考研英语真题解析课程(推荐8篇)
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text。 Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET。 (10 points)
People have speculated for centuries about a future without work 。Today is no different, with academics, writers, and activists once again 1 that technology be replacing human workers。 Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by 2 。 A few wealthy people will own all the capital, and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland。
A different and not mutually exclusive 3 holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort, one 4 by purposelessness: Without jobs to give their lives 5 , people will simply become lazy and depressed。 6 , today’s unemployed don’t seem to be having a great time。 One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression, double the rate for 7 Americans。 Also, some research suggests that the 8 for rising rates of mortality, mental-health problems, and addicting 9 poorly-educated middle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs。 Perhaps this is why many 10 the agonizing dullness of a jobless future。
But it doesn’t 11 follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease。 Such visions are based on the 12 of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment。 In the 13 of work, a society designed with other ends in mind could 14 strikingly different circumstanced for the future of labor and leisure。 Today, the 15 of work may be a bit overblown。 “Many jobs are boring, degrading, unhealthy, and a waste of human potential,” says John Danaher, a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway。
These days, because leisure time is relatively 16 for most workers, people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional 17 of their jobs。 “When I come home from a hard day’s work, I often feel 18 ,” Danaher says, adding, “In a world in which I don’t have to work, I might feel rather different”—perhaps different enough to throw himself 19 a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for 20 matters。
1。[A] boasting [B] denying [C] warning [D] ensuring
2。[A] inequality [B] instability [C] unreliability [D] uncertainty
3。[A] policy [B]guideline [C] resolution [D] prediction
4。[A] characterized [B]divided [C] balanced [D]measured
5。[A] wisdom [B] meaning [C] glory [D] freedom
6。[A] Instead [B] Indeed [C] Thus [D] Nevertheless
7。[A] rich [B] urban [C]working [D] educated
8。[A] explanation [B] requirement [C] compensation [D] substitute
9。[A] under [B] beyond [C] alongside [D] among
10。[A] leave behind [B] make up [C] worry about [D] set aside
11。[A] statistically [B] occasionally [C] necessarily [D] economically
12。[A] chances [B] downsides [C] benefits [D] principles
13。[A] absence [B] height [C] face [D] course
14。[A] disturb [B] restore [C] exclude [D] yield
15。[A] model [B] practice [C] virtue [D] hardship
16。[A] tricky [B] lengthy [C] mysterious [D] scarce
17。[A] demands [B] standards [C] qualities [D] threats
18。[A] ignored [B] tired [C] confused [D] starved
19。[A] off [B] against [C] behind [D] into
20。[A] technological [B] professional [C] educational [D] interpersonal
Section II Reading Comprehension
Text 2
With so much focus on children’s use of screens, it’s easy for parents to forget about their own screen use。 “Tech is designed to really suck on you in,” says Jenny Radesky in her study of digital play, “and digital products are there to promote maximal engagement。 It makes it hard to disengage, and leads to a lot of bleed-over into the family routine。 ”
Radesky has studied the use of mobile phones and tablets at mealtimes by giving mother-child pairs a food-testing exercise。 She found that mothers who sued devices during the exercise started 20 percent fewer verbal and 39 percent fewer nonverbal interactions with their children。 During a separate observation, she saw that phones became a source of tension in the family。 Parents would be looking at their emails while the children would be making excited bids for their attention。
Infants are wired to look at parents’ faces to try to understand their world, and if those faces are blank and unresponsive—as they often are when absorbed in a device—it can be extremely disconcerting foe the children。 Radesky cites the “still face experiment” devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick in the 1970s。 In it, a mother is asked to interact with her child in a normal way before putting on a blank expression and not giving them any visual social feedback; The child becomes increasingly distressed as she tries to capture her mother’s attention。 “Parents don’t have to be exquisitely parents at all times, but there needs to be a balance and parents need to be responsive and sensitive to a child’s verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need,” says Radesky。
On the other hand, Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids’ use of screens are born out of an “oppressive ideology that demands that parents should always be interacting” with their children: “It’s based on a somewhat fantasized, very white, very upper-middle-class ideology that says if you’re failing to expose your child to 30,000 words you are neglecting them。” Tronick believes that just because a child isn’t learning from the screen doesn’t mean there’s no value to it—particularly if it gives parents time to have a shower, do housework or simply have a break from their child。 Parents, he says, can get a lot out of using their devices to speak to a friend or get some work out of the way。 This can make them feel happier, which lets then be more available to their child the rest of the time。
According to Jenny Radesky, digital products are designed to ______。
[A] simplify routine matters
[B] absorb user attention
[C] better interpersonal relations
[D] increase work efficiency
Radesky’s food-testing exercise shows that mothers’ use of devices ______。
[A] takes away babies’ appetite
[B] distracts children’s attention
[C] slows down babies’ verbal development
[D] reduces mother-child communication
Radesky’s cites the “still face experiment” to show that _______。
[A] it is easy for children to get used to blank expressions
[B] verbal expressions are unnecessary for emotional exchange
[C] children are insensitive to changes in their parents’ mood
[D] parents need to respond to children’s emotional needs
The oppressive ideology mentioned by Tronick requires parents to_______。
[A] protect kids from exposure to wild fantasies
[B] teach their kids at least 30,000 words a year
[C] ensure constant interaction with their children
[D] remain concerned about kid’s use of screens
According to Tronick, kid’s use of screens may_______。
[A] give their parents some free time
[B] make their parents more creative
[C] help them with their homework
[D] help them become more attentive
Text 3
Today, widespread social pressure to immediately go to college in conjunction with increasingly high expectations in a fast-moving world often causes students to completely overlook the possibility of taking a gap year。 After all, if everyone you know is going to college in the fall, it seems silly to stay back a year, doesn’t it? And after going to school for 12 years, it doesn’t feel natural to spend a year doing something that isn’t academic。
But while this may be true, it’s not a good enough reason to condemn gap years。 There’s always a constant fear of falling behind everyone else on the socially perpetuated “race to the finish line,” whether that be toward graduate school, medical school or lucrative career。 But despite common misconceptions, a gap year does not hinder the success of academic pursuits—in fact, it probably enhances it。
Studies from the United States and Australia show that students who take a gap year are generally better prepared for and perform better in college than those who do not。 Rather than pulling students back, a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes—all things that first-year students often struggle with the most。 Gap year experiences can lessen the blow when it comes to adjusting to college and being thrown into a brand new environment, making it easier to focus on academics and activities rather than acclimation blunders。
If you’re not convinced of the inherent value in taking a year off to explore interests, then consider its financial impact on future academic choices。 According to the National Center for Education Statistics, nearly 80 percent of college students end up changing their majors at least once。 This isn’t surprising, considering the basic mandatory high school curriculum leaves students with a poor understanding of themselves listing one major on their college applications, but switching to another after taking college classes。 It’s not necessarily a bad thing, but depending on the school, it can be costly to make up credits after switching too late in the game。 At Boston College, for example, you would have to complete an extra year were you to switch to the nursing school from another department。 Taking a gap year to figure things out initially can help prevent stress and save money later on。
One of the reasons for high-school graduates not taking a gap year is that 。
[A] they think it academically misleading
[B] they have a lot of fun to expect in college
[C] it feels strange to do differently from others
[D] it seems worthless to take off-campus courses
Studies from the US and Australia imply that taking a gap year helps 。
[A] keep students from being unrealistic
[B] lower risks in choosing careers
[C] ease freshmen’s financial burdens
[D] relieve freshmen of pressures
The word “acclimation” (Line 8, Para。 3) is closest in meaning to 。
[A] adaptation
[B] application
[C] motivation
[D] competition
A gap year may save money for students by helping them 。
[A] avoid academic failures
[B] establish long-term goals
[C] switch to another college
[D] decide on the right major
The most suitable title for this text would be 。
[A] In Favor of the Gap Year
[B] The ABCs of the Gap Year
[C] The Gap Year Comes Back
[D] The Gap Year: A Dilemma
Text 4
Though often viewed as a problem for western states, the growing frequency of wildfires is a national concern because of its impact on federal tax dollars, says Professor Max Moritz, a specialist in fire ecology and management。
In , the US Forest Service for the first time spent more than half of its $5.5 billion annual budget fighting fires—nearly double the percentage it spent on such efforts 20 years ago。 In effect, fewer federal funds today are going towards the agency’s other work—such as forest conservation, watershed and cultural resources management, and infrastructure upkeep—that affect the lives of all Americans。
Another nationwide concern is whether public funds from other agencies are going into construction in fire-prone districts。 As Moritz puts it, how often are federal dollars building homes that are likely to be lost to a wildfire?
“It’s already a huge problem from a public expenditure perspective for the whole country,” he says。” We need to take a magnifying glass to that。 Like, “Wait a minute, is this OK?” “Do we want instead to redirect those funds to concentrate on lower-hazard parts of the landscape?”
Such a view would require a corresponding shift in the way US society today views fire, researchers say。
For one thing, conversations about wildfires need to be more inclusive。 Over the past decade, the focus has been on climate change—how the warming of the Earth from greenhouse gases is leading to conditions that worsen fires。
While climate is a key element, Moritz says, it shouldn’t come at the expense of the rest of the equation。
“The human systems and the landscapes we live on are linked, and the interactions go both ways,” he says。 Failing to recognize that, he notes, leads to “an overly simplified view of what the solutions might be。 Our perception of the problem and of what the solution is becomes very limited。”
At the same time, people continue to treat fire as an event that needs to be wholly controlled and unleashed only out of necessity, says Professor Balch at the University of Colorado。 But acknowledging fire’s inevitable presence in human life is an attitude crucial to developing the laws, policies, and practices that make it as safe as possible, she says。
“We’ve disconnected ourselves from living with fire,” Balch says。 “It is really important to understand and try and tease out what is the human connection with fire today。”
More frequent wildfires have become a national concern because in 2015 they 。
[A] exhausted unprecedented management efforts
[B] consumed a record-high percentage of budget
[C] severely damaged the ecology of western states
[D] caused a huge rise of infrastructure expenditure
Moritz calls for the use of “a magnifying glass” to 。
[A] raise more funds for fire-prone areas
[B] avoid the redirection of federal money
[C] find wildfire-free parts of the landscape
[D] guarantee safer spending of public funds
While admitting that climate is a key element, Moritz notes that 。
[A] public debates have not settled yet
[B] fire-fighting conditions are improving
[C] other factors should not be overlooked
[D] a shift in the view of fire has taken place
The overly simplified view Moritz mentions is a result of failing to 。
[A] discover the fundamental makeup of nature
[B] explore the mechanism of the human systems
[C] maximize the role of landscape in human life
[D] understand the interrelations of man and nature
Professor Balch points out that fire is something man should 。
[A] do away with
[B] come to terms with
[C] pay a price for
[D] keep away from
Part B
Directions:
Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column。 There are two extra choices in the right column。 Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET。 (10 points)
The decline in American manufacturing is a common refrain, particularly from Donald Trump。 “We don’t make anything anymore,” he told Fox News, while defending his own made-in-Mexico clothing line。
Without question, manufacturing has taken a significant hit during recent decades, and further trade deals raise questions about whether new shocks could hit manufacturing。
But there is also a different way to look at the data。
Across the country, factory owners are now grappling with a new challenge: instead of having too many workers, they may end up with too few。 Despite trade competition and outsourcing, American manufacturing still needs to replace tens of thousands of retiring boomers every years。 Millennials may not be that interested in taking their place, other industries are recruiting them with similar or better pay。
For factory owners, it all adds up to stiff competition for workers—and upward pressure on wages。 “They’re harder to find and they have job offers,” says Jay Dunwell, president of Wolverine Coil Spring, a family-owned firm, “They may be coming [into the workforce], but they’ve been plucked by other industries that are also doing an well as manufacturing,” Mr。 Dunwell has begun bringing high school juniors to the factory so they can get exposed to its culture。
At RoMan Manufacturing, a maker of electrical transformers and welding equipment that his father cofounded in 1980, Robert Roth keep a close eye on the age of his nearly 200 workers, five are retiring this year。 Mr。 Roth has three community-college students enrolled in a work-placement program, with a starting wage of $13 an hour that rises to $17 after two years。
At a worktable inside the transformer plant, young Jason Stenquist looks flustered by the copper coils he’s trying to assemble and the arrival of two visitors。 It’s his first week on the job。 Asked about his choice of career, he says at high school he considered medical school before switching to electrical engineering。 “I love working with tools。 I love creating。” he says。
But to win over these young workers, manufacturers have to clear another major hurdle: parents, who lived through the worst US economic downturn since the Great Depression, telling them to avoid the factory。 Millennials “remember their father and mother both were laid off。 They blame it on the manufacturing recession,” says Birgit Klohs, chief executive of The Right Place, a business development agency for western Michigan。
These concerns aren’t misplaced: Employment in manufacturing has fallen from 17 million in 1970 to 12 million in 。 When the recovery began, worker shortages first appeared in the high-skilled trades。 Now shortages are appearing at the mid-skill levels。
“The gap is between the jobs that take to skills and those that require a lot of skill,” says Rob Spohr, a business professor at Montcalm Community College。 “There’re enough people to fill the jobs at McDonalds and other places where you don’t need to have much skill。 It’s that gap in between, and that’s where the problem is。 ”
Julie Parks of Grand Rapids Community points to another key to luring Millennials into manufacturing: a work/life balance。 While their parents were content to work long hours, young people value flexibility。 “Overtime is not attractive to this generation。 They really want to live their lives,” she says。
[A] says that he switched to electrical engineering because he loves working with tools。
41。 Jay Deuwell
[B] points out that there are enough people to fill the jobs that don’t need much skill。
42。 Jason Stenquist
[C] points out that the US doesn’t manufacture anything anymore。
43。 Birgit Klohs
[D] believes that it is important to keep a close eye on the age of his workers。
44。 Rob Spohr
[E] says that for factory owners, workers are harder to find because of stiff competition。
45.Julie Parks
[F] points out that a work/life balance can attract young people into manufacturing。
[G] says that the manufacturing recession is to blame for the lay-off the young people’s parents。
范文如下:
The statistics about museums and their visitors are precisely illustrated by the line chart. During the 3 years from 2013 to 2015, the figure of museums experienced a gradual rise, and soaring from 4.145 thousand to 4.692 thousand. Besides, following the same tendency, the number of museum visitors, as is shown, ascended gradually from 6.378 billion to 7.811 billion, increasing by about 1.43 billion.
The following factors, from my perspective, are responsible for the statistics. To begin with, aside from disseminating knowledge in schools, department concerned adopts other ways to promote the comprehensive quality of Chinese citizens, for instance providing more access to museums is a simple yet effective way to broaden visitors’ horizon. In addition, having been experiencing the unparalleled material prosperity, most of Chinese citizens intend to pursue knowledge by visiting museums, tourist attractions and other places. Moreover, museums, which are supported by public funding, provide visitors with knowledge and professional service. Individuals, therefore, are inclined to enjoy their leisure time by visiting museums.
To summarize, the data shown by the chart objectively reflect what’s happening in our society. Museums undoubtedly exert indispensible effects on our society and Chinese citizens, and it is predictable that, in the next decade, both large cities and small towns will witness the popularization of museums.
作文考察的是一封邀请信的回函,要求写作内容包括:
1、接受教授邀请给留学生做有关中国文化的presentation(介绍/演示)。
国家级英语应用能力B级考试的对象为高等职业技术教育、高等专科教育、成人高等教育和本科办二级技术学院各非英语专业的学生。测试的目的是考核学生的语言知识、语言技能和使用英语处理有关业务和涉外交际的基本能力, 其性质为教学水平测试。考试方式为笔试, 包括五个部分:Listening Practice (15%) , Vocabulary&Structure (15%) , Reading Comprehension (35%) , Translation (20%) , Writing (15%) 。在这五部分中第二部分的Structure重点考察学生的语法知识, 并且为填空题, 共10分。因为大部分高职高专类的学生语法基础较为薄弱, 而填空题也大大降低了侥幸的概率, 因此该题型历来是学生认为的难点部分。本文将结合历年真题重点讲解该类题型的解题思路和应对方法。
二、结合历年真题具体讲解语法填空题的解题思路
结合历年真题不难看出该项语法填空题主要考察学生们对四种词性的掌握, 即名词 (n.) 、形容词 (adj.) 、副词 (adv.) 和动词 (v.) 。因此做语法填空题应首先读懂句子的意思, 结合基本语法初步判断所填词的词性, 然后针对不同的词性考虑具体的形式。以下将结合真题对这四类词性的考点做一一分析。
1、名词 (n.)
名词重点考察学生对词缀知识的掌握, 即常见的名词后缀。如-ment、-tion、-sion、-er、-ty、-ce、-ness、-ism、-ist等。如何判断该空填名词形式具体要看前面的修饰词, 名词往往被形容词 (adj.) 和冠词 (a, the) 修饰, 在具体填空中还要注意单复数的用法。
例1.Tom has made the______ (decide) to apply for a job in the company. (08年6月27题) 。本题考察将动词decide转换成其名词形式decision, 前有the修饰故用其单数形式即可。
例2.The fast___ (develop) of the local economy has caused serious water pollution in this region. (07年12月30题) 本题考察名词后缀-ment。fast为形容词故将动词develop转换成其名词形式development.
