动语态把充当受事的名词或名词短语从宾语的位置提到主语位置, 作为话语的起点。传统观点认为把受事放在句首是为了对它加以强调, 是句子最需要突显的信息。这一说法并不是放之四海皆准, 因为其将被动语句独立于段落来研究, 忽略了一个重要因素, 即承载句子的语篇。句首是否为信息的焦点或最为突显的地方, 这要看说话人的意图和语境。

图形- 背景理论认为当我们在观察周围环境中的某个物体时, 通常会把这个物体作为知觉上突显的图形, 而把环境作为背景, 这就是突显原则。图形和背景的感知是人类体验的直接结果, 背景就是图形的认知参照点。[1]认知语言学家认为, 认知上的图形与背景反映在语句表达中, 主要靠主语和非主语来加以区别。[2]在主动态中, 动作的施事者处于主语的位置, 具有认知上的优势, 是图形, 而动作的受事者作为认知的参照被置于后面, 充当背景。英语被动句把原本作为图形的施事后移, 而原本处于背景的受事被前移, 使得读者/听者首先关注背景, 建立认知参照, 后来出现的图形则更容易成为认知的焦点。

4 Filial piety is, of course, a high ethical law which Japan shares with China…The character of filial piety, however, was inevitably modified to suit the different structure of the family in Japan.

5 The young de Tocqueville had been bred in the aristocratic society of France which had first been jolted and shocked by the French Revolution and then by the new and drastic laws of Napoleon.

句4描述有关中国和日本均将忠诚视为至高的道德标准。其中的被动句为无施事被动态, 作为已知信息的filial piety自动充当认知的参照点, 焦点信息在于后面的动作过程modified, 是要突显的图形。因此, 在无施事的被动态中, 动作过程往往会成为突显的图形和读者认知的焦点。句5中主句为无施事被动态, 从句为有施事被动态。根据上述语篇的衔接和连贯, 句子把前文已经出现过的青年人de Tocqueville放在句首作主语, 充当认知参照和背景, 而新信息bred in the aristocratic society of France是句子要突显的焦点。而从句中强调撼动法国贵族社会的两大因素, 显然by后面为信息焦点和突显图形。 Alexander提出, 说者想说或听者想知道何人或何物应对某事负责时会用“by+ 行为主体”短语, 而为了特别强调此行为主体的重要性就会把这一结构置于全句或小句的末尾。[3]因此, 有施事的被动态利用句末的by-phrase对施事者的图形突显功能最好。

(三) 受制于作者/ 说话者的视角和意图

如前文所述, 不同语态反映了说话者认知事件的不同视角。

6 People were shot dead at bars and restaurants at five other sites in Paris.

7 Attackers shot people dead at bars and restaurants at five other sites in Paris.

句6和7语法结构均正确, 句义也无大的差别。但是句6使用被动语态, 从受害者的视角描写枪击案现场, 更体现出受害者people在面对暴力时的无助与无力。

此外, 语言形式本身仅具有产生意义的潜能, 它只有与人头脑中的认知结构相互作用才会产生实际的意义。 在语言交际的过程中, 说话人有意识地选择不同的句式结构以传递不同的显性和隐性意义。[4]隐性意义即为说话者的实际意图。试比较:

8We’re told to do this.

9Sophie told us to do this.

句6用无施事被动语态, 避免了施事者的出现, 有刻意避免冲突和矛盾的意图。而句7采用主动态, “tell”这一动作的发出者一目了然, 说话者有故意摆脱责任的嫌疑。

三、认知视角下被动语态的大学课堂教学

被动语态是英语学习过程中的重点和难点, 在英语教学中不容忽视。教师应选择合适的教学方法使学生掌握被动语态的形式、结构和用法, 以实现交际的目的。 大学生在使用被动语态时所犯的错误主要集中于语用偏误 (使用不足或过度使用) 。认知语言学使大学教师在突显观、识解观和图形- 背景理论的框架下解释被动语态, 为被动语态教学提供了新的视角。

