2024成人高考英语考点一(精选8篇)
纯净的胃液是一种无色而呈酸性反应的液体,pH为0.9~1.5。正常人每日分泌的胃液量约为1.5~2.5L。
胃液的主要成分为盐酸、胃蛋白酶原、黏液和内因子。
(一)盐酸
盐酸有游离酸及与蛋白质结合的结合酸两种形式,两者的总浓度为总酸。正常人空腹胃液总酸度为l0~50临床单位,其中游离酸为0~30临床单位,它决定胃液的酸性反应。 盐酸也称胃酸,其主要作用有:
1.激活胃蛋白酶原,并为蛋白酶提供适宜的酸性环境;
2.使食物中蛋白质变性而易于水解;
3.抑制和杀灭胃内细菌;
4.促进胰液、胆汁和小肠液的分泌;
5.有助于小肠对钙和铁的吸收。由此可见,胃酸分泌过少将会影响胃肠的消化和吸收功能。但若胃酸过多,则对胃和十二指肠黏膜有侵蚀作用,导致消化性溃疡发生。
(二)胃蛋白酶原
在胃酸的作用下,转变为具有活性的胃蛋白酶,能分解食物中的蛋白质为月示、胨及少量多肽。胃蛋白酶起作用的最适pH为2,故胃酸缺乏的病人,蛋白质的消化将受到影响。
(三)粘液:
胃粘膜表面上皮细胞,胃腺中粘液细胞以及贲门腺,幽门腺的粘液细胞共同分泌胃粘液。其中主要含有糖蛋白,胃粘液最主要的生理作用是保护胃粘膜免受盐酸侵害,此外还有润滑食物的作用。
(四)内因子:
内因子是壁细胞分泌的一种糖蛋白。在胃内,它可与VitB12结合.保护VitBl2不受酶的水解;到达回肠后,它可与肠壁上的特殊受体结合,促进VitB12的吸收。当体内丧失或缺乏内因子时,进入消化管的VitBl2会被破坏或吸收困难,从而造成VitBl2缺乏症。
二、胃液分泌的调节
(一)促进胃液分泌的调节因素
进食后胃液分泌的调节机制一般按感受食物刺激的部位分成三个时期,即头期、胃期和肠期。这三个时期几乎是同时开始、互相重叠的。
1.头期胃液分泌 头期胃液分泌的传入冲动均来自头部感受器(眼、耳、鼻、口腔、咽、食管)。一般情况下,头期胃液分泌量较大,约占进食后分泌最的30%,酸度及胃蛋白酶原的含量均很高。
2.胃期胃液分泌 食物入胃后,对胃产生的机械性和化学性刺激,继续引起胃液分泌,胃期分泌的胃液量大,约占进食后总分泌量的60%,酸度及胃蛋白酶原的含量也很高。
3.肠期胃液分泌当食物离开胃进入小肠后,还有继续刺激胃液分泌的`作用。肠期胃液分泌的量不大,大约占进食后胃液分泌总量的l0%,这可能与食物在小肠内同时还产生许多对胃液分泌起抑制性作用的调节机制有关。
(二)抑制胃液分泌的调节因素
胃液分泌除受兴奋性因素调节外,还受各种抑制因素的调节,抑制胃液分泌的因素有精神情绪因素,主要有盐酸、脂肪和高张溶液三种。
1.脂肪脂肪进入小肠后其消化产物抑制胃液的分泌;
2.盐酸,胃内pH值降到1.2~1.5时,对胃酸分泌有抑制作用;
3.高张溶液,可通过肠――胃反射抑制胃的分泌。
三、胃运动的形式及胃排空
(一)胃运动的形式
1.紧张性收缩消化管壁平滑肌经常处于一定的持续收缩状态,称为紧张性收缩。有利于保持消化管一定的形态位置,维持消化管内一定的压力有助于食物的消化、推进和排空。
2.容受性舒张食物刺激咽和食管,可通过反射使胃底、胃体肌肉舒张,称为容受性舒张。具有容纳和贮存食物的作用。是胃特有的运动形式。
3.胃的蠕动食物进入胃约5min蠕动即开始,蠕动波从贲门开始向幽门方向推进。初始时波细小不易见到,到胃中部时才变得明显起来,有些波可以达到幽门,甚至进入十二指肠;但也有些波只到胃窦部即消失。蠕动是胃壁平滑肌去极化慢波触发电位而引起的,故其频率约为3次/min,只需1min左右即可达到幽门。通常是一波未平,一波又起,一个蠕动波通常可排出1~3ml的食糜进入十二指肠。胃蠕动的生理意义在于:
(1)磨碎食物,进行机械性消化。
(2)使食物和胃液充分混合以利于食物化学性消化。
(3)把食糜通过幽门推向十二指肠。
(二)胃排空及其控制
食物由胃排入十二指肠的过程称为胃排空。胃排空的速度因食物的种类、性状和胃的运动情况而异。
1.胃内容物促进排空胃内促进排空的因素是胃内容物,胃内容物的容量和排空速度呈线性关系。胃内容物扩张胃壁的机械刺激通过迷走一迷走反射和壁内神经丛反射使胃运动增强。胃内容物主要魁蛋白质消化产物引起促胃液索释放,也可增强胃窦运动。
2.十二指肠内容物抑制排空食糜中的盐酸、脂肪及蛋白质消化产物、高张溶液以及机械性扩张刺激,通过肠胃反射和局部刺激小肠上段粘膜释放促胃液索、促胰液索、缩胆囊索、抑胃肽等.抑制胃排窄(促胃液索虽然刺激胃窦收缩,但同时增强幽门括约肌的收缩,其净的作用是延缓胃排空)。
一、胰液的性质、成分和作用
胰液分泌的调节
胰液是无色无臭的碱性液体,pH约为7.8~8.4,渗透压约与血浆相等。人每日分泌的胰液量约为l~2L。
(一)胰液的主要成分和作用
胰液的主要成分是水、NaHCO3和多种消化酶。NaHCO3可中和由胃进入十二指肠内的酸性食糜,对小肠黏膜有保护作用,并可维持小肠内中性偏碱的pH环境,以适应小肠内各种酶对pH的需要。消化酶可以分解食物中的糖、脂肪和蛋白质。
胰液中的消化酶及其作用如下:(1)胰淀粉酯:可分解淀粉为麦芽糖和寡糖;(2)胰脂肪酶:可分解脂肪为甘油、脂肪酸和甘油一酯;(3)胰蛋白酶原和糜蛋白酶原:胰蛋白酶原在肠致活酶作用下转变为胰蛋门酶,胰蛋白酶一旦形成,还可进一步激活胰蛋白酶原和糜蛋白酶原。使它们转变为有活性的酶。在胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶共同作用下,食物中的蛋白质可分解为多肽和氨基酸;(4)肽酶:可将多肽分解为小肽和氨基酸。
由于胰液中含有水解三种利主要食物的消化酶,而且水解效率都很高,因而是所有消化液中最重要的一种消化液。临床和实验均证明,当胰液分泌障碍时,即使其他消化腺的分泌都正常,食物中的脂肪和蛋白质仍不能完全消化,从而也影响吸收。但糖的消化和吸收一般不受影响。
(二)胰液分泌的调节
1.神经调节食物可通过神经反射(包括条件反射和非条件反射)引起胰液分泌。反射的传出科I经主要是迷走神经。迷走神经引起胰液分泌的特点是:水和碳酸氢盐含量很少,而酶的含量丰富。