例3.Nurses should treat the sick and wounded with great____ (kind) . (06年12月27题) great为形容词故将形容词kind转换成其名词形式kindness, 本题考察了名词词尾-ness。
2、形容词 (adj.)
形容词在该题型的考点主要分为两个方面, 其一和名词一样考察学生对形容词的常见后缀的掌握, 其二则是考察形容词的原形、比较级和最高级的用法。
(1) 形容词的常见后缀:-able、-tive、-al、-ful、-less、-ous、-y、-ly、-ed、-ing等。形容词前面往往为系动词或副词, 而后面的词一般都为名词。
例1.It was very_____ (help) of you to make all the necessary arrangements for us. (05年6月32题) 该空前was为系动词, very为副词, 因此填help的形容词形式helpful。
注1:有时在填形容词时还要特别注意结合具体的句意。如I was____ (believe) that he is fifty years old.He really looks younger than that.根据句意本题需要填动词believe的反义形容词形式unbelievable, 而往往同学们忽略了句子的意思而填写believable。
注2:另外在词性转换中还应注意有些词的形容词形式有两种, 填空时就应当注意判断。如interesting/interested, surprising surprised, exciting/excited, amazing/amazed等。
例2.On hearing the good news that our new products sold well in the market, we all got____ (excite) . (05年6月33题) 本题中got为系动词因此填excite的形容词形式, 而此处是修饰人we, 因此填excited, 而不能填exciting。
注3:在常见后缀中还要特别提到-ly, 通常在形容词词尾加上-ly是副词, 如greatly, generally等, 而在名词词尾加上-ly则往往是形容词, 如friendly、lovely、timely等, 这也是必须要关注的重要考点。
例3.The local people are very___ (friend) to the director a week later. (04年12月27题) 本题通过判断前面are为系动词very为副词, 因此填friend的形容词形式friendly。
(2) 形容词的原形、比较级和最高级的用法。
A.形容词的原形主要用于以下句型中, 如…as…as…, so…as…;
例4.Peter actually does a good job in keeping the store clean, which is not as_______ (simple) as it seems to be. (2011年6月32题) 本题中…as…as…句型中间用形容词的原型因此正确形式为simple。
B.形容词的比较级主要判断依据为:句中有“than”;或此空前有修饰比较级的词如much、far、even、a bit等;或用在特殊句型中如the more…the more…;
例5.One can jump____ (high) on the moon than on the earth. (04年12月29题) 本题判断的依据为than, 填写形容词high的比较级形式, 由于其为规则的单音节单词, 因此直接在词尾加-er填写higher.
例6.The more careful you are, the____ (well) you will be able to complete the work. (07年6月34题) 本题考察the more…the more…句型的使用, 因此填well的比较级better。
C.使用形容词的最高级往往该句子中有表示“范围”的词, 或在特殊的句型中如常考句型有This is the most interesting game I have ever played. (这是我玩过的最好玩的游戏。)
例7.Of all the hotels in the city, this one is the____ (good) . (06年6月26题) 本题中of all the hotels in the city即是表示一定的“范围”, 加之the的使用因此判断此处填good的最高级形式best。
3、副词 (adv.)
副词在考察中所占比例不大往往只有一道题。副词主要修饰形容词和动词, 或是放在句首单独使用, 所以较为容易判断。
例1.The new rules for environment protection have been___ (wide) accepted by the public. (08年12月33题) 本题中have been accepted为句子的谓语部分, 而在谓语中插入一个词则这个词的词性一定是副词, 因此在形容词wide的词尾直接加-ly转换成副词widely为正确形式。
例2.____ (Personal) , I think he is a very nice partner, though you may not agree. (06年12月29题) 本题中单独一个词放在句首因此会想到填写形容词personal的副词形式, 并注意首字母大写, Personally为该题的正确形式。
4、动词 (v.)
动词在填空题10题的所占比重最大, 有时甚至占到一半的比例, 同时也是学生们最为畏惧的词性填空, 不得不承认动词的变化最多考点也最多, 因此也就理所当然成为了最难的词性填空。以下主要将动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词两方面结合真题进行解析。
在英语中一个句子结构只能有一个谓语部分, 根据此项原则我们首先需要判断本题填写的动词是谓语动词还是非谓语动词。
(1) 谓语动词 (时态、语态、语气、主谓一致)
在填写谓语动词时需要注意其时态、语态、语气 (虚拟语气) 和主谓一致, 而在具体的考题中往往都是各个考点的综合考察。
例1.We are pleased to learn that that problem____ (solve) at yesterday’s meeting. (08年12月30题) 本题中be pleased to learn that…后引导了一个宾语从句, 而该从句中缺少谓语动词, yesterday告诉我们时间为过去, problem做从句的主语因此应用被动语态得出was solved为本题的正确形式。
例2.The doctor recommended that Mary____ (start) the health program as soon as possible. (08年6月32题) 本题中同样that后引导宾语从句, 从句中缺少谓语动词, 但是根据动词recommend判断出此句为虚拟语气的用法, 因此 (should) start为其正确形式。本文主要讲解语法填空题的解题技巧, 因此虚拟语气的具体用法在此不做一一详解。
例3.The professor, as well as his assistants, ____ (do) the experiment in the lab forty hours a week. (05年12月35题) 本题中两个逗号中间部分为句子次要成分, 因此很明显该句缺少谓语动词, 根据意思判断该句为一般现在时, 主语the professor为单数第三人称, 所以其正确形式为does。
例4.Nothing can____ (do) unless we are given more information about the situation. (04年12月34题) 本题中unless引导了状语从句而主句中缺少谓语动词, can为情态动词后面应该用动词原形, 但是本句中nothing做主语因此还要考虑到使用被动语态, 所以正确形式为be done。
(2) 非谓语动词 (V-ing, V-ed, to do)
非谓语动词在填空中主要有以下三种形式:V-ing、V-ed、to do。在B级考试中主要从两方面具体考察其用法。
A.考察具体的句型结构:哪些动词或句型后加V-ing形式, 哪些动词或句型后加动词不定式to do, 哪些动词后两种形式均可但表达的意义又有所不同。
例5.Please remember___ (lock) the door when you leave. (04年12月26题) remember的句型有两个, 即remember to do sth. (记得要做某事) /remember doing sth. (记得做过某事) 。根据对本题句意的判断可以得出to lock为正确形式。
例6.It is quite difficult for me___ (decide) who should be given the job. (07年6月32题) 本题中考察的句型为It is+adj.+ (for sb.) +to do sth.根据句型的判断不难得出正确形式为to decide.
例7.It took me several weeks to get used to___ (drive) on the left side of the road in London. (08年6月33题) 本题考察句型为get used to doing sth. (习惯做某事) to为介词后加动词的ing形式, 因此正确形式为driving.
B.考察现在分词和过去分词的具体用法。
例8.The hotel, ____ (build) 100 years ago, still looks new. (08年12月29题) 本题只有一个句子结构, 而系动词looks为谓语动词, 因此填build的非谓语动词形式, hotel和build在逻辑上是动宾关系, 所以填build的过去分词built作后置定语。
例9.Thank you for your letter of April 15, ___ (tell) us about Mr.John Brown’s visit to our company on May 10. (07年12月31题) 本题只有一个句子结构, 而thank为谓语动词, 因此填tell的非谓语动词形式。而letter与tell在逻辑上是主谓关系因此填写tell的现在分词形式telling作伴随状语。
三、结语
本次的翻译题目仍然延续一贯的出题风格,从英文原版书籍中选文,经过命题组专家改写后成为考题。本次翻译题目的文章选自一本英文书的第一章,书名为《50部自助经典:改变你人生的50部励志书》(50 Self-Help Classics: 50 Inspirational Books to Transform Your Life),这一章的内容主要与英国作家James Allen在1902年所写的一部励志书《做个思想者》(As a Man Thinketh)有关。虽然文章的首段并没有出题,但是笔者建议考生还是应该花时间读一下。首段往往能揭示出全文的主题、背景、逻辑线索等,了解首段将有助于考生对后文内容的理解和把握。本次节选文章的首段为:“With its theme that ‘Mind is the master weaver,’ creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinketh by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.”通过读首段,考生可以预判出,本文是一篇书评,将对James Allen的观点进行分析。了解了文章的大致内容后,我们来对各翻译试题进行详细的分析。
(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share—that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts—and reveal its erroneous nature.
句子 解析
1.本句是翻译文章第二段的首句,同时也是该段的主题句,起到了统领全段的作用。首先,通过was我们可以判断出,本句是“主-系-表”结构。在句中,“we all share”是一个定语从句,修饰assumption,由于先行词assumption在从句中作宾语(可还原成:We all share an assumption. ),所以此处省略了定语从句的引导词that。第一个破折号后的that引导的是assumption的同位语从句,同位语从句中又嵌套了原因状语从句。第二个破折号后的并列连词and连接的是句子后面的reveal与句子前面的take,这两个动词是并列关系。句尾处的its指代的是assumption。
2.take:该词的译法非常灵活,考生必须根据上下文来确定这种“万能动词”的含义。本文中可将take译为“研究,分析”。
3.assumption:该词及其动词形式assume在考研英语中曾多次出现过,可以译为“假定,设想,想法”。
4.erroneous:该词是error的形容词形式,指“错误的,谬误的”。
5.nature:该词在文中并非指“自然”,而是指这种想法的“本质”或“实质”。
本句考点
“主-系-表”结构,定语从句,同位语从句,原因状语从句,并列结构
参考译文
艾伦的贡献在于:他研究了一个我们普遍具有的想法——因为我们不是机器人,所以我们能够控制自己的思想——并且揭示出其错误的本质。
However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?”
句子 解析
1.本句整体难度不大,划线句其实是一个并列结构的后半部分,考生在翻译时需把前半句未划线的部分也读完。在句中,while引导让步状语从句,可以译为“尽管……”。紧跟在question后的问句事实上是question的同位语从句。
2.sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone:sustain表示“维持,保持”;the illusion of control表示“控制的幻觉”。翻译该动词短语时,考生需将control后面的状语部分前置,以符合汉语表达习惯。可以译为:“仅仅通过意识即可保持这种控制的幻觉”。
3.be faced with:表示“面对着,面临着”。该短语在2008年考研英语阅读理解真题中就曾出现过:“Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.”
4.make sb. do sth.:表示“使……做……”或“让……做……”。
本句考点
让步状语从句,后置定语,同位语从句
参考译文
尽管我们能够仅仅通过意识即可保持这种控制的幻觉,但事实是,我们却总是面临着这样一个问题:“为什么我们不能让自己做这件事或完成那件事呢?”
(48)This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.
句子解析
1.本句句首出现了代词this,因此考生需查看前一句话,找到this指代的内容。前一句内容为:“Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that ‘Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.’”考生可以看出,本句中的this指代的是Allen的观点:环境不会造就人,而只能揭露出人的本性。在本句中,of exploitation和“of the superiority … and the inferiority …”是并列关系,都作后置定语来修饰rationalization;第二个后置定语中的superiority和inferiority同样构成并列关系。
2.justification:该词在以前的考研英语真题中没有出现过,但是其同源单词justice、justify、justified、justifying、justifiable在历年真题中都高频出现。所以,从这个角度上来说,该词并不算超纲词汇,可以译为“正当的理由、借口”。
3.in need:指“在贫困中,在危难中”。英文中有句谚语:“A friend in need is a friend indeed.”(患难见真情。)在本句中,those in need可译为“需要得到帮助的人”。
4.rationalization:该词是rationalize的名词形式,可译为“合理化”。
5.superiority和inferiority:这两个词分别是superior和inferior的名词形式,分别表示“优越感”和“自卑感”。
本句考点
指代用法,多重后置定语,并列结构
参考译文
这个观点似乎为忽视那些需要得到帮助的人的这一做法找到了借口,并且使剥削行为、上层人的优越感和底层人的自卑感合理化。
In fact, (49) circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation.
句子解析
1.本句中包含了两个被动语态结构“be designed to”和“we have been ‘wronged’”。
2.be designed to:意思是“目的是,旨在”。
3.bring out:原意为“拿出”,而在具体语境中其含义非常丰富,可以理解为“拿出,取出”“把……带到户外”“使出现,使暴露”“阐明”“出产,出版”“说出”等,因此考生可以等对全句的内容有一定了解后,再来选择其对应的汉语释义。
4.wrong:该词的词性非常多,可以作名词、形容词、副词;也可以作动词,表示“冤枉”或“不公正地对待”。本句中wrong就是作动词。该词是本句词汇翻译的一个难点,考生需“瞻前顾后”,理解其含义,再进行翻译。
5.be unlikely to do sth.:指“不太可能做某事”,该词组是“be likely to do sth.”的否定形式,在历年考研英语真题中高频出现。
6.conscious effort:意思是“有意识的努力,自觉的努力”。
本句考点
被动语态,条件状语从句,词义选择
参考译文
环境似乎旨在激发出我们内在的最大潜能,而如果我们感到自己受到了不公平的对待,那么我们就不太可能自觉地努力逃脱现状。
(50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.
句子解析
1.本句有一定难度,对于简单词汇真正含义的把握是翻译好本句的重点。在句中,“contained in knowing that … up to us”是过去分词作后置定语,修饰possibilities;knowing that后是一个宾语从句。分号后的where在句中作连词,用于把两个人、事物等进行对比,从而显示出两者的不同,在该句中,where连接的是“before … the array of limitations”和“now … is possible”两个短句。
2.upside:原意指“上部,上方”,其引申义为“the more positive aspect of a situation that is generally bad”(事物积极的一面)。
3.up to:该词组为考研英语高频词组,意思是“取决于,由……决定”。
4.array of limitations:在该词组中,array of指“大量的,一系列的”,limitations指“局限,限制”。
本句考点
分词作后置定语,宾语从句,并列结构
参考译文
积极的方面是:知道一切都取决于我们自己,那么万事就有无限可能。以前,我们能在诸多限制中应对自如;而现在,我们会成为决定一切可能性的主宰。
The Boss Tells Some Jokes
The boss returned from lunch in a good mood and called the whole staff in to listen to a couple of jokes he had picked up. Everybody, but one girl laughed uproariously.
“What’s the matter?” grumbled the boss. “Haven’t you got a sense of humor?”
Directions: This part is to test your listening ability .It consists of 3 sections.
Section A
Now the test will begin.
1. A) Never mind.
B) Thanks a lot.
C) Yes,of course.
D) With pleasure.
2. A) Hold on,please.
B) It’s interesting.
C) That’s nothing.
D) He’s all fight.
3. A) Next month.
B) So long.
C) Very funny
D) Two weeks.
4. A) It’s too late.
B) Yes,it is.
C) Take it easy.
D) It doesn’t matter
5. A) Of course.
B) You are welcome.
C) It was excellent.
D) Yes, l do.
Section B
Directions: This section is to test your ability to understand short dialogues. There are 5 recorded dialogues in it. After each dialogue, there is a recorded question. Both the dialogues and questions will be spoken two times. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D) given in your test paper. Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
6. A) 11:00.
B) 11:50
C) 12:00
D) 12:10
7. A) To see the woman.
B) To send the e-mail.
C) To go to the bank.
D) To write a letter.
8. A) The woman will drive tonight.
B) The woman doesn’t like fruit.
C) The woman has given up smoking.
D) The woman is leaving now.
9. A) In a bank.
B) In a restaurant.
C) In a hospital.
D) In a bookstore.
10. A) Tell her the price.
B) Wait for a while.
C) Examine her computer.
D) Go shopping with her.
Section C
Directions: In this section you will hear a recorded short passage. The passage is printed in the test paper, but with some words or phrases missing. The passage will be read three times. During the second reading, you are required to put the missing words or phrases on the Answer Sheet in order of the numbered blanks according to what you hear. The third reading is for you to check your writing. Now the passage will begin.
Hello, everyone. This is the captain(机长)speaking -11- to Flight JK900 leaving for Chicago. Our flight time today is 2 hours and 35 minutes,and we will be flying at an average altitude(高度)of 31,000 feet. The -12- in Chicago is a quarter past twelve,and the current weather is cloudy,but there is a chance of -13- later in the day. We will -14- at Gate 7 at the Chicago airport. On behalf of our Airlines, I wish you an enjoyable-15- in Chicago. Sit back and enjoy the flight.
答案:1-5:CADBC 6-10:CBADC
11.Welcome 12.local time 13.rain 14.arrive 15.stay
Part II Vocabulary & Structure
Directions: This part is to test your ability to use words and phrases correctly to construct meaningful and grammatically correct sentences. It consists of 2 sections.