(一) 介绍差异

英汉两种语言分属于两种不同的语系, 差别巨大。 这种差异也体现在被动语态上。首先, 汉语中被动句较为罕见, 而英语多用被动句。其次, 汉语中的被动句常带有“被”“由”“受”等标记词, 动词没有词尾的变化, 而英语中的被动句涉及语序变化和信息重构。再次, 汉语被动态常带有感情色彩, 英语被动态往往体现客观、 中立。这些显著差异使得高水平英语学习者也常常受汉语母语的迁移影响, 而不能在不同情境下正确使用被动态。因而, 教师有必要在课堂教学中融入英汉语言、思维和文化差异的讲解, 减小母语负迁移的影响。

(二) 创设语境——说话人视角

英语被动语态在语篇的衔接和连贯, 突显焦点信息, 体现说话人意图三个方面有着重要作用。教师应在课堂上为学生创设英语被动语态使用的语境, 使学生站在说话人的角度, 真实地代入语境, 选择使用主动态还是被动态, 而非机械地练习语态转换。语境的创设关键是要体现学习者在语态的选择过程中是否注意段落篇章的连贯, 是否关注突显焦点信息, 是否能体现语境中说话人的意图。

(三) 注意语体

虽然英语中的主动句远远多于被动句, 但由于被动态所具有的高冷“学术范”在一些语体中具有不可比拟的优势, 因此在知识性文章中比想象性文章中用的更普遍, 尤其在科学文献和新闻报道等纯客观性的非人称语体, 而在会话体小说等非正式语体中用得较少。[5]这一区别在课堂教学中也应加以探讨和对比。

四、结语

本文从认知语言学的角度研究英语被动语态, 指出被动语态的使用受上下文、突显信息和作者意图所影响, 是否使用以及如何使用被动语态关键看句子所处的语境, 而非进行简单的结构转换, 并在此基础上讨论了高校课堂中被动语态教学中值得关注之处。

摘要:中国大学生在使用英语被动态上的错误主要体现在语用方面。鉴于这一现象, 本文在认知语言学的框架下, 探讨了影响英语被动态使用的三大因素:语篇的衔接和连贯;要突显的焦点信息;说话人的视角和意图, 并在此基础上探讨如何改善其课堂教学。

关键词:英语被动语态,认知语言学,影响因素,课堂教学

参考文献

[1]匡芳涛, 文旭.图形-背景的现实化[J].外国语, 2003 (4) .

[2]黄广平.图形-背景理论下的英语被动句认知分析[J].中南林业科技大学学报 (社会科学版) , 2011, (12) :52-53

[3]Alexander L.G.Longman English Grammar[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1991.

[4]高红云, 蒯振华.语言交际中句式选择的认知语用阐释[J].外语学刊, 2011, (1) :25-28.

被动语态例析 篇8

1. —How clean and tidy your classroom is!

—Thank you. It_________every day.

A. is cleanedB. was cleaned

C. was cleaningD. is cleaning

2. Today computers_________on both cities and towns.

A. were usingB. are usedC. were usedD. are using

3. —Mum, may I go out to play football this afternoon?

—You can if your homework .

A. is doneB. will do

C. has doneD. will be done

解析:一般现在时的被动语态由“am/is/are +及物动词的过去分词”构成。注意:在条件状语从句和时间状语从句中,要用一般现在时的被动语态代替一般将来时的被动语态。

4. None of them knew about the plan because it_________a secret.

A. keptB. keepsC. is keptD. was kept

5. The doctor looked over Peter carefully after he_________to the hospital.

A. takesB. is takenC. tookD. was taken

6. Oh, this is really a big shop. Do you know when it_________?

A. builtB. was built

C. has builtD. has been built

7. —Did Jack come to our party yesterday?

—No, he_________.

A. wasn’t invitedB. didn’t invite

C. isn’t invitedD. hasn’t invited

解析:一般过去时的被动语态由“was/were + 及物动词的过去分词”构成。注意:从句的时态应与主句的时态保持一致;另外,应从语境入手,确定时态的选用。

8. —How often_________your school sports meeting_________?