2.体液调节(1)促胰液索:由小肠粘膜S细胞分泌,其刺激物以盐酸最强,其次为蛋白分解产物及脂肪酸,糖类无作用。促胰液索可作用于胰腺导管细胞,使胰液分泌量增加,但酶含量不高。(2)胆囊收缩素:又叫促胰酶素,由小肠粘膜Ⅰ细胞分泌。有效的刺激主要足蛋白分解产物,其次是脂肪酸、盐酸、脂肪,糖类无作用。胆囊收缩素可作用于腺泡细胞引起胰酶分泌,而对胰液中H2O和的影响却很弱。
二、胆汁的性质、成分和作用,胆汁分泌和排出的调节
胆汁是由肝细胞生成的,生成后由肝管流出,经胆总管而至十二指肠。肝分泌胆汁是连续不断的过程,但胆汁排放于小肠却是间断的。非消化期,由于胆总管末端Oddi氏括约肌收缩,阻力大,胆汁由肝总管转入胆囊管而贮存于胆囊,当消化时再由胆囊排入十二指肠。成人每日分泌的胆汁约为800~1000ml,胆汁分泌量和蛋白质摄人餐有关,高蛋白质食物可使胆汁分泌量增加。胆囊贮存的胆汁叫胆囊胆汁,直接从肝细胞分泌的胆汁叫肝胆汁。 胆汁的成分很复杂,除水分和钠、钾、钙和碳酸氢盐等无机成分外,其有机成分有胆盐、胆色素、脂肪酸、胆固醇、卵磷脂和粘蛋白等。胆汁中没有消化酶。
胆汁的作用:胆汁对于脂肪的消化和吸收具有重要意义:
1.胆汁中的胆盐、胆固醇和卵磷脂等都可作为乳化剂,减低脂肪的表面张力,使脂肪乳化成微滴,分散在肠腔内,这样便增加了胰脂肪酶的作用面积,使其分解脂肪的作用加速。
2.胆盐因其分子结构的特点,当达到一定浓度后,可聚合而形成微胶粒。肠腔中脂肪的分解产物,如脂肪酸、甘油一酯等均可掺入到微胶中,形成水溶性复合物(混合微胶粒)。因此,胆盐便成了
不溶于水的脂肪水解产物到达肠黏膜表面所必需的运载工具,对于脂肪消化产物的吸收具有重要意义。
3.胆汁通过促进脂肪分解产物的吸收,对脂溶性维生索(维生索A、D、E、K)的吸收也有促进作用。
三、胆汁分泌和排出的调节
(一)神经调节
进食对胃和小肠的刺激均可通过神经反射,使胆汁分泌和胆囊收缩,胆汁排出增加。反射的传出神经是迷走神经。
(二)体液调节
胃泌素和促胰液素可促进肝细胞分泌胆汁。
胆囊收缩素可引起胆囊收缩、奥迪括约肌舒张,使胆汁排出增加。
一、隐含条件的巧设
[考点特征]在虚拟语气的考查中,命题者常常不明确体现主句对应的虚拟条件,而是通过主句和相关连词巧妙隐设在上下文中。
[经典考题]
I forget where I read the article,or I it to you now.
A.will show B.would show
C.am going to show D.am showing
[破解分析]根据上文的语境可知句中or隐含着一个虚拟的条件,即or=if I didn’t forget where I read the article,故整个句子的意思是:要是我没有忘记我在哪儿读过这篇文章的话,我会现在展示给你看。
二、虚拟信息的预设
[考点特征]在虚拟语气的考查中,命题者常先不明确真实信息,而是通过虚拟结构预设真实语气的时态特点,以增加试题难度。
[经典考题]
—It looks as if he were drunk.
—So it does..
A.He’d better give up drinking
B.He shouldn’t have drunk so much
C.Health is more important than drink
D.I wonder why he is always doing so
[破解分析]上句It looks as if he were drunk是下句语意的关键预设信息,as if引导的虚拟语气结构表示“他喝醉了”并非事实,只是他的言行举止看似醉了。
三、句式结构的巧变
[考点特征]在虚拟语气的考查中,命题者常利用特殊句式(倒装句等)和其他从句相结合的办法来考查虚拟语气及特殊句式结构。
[经典考题]
—Mary looks hot and dry.
—So you if you had so high a fever.
A.do B.are C.will D.would
[破解分析]原句正常结构应为:if you had a high fever you would look hot and dry,表示与现在事实相反,变为So would you的倒装形式,表示“……也一样”的语意。
四、虚实语气的互动
[考点特征]在虚拟语气的考查中,命题者常选用个别特殊词来体现虚拟与真实语气的交互使用。
[经典考题]
All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he badly wounded and that he at once.
A.should be;be operated on
B.were;must be operated on
C.was;should be operated
D.was;be operated on
[破解分析]insist的宾语从句中有时用should+动词原形,表示虚拟的尚未发生的或尚未成为事实的语气,而若表示的动作已经发生或已经成为事实,则常要用真实语气结构。
五、省略结构的语序
[考点特征]在虚拟语气的考查中,由于省略而形成的倒装句式考生容易忽略句子的特征。
[经典考题]
smoking,he would not have got cancer in the lung.
A.Was he given up B.Had he given up
C.Did he give D.If he gave up
[破解分析]从代入被选项后的句意和主句he would not have got cancer in the lung为表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气结构,可确定从句应用过去完成时。另外,虚拟条件句中有had,should或were等词时,通常可以省略if,将had,should或were等提前置于句首,形成倒装。
六、英语表达的习惯
[考点特征]在虚拟语气的考查中,命题者常选择涉及英语表达习惯的结构句式。
[经典考题]
—He will come tomorrow.
—But I’d rather he the day after tomorrow.