Section A
Directions: There are 10 incomplete statements here. You are required to complete each statement by choosing the appropriate answer from the 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
16. What are the essential differences ___________ selling and marketing?
A) between
B) from
C) among
D) for
17. Jack called the airline to ___________his flight to beijing this morning.
A) improve
B) believe
C) confirm
D) insure
18. It was in the year of ___________they set up a branch company in China.
A) as
B) that
C) what
D) which
19. You’d better ___________advice before making a project plan.
A) put down
B) take in
C) turn out
D) ask for
20. Young people now live a life-style ___________their parents could hardly dream of.
A) which
B) why
C) when
D) where
21. While traveling in France, he __________some everyday French.
A) gave up
B) picked up
C) drew up
D) got up
22. Hardly __________ at the office when the telephone rang.
A) I arrived
B) I had arrived
C) did I arrive
D) had I arrived
23. To work __________with the machine,you must read the instructions carefully.
A) firstly
B) naturally
C) efficiently
D) generally
24. We’ll have to continue the discussion tomorrow __________we can make a final decision today.
A) unless
B) because
C) when
D) since
25. If you have three years’ work experience,you will be the right ______ for this job.
A) person
B) passenger
C) tourist
D) customer
Section B
Directions: There are also 10 incomplete statements here. You should fill in each blank with the proper form of the word given in brackets. Write the word or words in the corresponding space on the Answer Sheet.
26. It is reported that the sports meet was (successful)__________organized.
27. Some people think (much)__________about their rights than about their duties.
28. It is reported that foreign car sales in the country (rise)__________by 8% last year.
29. The adviser recommended that Mary(start)_______ the training program as soon as possible.
30. The job pays well and you get a 20 - day holiday a year, it’s certainly an(attract)_______offer.
31. It (announce)______yesterday that the game wsa to start in a week.
32. Because man people will come to the meeting, we need some (addition) _____ chairs.
33. No reader is allowed(take)__________any reference book out of the reading-room.
34. The course is designed to provide a general introduction to computers and(practice)___skills training.
35. We’ve only got one day in Paris,so we’d better(make)____the best use of the time.
答案:16-20:ACBDA 21-25:BDCAA
26.successfully 27.more 28.rose 29.(should)start 30.attractive
31.was announced 32.additional 33.to take 34.practical 35.make
Part III Reading Comprehension
Directions: This part is to test your reading ability. There are 5 tasks for you to fulfill. You should read the reading materials carefully and do the tasks as you are instructed.
Task 1
Directions: After reading the following passage, you will find 5 questions or unfinished statements, numbered 36 to 40. For each question or statement there are 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should make the correct choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Subways are underground trains,which usually operate 24 hours a day. They are found in larger cities and usually run between the suburbs and the downtown area. Maps and schedules are available from the ticket of rice. If you take the subway often,you can save money by purchasing a monthly pass(月票).
City-operated buses run on various routes(线路)and are designed to be at certain places at certain times. Maps and schedules may be posted at certain stops,or they may be available at local banks,libraries,the student union,or from the bus drivers. Buses run mainly during the day. Fare is paid by exact change in coins, or by monthly passes.
Taxis are generally more expensive in the United States than in other countries. If you use a taxi,be sure you ask the amount of the fare before you agree to ride. The driver usually expects a tip(小费)of 15 percent of the fare.
36. According to the passage, subways as underground trains, which usually run____.
A) within downtown areas
B) away from city centers
C) in or outside big modern cities
D) between suburbs and city centers
37. You can get the maps and schedules of the subways________.
A) at bus stations
B) at local banks
C) in any bookstores
D) from the ticket offices
38. From the passage we learn that________.
A) buses are always available in 24 hours
B) bus riders have to buy monthly passes
C) bus fare is paid by exact change in coins
D) buses are the best means of transportation
39. When you take a taxi, you’d better________.
A) buy a monthly pass
B) ask about the fare first
C) agree on the amount of the tip
D) pay by the exact change in coins
40. The passage mainly tells us about________.
A) the bus and train fares in the US
B) the ways of paying taxi in the US
C) the public transportation in the US
D) the advantage of subways in the US
Task 2
Directions: This task is the same as Task 1. The 5 questions or unfinished statements are numbered 41 to 45.
Letter 1
Dear Ann,
I am going to give a dinner party next month. I want my guests to enjoy themselves and to feel comfortable. What is the secret of giving a successful party?
Letter 2
Dear Mary,
Cook something that would let you spend time with your guests,If a guest offers to help you in the kitchen,accept the offer. It often makes people feel more comfortable when they can help.
Before serving dinner,while your guests make small talks in the living room,offer them drinks. Some guests may like wine,but make sure to provide soft drinks for people who don’t.
At the dinner table,let your guests serve themselves. Offer them a second serving after they finish, but don’t ask more than once. Most guests will take more if they want.
Perhaps the most important rule of all is to be natural. Treat your guests as you want them to treat you when you’re in their home―that is,act naturally toward them,and don’t try too hard to be polite. Have a good time in a pleasant atmosphere.
41. From the first letter we learn that Mary ________ .
A) is asking for advice on giving a dinner party
B) knows the secret of giving a pleasant party
C) is going to attend a dinner party
D) has successfully held a party
42. Ann’s first piece of advice is that Mary should________.
A) get the food ready before the guests arrive
B) keep the guests away from the kitchen
C) spend some time with the guests
D) accept the guests’ offer to help
43. Ann suggests that Mary offer drinks________.
A) while the guests are having small talks
B) when all the guests have arrived
C) after the guests finish small talks
D) after the dinner comes to an end
44. When having dinner,the guests are expected to________.
A) eat their food slowly
B) help the host serve food
C) serve each other at the table
D) help themselves to more food
45. The most important rule for Mary to follow in treating her guests is to________.
A) be as polite as she can
B) let them feel at home
C) prepare delicious food
D) create a formal atmosphere
答案:36-40:DDCBC 41-45:ADADB
Task 3
Directions: The following is a letter. After reading it, you should complete the information by filling in the blanks marked 46 through 50 in no more than 3 words in the table below.
E-mail or call Tip Line(举报热线)
Have you seen a crime being committed(犯罪)on a bus,train,or near a bus stop,or train station? If you do,email US or call Tip Line.
Tip Line
If you would rather give your information by telephone,call the Police Tip Line at 612-349-7222.You can leave information anonymously(匿名地)or leave your name and phone number and an officer will call you back.
Call and officer
You can speak directly to any Police Department staff member who receives the call weekdays.8:00 to 16:00. Call 612-349―7200.
Contact the Chief
If you haven’t received any reply to your Tip Line information for half a day,directly call 612-349-7I00 or email:chief@metrotransit.org
Report on a Crime
Use Tip Line
1. Tip Line number:612-349-7222
2. Ways of reporting:
1) Give -46- anonymously;
2) Leave your name and telephone number,and wait for an officer to -47-
Call the Police Directly
1. Service time:weekdays, -48-
2. Telephone number: -49-
Contact the Chief
1. Reason:receiving no reply to your Tip Line information for -50-
2. Telephone number:612-349-7100
3. Email:chief@metrotransit.org
答案:46.information 47.call you back 48. 8:00 to 16:00 49.612-349-7200 50.half a day
Task 4
Directions: The following is part of an index (索引). After reading it, you are required to find the items equivalent to (与…等同) those given in Chinese in the table below. Then you should put the corresponding letters in the brackets on the Answer Sheet, numbered 51 through 55.
A―breeze
B―calm sea
C―clear up
D―dry
E―fog
F―heavy snow
G―high seas
H―light rain
I―partly cloudy
J―shower
K―southeast wind
L―storm
M―the highs
N―the lows
O一typhoon
P―wet
Q―windy
Examples:(A) 微风 (O)台风
51.( )天气放晴( )大雪
52.( )最高温度( )局部多云
53.( )东南风( )小雨
54.( )有雾( )海面大浪
55.( )天气干燥( )暴风雨
答案:51.C,F 52.M,I 53.K,H 54.E,G 55.D,L
Task 5
Directions: The following are two advertisements. After reading them, you are required to complete the statements that follow the questions (No.56 to No.60). You should write your answers in no more than 3 words on the corresponding Answer Sheet.
Ad 1
Personal Assistant To Sales Manager
We are a small but growing computer software company. We are looking for someone to assist the manager of the sales department in dealing with foreign customers and orders from abroad. If you know English well and have previous experience in this job,and between 2 1 and 30,please writer US a short letter giving details of your previous jobs,current employment,etc. Some knowledge of Spanish and Italian would be an advantage.
Write to:
Soft Logic
23 Alfred Street
Winchester
Hants
Ad 2
Part time Drivers
King County Metro is Hiring Part-Time Bus Drivers
Great Pay! Great Bendfits!
Start at$14.50 an hour.
Plus paid vacation and sick leave,paid training
Must be 2 1 years or older,have a Washington State driver’s license
and acceptable driving record.
Call(202)684-1024
Or log on(登录)to www.metrokc.gov/ohrm
56. In the first ad. which department in the company is seeking an assistant to its manage?
_______________________________________.
57. What is the major responsibility of the assistant manager?
Dealing foreign customers and orders___________.
58. What is mentioned as an advantage for the application in Ad l?
Some knowledge of______________________________.
59. What is the age limit for the position of the part-time bus drivers in Ad 2?
______________________________years or older.
60. What kind of driver’s license should the candidates have in order to get the position?
They should have a__________ driver’s license.
答案:56.the sales department 57.from abroad 58.Spanish and Italian 59. 21 60.Washington State
Part IV Translation ―― English into Chinese
Directions: This part, numbered 61 to 65, is to test your ability to translate English into Chinese. Each of the four sentences (N0.61 to No.64) is followed by four choices of suggested translation marked A), B), C) and D). Make the best choice and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. Write your translation of the paragraph (No.65) in the corresponding space on the Translation/Composition Sheet.