—Once a year.

A. does; holdB. was; holdC. is; heldD. did; held

9. —When_________the People’s Republic of China_________?

—On October 1, 1949.

A. did; foundB. was; founded

C. did; foundedD. was; found

解析:特殊疑问句的被动语态由“特殊疑问词 + 一般疑问句的被动语态”构成。

注意:1) 如主动语态句子中的主语是疑问词 who,变为被动语态时,可用 By whom 引起特殊疑问句。如将 by 置于句末,则句首既可用 whom,也可用 who。 例如:

Who bought this house?→Whom/Who was this house bought by?/By whom was this house bought?

2) 由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句要用陈述句被动语态语序。例如:

Do you know what_________?

A. it callsB. does it callC. is it calledD. it is called

10. The television_________. It doesn’t work now.

A. must repairB. has repaired

C. must be repairedD. can be repairing

11. I think high school students should_________pocket money.

A. be givingB. have given

C. giveD. be given

解析:含情态动词的被动语态由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。常见的情态动词有 can, may, must, should 等。

12. Mr John’s story_________by everyone who heard it.

A. laughed atB. was laughed

C. laughedD. was laughed at

13. The children without parents_________by their teachers in this special school.

A. take good care ofB. are taken good care of

C. are taken good careD. take good care

解析:有些短语动词相当于一个及物动词,其后可以接宾语,因此它们也有被动语态。但短语动词是个不可分割的整体,其中的介词或副词不可丢掉。例如:

A short play will be put on for the English evening. 英语晚会上将上演小品。

Old people should be looked after very well. 老年人应该得到很好的照顾。

14. A beautiful picture_________the children by her just now.

A. was drawn forB. was drawn to

C. is drawnD. was drawn

解析:有些及物动词后面可以跟双宾语,即间接宾语(指人的宾语)和直接宾语(指物的宾语)。在被动语态中,如果指物的直接宾语作主语,在指人的间接宾语前须加上介词 to(谓语动词多为 pass, show, give, teach, send, write, bring 等)或加上介词 for(谓语动词多为 buy, draw, make, keep 等)。例如:

A beautiful present was given to me by my uncle yesterday. 昨天我叔叔送给我一件漂亮的礼物。

A new school-bag was bought for me by my mother last week. 上星期我母亲给我买了一个新书包。

15. She_________work for sixteen hours a day in the past.

A. was madeB. was made to

B. made toD. is made

解析: make, see, hear 等使役动词和感官动词后面常跟复合宾语,在主动语态中作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带 to, 但变为被动语态时,动词不定式成了主语补足语,这时动词不定式需要带 to。例如:

They were seen to go into the room. 有人看见他们进了房间。

He was heard to sing in the next room. 人们听见他在隔壁的房间里唱歌。

16. —What’s wrong with the orange?

—It_________terrible.

A. is tastingB. is tastedC. tastesD. tasted

17. What_________to her yesterday evening?

A. was happenedB. happenedC. happeningD. happen

18. I like this silk dress, and it_________soft and comfortable.

A. is feelingB. feelsC. has feltD. is felt

解析:1) look, smell, taste, feel, sound 等表示感觉的连系动词的主动形式表达被动意义。例如:

It smells terrible. 它发出难闻的气味。

The gun sounded much closer. 枪声听起来更近了。

She looks very beautiful today. 今天她看上去很漂亮。

2) happen, last, fall, appear 等不及物动词没有被动语态。例如:

The film lasted for three hours. 那部电影持续演了三个小时。

My sister appeared on TV yesterday evening. 昨晚我妹妹上了电视。

3) wash, sell, wear, open, write 等动词,可以用主动形式表达被动意义,对于这样的一些习惯用法应特别引起我们的注意。例如:

This kind of cloth washes very easily. 这种布很容易洗。

The product sells well.这种产品很畅销。

This cloth wears badly. 这布不耐穿。

This ball-pen writes wonderfully. 这支圆珠笔好写。

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