A.will come B.is coming C.came D.had come
考点1:if虚拟条件句
首先,我们来了解一下if条件从句中的动词和主句的动词使用情况:
从上表我们可以清楚地看出,假设情况不同,if从句和主句中的谓语动词形式也相应有所不同,需要同学们认真记忆,并在考试时对应作答。例如:
15. John went to the hospital alone. If he________
me about it, I would have gone with him. (2010年天津卷)
A. should tell B. tells
C. told D. had told
【解析】题干的意思是:“约翰独自去了医院。如果他当时告诉我的话,我早跟他一起去了。”前面独立的句子是陈述语气,交代了整个事件发生在过去。后面主句would have gone说明是与过去事实相反的假设,故if从句中应使用had done形式,故正确答案为D。
值得注意的是,时态运用不能一概而论,也不能照搬上面的表格,而应具体情况具体分析。当我们遇到错综时间虚拟条件句时,也就是if引导的从句动作和主句动作发生的时间不一致时,就应根据实际情况和语境来判定时态。例如:
30. Maybe if I________science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help. (2011年北京卷)
A. studied B. would study
C. had studiedD. was studying
【解析】题干的意思是:“如果我那时学的是科学而不是文学,也许我现在就能给你更多的帮助了。”主句用的是would be able to do,表示对现在情况的虚拟,但由从句中的then可知, if引导的状语从句表示与过去事实相反的假设,故从句应用had done形式,故正确答案为C。
注意:如果if条件句中的谓语含有were、should或had,可将if省去,而将这三个词放于条件句主语之前构成倒装。例如:
10. Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy________ (2010年浙江卷)
A. would have been savedB. had been saved
C. will be savedD. was saved
【解析】题干的意思是:“如果我早知道这个电脑程序,就可以节省大量的时间和精力了。”根据句子的倒装特征判断此处是省略了if的虚拟条件句,补上if并还原题干为正常语序:If I had known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy________ 由此可判断if引导的从句表示对过去事实的虚拟,故主句应用would have done形式;又因为time and energy和save之间存在着被动关系,故正确答案为A。
考点2:含蓄条件句中的虚拟
含蓄条件句即不出现if字眼,而是通过上下文或without、otherwise、but for、even if/though等词(组)来表示虚拟的条件从句。如果与现在或将来事实相反,这时动词用would/could/should/might + do;如果与过去事实相反,这时动词用would/could/should/might + have done。例如:
22. I________through that bitter period without your generous help. (2011年陕西卷)
A. couldn't have goneB. didn't go
C. wouldn't goD. hadn't gone
【解析】题干的意思是:“没有你慷慨的帮助,我就不可能度过那段艰难的时期。”此时并没有明显的虚拟词if出现,但通过题意我们能明显感觉到without your generous help表含蓄的条件,“度过那段艰难的时期”说明事情发生在过去,“不可能”则明显与过去事实相反,因此主句谓语应使用couldn't have done形式,故正确答案为A。
28. We________John's name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury. (2011年江西卷)
A. will putB. will have put
C. would putD. would have put
【解析】题干的意思是:“要不是因为约翰近来受了伤,我们昨天早就把他的名字列到参赛名单中了。”根据but for判定此题考查含蓄条件句,题干中所阐述的情况与过去事实相反,因此主句谓语应用would have done形式,故正确答案为D。
考点3:wish宾语从句中的虚拟
一般情况下,wish后从句中的动词形式如下:
例如:
28. —Where are the children? The dinner's going to be completely ruined.
—I wish they _________ always late. (2011年北京卷)
A. weren'tB. hadn't been
C. wouldn't beD. wouldn't have been
【解析】题干的意思是:“——孩子们在哪里?晚饭要彻底被毁了。——我希望他们不要总是迟到。”分析题干的结构,wish后的宾语从句表示与现在事实相反的愿望,应用动词的过去式,故正确答案为A。
考点4:would rather宾语从句中的虚拟
词组would rather后接从句时,从句的谓语用did表示与现在或将来情况相反的事实,用had done表示与过去情况相反的事实。例如:
34. George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I'd rather he _________ more on its culture. (2010年江苏卷)
A. focusB. focused
C. would focus D. had focused
【解析】题干的意思是:“乔治打算谈论自己祖国的地理状况,但是我宁愿他多讲讲它的文化。”题干中would rather之后的从句应用虚拟语气,表示与将来情况相反的事实,用动词的过去式,故正确答案为B。
考点5:特定宾语从句中的虚拟
在表示“建议、要求、愿望、提议”等词(如advise、recommend、command、demand、desire、insist、order、propose、request、require、suggest、urge)之后的宾语从句中,谓语都用(should) do表示虚拟。例如:
29. Teachers recommend parents________their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety. (2010年福建卷)
A. not allow B. do not allow
C. mustn't allow D. couldn't allow
【解析】题干的意思是:“老师建议父母为了安全起见应不允许12岁以下的孩子骑自行车去上学。”动词recommend表示建议,其后宾语从句的谓语应使用(should) do的形式表示虚拟,故正确答案为A。
76. Mr. Johnson insisted that the problem worthy of attention ________ (讨论) at the meeting. (discuss) (2010年湖北卷)
【解析】题干的意思是:“约翰逊先生坚持要求在会议上讨论这个值得大家注意的问题。”动词insist表示“坚持”,其后的宾语从句谓语要用(should) do的形式表示虚拟,又因为problem与discuss之间是被动关系,故答案应为(should) be discussed。
同学们需仔细揣摩以上虚拟语气的考查热点,认真体会其考查途径和方法,记忆相关知识,力争在高考英语虚拟语气的相关考题上不失分。
考点1 冠词考点2 名词
考点3 代词考点4 形容词/副词
考点5 定语从句考点6 状语从句
考点7 名词性从句考点8 时态、语态
考点9 非谓语动词考点10 情态动词
考点11 动词及动词短语辨析考点12 倒装语序
考点13 主谓一致关系、强调结构及其他考点14 日常交际用语
下面我们对部分考点给出具体的复习重点指导:
一、状语从句的一些引导词需要着重注意
1.before: …before I could say a word./It may be some time before the situation improves How long it’ll be before I can go back to work? 2.when: It was six o’clock when they arrived at the hotel. 3.since: It’s three years since I smoked. 4.as: Great as the difficulty was,../Much as I admire,…
5.where: They notice that plants don’t grow well where there is much shade. My doctor advised me to live where the air is fresher. 6.主将从现:
I can when my headache disappear thoroughly. If you go, so will I. 二、时态和语态是很重要的考点
have been painting all day/be always doing/I did lock it/will still be sleeping/will have left The papers are still being corrected/It is being served in the dining room. 三、注意情态动词对过去表示推测的用法
比如,couldn’t have done/might have done/needn’t have done/should/ought to have done 特别是shall的用法: No student shall go out of school without the teacher’s permission. Tell him that he shall have the wonderful book tomorrow afternoon. It is the rule that every driver shall obey in this city. Shall I/he book a table? 请别忽视某些情态动词的特殊含义,如:
must : If you must know her name, her name is Mabel. would: When I was young, I would sit under the old tree listening to grandpa tell me stories. should: It’s strange that Tom, the most excellent student in our grade should fail in the exam. may: May you succeed!/May you be happy! 四、你需要记住一些交际用语,比如:
Just in case!/Take your time!/Take it easy!/You can’t be serious/Up to you!/What if?/Can you make it?/What for?/What kept you?/Of what?/Exactly!/With pleasure!/That isn’t due yet./The early train is due to leave at 5:30 a.m./I’ll give you a lift./Why not?/You are wanted on the phone. 五、非谓语动词——注意分清谓语与非谓语,比如:
She went to the market, bought some bananas and visited her cousin. She said, and turning away from him, walked rapidly away. Go straight ahead, and you will see a hotel in front of you.