61. This matter is so important that it should not be left in the hands of and inexperienced lawyer.
A) 如此重要的事情,没有经验的律师不敢接手。
B) 这件事事关重大,不能交结缺乏经验的律师来处理。
C) 这件事也很重要,不应让有经验的律师处理。
D) 这样重要的事情,没有经验的律师是不敢接手处理的。
62. No matter how hard I tried to explain how to operate the machine, they were still at a loss.
A) 尽管我努力把机器开动了,他们还是觉得非常失望。
B) 无论我怎么努力地说明机器的用法,他们都不理解我。
C) 即使我努力地对机器做了解释,他们还是不相信我的话。
D) 不管我怎么努力地解释如何操作这台机器,他们依然听不懂。
63. We accept returns or exchanges within 30 days from the date of the purchase of these cell phones.
A) 手机从购买之日起30天内我们接受退换。
B) 手机在试用30天之后我们可允许退货。
C) 我们同意30天内可以购买手机,退货或更换。
D) 我们保证30天之内购买的`手机,包退包换。
64. Good managers can create an environment in which different opinions are valued and everyone works together for a common goal.
A) 大家一定要齐心协力地工作,创造一个良好的环境,发表各种不同看法。要做好经理。
B) 为了共同的目标,好经理应该尊重各种不同意思,与大家一起工作,创造良好的氛围。
C) 好经理能够创造一种氛围,让不同意见受到重视并且每个人都有为共同目标合作奋斗。
D) 为了共同的目标,好经理应该能够提出各种宝贵的意见,为大家创造良好的丁作氛围。
65: If you want to get a driver’s license, you will have to apply at a driver’s license office. There you will be required to take a written test for driving in that area. You will also need to pass an eye test. If you need glasses, make sure you wear them. In addition,you must pass an actual driving test. If you fail the written or driving tests, you can take them again on another date.
答案:61-64:BDAC 65:如果你想获得机动车驾驶证,你必须到驾照管理办公室申请。你需要再那里参加该地区的驾驶笔试,还需要通过视力测试。如果你需要眼镜,请务必带着眼镜。此外,你必须通过实际驾驶测试。如果你没有通过笔试或者实际驾驶测试,你可以择日再考。
Part V Writing
Directions: This part is to test your ability to do practical writing. You are required to write a letter of thanks based on the following information given in Chinese. Remember to do your writing on the Translation/ Composition Sheet
说明:假定你是Hongxia Trading Company的雇员王东,给客户Mr. Baker发一封电子邮件。
内容如下:
1.欢迎他来福州;
2.告诉他已在东方宾语为他预定了房间;
3.告诉他从国际机场到达东方宾馆大约20公里左右,可以乘坐出租车或机场大巴;
4.建议他第二天来你的办公室洽谈业务;
5.如需帮助,请电话联系。
Words for Reference
机场大巴 shuttle bus
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英语三级指的是什么
1.英语A级全称为“高等学校英语应用能力考试,英文缩写PRETCO”。简称“大学英语三级考试”。B级是一般是英语基础不太好的学生选择,难度相当于初三至高中的英语水平,低于A级。
2.高等学校英语应用能力考试分A、B两级,A级考试为高职高专学生应该达到的标准要求,B级考试略低于A级考试,是过渡性的要求。原“大学英语三级考试”相当于“高等学校英语应用能力A级考试”,原“大学英语二级考试”相当于“高等学校英语应用能力B级考试”。学生自主决定参加A级或B级考试。
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英语三级代表什么水平
专科跟本科之间的水平。
三级是中间级,通过该级考试的考生,其英语已达到高等教育自学考试非英语专业本科毕业水平或符合普通高校非英语专业本科毕业的要求,基本符合企事业单位行政秘书、经理助理、初级科技人员、外企职员的工作,以及同层次其他工作在对外交往中的基本需要。
该级考生应能在生活和工作的多数情景中进行对话,不仅能够询问事实,还能询问抽象的信息,应能提供或是要求得到更清楚的阐述,同时口才也能表达简单的观点和态度,能适当运用基本的语法知识,掌握4000左右的词汇以及相关词组。
相当于我国学生高中毕业后在大专院校又学了两年公共英语或自学了同等程度英语课程的水平。(此级别笔试合格成绩可替代自学考试本科阶段英语(二)考试成绩。) 公共英语三级需要经过笔试和口试。
(一)翻译真题及解析--中域教育网
46.yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of decoration and creative expression.解析
考察重点:非谓语动词做后置定语,状语从句,插入语
这个句子结构非常清晰:it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles,these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of decoration and creative expression.是主句,其中for all their diversity of styles是插入语。时间壮语从句yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless,提前至主句之前,其中created by the homeless 是过去分词短语充当后置定语,用来修饰 the gardens。词汇的识别:句子中的动词looks at,对应的宾语是 the photographs of the gardens,因此翻译成“观看”。句子中created by the homeless对应的宾语是 the gardens,因此翻译成“创建、建立”。句子中的动词speak of对应的宾语是 various other fundamental urges,因此翻译成“透露、显示、表明”。
参考翻译:然而当我们观看那些由无家可归的人创建的家园的照片时,它们的那些各种各样的风格,会给人以深深的震撼。这些家园在它的装饰和创造性表示之上,透露出了其他基本的需求。
评分标准:三个动词 “look at, created by the homeless和speak of”的翻译各占0.5分,目标汉语的通顺流畅占0.5分。
47.A sacred place of peace, however, crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelt which is a distinctly animal need.解析
考察重点:让步壮语从句,插入语,比较状语从句
这个句子结构简洁:A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need,是主句,其中, however crude it may be,是让步壮语从句充当插入语; as opposed to shelter which is a distinctly animal need.是比较状语从句。
词汇的识别:句子中的三个系词在表与信息的提示之下分别翻译成为“是人类的基本需求”;“无论多么粗糙(贫瘠)”;“是动物的基本需求”。
参考翻译:一块神圣的和平之地,不管它有多么粗糙,它都是一种人类基本的需求,和庇护所相反,那只是动物的基本需求。
评分标准:三个系词的翻译各占0.5分,目标汉语的通顺流畅占0.5分。
48.The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless garden introduce from in to an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such
解析:
考察重点:定语从句
这个句子结构简洁: The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless garden introduce from it to an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such是主句,其中 which are in effect homeless garden 是定语从句修饰 The gardens of the homeless;定语从句where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such修饰先行词 an urban environment。
参考翻译: 无家可归的人的家园,事实上是无所谓家的家园,给要么是不存在的,要么是无法分辨得清的城市环境引入了一种形式。评分标准:动词短语“introduce from it to”、系词“are”、“didn’t exist, was not discernible”的翻译各占0.5分,目标汉语的通顺流畅占0.5分。
49.Mast of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic
解析
考察重点:时间壮语从句,定语从句
这个句子结构稍显复杂:Mast of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions 是主句,其中, which we usually blame on some psychological conditions 是定语从句 until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic.是时间状语从句。
词汇的识别:动词短语“give in”在宾语 demoralization of spirit的指导下,翻译为“屈服于”;“blame which on some psychological conditions”中的blame翻译成为“推卸到”;find发现,feel感受到。参考翻译: 我们当中大多数人都屈服于精神的道德败坏,我们经常把这种精神上的败坏推卸到心理环境上,直到有一天我们发现自己处于一个家园当中,并感受到这种压迫好像魔法一样消失.评分标准:三组动词的翻译各占0.5分,目标汉语的通顺流畅占0.5分。
50.It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.解析:
考察重点:强调句型,插入语
这个句子结构稍显复杂: It is this „„that „„是强调句型,还原成正常语序后句子表达为“this implicit or explicit reference to nature fully justifies the use of the word garden”;though in a“liberated”sense是插入语。
词汇的识别:动词“justify”在宾语 the use of word garden的指导下,翻译为“证实„是合理的”;动词“describe”在宾语“these synthetic constructions”的指导之下翻译成“描述”。
参考翻译: 正是这种隐晦或明显的涉及自然,尽管是从一种解放的意义上来说, 充分地证实了用来描述这些人造建筑的花园这个单词很贴切。
一、文章总体分析
文章主要论述了教师们应该关注青少年在成长时期所经历的情感、心智和生理上的变化,并采取方法帮助他们适应这些变化,健康成长。
第一段第一、二句是主题句,点明文章主题。从第三句开始介绍了青少年的各种变化,如:自我意识很强,需要从成功中获得自信等。接下来是对老师的建议:设计有更多优胜者的活动,组织各种小型俱乐部,让成年人在幕后支持。
第二段特别强调教师在设计活动时要注意保持其多样性,以适应青少年注意力持续时间短的特点。此外,成年人要帮助学生在活动中培养责任感。
二、试题具体解析
1.[A](give)thought(to)想过,思考
[B](give sb.an/some)idea(of)使了解„„的情况 [C](have a good/bad)opinion(of)对„„印象很好 [D](give)advice(to)提建议 [答案] A
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:平行句子结构 + 固定搭配。首先,从文章结构上看,第一段的第一、二句是平行的并列句:Teachers need to be aware of(教师应该注意)和And they also need to give serious 1 to(同时他们须认真„„)。注意第二句中的两个they分别指代了第一句中的teachers和young adults,第二句中的give serious 1 to与第一句中的be aware of(知道,意识到)也应在意义上相呼应。
其次,考生需要判断四个选项中哪一个能与 give...to 构成短语。idea这个词词义很丰富,包括“想法、意思、概念、思想、意识、打算、建议”等,但通常与介词of而不是to连用;opinion意为“意见;看法”,一般不与give搭配;advice(建议)虽然可与give及to搭配,但介词to后应接人,即建议的接受者,如果要表达“提出„方面的建议”,应该用“give advice on sth.”。只有give thought to是一个固定搭配,其中的thought 不能替换为别的词汇,它放入句中表示“同时他们也应当对这些年轻人如何最好地 2 这些变化加以思考”。
例句补充:I gave much thought to what he said yesterday.(我对他昨天说的那番话做了许多思考);The book gives you a good idea of life in ancient Greece.(这本书能让你对古希腊的生活有一些了解);Everyone has a poor opinion of a coward.(每个人对懦夫的印象都不好);Now I want to give you some advice.(现在我想给你提些建议)。
2.[A] strengthen加强,巩固 [B] accommodate适应,调节
[C] stimulate刺激,激励 [D] enhance提高,增强 [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:动宾搭配。
本题要求考生判断哪个动词可以与such changes构成动宾搭配。such changes在这里指的是第一句提到的the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes。从结构上看,空格所在部分是由how连接一个句子做give thought to的介词宾语。句子中they指代的是young adults(年轻人)。从语意上看,考生关键要判断“年轻人”对他们“情感、心智和生理上的变化”做什
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么动作,四个选项中accommodate表达的含义最恰当,即“适应变化”。整个句子的含义是“教师也需要认真考虑年轻人如何最好地适应这些(情感、心智和生理上的)变化”。常与change搭配的动词请参见2004年第13题。
知识点补充:accommodate表示“适应”时,还常用accommodate oneself to sth.结构,例句:He has to accommodate himself to changed situation.(他不得不适应变化了的形势)。
3.[A] care关心,照顾 [B] nutrition营养
[C] exercise练习,锻炼 [D] leisure空闲,安逸 [答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语意 + 名词词义辨析。
文中相关部分是“成长的身体需要运动和__3__,但不仅仅是在强调竞赛的方面需要这些”。因此考生需要判断空格处应填入什么名词,与movement并列做need的宾语。首先,考生判断四个选项中哪一个是身体成长时所需要的(除运动以外的)另一样东西。从某种意义上说,选项中所提到的四种东西都是需要的,但是下文对这里所需要的东西进行了限定,即,和movement同样都可以通过竞赛的方式来实现。这样只有exercise合适,它与competition 属于同一语义范畴,并可以用于竞赛。
4.[A] If(表条件)[B] Although(表转折)
[C] Whereas然而,反之,但是,(表转折)[D] Because(表因果)
[答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑关系。
空格所在长句中包含了两个由逗号隔开的分句:__4__ they are adjusting to„,teenagers are especially self-conscious。两个分句有共同的主语,前一句中的they就指代下一句中的teenagers。考生需要判断这两个分句之间是什么逻辑关系。从语意上看,前一分句意为“青少年正在适应新的身体状况、心智和情感方面的诸多挑战”,下一分句意为“他们的自我意识很强”,显然这之间不是条件或转折关系,而是一个因果关系,即“由于适应变化,所以自我意识强烈”。因此because最为恰当。
知识点补充:a host of表示“一大群,好些”,常接可数名词,例句:I have a host of things to do today.(我今天有一大堆事情要做)。
5.[A] assistance帮助,协助 [B] guidance引导,指导
[C] confidence信心 [D] tolerance容忍 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义+名词词义辨析。
文中相关部分是:(teenagers)need the 5 that comes from achieving success(青少年需要由获得成功而得到的„„),其中that引导的定语从句修饰空格处的名词。因此考生只需要判断四个选项中哪一样东西可以从成功中得到。一般来讲,获得成功后,我们常常得到的是confidence(信心)。
6.[A] claimed(根据权利)要求,索取,主张 [B] admired羡慕,赞美
[C] ignored忽视 [D] surpassed超越 [答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:常识+动词词义辨析。
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本题的考点与上题有重合的地方。文中相关部分是:(teenagers)need the confidence that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 6 by others(青少年需要自信,自信来自成功,也来自知道他们的成绩受到别人的„„)。首先,考生要注意分析其中定语从句的结构:句中主语是that指代的先行词confidence,谓语是comes from,宾语是两个动名词结构achieving success和knowing that„。因此考生关键要判断青少年的自信来自于知道他们的成绩(accomplishments)受到别人的什么。根据常识,只有当自己的成绩受到别人羡慕时,人们才会产生信心。显然只有admired符合文意。
知识点补充:accomplishment的构词法是:accomplish(完成)+-ment(名词后缀表行为),类似的词还有achievement,development,establishment,fulfillment等。
7.[A] improper不恰当的 [B] risky危险的
[C] fair公平的,美丽的 [D] wise明智的 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义+形容词词义辨析。
空格所在句子的句型结构是so much competition that„,句意为“青少年典型的生活中已经充满了这么多的竞争,以至于策划胜者多败者少的活动将是__7__的”。考生需要判断在充满竞争的青少年生活中,设计一些不那么具有竞争性的活动是怎样的。由于上文一再强调,青少年需要成功和信心,因此这里应该填入一个表示肯定态度的词,来肯定这种胜者多败者少的活动,这样就可以首先排除improper和risky。在剩下的fair和 wise中,后者更符合句意,因为这里的问题不是公平与否,而是是否明智。让更多青少年在活动中通过取胜来获得信心是明智的做法,是适合他们成长需要的。
8.[A] in effect实际上 [B] as a result结果,(表因果关系)
[C] for example例如,(表例证关系)[D] in a sense在某种意义上
[答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑关系。
空格前文是to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers(策划一些胜者多败者少的活动),后文是publishing newsletters with many student written book reviews(出版刊有许多学生撰写书评的通讯)。本题要求考生判断两部分之间是什么逻辑关系。从语意上看,前文是泛指一些活动(activities),后文是具体的活动(publishing newsletters),因此两者之间是综述和例证的逻辑关系,“发表学生写的书评”是“胜者多败者少的活动”的例子。能够表达例证逻辑关系的只有for example。
9.[A] displaying展示 [B] describing描写
[C] creating创造 [D] exchanging交换 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义+动宾搭配。
从句子结构上看,__9___student artwork和前面的publishing newsletters以及后面的sponsoring book discussion clubs在结构上并列,都是教师策划的胜者多败者少活动的例子。因此考生需要判断选项中哪个动名词
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中的核心动词能与student artwork(学生的艺术品)构成动宾搭配,并体现出胜者多败者少的特点。四个选项中,只有“展示(displaying)”符合句意。
10.[A] durable耐用的,持久的 [B] excessive过多的,额外的
[C] surplus多余的,过剩的 [D] multiple众多的,多样的 [答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:句内语义 + 形容词词义辨析。
文中的相关部分是A variety of small clubs can provide
10__ opportunities,它要求考生判断各种各样的小型俱乐部可以提供什么样的机会。解题的关键词是前面的variety(多样,多样性),多种多样的俱乐部应该提供多种多样的(multiple)机会,而不是持久的(durable),过多的(excessive)或多余的(surplus)机会。
词汇补充:四个选项中,durable原义是“能够抵抗磨损,撕扯或腐蚀的”,引伸义是“持久的”,如:a durable friendship(持久的友谊);excessive指“过多的,过量的”,多为贬义,如:excessive drinking(酗酒);surplus指“比需要的或必需的更多”,如:surplus population(过剩人口);multiple 指“复合的,由多个部分组成的,多样的”,如:a man of multiple interests(兴趣广泛的人)。