完形填空:高考完形填空临场技法 (作者:杨圣柱) 完形填空就是在一篇语意完整的短文中有目的地制造一些空白,造成信息链的中断,让考生在理解短文的基础上,综合运用所学知识和常识,对每个题的备选项做出尽可能合理的分析、判断,从中选出正确答案或最佳答案,使重新构建的文章主旨鲜明,文意畅达,逻辑严密。
要做好完形填空,考生须具备扎实的基础知识以及快速阅读和理解的能力,另外,良好的心理素质和思维品质也至关重要。
有些考生虽然具有一定的基础,但完形填空题的得分却总不尽如人意。他们的问题概括起来主要有以下几方面:
1. 不善于抓文章的主旨大意,并以此为中心展开对整篇文章的推理、判断,导致理解上出现偏差,甚至与文章的中心相悖。
2. 容易受定势思维的干扰,对文意分析不透,忽视特定语境中英语知识的运用。
3. 对完形填空怀有厌倦、恐惧心理,以至做完形填空时处于应付状态。
那么,怎样才能提高做完形填空的准确率呢?大家应从以下三个方面入手训练思维能力和解题技巧:抓准主旨、透析文意、理清逻辑。并在做题的过程中把这三方面与做完形填空的三大步骤“浏览、细读和验证”做到有机结合,明确每一步思维的主攻方向。
一、通览全文,抓准主旨
有的同学或是急于求成,总想“一步到位”,或是由于原文设置空格所造成的理解障碍,担心通读文章时不但抓不住大意反而浪费时间,未通览全文即边读边填,结果是就句论句,无法形成连贯的思路,或“见木不见林”,理解偏离文章的中心,欲速则不达。
大家首先要克服不良心理,满怀信心,全神贯注,目光越过空格,注重把握文章的整体内容,注意能体现文章大意的关键词句。开始阅读时可能会有模模糊糊,类似“钻山洞”的感觉,此时千万不可半途而废;再往下读,文意会逐渐显露,读完全文心里往往会有“豁然开朗”之感。另外,要重视文章首句的作用,一般情况下,首句不设空格,这就为大家窥视文章全貌提供了一个“窗口”。通过文章的首句大家可以对文章进行比较准确的定位。
另外,大家要给文章准确定位,不仅要重视文章的首句,有时注意一下文章的结尾,首尾联系起来,对文章的定位会更准确。
抓住文章的主旨大意后,考生围绕主旨大意去阅读、预测、推理、判断,往往会收到事半功倍的效果。抓住了主旨,一些干扰性强,容易使人犯想当然错误的选项也就起不到作用了。
二、细读全文,透析文意
有的考生在做完形填空题时,一看到一些自己比较熟悉的语法结构,如句子、短语等,便不假思索地去选,对特定的语境不去作深入的理解,导致“定势思维”错误。
事实上,从NMET完形填空的出题特点看,其干扰项的设置均与“语法结构”错误无关,重在文意的干扰,这是出题者近几年始终坚持的方向。NMET完形填空每个题的四个选项并不是一种单纯的词汇辨析,因为从语法的角度看每个选项都是正确的。因此是否能恰如其分地传达文意才是选择正确答案或最佳答案的唯一标准,要吃透文意,理解到位,大家应做到以下几点:
1. 注意上下文的内在联系
断章取义,就题论题,忽视上下文的信息提示是学生常犯的错误。考生在做完形填空的过程中,应学会边读边在大脑中储藏上下文的信息。信息提示有时出现在前面,有时出现在后面。如:
Eating spaghetti (意大利面条) caught my eye. The word “spaghetti” brought back the 36 of an evening at Uncle Alien’ s in Belleville (when) _37_ all of us were seated around the table and Aunt Pat (served) _38_ spaghetti for supper.(全国卷I)
36. A. memory B. thought C. knowledge D. experience 本题的信息提示出现在前面。做题的关键在于把握brought back与后面名词的搭配关系,即动词短语决定了名词的选择。bring back“把……带回来”,因此此处只能是“把过去的记忆带回来”,即“使人回忆起……”,因此答案只能是A。
With these words I began to (face) _36_ the problem, the problem of my telephone addiction. I used to call people _37_ , from the moment I woke up to the time I went to sleep. I (waited) _38_ to be phoned, I wanted to phone. Just one more call.(2004全国卷Ⅱ)
37. A. now and then B. all the time C. at home D. at work 本题的信息提示出现在后面。空后的“从早晨醒来到上床睡觉”说明前面的动作是“经常、不断的”,因此答案只能是B。
2. 注意英汉两种语言的差异,不能简单地互译
出题者深知学生在英语学习过程中的弱点,往往从母语的角度设置干扰项来增加试题难度,考查学生的基本功和灵活运用能力,所以在平常的学习中,要逐渐培养自己的“语感”,不要受母语的影响。
It started socially —a few calls each day. It seemed (fine) _39_ , just a quick chat. Gradually though, the (situation) _40_ got worse. Soon it was _41_ use, until, finally, addiction. (2004全国卷Ⅱ)
41. A. frequent B. regular C. unusual D. particular 本题如果仅凭汉语思维“经常用”电话,很容易误选B, regular虽然也有“经常的”的意思,但侧重指“固定的,有规律的”,不是一个贬义词。因此此处表示最后作者打电话上瘾之前,打电话是一种“频繁的”行为,含有贬义,因此用“频繁的”,表示行为“过火”,答案为A。
3. 研读细节,准确认定语境
用学生平日常见的固定搭配来干扰学生对具体语境的认定,利用定势思维来增强试题的诱惑性。如:
I was phoning people and (leaving) _46_ messages to make sure _47_ calls would see me through the day. (2004全国卷Ⅱ)
47. A. long B. immediate C. enough D. surprising 本题仅看前面和后面介词短语的搭配,很容易误选A。但仔细推敲语境,此处并不表示电话的“长度”,而表示电话的“数量”,因此应选C。
4. 发挥逻辑思维能力,挖掘文章寓意、隐意
近几年NMET完形填空以叙事为主,有时加入一定的议论和说明,内容贴近生活,表层意思易于理解,所以很容易给学生造成一种“假象”,产生“轻敌”心理,有些同学做完一篇完形填空以后,自我感觉不错,但一对答案错很多,原因是这些同学仅仅理解了文章的表层含义,而忽略了其深层含义。事实上,NMET完形填空文章大都包含一定的哲理、寓意,具备深层探询的可能性。这就要求考生不仅要明确文章的表层意义,还要挖掘出文章的深层含义,做到“表里一致”。如:
_52_ laughed, then the whole class was laughing with open?hearted enjoyment. I did my best not to show (pleasure) _53_ , but what I was feeling was pure happiness. 52. A. People B. Nobody C. Somebody D. I 本题要求根据事情发展的逻辑关系来判定答案。答案是C,此处叙述作者的作文给全班同学带来欢乐的过程,先是“有人”发笑,最后全班同学大笑,逻辑通顺。
5. 结合生活常识判断
At first, everyone on the team got _38_ playing time. Then the team moved up to the top division after winning all its games, and the _39_ started. Some parents, who had paid the coach extra so their daughters could have _40_ one?on?one training, got angry when she didn’t give them more playing time in our _41_ . The coach was replaced. (2004北京高考)
38. A. great B. equal C. right D. extra 39. A. business B. struggle C. attempt D. pressure 40. A. free B. private C. good D. basic 41. A. matches B. courses C. lessons D. programs 本文介绍作者(一个少年女子足球队员)踢足球的经历。一开始,我们得到“平等的(38)”踢球时间;然后当我们的队获得联赛冠军以后,怎样呢?结合生活常识判断,应是有了“压力(39)”。后面父母贿赂教练干什么呢?根据生活常识判断,应该是让自己的孩子得到“开小灶”的机会,因此40应选B, private“私人的”。41,父母生气是因为贿赂没有起作用,也就是在我们的“比赛”中,他们的女儿没有得到更多的上场比赛的时间。
三、全面验证,理清逻辑
NMET完形填空所选文章都堪称精品,其逻辑必是上下贯通,其脉络也必是自然有序,令人信服。因此,做完一篇完形填空以后,大家对文章的线索、脉络以及主旨、寓意等心里也应该有一种很“明朗”的感觉;如果做完以后,还是似懂非懂,犹如“雾里看花”,那就证明你对文章的把握还有问题,还要复读全文,验证答案。大家可以从文章的内在逻辑入手,回味一下,看所选答案是否经得起推敲,是否能自然融入整个语篇,如果有游离于文章主旨之外或与整篇文章的逻辑相矛盾的答案,就需要重新理解、修正。有的同学做完完形填空以后,不加核查便草草“收场”,结果让很明显的错误从眼前跳过,造成考场上不应有的“遗憾”。
阅读:阅读理解细节归纳题的纯粹理性
从我们学习第一个英语字母开始,一直以来,就企盼得到一个东西,那就是传说中的“语感”。这是英语老师应对同学们各种挑战而屡试不爽的法宝。假如语言的美真的来自于感觉,那么对语言的考察是不是就显得有点神秘抑或荒诞?很多同学抱怨,为什么这篇文章我看得懂,却做不对?为什么我觉得这道题每个答案都说的通?其实很简单,因为很多同学在选答案的时候都不问为什么,而只是“让心灵去旅行”。 高考阅读理解部分在考察过程中,对考生更加注重阅读技巧的运用,而不仅仅是阅读内容的掌握。所以,对于一些阅读能力很强的考生,即使文章读得一知半解,正确率也能保证在80%以上。阅读理解的题材和体裁一直以来都保持多样化的态势,语言材料新、来源广、语言地道、真实,具新颖性、教育性、可靠性和可读性。阅读材料多数来源于最新的国外书报时文,所以要求考生对每篇文章都有亲切感几乎是不可能的;但是,题型设计上,细节、归纳(主旨)题、推理题和词义题的格局却几乎没有被撼动过,尤其是细节归纳题的核心地位,所以今天我们一起分享一下这两种题型的解答。
细节题
细节题在每年的高考阅读部分总是能占到半壁以上的江山。细节题的重要性由此可见一斑,然而细节题实则为阅读理解部分最简单的题型。如果考生能在原文中找到对应答题点,想选错几乎是不可能的事情。
首先,高考真题的细节题排列,其答题点和题目出现的顺序的意义对应的。以全国二卷B篇为例,
61. Which of the following eats only one type of food? 62. Certain animals change their choice of food when ___________. 答题点分别为…Other animals eat only one type of food even when given the choice. A kind of white butterfly(蝴蝶)will stay on the leaves of a cabbage, even though there are plenty of other vegetables in the garden. …The diet of these animals will be different depending on the season. 因此,如果考生发现该篇文章的第一道题是关于时间、地点、人物、事件等为核心的问题,答案却出现在 篇章尾部,那就非常值得怀疑。
除了对答题范围的预估,具体的答题的点查找显得更为关键。很多考生都有一个这样的困惑:虽然在看文章前有先看问题的习惯,但总是感觉看来和没看一样,相望了无痕。问题的根源在于,很多考生并不知道在看题干时到底需要看些什么。我们可以举几个例子:
北京卷
72. Why did Loftus ask the volunteers to answer some questions? 全国二卷
65. Right after McKenzie came back, the other children were _____. 全国一卷
69. In what way is the Snowdonia Centre different from the other two holidays? 08年全国二卷
59. Where can visitors have lunch? 08年江苏卷
64. Parents with small children visiting the gallery ? 以上是就最近3年高考题中,随机选择的几道细节题题干。考生在预估出卷人意图时并不需要对题干进行细致精到的分析,只需要稍微把握关键词,对句意囫囵吞枣也未尝不可。而这些“枣子”一般是那些不能被消化、被替换的词语,比如:专有名词、术语等,如果没有这些成分,一般名词或动词则应该被关注;数词在考查过程中,虽然会出现一些简单的运算,但因为其形式的独特性,所以也需要特别留意。也就是说,在审题的过程中,关注等级为(专有)名词、动词、数词。
因此,以上五道题,着重关注的点分别是:06年北京卷—Loftus,volunteer;07年全国二卷—McKenzie,children,08年全国一卷—Snowdonia Centre,holidays,08年全国二卷—visitor,lunch,08年江苏卷—parents,children,gallery。当考生在同一个句子,或相邻的句子中看到了这些词,或者近义词,答案就极有可能近在咫尺了。
归纳题
归纳题,有时也被称之为主旨题,主要着眼于对考生事实和观点,现象和本质的区分能力。对于什么是观点、本质,什么是事实、现象,很多考生总觉得有“花非花,雾非雾”的朦胧迷乱感。其实,只要盯住一篇文章的四个角落:首段首句,首段尾句,尾端首句,尾段尾句,就基本上不会出现方向上的偏离。这里的“句”,即可以是一个完整的句子,也可以是复杂句中的主句。比如,全国二卷的第四篇文章,这四个角落的句子分别为:
Something in chocolate could be used to stop coughs and lead to more effective medicines, say UK researchers. …
The researchers said that theobromine worked by keeping down a verve activity(神经活动) …theobromine caused no side effects such as sleepiness. 首段只有一个句子,提出句中的核心名词chocolate,coughs,medicines。段末的两句话,都有一个词theobromine,虽然不确定这是什么,但可以保证一定和段首的chocolate,coughs,medicines所形成的逻辑链条有关。所以,综合这些信息,大概可以推断文章主要分析chocolate能够治疗coughs,当成medicines,因为里面有theobromine,而且没有什么side effects。
因此56. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? B便成了自然之选。
A. Codeine: A New Medicine B. Chocolate May Cure Coughs C. Cough Treatment: A Hard Case D. Theobromine Can Cause Coughs 高考中细节归纳题是分布于难度等级中的基础难度和中等难度,比重为80%左右。当考生把握到了这些,保证每次阅读理解都能拿到16个以上的正确率,才有可能谈技巧,实现另外10%的突破。
[考点解读]
● 由some和any构成的不定代词的用法和some和any的用法基本一致?