11.[A] group团体,组,群,批 [B] individual个人(的)
[C] personnel人员,职员 [D] corporation公司 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义 + 名词词义辨析。
文中的相关部分是clubs can provide opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful 11 _dynamics,注意其中的连词as well as(而且)表明for practice和for leadership并列修饰opportunities,即“俱乐部不仅提供(学生)培养领导才能的机会,也提供成功地参与„的练习机会。”dynamics意为“动力学”,“动态关系”,这里表达一种动态的人际互动关系。考生需要判断学生在俱乐部里可以进行哪方面的动态关系的练习。注意上下文中的club和leadership显示了这是一种团队活动,选项中的 individual概念与之相矛盾,personnel和corporation不适合文章谈论的对象。对于学校学生来说,在“团体动态关系即集体活动”方面提供练习的说法比较合理,因此,group为正确答案。
12.[A] consent同意,赞成,允诺 [B] insurance保险
[C] admission允许进入,承认,坦白 [D] security安全
[答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义 + 名词词义辨析。
文中相关部分说,“交朋友对青少年极端重要,许多腼腆的学生都需要某种团体所提供的 _12 _”。考生要判断“团体”能够为腼腆的学生提供什么。最恰当的选项是security,因为腼腆的学生需要交朋友,需要加入某种团体以获得安全感。最具干扰的选项是admission,它可以表示“获得加入某个团体或机构的权利”,但它必须与to或into搭配,例句:China’s admission to the United Nations(允许中国加入联合国)。
13.[A] particularly特别地,异常地,显著地 [B] barely 仅仅,几乎不,勉强
[C] definitely肯定无疑地,明确地 [D] rarely很少地,4 / 39
难得
[答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:上下文语义 + 副词用法辨析。
文章相关部分是shy students need the security with a supportive adult 13 visible in the background,空格处将填入一个副词修饰visible,其含义是“腼腆的学生需要一定的安全感,这种安全感来自一位成人在背后„„能看见的地方提供支持”。根据文意可推知,青少年需要成人的支持,但不需要成人过多的参与,因为他们需要独立地去完成事情。选项中particularly和definitely是程度副词,在visible前可表强调,但“特别看得见”和“肯定看得见”不合文意;rarely为频率副词,加进去表示“有时看得见,有时看不见”,因此也不合适。成人既在场,又不显眼,barely visible(几乎看不见)最符合文意。
知识点补充:barely表示否定概念,如:I could barely see the road in the fog.(我在雾中几乎不能看清路)。该词含义与hardly和scarcely相近。
14.[A] similar相似的 [B] long 长的
[C] different不同的 [D] short 短的 [答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:常识的运用。
空格后的attention span指“注意力的持续时间”。本题要求考生判断青少年的注意力持续时间是长还是短。按常理青少年一般比较好动,往往不能持续地关注某一件事。据说,小学生注意力的持续时间大约为半小时,超过半小时后,他们就不能够集中精力。随着年龄的增长,人的注意力持续时间会增长,成人一般能够持续工作3~4小时。在此题中,应该选择short,即“青少年的注意力持续时间较短”。此外,下文提到“应当组织各种各样的活动,以便让参加者保持活跃”,从而可知这也是为了适应青少年注意力持续时间短的特点。
15.[A] if only只要,要是„„就好,但愿,(表条件)
[B] now that既然„„,(表条件)[C] so that以便,以致,(表目的)[D] even if即使„„,(表让步)[答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑关系。
空格前文是A variety of activities should be organized(组织各种各样的活动),后文是participants can remain active(让参加者保持活跃)。本题要求考生判断这两部分之间是什么逻辑关系。从逻辑上讲,让活动多样化应该是为了让参与者保持兴趣,两者之间是手段与目的的关系,这里需要一个表目的的连词,因此只有so that符合文意。
知识点补充:if only常用于虚拟语气,如:If only Mother were here.(要是妈妈在这就好了);now that表条件,常置于句首,如:Now that everyone is here,let’s start the meeting.(既然所有人都到了,我们开会吧);even if 表让步,如:Even if he came,the result would be the same.(即使他来了,结果还是会一样)。
16.[A] everything(else)其他每件事物[B] anything(else)(任何)其他的事物
[C] nothing(else)无其他事物 [D] something(else)其他的 5 / 39
事物
[答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:不定代词用法辨析。
本题要求考生判断哪个选项可与else搭配并适合句意。在不同情况下,四个选项都可与else搭配。但是,根据语法的要求,anything用于疑问句和否定句中,所以在此不适合。空格所在句子的含义是“应当组织各种各样的活动,以便让参加者保持活跃,然后转而参与其他„„活动,而不会感到内疚”,显然,everything 和nothing与else搭配后表达的“其他所有活动”和“没有其他任何活动”不符合文意,只有something else表示的“(继续参与)其他某种活动”符合句子语法和前后语意关系的搭配,为正确选项。
知识点补充:else可与something这类代词连用。如:Let’s try something else.(我们尝试一下其它的事吧);I don’t think there is anything else we need discuss tonight.(我不认为今天晚上还有其他什么事情要讨论);He had nothing else to do except to return to his room.(除了回房间,他没有其他事情可做/别无选择);Everything else depends upon that.(其他的每件事都取决于此)。
17.[A](let)off 放出,饶恕,准许„„暂停工作 [B](let)down使„„失望
[C](let)out放掉,泄露,放大,出租 [D](let)alone不管, 不打扰
[答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:短语动词用法辨析。
文中相关部分说,“(教师)应该组织各种各样的活动,以便让参加者保持活跃,然后转而参与别的活动,既不会感到内疚,也不会让其他参加者_ 17 _”。显然这里需要一个和feeling guilty并列的贬义词组。即考生需判断“不断参加其他活动”除了可能让参与者自己内疚外,还会让其他人怎么样。选项中的副词都可以与 let 搭配,但只有let others down(让其他人失望)符合这个要求。
知识点补充:这个题目反映出对短语动词的辨析是英语知识运用的一个重要考点。短语动词指的是由动词加介词、副词或其他词构成的固定词组。最常见的几类短语动词包括:动+介,动+副,动+名+介,动+副+介。其中有部分动词形成的短语动词特别丰富,考生需要专门对他们进行总结和区分,这些动词包括:bring,call,cast,catch,come,cut,get,give,go,keep,leave,let,look,make,put,set,take,turn,throw等等。
18.[A] On the contrary相反 [B] On the average 按平均数计算
[C] On the whole总的看来 [D] On the other hand另一方面
[答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑关系 + 短语用法辨析。
空格前后是两个完整的句子,因此填入的短语应反映出它们之间的逻辑关系。前面部分是“这并不是说成人没有责任”,后面部分是“他们还可以帮助学生获得一种责任感”,两者的意思是完全对立的,即后一部分与前一部分相反。选项中只有 On the contrary能够准确表达这种含义。注意On the other hand
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强调的是事物存在两面性,并存两种可能性。如:He is clever, but on the other hand, he makes many mistakes.(他很聪明,但从另一方面来说,他也犯了不少错)。
例句补充:“Have you nearly done?” “On the contrary, I have only just begun.”(—你差不多做完了吧?—恰恰相反,我刚刚开始);Women make on the average only two-thirds of what men earn.(平均算来,女性的收入仅是男性收入的三分之二);You have made a few mistakes but on the whole you have done well.(你犯了几个错误,但总体来说,你做的很好)。
19.[A] making(for)走向,有利于,倾向于,导致
[B] standing(for)代表,代替,象征,支持 [C] planning(for)计划,打算,策划 [D] taking(for)当作,误认为 [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:短语动词辨析。
文中相关部分是they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 19 for roles(成人能够帮助学生获得一种责任感,通过(为他们)„„一些角色),其中介词by表明_19__for roles是help students acquire a sense of commitment的方式和手段。commitment意为“承担的责任和义务,承诺”。由于四个选项都可以与for搭配构成短语动词,考生关键需要判断哪个短语动词可与roles搭配,并符合文意。planning for填入空格后表示“策划创造一些(合适的)角色”,可以看作是“帮助学生获得责任感”的手段,而且它还与前面提到的plan activities,a variety of activities should be organized相呼应。
知识点补充:与介词for构成短语动词的还包括:account for(解释),allow for(考虑到),answer for(对„„负责),apply for(申请),arrange for(安排),ask for(问候),crave for(渴望),fall for(深信,倾心于),go in for(爱好),hope for(希望),hanker for(渴望),hunt for(寻找),have a taste for(喜好),long for(渴望),pray for(祈求),speak for(为„„辩护),search for(要求,寻找),thirst for(渴望),want for(缺少),wish for(希望),yearn for(思慕)。
20.[A] capability能力,性能,容量,接受力 [B] responsibility责任
[C] proficiency熟练,精通 [D] efficiency效率,功效
[答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:名词词义辨析。
空格所在句子是help students acquire a sense of commitment by planning for roles that are within their_ 20__ and their attention spans,其中that引导的定语从句修饰先行词roles,表示“通过涉及一些在学生„„范围之内和其注意力持续时间之内的角色,帮助学生获得一种责任感”。因此考生需要判断这些角色在青少年的什么范围之内。四个选项中首先排除proficiency和efficiency,它们不能和within搭配,且句意不符。选项responsibility有很大干扰性,因为它是“commitment”的近义词,但考生需仔细考虑一下,此处“responsibility”修饰的是“roles”,“角色”是需要付
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诸实践的行动,和“responsibility”不能搭配,不可以说“在责任范围内的角色”。只有capabilities符合句意的要求,填入空格后意为“一些学生能力范围和在其注意力持续时间之内的角色”,既表示学生有能力完成,也承接上文,说明学生的注意力还可以集中。
知识点补充:-ency/-ence和-ility/-ity是常见的形容词变为名词的后缀,都表示“性质、状态、情况”,如:proficiency=proficient精通+cy,efficiency=efficient有效率的+cy,innocence=innocent天真的+ce,urgency=urgent紧急的+cy,emergency=emergent紧急的+cy;capability=capable能干的+ility,responsibility=responsible有责任的+ility,juvenility=juvenile青少年的+ity,servility=servile奴性的+ity,fragility=fragile易碎的+ity。
三、全文翻译
教师应当意识到青少年在成长时期所经历的情感、心智和生理上的变化。同时他们还应当对这些年轻人如何适应这些变化加以思考。青少年成长中,身体需要运动和锻炼,但这并不是仅仅通过竞争的方式来进行。因为青少年正在适应新的身体状况、心智和情感方面的诸多挑战,所以他们的自我意识很强。他们需要有成功后的自信,并且需要自己的成就受到别人的钦佩。然而,典型的青少年生活中已经充满了竞争,因此策划一些胜者多败者少的活动是十分明智的。例如,出版有许多学生撰写书评的通讯,展示学生的艺术作品,组织读书研讨俱乐部等。各种小型俱乐部可提供多种多样的机会来培养青少年的领导才能,也能提供青少年成功参与集体活动的练习。交友对青少年极为重要,许多腼腆的学生需要某种团体所提供的安全感。在这个团体里,成人提供的支持处于几乎看不见的隐蔽地位。
在这些活动中,需要记住的是青少年的注意力持续时间非常短,所以应当组织各种各样的活动,以便让参加者保持活跃,然后转而参与别的活动,而不会感到内疚,也不会让其他参与者失望。这并不是说成人没有责任。相反,成人可以通过策划一些学生能力范围和在其注意力持续时间之内的角色来培养他们的责任感。
第二部分阅读理解试题解析
A部分
第一篇
一、文章结构总体分析
这是一篇说明性的文章,介绍了互联网技术给间谍工作带来的变化。该文章独特之处在于整篇文章主要引用斯特雷福公司为典型例子,说明互联网对间谍工作带来的影响。文章通俗易懂,论证特点是夹叙夹议。
第一段:以著名间谍比尔•多诺汶为引子,段尾提出文章的主题:互联网正在改变谍报工作。
第二、三段:进一步说明互联网促使了一种新的情报行业的诞生,运用这种
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互联网技术可以获取更多的情报。接着文章以斯特雷福公司为典型事例,说明很多公司在这一趋势中获益。在写作手法上,以时间顺序为主线,利用例证法说明段落主题。
第四、五段:文章依然以斯特雷福公司为典型事例,通过引用该公司董事长的话,介绍了该公司的一些经营管理理念,总结了该公司的许多成功的经验。
二、试题具体分析
21.The emergence of the Net [D] revived spying as a profession
has.21.互联网出现后。[A] received support from fans like [A] 得到了多诺汶这样的网迷的支持
Donovan
[B] remolded the intelligence [B] 改变了情报收集工作 services [C] 恢复了许多平常的消遣活动 [C] restored many common pastimes [D] 使谍报复兴成为一个职业[答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。关于A选项,文章第一句指出,若Wild Bill Donovan还在世的话,他会爱上互联网的,即一定会利用它来进行情报工作。句子使用的是虚拟语气(would have loved),这说明多诺汶在世时并没有互联网。而且我们从文章的后面的几句话也能证实这一论断,因此,多诺汶是互联网的爱好者的说法是错误的。关于B选项,文章第一段结尾指出:“These days the Net, which has already re-made pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well.”。其中的“Donovan’s vocation”指的就是“intelligence services”(情报工作)。此外,解答本题的另一个关键是对“reshape”一词的理解,它的含义是“recast,remold”即“改造,给···以新形式”,因此B选项为正确答案。
选择D选项的考生在于对“reshape”和“revive”的词义差别区分不清。这里的“revive”是主要意义是“to come or bring back into use or existence”(<使>恢复,<使>复兴,<使>复归使用),暗含的意思是某事物已经不存在或已经丧失作用。在第一段中并没有谈到间谍行业曾经消失的信息。在第二段中,我们知道互联网的出现推动了情报行业的发展,也没有找到任何有关情报行业曾经中断的信息。而选项C所对应的原文是“re-made pastimes as buying books and sending mail”,意思是:互联网改变了人们的日常生活方式,如买书,发邮件等。考生要注意区别“restore”和“re-make”的含义。原文中的“re-make”的含义是“re-create”(改变,重新创造)。即重新创造一种消遣方式:人们现在足不出户,通过网络就可以实现购书或发电子邮件。这当然不是恢复平常的消遣活动。
知识点补充:re-是个常见的前缀,表示“再,重新”,该题中涉及到的词汇都和这个前缀有关。restore的含义主要有:①bring back into existence or use;reestablish(使恢复存在或使用;重新建立);②bring back to an original condition(使回到原来的状态);③put(someone)back in a former position(使复职,把(某人)放回原来地位)。
22.Donovan’s story is mentioned [A] introduce the topic of online in the text to.spying
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[B] show how he fought for the US
[C] give an episode of the [A] 为网上谍报这个话题提供开头
information war [B] 展示多诺汶是如何为美国效力的 [D] honor his unique services to [C] 提供信息战的一个片断 the CIA 22.文中提到多诺汶的故事是为[D] 表彰他为中情局所做出的杰出贡了。献[答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:作者意图题。题干要求考生识别作者的写作意图。回答本题时,考生需要从整段或全文的角度去考虑。作者在写文章时举出某一个具体的例子来表达他所要表达的观点。在解答文章的主旨题时要注意充分利用文章中提到的细节,读懂了这些细节,弄清了文章的篇章结构有助于把握文章的主旨,反过来,了解文章的大致主题和观点也可以帮助我们吃透细节。
本文只在第一段提到比尔·多诺汶,其余部分讨论的都是情报工作在互联网时代的巨大变化,以及它面临的机会和挑战。文章列举司特雷福公司的例子去说明互联网为谍报工作提供了巨大的可能性,因此文章的中心议题是情报工作和互联网的关系。多诺汶作为一个大间谍只是为文章展开讨论前提供了一个引子,因此A选项为正确答案。其他B、C、D选项虽然可能都与多诺汶的生平事迹有关,但是与文章主题无关,因此都不正确。
23.The phrase “making the 23.段落中的“making the biggest biggest splash”(line 1, splash”(第三段第一行)最可能的意paragraph3)most probably 思是。means.[A] causing the biggest trouble [A] 引起最大的麻烦 [B] exerting the greatest effort [B] 做出最大的努力 [C] achieving the greatest success [C] 取得最大的成功 [D] enjoying the widest popularity [D] 受到最广泛的欢迎[答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:词义题。
题干要求考生根据上下文猜测短语。文章第二段谈到,在互联网时代对“公开来源情报”的收集具有越来越重要的影响,中央情报局也对它十分重视。然后第三段又列举了“司特雷福公司”这个典型的例子,说它是在这个领域的佼佼者。making the biggest splash的含义是“to create a forceful, favorable, and noticeable effect”,即创造一种强有力的、良好的和引人注意的效果,也就是取得了最大的成功,而不是“引起最大的麻烦”。
此外,如果司特雷福公司“做出最大努力”而未取得成功,它也不会成为一个典型例子,因此B选项也是错误的。D选项在文中根本没有提及。24.It can be learned from information paragraph 4 that.[C] straitford’s business is [A] straitford’s prediction about characterized by Ukraine has proved true unpredictability [B] straitford guarantees the [D] straitford is able to provide truthfulness of its fairly reliable information
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24.从文章第四段推论出其中的暗的真实性
示是。[C] 斯特雷福公司公司的业务特征是[A] 斯特雷福公司关于乌克兰的预测不可预测性
已经被证实 [D] 斯特雷福公司能够提供相当可靠[B] 斯特雷福公司保证它提供的信息的信息[答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。
第四段的主要内容是:Friedman将互联网作为一个双向的工具,既用来收集信息,又用来发布信息。然后以Ukraine的例子说明网络互动的实际作用。该段的最后两句指出:公开来源的谍报活动有它的风险,因为情报的真伪难辨。司特雷福公司就是靠辨别情报的真伪吃饭的。这就暗示司特雷福公司能够提供相当可靠的情报,因此,D选项为正确选项。
B选项的说法太绝对,因为司特雷福公司既然担有风险,它就不能够保证信息100%可靠。从常理上来说,这也是不可能的。A选项的说法没有根据,因为司特雷福公司只是对乌克兰的局势作出了预测,但没有提到预测已经被证实是真的。文章只提到一旦信息被公布,会收到一些人的反馈。C选项的说法在文中也找不到根据,因为文中只提到司特雷福公司提供的信息具有不可预测的特点,并不是说它的业务也有不可预测的特征。
知识点补充:reliable(可靠的、可信赖的)的近义词有:dependable,responsible,trustworthy,trusty。这些词的中心含义都是“worthy of reliance or trust”(值得依赖和信任)。
25.Straitford is most proud of 是。
its.[A] official status [A] 官方地位 [B] nonconformist image [B] 不随大流的形象 [C] efficient staff [C] 它的有效率的员工 [D] military background [D] 它的军方背景25.司特雷福公司最引以自豪的[答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。
文章最后一句直接指出,司特雷福公司对其“independent voice(独立的声音)”感到自豪。与其他公司不同,司特雷福公司避免外界的左右。公司不同于政府,它具有“outsider(局外人)”的地位,不对官方的腔调随声附和,可以独立地宣称自己的主张,因此它给人的印象是“不随大流的形象”,这也就是它引以为豪的地方。虽然公司某些员工来自军事情报机构,但是公司本身并不附属于军方,因此D选项不正确;C选项在文中也找不到依据。知识点补充:nonconformist中前缀non-表示“非,不”,conformist原来的含义是指“宗教上遵奉国教”,引伸义是“墨守陈规者”,noncomformist的含义包括“非国教徒,不墨守成规的(人)”。
三、试题命制分析
考点设计点评:
命题专家设置的5道试题考查的范围覆盖了全文,既考查了考生理解具体信息的能力,也考查了考生推测词义、推理引申的能力。文章写作方法上的突出特
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点是使用了例证法,因此试题多以例子出题,包括比尔•多诺汶的例子(已考)、来源公开策略公司、斯特雷福公司的例子。(参见补充考点中第1和第2题)。从语言角度讲,该篇文章通俗易懂,难度不是很大,语言较新,虽然存在个别生词,但考生都可以通过上下文猜测出词义(参见原考题第3题和补充考点第3题)。此外,从命题的角度来看,还可以命制文章主旨题和作者观点态度题,如:第二段第一句话就可以作为词义句意考点。
补充考点:
(1)The author mentioned CIA’s contest to show that.[A] CIA was eager to know who was able to get as much information about Burundi as possible [B] Open-Source Solutions is a very successful company in information collection [C] electronic spying isn’t something new [D] Open-Source Solutions’ success is an old story(2)Straiford is cited.[A] as a success in the mastery of the electronic world [B] as a successful spying agency [C] to show how the Net influences the spying vocation [D] to show the importance of being independent of government(3)The phrase “earns its keep”(last line, paragraph 4)most probably means.[A] keeps its leading position [B] makes profits [C] takes risks [D] sticks to the task(4)The best title for the passage might be.[A] Spying: an Information War [B] Internet Changes the World [C] The Success of Intelligence-Analysis Agencies [D] Spying in the New Age 参考答案:(1)C(2)A(3)B(4)D
四、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析
长难句分析: ①The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War Ⅱ and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information.这个句子的特点是定语从句中含有两个并列的分句。该句子的主干是:The American spymaster...was fascinated with information,主语后是 who 引导的定语从句,对其修饰限制。定语从句中由and连接的两个分句是:built the Office „和laid the roots „。搭配be fascinated with意为“对„着迷”,lay the roots for意为“为„打下基础”。
②Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game” of espionage—spying as a “profession”.句子主干是Donovan believed in using...,其中using的宾语是关系代词whatever引导的宾语从句:whatever tools came to hand。in the “great
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game” of espionage做状语成分,破折号后的内容spying as a “profession”是对espionage的进一步解释说明。固定短语come to hand意为“到手”。
补充:whatever和它一类的疑问代词(whichever,whoever,whomever)除了有一般代词的用法外,还可以做关系代词,相当于any thing(s)that,any one(s)that,any person(s)who。如:He did whatever he could do.(他做了他能做的任何事)。
③The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.该句的特点是多重定语。句子主干是The winner...was a tiny Virginia company...,主语和谓语之间插入了by a large margin做状语。表语a tiny Virginia company 后是第一层定语,由called过去分词对其进行修饰,第二层定语是whose 引导的非限定性定语从句,修饰solutions。
④Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying(covering nations from Chile to Russia)to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International.句子主干是:Straitford makes money by selling...to...,其状语结构中含有一个复合结构:sell sth.to sb.。the results of spying 是sell 的直接宾语,括号中的现在分词短语做直接宾语的定语,对其补充说明;corporations是sell的间接宾语,介词结构like energy-services firm McDermott International做其定语。
⑤Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong.该句子是由关系副词whereby引导的主从复合句。逗号前是主句,其主干是briefs don’t sound like back-and-forthing;关系副词whereby相当于by which,引导定语从句,修饰主句的宾语back-and-forthing,从句的主干是agencies avoid dramatic declarations。back and forth原是副词短语,意为“来回地”,文中将它动名词化了。表示“反复无常的语言,言辞躲闪”。
佳句赏析:
Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc, a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas.句子中make the biggest splash or make a splash意思是“惹人注目,引起轰动”。“splash”(水花)极其形象地描述当时的场面。该短语形象生动,形神俱佳。又如:She has made quite a splash in literary circles with her first book.五、核心词汇与超纲词汇
(1)spymaster(n.)间谍大王,间谍组织的首脑。该词的构词法是:名词+名词=名词,类似的词还有bottleneck(瓶颈),eyewitness(目击者),bookworm(蛀书虫,书呆子)等。
(2)espionage(n.)间谍活动
(3)spy(n.)间谍;侦探;(v.)当间谍,刺探;察觉,发现
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(4)give birth to产生
(5)point-and-click整个词汇代指“电脑”或“网络”,它是用连字符连接的复合名词,其中point和click分别指使用电脑时的两个常用动作:“指到”和“点击”。类似的词有:coach-and-four(四马拉的大马车),forget-me-not(勿忘草)等。
(6)spook(n.)鬼,幽灵;行踪秘密的人,间谍(v.)使害怕,惊吓(7)intelligence(n.)才智,智力;情报,情报部门,情报工作(8)compile(v.)编辑,汇编,编译,搜集(9)margin(n.)边缘,边界;页边空白;差额,尺度、数量或程度上的不同;by a large/ comfortable/wide margin 以较大的优势或悬殊 by a narrow margin 以微弱多数
(10)mutually(ad.)相互地, 彼此地;mutual(a.)相互的, 彼此的(11)reinforce(v.)增强,加强,增援,[心理学] 强化刺激法。re-前缀,意为“再,重新”,inforce是enforce(强制,加强)的变体。
(12)vacuum(n.)真空,真空吸尘器;(v.)(用真空吸尘器)打扫,清理(13)sign-up 是动词和副词通过连字符连接的复合名词,原来的动词短语是sign up(报名,注册),文中internet sign-up指的是“登陆网络发布信息”。这类复合名词变复数时通常把后一词变为复数。类似的词还有:hold-ups(拦截),stand-bys(蒡观者),go-betweens(媒介者, 中间人)等。
(14)earn one’s keep挣钱糊口,keep(n.)生计;照顾,管理;要塞(15)lean(v.)斜,靠,依靠(a.)消瘦的,少量的,节约的
六、全文翻译
狂热的比尔·多诺汶(要是活着的话)肯定会喜欢网络。这位美国间谍大王对情报着迷,他曾经在第二次世界大战时建立了战略事务办公室,后来又为中央情报局(Central Intelligence Agency)的成立打下了基础(长难句①)。多诺汶相信,在谍报职业这个“大游戏”中可以使用任何手段。(长难句②)如今,互联网已经完全改变了买书和寄信这样的日常活动,也正在改变多诺汶曾经从事的这个职业。
最近的这次革命性的改变不仅仅是一个人偷看别人的电子邮件的问题,这样的电子间谍活动已经存在了数十年。在过去的三四年中,国际互联网已经派生出一个可称为点击谍报的完整的产业。间谍们把它称为“公开来源情报”。随着互联网的发展,它变得越来越有影响力。1995年美国中央情报局举办了一个竞赛,看谁能够收集到关于“布隆迪”最多的信息。胜者胜出了一大截,却是弗吉尼亚一家名为“公开来源解决方案”的小公司,它的明显优势是它对电子世界的把握(长难句③)。
在这个新的电子世界中最引起轰动的是一个叫司特雷福的公司,它是得克萨斯州奥斯汀市的一个私营的情报分析公司。(佳句)该公司的业务是将全球各个国家(从智利到俄罗斯)侦察而得到的情报销售给“麦克德莫国际”这样的能源公司。(长难句④)它的许多预测都可以从它的网站上在线查阅。
该公司的总裁乔治·弗莱德曼说,他把网络世界视为情报收集和情报发布两方面相互增强的工具,是间谍大王的梦想。上周,他的公司正忙于从世界的偏僻角落里收集零散的信息,并预测在乌克兰将发生一场危机。“一旦这个报道发布,14 / 39
我们将从乌克兰突然新增500个用户登陆发布的信息,”弗莱德曼,一位前政治科学教授说,“我们将听到其中一些人的反馈。”当然公开来源的谍报活动的确有它的风险,因为很难区分正确与错误的信息。但这也正是司特雷福公司挣钱糊口的事业。
弗莱德曼在奥斯汀市依赖的是一个人数不多的雇员团体,其中几位有军事情报工作背景。他把公司的“局外人”地位视为它成功的关键。司特雷福公司的简报听上去不像华盛顿当局常常提供的躲闪的言辞,这些政府机构往往以此来避免发布引人注目的言论,因为这些言论可能出错(长难句⑤)。弗莱德曼说,司特雷福公司为其独立的声音而感到自豪。
第二篇
一、文章结构总体分析
这是一篇关于捍卫利用动物进行实验的文章,主要使用了引证、例证和推理等论证手段。
文章指出目前的问题是许多动物权益保护者并不了解生物医学的真实情况和意义,而一味地反对医学,使广大群众也受到了蒙蔽。针对这一点,作者指出科学家应该采取措施与大众多交流,避免由于人们的无知而阻碍生物医学的发展。
第一段:以艾德蒙•柏克的一句话为引子,指出:动物权利鼓吹者的言论混淆了公众的视听,因此,科学家应该对动物权利鼓吹者做出强有力的回应。
第二段:使用典型事例,并加以分析,说明普通人如何受到动物权利鼓吹者的误导。
第三段:谈到科学家向公众阐述动物实验的必要性。第一句话为本段主题句,利用说理的论证手段,说明科学家应该采取的态度。
第四段:文章采用总—分—总的结构,段首为本段主题句,最后一句为总结。着重介绍科学家应当如何与公众沟通,以及通过这种沟通可能避免产生的结果。
二、试题具体解析
26.The author begins his article 于。
with Edmund Burke’s words [A] 呼吁科学家采取行动 to.[A] call on scientists to take some [B] 批评动物权利运动这个被误导的actions 事业 [B] criticize the misguided cause
of animal rights [C] 警告生物医学研究即将终结 [C] warn of the doom of biomedical
research [D] show the triumph of the animal 26.作者在文章开头引用18世纪政rights 治家埃 movement 德蒙·柏克的话的用意在[D] 展示动物权利运动的胜利[答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:作者意图题。
这道题实质上在考查考生对文章主旨要义的理解。文章开篇引用了埃德
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蒙·柏克的话:如果好人无所作为,一个被误导的事业就会得逞。接着谈到现在终止生物医学的研究就是这样一个事业。篇首的话在篇尾又得到了呼应:如果好人无所作为,一群不明真相的公众真的有可能扑灭医学进步的宝贵火种。显然文章的中心是在号召科学家们采取行动去阻止动物权利运动这个被误导的事业。因此A选项为作者的意图。
作者虽然在文章中批评了动物权利运动,并称之为“被误导的事业”,但是开篇引文的用意并不仅在于批评,因此B选项不恰当。C选项和D选项离引文的用意比较远。27.Misled people tend to think [D] pointless and wasteful that 27.被误导的人们看待用动物做实验using an animal in research 的态度是。is.[A] 残酷的,但是自然 [A] cruel but natural [B] 不人道的,不可接受的 [B] inhuman and unacceptable [C] 不可避免的,但是邪恶的 [C] inevitable but vicious [D] 无意义,浪费的[答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。文章第一段最后一句说,当人们听到医学实验虐待动物的指控时,许多人都不明白为什么有人会故意伤害动物;第二段举例说明人们毫无理由地反对动物实验;第三段结尾又说,对于不明真相的人们来说,动物实验说得好是浪费,说得不好是残忍。因此文章多次暗示,被误导的人们对动物实验的看法是“不人道,不可接受”,因此B选项是正确的;其他的A、C、D选项都只是部分地体现了这些人的观点,因为“自然”、“不可避免”和“无意义”都不是他们的观点。28.The example of the 28.“老奶奶”这个例子被用来说明grandmotherly woman is used to 公众 show the public’s.对。[A] discontent with animal research [A] 动物实验的不满 [B] ignorance about medical [B] 医学科学的无知 science [C] 瘟疫漠不关心 [C] indifference to epidemics [D] 动物权利的忧虑[D] anxiety about animal rights [答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:作者意图题。
本题要求考生理解论据在文章中的作用,并从众多信息中找出作者的观点。文章第一段提到公众被误导而对医学实验有误解,第三段又说科学家应该多与公众交流,让他们懂得医学实验的利害关系。因此根据上下文可以知道作者在暗示人们对医学实验的过程和意义知道得太少,最明显的例子就是那位老奶奶。她说,“如果瘟疫来了,科学家将用计算机找到一种对付它的办法”,这表现了“公众对医学科学的无知”。作者在段末发出感叹:“这样好心的人们就是不明白”。正因为如此,作者接着就呼吁科学家采取行动。因此B选项是举例要说明的内容。其他A、C、D选项虽然都可以说是老奶奶对医学实验误解的具体表现,但是却不是作者要证实的观点。
29.The author believes that, in face of
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the challenge from animal rights research 29.作者认为,在动物权利倡导者的[C] feel no shame for their cause 挑战面 [D] strive to develop new cures 前,科学家应该。
advocates, scientists [A] 科学家应该与公众更多交流 should.[B] 在研究中用高科技手段 [A] communicate more with the [C] 无需对他们的事业感到羞耻 public [D] 努力开发新的治疗手段[B] employ hi-tech means in [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:作者观点题。
文章第三段说,科学家必须将他们的想法传达给公众,并且要使用富有同情心和通俗易懂的语言,不能使用分子生物学的语言。让公众明白动物实验与他们的生活密切相关。第四段又说,科学家应该走进中学课堂,宣传他们的研究成果,对报刊刊登的读者来信及时做出反应,科研机构应该对外开放,让人们参观。所有这些内容综合起来就是A选项“科学家应该与公众更多地交流”。其他的B、C和D选项虽然有可能是作者赞同的行为,但不是本文阐释的内容。
30.From the text we learn that 30.从文章提供的信息中推论斯蒂Stephen Cooper is.芬·库柏是。[A] a well-known humanist [A] 一个著名的人文主义者 [B] a medical practitioner [B] 一个医疗从业者 [C] an enthusiast in animal rights [C] 一个动物权利热衷者 [D] a supporter of animal research [D] 一个动物研究的支持者[答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。
文章最后一段提到,斯蒂芬·库柏是一个名人(well-know personality),同时他勇敢地肯定了动物研究的价值。从文中所给的信息,我们无法判断他是不是A或B 选项的内容,但是我们可以肯定他不是C 选项的内容,因为他认为动物研究是有价值的。只有D 选项是我们可以推论出来的。
三、试题命制分析
考点设计点评:
首先,本篇文章从论证角度讲,通过引用名人格言使用的是引证和例证法,这是可以考查的第一个考点(原考题第1和第3题)。其次,说理论证也是文章比较明显的论证手段,适合出事实细节题和推理引申题。其中情况比较明显的是最后一段,本段主题为“可以做很多事情”,言外之意,本段要分别讲述都可以做什么事情,会有细节的罗列,非常适合考事实细节题(补充考题中的第1题)。作为一篇表达对某件事情态度观点的文章,还有一个很大的考点就是作者态度题,包括对动物实验、动物权力保护运动(补充考题中第2题)的态度,也可以换一个角度,考察作者对普通人(补充考题第3题)、科学家、或动物保护者的态度。
补充考点:
(1)It can be inferred from the passage that.[A] scientists would go to middle schools to give lectures
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[B] researchers might fight against the animal rights advocates in magazines [C] common people might have access to research centers later [D] patients will have the final say in the matter of animal test(2)The author’s attitude towards animal rights movement is.[A] supportative [B] neutral [C] biased [D] critical(3)In the author’s opinion, common people.[A] should be better informed [B] have the right to know the truth [C] should protect animals [D] have the right to receive normal medical treatments 参考答案:(1)C(2)D(3)A
四、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析
长难句分析:
th①To paraphrase 18 century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.”
该句子是不定式起首的特殊感叹句。引号中的句子主干是all...is that...。主语all后是that引导的定语从句,谓语系动词is后是that引导的表语从句。Cause在这里指的是A goal or principle served with dedication and zeal,即“目标,理想,事业”。类似结构的句子还有:To think that I shall never see her again!(真没想到我将再也见不到她了)。
②For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines.该句子的特点是有三个定语修饰成分。句子的主干是a grandmotherly woman...was distributing a brochure...。主语woman 后是现在分词成分staffing„做定语;宾语brochure后是that引导的定语从句做定语;这个定语从句中又含有一个that引导的定语从句修饰不定代词anything,破折号后的名词是对anything的举例说明。
③We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother’s hip replacement, a father’s bypass operation, a baby’s vaccinations, and even a pet’s shots.该句子的主干是We need to make clear sth., 其中宾语是the connection between animal research and...。and后是四个并列成分a grandmother’s hip replacement,a father’s bypass operation,a baby’s vaccinations和a pet’s shots。