●nothing和nobody/no one表示全部否定?
● 无论在肯定句?否定句还是疑问句中, everything和everyone (everybody) 都表示“全部,所有”?
● 不定代词后跟else时,表示“另外的,其他的”;形容词修饰something/anything/nothing时,应置于不定代词之后?以上不定代词连写时,不和of连用,every one可和of连用。
一 表示地点时 at, in, on 的区别 My uncle lives _____ 116 Changhe Street.His room is ___
the sixth floor.A.at;on
B.to;at
C.on;in
D.of;to Notes: ★ at 表示在较小的地方(村庄, 小城镇,门牌);
在某物旁(不确定的地方)★ in 表示在较大的地方(国家,城市);在某物范围内.(地点的排列顺序是由小到大.★ on 表示在某物上(表面接触);road 前用on, street前用
in/on;楼层用on;farm前用on, field前用in.二 表示时间时 at, in, on的区别 The train leaves ___ 6:00pm, so I have to be at the station _____
5:40 at the latest.A.at;until
B.for;after
C.at;by
D.before;around 3 The old man died ____ cold ____ a cold night.A.from;at
B.of;in
C.of;on
D.for;during 4 The railway was opened ____ traffic ____ April 4, 1985.A.to;on
B.to;in
C.by;on
D.for;on ★ at表示时间点(在几点,中午;午夜;夜里;某日期或一段时 间的开头或结尾)(at sunrise;at the weekend;at Christmas)★ on 表示在特定的某一天或某天的上午,下午,晚上等 ★ in 表示一段时间.后接月,年,季等表一段时间的名词.三 表持续时间的since, for, in, after的区别 His father will be back from London ____ a few days.A.since
B.in
C.on
D.after 6
---How long has the bookshop been in business?
---_____ 1987.A.After
B.In
C.From
D.Since 7 The touch they had both kept in ____ many years broke.A.for
B.on
C.into
D.with ★ since 接过去的某时间点, 常用于完成时.★ for 接一段具体的时间, 常用于完成时.★ in + 一段时间与非延续性动词连用,表一段时间以后,多
用于将来时;与延续性动词连用,表一段时间内,时态不限.★ after + 一段时间,常用于过去时.四 表方位的介词in, on, to, off的区别 Guangdong lies ___ the south of China and Fujian is
___ the east of it.Hainan is _____ the coast of the
mainland.A.in;in;on
B.in;on;off
C.on;to;on
D.in;to;away ★ in 表示在境内.★ on 表示相邻或在边界上, 不在境内.★ to 表示在境外, 不接壤.★ off 表示在海面上靠近海岸的地方.五 表示运动方向或目的的介词
____ the gate and you’ll find the entrance ___ the park ___ the other side.A.Through;to;on B.Along;of;on C.Down;to;at
D.Up;of;by 10 Early ___ the morning of May 1, we started off ___ the mountain
village.A.in;for
B.in;to
C.on;/
D.on;for ★ across 表示穿过物体表面,或横过.★ through 表示在某一空间通过,或纵向穿过.★ along 表示沿着一条线平行.★ up 表示向上,由南到北,由东到西,由沿海到内陆,由小地方到大地方,由农村到城市.反之则用down.★ to 表示动作的目的地;towards指朝向,无到达的意思;for表示前往的目的,连用的动词有leave, start off, set out, head, sail 等.六 表示除----之外的介词 He usually goes to work on time _____.A.except for raining days
B.besides it rains
C.but that it rains
D.except on rainy days ★ besides 表示包含, 除---之外还有---★ except 表示排除, 除----之外
★ but 表示排除, 多与nobody, none, no one, nothing,anything, everyone, all, who 等连用.★ except for 表示除去整体中的部分, “只是, 只不过”
__________ basketball, I like playing Pingpang.You have no choice _________ work hard.Li Long is a good student ________________ his laziness.七 介词 among 和 between 的区别 He divided the sweets _____ the children who were divided ___
three groups.A.in;in
B.into;into
C.between;in
D.among;into ★ among 表示三个或以上的人或物之间,后接复数名词或
集体名词.★ between 用于两者之间, 或三个以上的两两之间(具体的名词已经列出)He divided the sweets ____________ L Nl, L Cl and Y Mh.八 表示价格,比率,标准,速度的介词
★ at 表示价值,价格, 比率或速度, 表单价.★ for 表示交换, 指总价钱
[关键词]高考英语 短文改错 考点分布
[中图分类号] G633.41[文献标识码] A[文章编号] 16746058(2016)150034
江西高考从2015年起开始使用全国卷,短文改错也因此成为学生面临的新题型。这一新题型以完整篇章的形式出现,题材多涉及学生身边的事情,文章难易度符合学生的实际水平,基本上不涉及生僻的语言现象。体裁多为记叙文,有时也有应用文、说明文和议论文。但是其考点涉及面广,全面考查学生的英语基础知识掌握程度。此外,还考查了学生的语感和语篇理解能力。由此可见,高考对中学生的综合能力提出了较高的要求。为了让学生更好地适应这样的要求,笔者对1997年至2015年全国卷高考真题之短文改错部分进行了认真的分析研究,归纳总结出高考短文改错的以下七大考点。
一、冠词的考查
短文改错对冠词的考查主要有冠词的漏用、多余或滥用。如Each player must obey captain, who is the leader of the team? (NMET, 1998年)Some wanted to see the programme while others preferred another. (NMET, 1999年)Ill take this chance to wish you wonderful time on your birthday.(2000年春季)We may be one family and live under a same roof.(NMET, 2001年)As result, the plants are growing everywhere. (2014年全国卷一)从这些真题中可看出,主要考查定冠词表特指、不定冠词表泛指的基本用法, an在元音音素开头的词前用法如an honest boy, 以及一些与冠词相关的固定搭配如:have a good knowledge of; have fun; in the 20th century; in the 1980s; on vacation; a second/a third; take an active part in...所以,要迅速发现冠词错误,考生应养成多朗读加强语感以及多记忆固定搭配的好习惯。
二、名词的考查
主要考查可数名词单复数误用;可数、不可数名词滥用,名词与形容词误用及名词所有格误用。如Also, the sport teaches us the important of obedience.(NMET, 1998年) My brother was so fond of the museums there that he begged my parents to stay another couple of day.(2011年全国卷II)Every one of us can make a great efforts to cut down the use of energy in our country.(2012年全国卷I)When tea got popular in Britain, there was a crying need for good cup with handles to suit British habits.(2013年新课标2)考生在平时的学习过程中要多积累词汇,注意它们的数的问题。此外还要注意以下常见的不可数名词:advice, fun, health, progress, information, news, furniture, equipment...