④To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.该句子的特点是一个较长的介词短语to those„(对于那些人„来说)在 句中充当状语。在这个状语中,those后接who引导的定语从句,其中produce 后连接了三个并列名词短语:these treatments,new treatments和vaccines。主句的主干是animal research seems wasteful and cruel。
⑤They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.该句子是由连词lest引导状语从句的主从复合句。lest所连接的状语从句里常用should或原形动词,意为“惟恐,以免”。该从句的主于是谓语是animal rights misinformation,谓语是and引导的两个动词短语go„和acquire„。
⑥Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment.该句子中含有一个原因状语从句和两个定语从句。主句的主干是the health research community should recruit to its cause not only„, but all those...,其中not only„but all those„都是谓语recruit的宾语,即“接纳吸收„到它的事业中”。主语之前是because引导的原因状语从句;宾语well-known personalities后接有such as Stephen Cooper对其举例说明,在Cooper之后是who引导的非限定性定语从句对其修饰限定;另一宾语all those后也接who引导的定语从句。Stakeholder原义是“赌金保管人,股东”,句子中用它来强调 “病人是在捍卫动物实验以促进生物医学发展方面最有发言权的人”,因为他们是直接受益者。
佳句赏析:
If good people do nothing,there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.句子中用了比喻extinguish the precious embers。embers指的是“将要熄灭的火中的灰烬,余烬”,extinguish指“熄灭(如火/希望等)”,可以想象:连灰烬都被熄灭了,必然是完全没有希望了。该比喻形象生动地表现出形势的严峻性:医学进步的宝贵火种有可能被不明真相的公众所扑灭。
五、核心词汇与超纲词汇
(1)paraphrase(v.)阐释意义,变换措辞,解释(2)cause(n.)原因,导致某事发生的人或事,动机,理由;理想,事业;(v.)引起,惹起,使(发生),促成
(3)biomedical(a.)生物医学的,bio-前缀意为“生物,生命”,如:bioaccumulation有毒化学物质的生物体内积累,bioactive生物活性的。
(4)rule out排除在外,拒绝,取消
(5)advocate(n.)提倡者,鼓吹者(v.)提倡,鼓吹
(6)target(n.)目标,对象,靶子(v.)瞄准,把„作为目标/对象,定指标
(7)allegation(n.)主张,断言,宣称,指控(8)perplex(v.)使困惑,使费解,使复杂化(9)deliberately(ad.)深思熟虑地,故意地;deliberate(a.)深思熟虑的,故意的
(10)grandmotherly(a.)(似)祖母的,慈祥的;-ly后缀一般放在名词后,表示“„性质的”,如:friendly友好的,homely家常的,亲切的(11)staff(n.)全体职工,全体人员;棒,杖;参谋部;(v.)充当职员,聘用职员
(12)immunization(n.)免疫(作用);immune:(a.)免疫的,有免疫力的;不受影响的;免除的,豁免的;immunize(vt.)使免疫,是成为无害
(13)vaccine(n.)疫苗,菌苗;vaccination(n.)接种疫苗,种痘(14)epidemic(a.)流行性的,传染的;(n.)流行病;传播
(15)compassionate(a.)富于同情心的,com-前缀意为“共同的”,词根path(y)和pass表示“感情、情感”,如:sympathy(sym-同)同情,impassive(im-无,不)无动于衷的,冷淡的,impassion(im-使„)激起„的热情,激动
(16)molecular(a.)分子的,molecule(n.)分子,小粒,一点儿(17)bypass(n.)旁路,迂回的旁道;外科手术中用于使血液或其它体液绕过某一阻塞或病变了的器官的替换管,制替换管的过程
六、全文翻译
18世纪政治家埃德蒙·柏克曾说过类似这样的话,“一个被误导的事业如果要得逞,惟一需要的就是好人无所作为”。(长难句①)现在就有这样一个被误导的事业,它正在寻求终止生物医学的研究,因为有一种理论说,动物有权利拒绝被作为实验对象。科学家应该对动物权利鼓吹者做出强有力的回应,因为他们的言论混淆了公众的视听,从而威胁到卫生知识和医疗的进步。动物权利运动的领导者将矛头指向生物医学研究,原因在于它依赖公共资金的资助,并且很少有人懂得卫生医疗研究的过程。当人们听到医学实验虐待动物的指控时,许多人都不明白为什么有人会故意伤害动物。
例如,在近期的一次集市上,一位老奶奶站在动物权利宣传点前散发小册子,规劝人们不要使用动物制品和动物实验制品——包括肉类,毛皮和药物。(长难句②)当被问到她是否反对免疫接种时,她问疫苗是否来自动物实验。当被告知的确如此,她回答道,“那么我不得不说,是的,我反对接种”。当被问到传染病爆发怎么办时,她说,“不用担心,科学家会找到一种方法,用计算机来解决问题”。看,这样好心的人们就是不明白。
科学家必须把他们的意思传达给公众,并且要使用有同情心和通俗易懂的语言,一般人能够明白的语言,而不要使用分子生物学的语言。我们需要说明动物实验与祖母的髋骨更换、父亲的心脏搭桥、婴儿的免疫接种、甚至宠物的注射针剂都密切相关。(长难句③)对于那些不明白获得这些新的治疗方法和疫苗都必须进行动物实验的人来说,动物实验说得好是浪费,说得不好是残忍(长难句④)。
有很多事情可以做。科学家可以进入中学课堂,展示他们的实验结果。他们应该对报刊的读者来信及时做出反应,以防止动物权利的误导言论在毫无质疑的情况下横行,从而获得一副真理的面容(长难句⑤)。科研机构应该对外开放,让人参观,向人们展示实验室里的动物获得了人道的对待。最后,因为最有发言权的是病人,医疗研究机构不仅应该积极争取斯蒂芬·库柏这样的名人的支持 ——他对动物实验的价值勇敢地进行了肯定——而且应该争取所有接受治疗的病人的支持(长难句⑥)。如果好人无所作为,一群不明真相的公众真的有可能扑灭医学进步的宝贵火种。(佳句)
第三篇
一、文章结构分析
这是一篇关于铁路公司合并可能引起垄断的文章。本文结构有一些明显的特点,首先,全文结构为总—分—总:第一段开篇点题,最后一段对全文进行总结,都属于综述部分,中间部分进行详细论述。其次,文章中间部分使用对比的写法,分别对支持和反对方的观点进行论述。从论证角度讲,文章使用了引证、例证、对比等论证手法。
第一段:铁路公司合并引起人们对垄断的关注。接着使用具体数据说明该合并趋势。
第二段:是一个典型表示对比的段落。前半段提出合并支持者的观点,中间用“but”转折之后,开始论述托运商(即,合并反对者)截然不同的态度。
第三段:详细论述托运商的担心,主要使用说理论证(reasoning)。
第四段:详细论述铁路公司的理由,除说理之外,还使用了引证法(quotation)。
第五段:对文章进行总结,重申了两方的对立,使用了说理和例证法(exemplification)。
二、试题具体解析
31.According to those who coordination support [C] outside competitors will 31.支持兼并的人认为不可能形成continue to 铁路行
业的垄断,原因是。mergers railway monopoly is unlikely [A] 以竞争为基础的成本的降低 because.[A] cost reduction is based on [B] 服务项目需要跨行业的合作
competition throat [B] services call for cross trade [C] 外部竞争者将继续存在
[D] shippers will have the railway by the [D] 客户将掐铁路公司的脖子
exis [答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。
回答本题的关键在于识别文章提到的几种人各自持有的观点。根据文章第二段第一句Any threat of monopoly,they argue,is removed by fierce competition from trucks可以判断这是支持兼并的人的观点,即他们认为,垄断不可能形成是因为有公路运输的激烈竞争。因此C选项“外部竞争者将继续存在”是正确选项。
A选项不正确,因为文章说的是兼并可以降低成本(第2段第1句话),而不是竞争可以降低成本。B选项也不正确,因为文章说的是服务可以更好地协调(第2段第1句话),而不是跨行业进行协调。D选项与文意正好相反,不是客户掐铁路公司的脖子,而是铁路公司掐客户的脖子(第2段最后一句话)。32.What is many captive 32.很多“被控制的”客户对铁路行shippers’ attitude towards the 业的合并持什么样的态度? consolidation in the rail industry? [A] 漠不关心 [A] Indifferent.[B] 支持的 [B] Supportive.[C] 愤怒的 [C] Indignant.[D] 忧虑的[D] Apprehensive.[答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。本题和往年真题侧重考查作者态度的情况不同,问的是文中提到的某类人的态度而非作者本人的态度。文章第二段提到客户对合并的反映是抱怨,认为铁路公司会“掐他们的脖子”。但是,对于客户来说,垄断引起的大幅涨价并未真正到来,所以他们目前的态度应该是“忧虑”,而不是C选项 “愤怒”。第五段首句的 worry 和末句的fear 也证明了这一点。因此选项D为正确答案,其他两个选项干扰性很小。
知识点补充:apprehensive是个多义词,意思可以是“有理解力的,能够迅速领悟的”,也可以如文中,表示“担心的,忧虑的,不安的”,如:be apprehensive of sb’s safety(担心某人的安全)。
33.It can be inferred from paragraph [B] 很快全国将只有一家铁路公司 that.[A] shippers will be charged less [C] 被多收费的客户不大可能为减without a rival railroad 价而 [B] there will soon be only one 去申诉
railroad company nationwide [D] a government board ensures [C] overcharged shippers are unlikely fair play in to railway business appeal for rate relief [D] 有一个政府部门可以保证铁33.从第三段可以推出 路行业 公平竞争
[A] 没有其他铁路公司竞争,客户将被少收费 [答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。
第三段末句谈到“申诉手续繁琐、耗钱、耗时,最终还不一定能够成功”,暗示多数客户不太可能为收费高而申诉,因此C选项为正确答案。
也可以使用排除法:A选项与文意完全相反,因为没有竞争,铁路公司将高收费,而不是少收费(本段第2句)。B选项显然与事实不符,干扰在于文章说“most shippers are served by only one rail company”(大部分托运商只有来自一家铁路公司的服务),而且,文章第一段的末句就提到“明年四家大公司将控制全国90%的业务”。D选项无法从本段推出,因为文中提到的 Surface Transportation Board 虽然可以管理价格问题的申诉,但是没有提及是否可以 保证公平。
34.The word “arbiters”(line 7 [D] who determine the price paragraph 34.“arbiters”(第4段第7行)一4)most probably refers to 词最可能是.those.[A] 协调者 [A] who work as coordinators [B] 裁决人 [B] who function as judges [C] 交易监督者 [C] who supervise transactions [D] 价格制定[答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:词义句意题。
文章第四段末句为Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?(我们是否真的想要铁路公司成为谁胜谁负的)。考生可以把四个选项填入空格进行尝试。更好的方法是在上下文中寻找线索。上文谈到“It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.”(这种理论得到了多数经济学家的认同,但在实际操作中,它使铁路公司获得了一个决定谁败谁衰的权利。)那么,可以得出铁路公司处于“determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.”的地位,其中“which companies will flourish”是下句中“who wins”的近义表达,“which will fail”相当于下句中的“who loses”。因此可以得出,arbiters主要功能为“determining”(决定),即裁决者(选项B)。
35.According to the text, the 35.铁路行业成本增加的主要原因cost increase in the rail 是 industry is mainly caused by.[A] the continuing acquisition [A] 持续不断的收购 [B] the growing traffic [B] 不断增长的运输量 [C] the cheering Wall Street [C] 欢呼的华尔街 [D] the shrinking market [D] 收缩的市场[答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。
铁路行业成本的问题在文章第四段和第五段都涉及。第四段谈的是铁路公司认为合并从长远来看会降低成本,第五段谈的是铁路公司互相兼并过程中耗费了运营成本。从该段第三句Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another和举例中谈到的客户担心两大公司会把在兼并过程中的额外开支转嫁到他们身上,可以推知,铁路公司的相互收购耗资数亿美元,这些投资造成铁路公司的成本大幅增加,从而使客户的利益受损。因此A选项是铁路行业成本增加的主要原因。
B选项也是成本增加的原因之一(最后一段第2句),但是与收购相比,它是次要原因。另外两个选项与成本增加的关系不大。此外,从文章主题角度也可以选出正确答案。文章主要讨论的问题是铁路行业的合并,考生可以推断铁路合并肯定是增加成本的主要原因。
三、试题命制分析
考点设计点评:
本篇文章从论证角度讲,引证和例证都不是十分典型,而且比较分散,不适合作为考点。相反说理论证贯穿全篇,适合作为考点,题目也可以采取灵活多样的形式,考题中除第4题为词义句意题之外,其他考题都较好地反映了这一考点。除此之外,该篇文章还有一个非常合适的考点,那就是作者态度题。2003年第2篇文章作者的态度可以说相对比较明了,而本文中,作者没有直接表明自己的支持哪一方,反对哪一方,这样的文章用来考查作者对所讨论话题的态度是再合适不过了,因此我们设计的补充考点中的第2题。另外,“captive shippers”是文章的一个核心概念,对该表达的理解不能完全依靠“captive”的原意“被俘虏的”,而需要结合上下文,因此还可以出一道词义题(补充考点中1题)。
补充考点:(1)By “captive shippers”, the author most probably refers to.[A] companies captured by the railway system [B] those choked by the railway companies [C] shippers overcharged by railway companies [D] shippers controlled by railway companies(2)The author’s attitude towards “captive shippers” is.[A] critical [B] sympathetic [C] neutral [D] advocating(3)The most suitable title for the passage might be.[A] Consolidation: A Hot-Debated Issue [B] The Fight Between Railway and Shippers [C] Will Big Become Bigger? [D] The Fate of Captive Shippers 参考答案:(1)D(2)B(3)A
四、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析
长难句分析:
①But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.句子主干是many shippers complain that...。后面都是宾语从句的内容,该从句由therefore连接的两个分句构成,其中第一个分句是trucking is too costly,第二个分句是the railroads have them by the throat;在第一个分句前是for引导的介词短语引起话题。
②Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.该句是由but引导的两个分句。其中第一个分句的主干是Shippers...have the right to appeal to...for...,其中,主语shippers后接who引导的定语从句。第二个分句又包含两个由and连接的并列谓语,第一个谓语为系表结构(两个表语分别为expensive和time consuming),第二个谓语为will work。
③If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.句子主干是...they argue...,其他内容都是谓语argue的宾语从句。该从句的主干是if..., shippers would do so...。其中if引导的是条件状语从句,主语shippers后是who引导的定语从句,谓语would do so中的so指代的是if引导的条件状语从句中的主语的行为,即,switching to trucks or other forms of transportation。后面现在分词leaving„做伴随状语。
④It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.该句是由but引导的两个分句。其中第一个分句的主干是It’s a theory,后面是which 引导的定语从句,并将该从句谓语中的to前移。第二个分句主干是...it...leaves railroads in the position of determining...,后面的which companies will flourish and which will fail是determine的宾语。
⑤The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic.句子主干是The railroad industry...does not earn enough to cover...;主语和谓语之间插入despite its brightening fortunes,表示让步,the cost of the capital是cover的宾语,后面接的是省略连接词的定语从句it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic,对该宾语进行修饰。
佳句赏析:
In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly.该句简单干练,用三个并列动词将铁路公司的动向形象地描述出来。三个现在分词读起来朗朗上口,给人排比的感觉,意思一气呵成。
五、词汇注释
(1)arbiter(n.)仲裁人;裁决人;权威人士
(2)consolidation(n.)巩固,合并;consolidate(v.)巩固,加强(3)coordinate(v.)使(各部分)协调,协同动作;(a.)同等的,并列的;坐标的(n.)坐标
(4)discrimination(n.)辨别, 鉴别,辨别力, 眼力;歧视, 区别对待;discriminate(v.)区别,辨别;~against有差别地对待,歧视(5)freight(n.)货物,客货,运费(v.)装货,使充满,运送(6)merger(n.)合并,归并
(7)monopoly(n.)垄断,垄断者,专利权,专利事业;mono前缀表“单一的”,如:monotone 单调的
(8)subscribe(v.)订购,订阅,赞成
六、全文翻译
近年来,铁路公司相互联合,组成了超大型集团,引起人们对垄断行为的极大关注。(佳句)就在1995年,四家大型铁路公司占有70% 的铁路运输业务。到明年,一系列合并活动完成之后,四家铁路公司将控制90% 以上的铁路运输市场。
支持组建超大型铁路集团的人士认为,合并将导致运输成本的大幅降低,铁路公司更协调地提供服务。他们认为,在公路运输的激烈竞争面前,垄断的威胁已经不复存在。但许多客户却抱怨说,对于长途运输的大宗货物来说,如煤炭,化学制品和粮食,公路运输成本太高,因此铁路公司就会掐他们的脖子。(长难句①)
铁路运输业的大规模联合意味着多数客户将会依赖一家公司的服务。通常,铁路公司对这些“被控制”客户的收费要比存在其它铁路公司的竞争时高出20%-30%。如果客户感到他们被多收费,他们有权上诉到联邦政府的“陆路运输局”以争取价格下调,但这个过程既耗财又耗时,并且只有在真正极端特殊的情况下才有作用。(长难句②)
对“被控制”客户进行的价格歧视,铁路公司提出的理由是,从长远来看,这样做会降低所有人的成本。他们争论说,如果铁路公司向所有客户收取同样的平均价格的话,那么,可以使用公路运输或其它交通工具的客户将会转移,使剩下的客户来承担铁路正常运作的开销。(长难句③)这种理论得到了多数经济学家的认同,但在实际操作中,它使铁路公司获处于决定谁败谁衰的位置。(长难句④)“我们是否真的想让铁路公司成为在市场上决定谁败谁荣的裁决者?”马丁•贝科维奇问道。他是一位常常代表铁路客户的华盛顿律师。
许多“被控制”客户还担心他们很快将遭受一轮新的大幅涨价。从整体来说,虽然铁路工业有耀眼的资产,但它的收入仍然不足以支付为满足不断增长的运输需要而进行的固定资产投资。(长难句⑤)然而铁路公司仍然继续贷款数十亿美元来进行相互合并,而华尔街也鼓励它们这样做。请想一想今年南诺弗克公司和CSX 公司兼并康雷尔公司所花的102亿美元吧。康雷尔公司1996年铁路运营纯收入为4.27亿美元,这还不足这宗交易运作成本的一半。谁来支付其余的费用呢?许多“被控制”客户担心,随着南诺弗克和CSX 公司增加对市场的控制,他们得负担这部分费用。
第四篇
一、文章结构总体分析
这是一篇探讨医疗上花费大量财力去延缓自然死亡是否值得的文章。作者首先从死亡的不可避免性入手,指出耗费大量财力去延缓自然死亡是不可取的,但同时作者亦指出歧视和放弃对老人的照顾也是不对的。最后他通过与其他国家的比较得出了一个解决办法:更多地研究提高人们生活质量的普通方法。
第一、二段:提出即使有再伟大的医疗卫生体系,死亡也是无法战胜的。但是我们现在却不能面对这个现实,其表现就是人们把正常的死亡当作问题来解决,在医疗方面不择手段。第三、四段:指出由于政府用于医疗卫生的资金与日俱增,有人呼吁停止某一年龄以上人群的医疗费用。
最后,作者先通过举例说明老年人仍然可以保持创造力,对上面的观点进行反驳;接着呼吁社会应该把资金更多地投入到研究提高人们生活质量的平常方法上。
二、试题具体解析
36.What is implied in the first 准备。
sentence?
[A] Americans are better prepared [B] 美国人享受的生活质量比从前更for death than other people.高。[B] Americans enjoy a higher life
quality than ever before.[C] 美国人对他们的医疗技术过于自[C] Americans are over-confident 信。
of their medical technology.[D] Americans take a vain pride in [D] 美国人对他们较长的寿命感到洋their long life expectancy.洋得意。36.文章第一句话暗示了什么?