三、形容词和副词的考查
主要考查形容词、副词误用; 形容词、副词比较级与最高级误用。如:I used to play pingpong a lot in my spare time, but now I am interesting in football.(NMET, 1997年)Unfortunate, there are too many people in my family.(NMET, 1999年)Im a newcomer here from a small town. I would describe myself as shy and quietly. (2004年全国卷II)The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste.(2014年全国卷I)考生应熟练掌握以下关于形容词和副词的基础知识:①形容词修饰名词,副词修饰形容词、动词或整个句子。②hard/straight的副词为其本身。③likely/lovely/friendly/deadly/lonely/lively皆为形容词。④far, even, still, much, any, a little, a lot 常与比较级连用。⑤high/deep/wide/close 的副词有“本身”及“+ly”两种形式,本身形式的副词表示具体意义: The kite can fly high./He opened his eyes wide seeing the frightening animal.加 “ly”形式的副词表示抽象意义: The teachers think highly of you./English is widely used around the world.
四、代词的考查
主要考查人称代词主格和宾格的误用;代词多余或遗漏;前后指代性别或单复数不一致;不定代词something, anything, both, all 等的误用;反身代词的误用。如:Weve been writing to each for nearly a year now.(2008年全国卷I)Thank you very much for showing them around your city and providing us with the wonderful meals.(2011年全国卷II)Other way is to watch our everyday use of water and electricity at home.(2012年全国卷I)I knew that they would be worried about myself because I was so far away.(2013年全国二卷)对于这一考点,考生要有很强的语篇意识,注意上下文的人称指代等是否一致。
五、介词的考查
主要考查介词遗漏、多余或误用。如:I imagine youll be at vacation yourself by that time.(2008年全国卷I)Im sorry that I wasnt able to return to your bike on time yesterday. (2009年全国卷II)I think over her a lot and I miss the food and the good time we had together. (2011年全国卷I)考生应多检查句中介词与动词、 名词、 形容词、副词等的搭配是否正确。此外,还应多加强短语积累,尤其是以下短语:be on business/vacation/service; be particular about; be curious about; with ones help; with the development of...have difficulty (in) doing sth/ have difficulty with sth; spend time/money (in) doing sth; spend time/money on sth; be filled with/ be full of...
六、动词的考查
主要考查动词的时态和语态误用(特别是一般现在时与一般过去时,现在完成时与过去完成时或一般过去时之间滥用)、 非谓语动词的误用、主谓一致、情态动词后接动词原形、易混动词的误用。如:At that time, we often spend time together.(2010年全国卷二)I hold my lunchbox in my hand when I was going to school.(2011年全国卷I)My brother was so fond of the museums there that he begged my parents to staying another couple of days.(2011年全国卷II)Next, no drinking water should left running.(2012年全国卷II)对动词的考查是短文改错的重中之重,可以考查的形式有很多,所以考生必须学会正确分析句子成分,熟悉谓语动词和非谓语动词的功能及用法,多在练习中总结规律。此外,还要特别注意以下易混动词的记忆:spend(主语为sb)/cost(主语为sth); lie vi./lay vt; raise vt./rise vi.; pass vt./past adv.; reach vt./ arrive vi。
七、逻辑关系的考查
主要考查考生基于对语篇逻辑关系的理解,正确判断逻辑副词(如:however/therefore; beside/besides )或连词(包括并列连词and, but, or, so和从句引导词)的多余、遗漏或误用,上下语义中否定词not/never的多余或遗漏以及ever/never误用及反义词误用。如:After we said goodbye to you, we went to Washington D.C, that we stayed for three days.(2011年全国卷II)It is in the downtown area, but it is easy to go to anywhere from the hotel by public transport.(2013年全国一卷)Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year, but we have never had any disease or insect attack problem.(2014年全国一卷)
结语
综上所述,短文改错主要有冠词、名词、形容词与副词、代词、介词、动词、逻辑关系七大考点,不仅考查基本语法知识、英语语感,而且考查文段的行文逻辑。因此在备考过程中,考生不仅要养成多朗读、多积累、多训练、多总结的好习惯,还要在实战中养成细心纵览全文的好习惯,这样方能在高考短文改错中取得比较满意的成绩。
1.able ability enable capable be able to do能够做…
have the ability to do能够做,有能力做…:
He has the ability to make very good boat.enable ** to do使…能做…:
Internet has enabled us to get information from all over the world.Be capable of能够做…: He is capable of drawing oil painting.He is able to read and write in English.2.absent反义词:present
3.abroad国外,海外: live ~ go ~
Many young people are eager to go abroad to study.4.access:入口,途径;机会,权利。Have access to sth
Citizens in the town all have access to the books in the local(当地的)library.5.absorb吸收be absorbed in全神贯注于…
All the students are absorbed in Professor‘s lecture on China’s economy.6.accept接受receive收到(不一定接受)
She received a gift from him,but she didn‘t accept it.7.by accident=by chance偶然地on purpose故意地
8.according to根据
According to the article,environmental pollution has been taken under control.9.take…into account=take…into consideration把…考虑在内
I hope my teacher will take into account my illness when he grades our test paper.Account描述
She gave an account of what he saw in China.10.accuse ** of sth = charge ** with(for)sth指责…做了…;指控…犯了…
He was accused of robbing the bank and sentenced ten years in gail.His mother charged him with being lazy.11.be accustomed to = be used to习惯于后接sth或doing sth
used to过去有过去常常后接do sth
Mr.Smith is not used/accustomed to driving on the right.I‘m already used to the life here.There used to be a house near the river.He used to get up while he was in the middle school.12.achieve获得,达到
You will achieve nothing if you waste your time this way.13.adapt=adjust适应~ adopt收养;采用
You should adapt to college life as soon as possible.He adjusted himself very quickly to the weather in the country.14.add to增添add up to总计达
15.in addition(to)=besides此外
In order to master a foreign language,we should learn some grammar.In addition,we‘d better learn some words.16.adequate=enough
17.admit承认
He admitted him mistake at last.18.in advance预先,提前
You should inform(通知)me in advance if you are going to come.19.take advantage of = make use of利用
We can take advantage of computer to analyze data.A good habit in learning is to make full use of class time.20.affect(v.)effect(n.)influence(v & n)影响effort努力
have an effect/influence on对…有影响
make an effort to do或make efforts to do
The latest discovery in gene will have a great effect on the health of human beings.They made great efforts to find a new cure to lung cancer.21.afford(to do)sth买/花/用/支付得起
It‘s hard to imagine how he can afford(to buy)a house on his small salary.22.be afraid of担心,害怕
23.at the age of
24.agree with同意
agree on同意(双方就…达成一致)
agree to同意(上级,父母对下级,晚辈允许…)
The two countries have agreed on the date for next talk.My parents don‘t agree to my staying outside overnight.25.ahead of time提
We finished our assignment ahead of time.26.by air=by plane by sea= by ship by bus/train on foot
26.after all毕竟above all首先(not…)at all一点(也不)all over
28.allow/permit…to do…允许…做…
29.although/though but连词不能同时用在句子中。
As连词倒装句
in spite of/despite介词不连接句子
Although he was seriously ill,he went on with the experiment.Young as he is,he has already learned three foreign languages: English,French and Japanese.Although he is young,he has already learned three foreign languages :English,French and Japanese.In spite of/despite his illness,he went on with his experiment.30.be angry with ** be angry at sth
31.apart from=besides除了…。之外,还有…。
=except除了…
No one knows what happened except mr.Smith.He has a large collection of books besides CDs.32.apply(~ for申请)应用
He has successfully applied for a position(职位)in the company.33.appreciate欣赏
感激(加动名词doing)
I really appreciate your coming to the party.类似动词有:
enjoy,mind介意,avoid避免,escape逃避,can‘t help禁不住,risk冒险,need=want需要
insist on坚持
My hair needs cutting.34.approve赞成,批准
35.argue with **与…争论
36.arise ~ from rise arouse raise
New problems will arise as the old ones have been solved.(出现)
Are there any things arising from last meeting?(源于)
His speech aroused little interest among the students.(引起,激起)
The company has raised the prices of its products.(提高)
The prices of goods rose day by day during the Spring Festival.(上升)
37.Artificial人工的,假的~ flowers
38.as for至于as to关于,至于as if/though似乎,好象
39.ask for要求
40.attach importance to重视
41.pay attention to重视catch one‘s attention引起…注意/重视
42.available可得/买到的 There is no ticket available.43.average平均on(the)~
44.be aware of = realize意识到be sure一定要,肯定
He apologized to us for the mistake as soon as he was aware of it.Be sure not to be late for the meeting.I‘m sure the play will be a great success.45.back up支持
46.background背景
47.base ~…on…把…建立在…基础之上
His article is based on the research.48.bear忍受,容忍同义词:
endure tolerate stand put up with
She cannot bear to see the child in pains.49.do/try one‘s best
He said he would try his best to carry out the plan.50.because连词:There will be no meeting because the manager will be on the vacation next week.because of介词: His wedding will be put off because of his father‘s death.51.best make the ~ of很好地利用
52.had better do最好You‘d better finish reading the book in this week,since I’m going to return it to the library.would rather do宁愿I‘d rather go there myself.53.beyond超出…
The professor‘s lecture is beyond me/beyond my understanding(超出我的理解范围)。
The apple on the tree is beyond my reach(够不着)。
54.Both…and…两者都either…or…或者…或者…
neither…。nor…。两者都不
55.be bound to do注定…
You‘re bound to succeed as long as(只要)you keep on trying.56.break into闯入break out爆发break through突破
break up(关系等)破裂
57.catch one‘s breath
58.call off=cancel取消call on=visit拜访call for请求,号召
The resident called for the people to fight against the invaders.59.care for关心,在乎take care保重take care of=look after照顾
60.carry on继续carry out实施,执行
They decided to carry out the plan despite the opposition.61.case事实,实情;箱子;案例;病例
in case(of)以防,万一Take my umbrella in case it rains。
In most cases在大多数情况下
In no case决不in no way by no means
62.catch up with赶上,保持一致keep up with keep pace with
63.(be)in charge of掌管,负责
take charge of掌管,负责
charge…for…开价,要价
The short man there is in charge of our company.The hotel charges $100 for a double room.64.challenge挑战
65.change零钱(n.),换零钱(v.)
66.comfort v.& n安慰;舒适,舒服
comfortable舒服的,舒适的 67.have…in common有共同之处
Although they are twins they have little in common.68.communicate传播,交流
69.compare…to…把…比作…。
compare…with…把…与…相比
Poets like comparing their lovers to red roses.Compared with brain,computer still has some shortcomings.70.complain of/about抱怨
71.be made up of由…。组成be composed of consist of
72.concentrate on集中注意力于be engaged in
73.as far as…be concerned就…而言
As far as wages are concerned,I‘m very dissatisfied with the present job.Concerning=about关于
74.contribute捐献contribute to有助于
Computers will contribute many conveniences to our work.75.control out of control失去控制under ~在控制之下
76.convenient方便,便利的
77.convince使相信/信服convince…of…
I‘m convinced(=I believe)that where there is a will,there is a way.He was not convinced of his wife‘s guilty.78.cope with deal with handle处理,应付
79.at the cost of以…为代价He saved the drown child at the cost of his own life.at the risk of冒着…危险…
cost spend
The overcoat cost him $200.He spent $200 on(in buying)the overcoat.80.count on depend on rely on依靠,依赖
81.create创造
82.custom习俗customs海关
83.damage损坏(部分)destroy毁灭(全部)hurt伤害
injure受伤ruin摧毁spoil破坏(心情,兴致等)
Our holiday was spoiled buy the bad weather.The earthquake has destroyed the city entirely.84.a good/great deal许多,大量
85.degree学位程度=extent to some extent/degree在某种程度上
86.demand order suggest propose insist等后that从句用虚拟语气(加动词原形)
The general ordered that the bridge(should)be repaired before daybreak.87.deny否认,拒绝(给予)
He denied breaking the window.Women were denied the right to vote in the past in the U.S.88.in detail详细地
He explained the question to us in ~.89.devote…。To…致力于
The scientist devoted the whole life to the study of chemistry.90.do away with废除get rid of摆脱除掉
have…to do with与…有关
It has nothing to do with what you are talking about.Do away with the law.He managed to get rid of the man followed him.91.drop in=drop by=visit
92.due到期的The book will be due next week.(按计划,安排要)发生,到达的 What time will the next bus due?
The next meeting is due to be held in three months‘time.due to =because of=owing to因为,由于
His promotion is due to his hard working.Due to the heavy rain,we have to give up the plan for the weekends.93.economic经济的economical节俭的 94.effective有效的efficient效率高的 95.else其它的something ~ somebody ~
96.in the end最终(结果)at last最后(经过很长时间)
I have finished the essay at last.We were thinking of going to England,but in the end we went to the USA.97.enjoy oneself=have a good time玩的开心help oneself随便
98.establish=set up=found
99.evident=obvious=apparent明显的显而易见的 100.for example=for instance
101.be exhausted=be tired out =be worn out筋疲力尽的 102.exist存在 103.expose暴露受影响
Being exposed to the sun for some time can do good to your health.Many of today‘s teenagers have been exposed too much to violence and sex.104.face up to(勇敢)面对be faced with面临encounter面临
105.in fact as a matter as a fact实际上事实上
106.be familiar with
107.by far非常,最(修饰比较级和最高级)so far迄今为止(完成时态)
far from远非(否定)
In my opinion,he is by far the most suitable one for the job.He sent out a letter to apply for the job,but has received no answer so far.My English is far from perfect.108.fare交通费fee费用tuition学费
109.favor do ** a favor帮…个忙in favor of赞成
I‘m in favor of his suggestion that a power plant(电厂)be built.Would you do me a favor to carry the box upstairs?
110.feel like doing sth would like to do sth喜欢/想做…。
111.field田野,领域
112.fill in填写be filled with充满
Would you like to fill in your address and telephone here?
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