[A] 美国人在死亡面前比其他人更有[答案] C [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。
文章第一句说,据说在英国死亡是迫在眉睫的,在加拿大死亡是不可避免的,而在加利福尼亚死亡是可以选择的。言下之意,美国人相信死亡是选择的结果。如果他不想死,他就不会死,因为他们的医院可以治好一切病症。因此C选项是这句话暗含的意思。
B选项将美国人的现状与过去比较,而篇首句中的比较对象是美国、英国和加拿大。选择D选项是没有理解原句中的optional(可选择的,随意的)一词,根据下文谈到的Failing hips replaced,clinical depression controlled,cataracts removed也可知道,这里强调的是人们可以借助发达的医疗技术来延缓和选择什么时候死。A选项毫无道理,事实上,美国人比其他国家的人更害怕死亡,所以不惜投入金钱,期望医疗技术能够延缓他们的生命。
词汇补充:vain带有明显的贬义,意为“徒劳的,虚荣的,自负的,愚蠢的”。
37.The author uses the example of aggressive caner 37.作者使用“癌症病人”的例子是patients to show that.为了表明。[A] medical resources are often [A] 医疗资源经常被浪费 wasted [B] 医生对致命疾病束手无策 [B] doctors are helpless against [C] 有些治疗方案过于大fatal diseases [C] some treatments are too [D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable [D] 医疗费正变得支付不起 [答案] A [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:作者意图题。
本题考查的是考生对论证过程的理解。论据是为了说明论点的,文章中的任何一句话都不能孤立地去理解,而应该结合文章大意或上下文去理解。举例往往是为了说明上下文中提到的某个论点。文章第二段说,“由于有第三方支付我们的医疗费用,我们常常要求用尽一切可能的医疗手段,即使它们不会有任何作用”。然后文章举了癌症病人的例子去证明这一点。显然作者这里要说明的是如果治疗没有作用仍然坚持进行,那么它就是一种浪费。因此A选项是作者举例所要说明的内容,D选项和文章内容不符。
考生误选B或C 选项,是由于下文中提到“医生由于不能治愈疾病,同时又担心病人失去希望,所以常常采用极端大胆的治疗方法,这些方法远远超出了科学能够认同的界限”,但是结合文章来看,其目的是说服人们勇敢接受死亡这一自然规律,因此这里举例应是说明人们浪费了医疗资源,而不是仅仅说明医生或治疗方案怎样。
38.The author’s attitude toward [A] 强烈反对
Richard Lamm’s remark is one [B] reserved consent of.[C] slight contempt [A] strong disapproval [D] enthusiastic support 38.作者对理查德·拉姆的言论持有[B] 有保留地赞同 的态度 [C] 稍有蔑视
是。[D] 热烈支持
[答案] B [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:作者态度题。
本题要求考生判断作者对文章提到的人物的话语的态度。人物所说的话也是作者引用的一种论据,也是为了说明论点的。根据题干中的人名Lamm定位到文章第三段末句:理查德·拉姆提出老年人有义务死去,以便给年轻人让位。接着在第四段作者立即补充道,“I would not go that far.(我不会说得这么绝对)”,并且在后面开始举例说明老人仍然有创造力。从这里至少排除了作者完全赞成该人观点的可能。但是考生不能马上选择A选项,否则就是断章取义了。在第五段首句,“Yet”一词表示了转折,表述了作者另外一个角度的意见,谈到社会对医疗的投资太多,而对提高老人生活质量的投资太少。从作者的论述中可推断出,作者希望人们接受死亡这个自然规律,即在一定程度上赞同拉姆的观点,但是却不愿意像拉姆一样走极端。因此B选项中较中庸的态度是最佳答案。A、D选项都很绝对,C 选项不准确。39.In contrast to the US, Japan and 39.与美国相比,日本和瑞典对医疗Sweden are funding their medical 卫生事业的资助___。care.[A] more flexibly [A] 更灵活 [B] more extravagantly [B] 更奢侈 [C] more cautiously [C] 更谨慎 [D] more reasonably [D] 更合理
[答案] D [解析] 本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题。文章最后一段说,日本和瑞典在医疗方面的投资要少得多,但是人民的寿命长得多,健康也好得多。接着作者提出倡议,与其将资金徒劳地花在没有希望的治疗上,还不如投入到较一般的治疗中,以提高人们的生活质量。可见文章在暗示日本、瑞典两个国家在医疗卫生事业的资助更合理,D选项正确。40.The text intends to express the idea that.[A] medicine will further prolong people’s lives [B] life beyond a certain limit is not worth living [C] death should be accepted as a fact of life [D] excessive demands increase the cost of health care 40.文章所要表达的观点是____。
[A] 医学将进一步延长人们的生命
[B] 超过了一定限度,生命就不值得延续
[C] 死亡应该作为生命事实被人们接受
[D] 过多的要求增加了医疗卫生的开支
[答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨题。
本题考查考生对文章主旨要义的理解能力。实际上考生只需要把各段的主题句串起来,基本上对全文就有了一个总体的把握。主题句一般落在首句和末句,这篇文章也不例外,除了第三段首句为具体的数据无法充当观点及最后一段的主题句在末句外,其它都是首句。第一段提到,在美国死亡是可以选择的;第二段说,死亡是正常现象,我们的基因决定我们即使在最理想的条件下也会解体和灭亡。第三段讲,有人认为对83岁以上的老人应该停止支付医疗费,老人有责任为年轻人让位。第四段作者指出自己的观点不会和上一段的观点那样过分。第五段指出,人们不应用无效而昂贵的手段去延长生命,而应该提高生活质量。因此全文的中心思想是劝告人们接受死亡,C选项正确。
作者在第四段已经举例反驳了B 选项的这种偏激的看法,A选项和D选项是提到的事实,不是观点。
三、试题命制分析
考点设计点评:
本篇文章是一位医生在发表自己的观点,对象为普通公众。从语言角度来讲,既没有使用专业术语或者非常正规的文体,也没有采用口语化的文体,因此,没有语言角度的考点。从论证角度讲,例证是第一大考点,原考题第2题直接围绕该考点,第1、3、4题实际上也是从另外的侧面对本考点进行考查。除此之外,第3段还可以出一道例证考点的题(补充考点第1题)。本文另外一个考点就是引证,原考题第3题对此有所涉及。由于作者态度非常明了,因此作者观点态度不适合作为考点。除此之外,另外可以考查的就是对文章整体意思的把握(补充考点中2题)。
补充考点:(1)Sumner Redstone, Sandra Day O’Connor and C.Everett Koop are.[A] successful in their old age [B] productive elderly people [C] living proof of the success of American health care system [D] useful although they are aged(2)It can be inferred from the passage that.[A] America may not be as great in the future [B] the government will take action to stop paying for medical care of the extremely aged [C] the government might not be able to afford this funding on medical care [D] more and more people will remain dazzlingly productive in the future 参考答案:(1)C(2)D
四、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析
长难句分析:
①But not even a great health-care system can cure death—and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.该句子比较简短,有俩处难点:一是破折号前分句中的否定词not,它的位置前移,实际上是修饰句子的谓语can cure的,即“不能治疗”;二是破折号后分句中的代词that,该分句的主干是our failure threatens this greatness,而其中的that reality指的是破折号前分句的内容。
②We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved.该句子的结构呈对称型。它由yet引导的两个分句组成,前一分句的主干是We all understand that,that指代上一句的内容,状语at some level在句末;后一分句的主干是we treat death as a problem,状语as medical consumers在句首。
③Physicians—frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient—too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.该句子的特点是其主语和谓语被一个较长的分词结构隔离。句子主干是Physicians...offer aggressive treatment...,破折号之间是and连接的两个分词结构frustrated by和 fearing loss并列修饰主语Physicians,做定语。介词结构beyond what is justified修饰宾语treatment,做定语。
④These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age.该句子中含有两个that引导的并列的同位语从句。句子主干是These leaders are living proof that...and that...。在第二个从句中,又含有that引导的定语从句修饰其宾语health problems。
⑤I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have.该句子是宾语从句中套定语从句。句子的主干是I also know that...,其中 that引导宾语从句;宾语从句的主干是people have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have,而介词短语in Japan and Sweden在句中做状语,其后两个逗号之间的插入成分,即that引导定语从句修饰countries,对这两个国家进行解释说明。
佳句赏析
①It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional.该句子结构工整、对称,是排比句。重复单词予以省略,干净利落,用词简略到位。
②Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.该句子由三个并列分句构成,其中第二个和第三个分句是省略句,省去了can be。这种省略句在结构上简洁明了,在文中,更是通过音节的越来越短从意义上强调“人们通过手术越来越容易解决疾病的问题”。
五、核心词汇与超纲词汇
(1)life expectancy = expectation of life预期寿命(2)failing(a.)有缺陷的;失败的;如:failing health健康衰弱,failing
kidneys肾衰退,a failing business生意失败(n.)失败,缺点,弱点,过时
(3)surgical(a.)外科的,外科医生的,手术上的(n.)外科病房,外科手术;surgeon(n.)外科医生;surgery(n.)外科,外科学;手术室,诊疗室
(4)disintegrate(v.)(使)分解;(使)碎裂;dis-前缀含义比较丰富,可表示“分开,离;不,无;除去,取消”,如:dissect切开,disorder 无秩序,discourage使失去勇气;integrate(v.)使成整体,结合
(5)shield(v.)(from)保护,防护(n.)保护物,护罩;盾,盾状物(6)unsustainable(a.)不能证实的/支持的/成立的;sustainable(a.)可以忍受的/支撑的;养得起的;sustain(v.)支撑,维持,持续,经受,忍耐
(7)infirm(a.)弱的,不坚固的,柔弱的;firm(a.)结实的,坚硬的,坚定的,稳固的
(8)overfunding(a.)对„提供资金过多;underfunding(a.)对„提供资金不足;前缀over-意为“太甚,过度”,under-意为“少,不足”,如:overpay多付(钱款),underpay不付足够的款
六、全文翻译
据说,在英国死亡迫在眉睫,在加拿大死亡不可避免,在加利福尼亚死亡可以选择(佳句①)。这种说法并不奇怪。在过去的一个世纪里,美国人的寿命几乎延长了一倍。髋骨不行了可以更换,临床的忧郁症得到了控制,白内障在30分钟手术中便可以切除(佳句②)。这些进步给老年人口带来的高质量生活在50年前我刚从事医学时是不可想象的。但是即使有一个伟大的医疗卫生体系,死亡也是无法战胜的——而我们不能面对这个现实却正危及着我们这个时代的伟大(长难句①)。
死亡是正常现象;我们的基因决定我们即使在最理想的环境里也会解体和灭亡。我们所有人在某种程度上都懂得这一点,但是作为医疗消费者,我们却常将死亡视为一个问题来解决(长难句②)。由于医疗费用由第三方支付,我们常常要求用尽所有的医疗手段,即使它们不会有任何作用。最明显的例子是晚期癌症的治疗。医生由于不能治愈疾病,同时又担心病人失去希望,于是常常采用极端大胆的治疗方法,这些方法远远超出了科学能够认同的界限(长难句③)。
1950年,美国在医疗卫生方面的开支是127亿美元。2002年这项开支将达到15 400亿。任何人都明白这个趋势不可持续下去,但是很少有人愿意去扭转它。有些学者总结说,资金有限的政府应该停止支付医疗费用来延缓某一个年龄以上人群的寿命——比如83岁左右。据说,科罗拉多州前州长理查德·拉姆曾经说,老年多病者“有义务死去和让位”,以让更年轻、更健康的人们去发挥他们的潜能。
我不会说得这么绝对,毕竟现在精力充沛的人们通常能工作到60岁,甚至更久,并仍然具有惊人的创造力。78岁的Viacom公司总裁萨姆勒·雷斯顿开玩笑说他只有53岁。最高法院法官桑德拉·欧康奈70有余,前卫生局医务主任C·库普80来岁还出任了一个互联网公司的总裁。这些领导人就是活生生的证据,证明对疾病的防治是有意义的,证明我们能够对付年龄带来的健康问题(长难句④)。作为一名年仅68岁的人,我希望像他们一样在老龄阶段保持创造力。
然而在这样的追求中,一个社会能够承担的费用是有限的。作为一名医生,我深知最昂贵和最激进的手段也可能是无效的和痛苦的。我也深知在医疗开销少
得多的日本和瑞典,人们获得了比我们更长的、更健康的寿命(长难句⑤)。作为一个国家,我们可能在寻求不可能奏效的治疗方法上花钱太多,而在研究能提高人们生活质量的更平常的方法上花钱太少。
Part B
翻译试题解析
一、试题总体分析
文章从人类学的起源入手,指出对人类的研究是为了实现人类内部及人类与地球上其他生命和睦相处。人类学这个词语来自希腊词根。接着作者拿人类学和社会学做比,指出前者是后者的分支,但却是一门独特且非常重要的社会科学。最后文章谈到,人类学的核心是“文化”这个抽象概念。
2003年翻译试题难度适中,五个试题中第4题相对容易,第1题和第5题有一定难度,第2题和第3题难度最大。考查内容在语法方面有:较长的定语、状语修饰成分翻译时多另起一句;现在分词做状语及多重定语从句的译法;修饰宾语的定语从句的译法和倒装结构的译法。词汇方面有:对一词多义的词汇在上下文中的具体把握;名词转换成动词、过去分词转化为动宾结构的翻译技巧。
考生答题时出现的问题主要包括:(1)对一词多义的掌握把握不够好,主要表现为译文的词不达意;(2)理解复杂的句子结构仍存在困难,表现为译文结构混乱,逻辑关系不清。
二、试题具体解析
(41)Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:现在分词做状语和词义选择。
此句的修饰成分较长,包括不定式、定语从句和现在分词。句子的主干是humans have the ability,后面接着两个修饰成分。第一个是不定式to modify做定语,其中,in which they live 是一个定语从句,修饰 the environment;第二个是现在分词结构做状语,表示结果。
词汇:modify有多个词义:更改、修改、改造、改进、适应、调试、修饰,在句中接“环境”应译为“改变”、“改造”或“改善”;Subjecting...to 本意为“使服从”,但可以根据不同的宾语而意译。如,we must subject everything to careful examination 译为“我们必须对每一件事进行仔细检查”,而不是“让每一件事服从我们的仔细检查”。Form和life搭配时,应译为“形态”。fancy的词义有:想象力、喜好、幻想,文中取其褒义,译为“(人类特别的)想象”。
译文:而且,人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境,从而让所有其他生命形态服从人类自己独特的想法和想像。
(42)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:多重定语从句的译法。
此句是一个含有多个定语从句的主从复合句,其主干是主语+系表结构:Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry。第一个定语从句which seeks to study...,修饰intellectual enquiry。此句的难点在于,这个定语从句的状语里又套了第二个定语从句in the same...manner that natural scientists use for...。其中前边部分in the same manner译为“以同样的方式”。后边部分进一步说明是什么“方式”。译为“自然科学家研究自然现象的方式”。注意有多重从句时,应该采取从内向外层层剥的译法。
词汇:intellectual enquiry直译是“智力的询问”,在此是“知识的探索”的意思。Enquiry原义是“询问、调查、打听”,在这里注意不要和require混淆,而译为“要求、命令”之类的。Endeavor原义是“努力、尽力”,同义词有effort和attempt,在句子中根据中文习惯,译为“(社会科学研究人的)行为”。
译文:社会科学是知识探索的一个分支,它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样,用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式去研究人类及其行为。
(43)The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:名词转换成动、过去分词转化为动宾结构的译法。
该句子实际上是个简单句,其主干是:The emphasis makes this study a social science。此句的难点在于它的主语很长,修饰语又很多。主语是一个含动词意义的名词构成的词组emphasis on data,后面接有两个过去分词词组作定语:gathered first-hand和combined with„,第二个分词词组中又含brought to the analysis...过去分词短语,修饰 perspective。为了符合中文行文习惯,Emphasis on data结构要采用名词转换成动词的译法,即本是“对(收集的)资料的强调”,在句中则译成了“强调资料(的收集)”;而过去分词结构则应译为动宾结构,如:data gathered first-hand 和a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis本是“被第一手收集的资料”和“被用来分析的跨文化视角”,在句中可译为“收集第一手资料”和“分析„时采用跨文化视角”。
词汇:first-hand 是副词,表示“第一手地”,“以第一手方式”。
译文:强调收集第一手资料,加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角,使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。
(44)Tylor defined culture as “...that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:修饰宾语的定语从句的译法。此句是一个含定语从句的复合句,其主干是“Tylor defined culture as that complex whole”。宾语that complex whole后接一个which引导的定语从句,其中又有一个过去分词短语acquired by man as a member of society做定语,限定它前边的名词 belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits,译为“作为社会成员的人获得的„„”,注意不要误以为它只修饰最近的名词habits。此外,因为修饰宾语的定语从句较长,翻译的时候应该另起一句。
词汇:define...as...意为 “把„„定义为”;complex 意为“复杂的,合
成的,综合的,复合的”,whole做名词可译为“全部,整体,完全之体系”等,complex whole在句中指的是“文化”,且主要强调其包含内容的广泛性,因此可译为“复合整体”。
译文:泰勒把文化定义为“„„ 一个复合整体,它包括人作为社会成员获得的信仰,艺术、道德、法律,风俗以及其他能力和习惯。”
(45)Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture”, like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:根据上下文猜测词义、倒装结构的译法。此句也是含定语从句的复合句,其主干是主语+系表结构:the...concept is an...concept。主语后是一个插入成分。主语the concept和谓语is间的插入成分是介词短语like+n.修饰谓语,译为“像„一样”;修饰表语concept的定语从句which makes possible immense amounts of...是一个倒装句,正常的词序是 makes immense amounts of...possible,译为“使大量的„成为可能”,这里由于which定语从句较长,可以断开单译一句。
词汇:anthropological 译为“人类学的”,这是一个生词,但是文章第二段对它有所解释:anthropos“human”and logos“the study of”。译文:因此,人类学中的“文化”概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样,是一个抽象概念。它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。
三、全文翻译
各个时期各个地区的人都在思考着他们共有的世界,并对自己在其中的位置感到好奇。人类善于思考而且又富于创造,具有永不满足的好奇心。(41)而且,人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境,从而让所有其他生命形态服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。因此,以冷静而系统的方式研究人类的丰富性和多样性十分重要,因为人们希望这些研究的成果能让人类内部以及人类与地球上其他生命形态之间都够和睦相处。
anthropology一词源自希腊词根anthropos(人类)和logos(研究)。按这个名称来看,人类学包含了对整个人类的研究。
人类学是一门社会科学。(42)社会科学是知识探索的一个分支,它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样,用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式去研究人类及其行为。
社会科学下的学科包括地理学、经济学、政治学、心理学和社会学。这些社会科学的每个学科中都有一个分支或专业特别接近人类学。
所有社会科学都集中于对人类的研究。人类学是一个以实地研究为宗旨的学科,它大量使用对比分析的方法。(43)强调收集第一手资料,加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角,使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。
人类学分析主要依赖文化概念。爱德华·泰勒爵士对文化概念的阐述是19世纪科学的伟大文化成就之一。(44)泰勒把文化定义为“„一个复合整体,它包括人作为社会成员获得的信仰,艺术、道德、法律,风俗以及其他能力和习惯。”这一见解中简单的概述却寓意深刻,为观察和理解人类生活提供了一个全新的方法。在泰勒对文化的定义中暗含了一个概念,即,文化是一种后天习得的、35 共有的、模式化的行为。
(45)因此,人类学中的“文化”概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样,是一个抽象概念。它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。
第三部分 写作试题解析
一、审题谋篇
本题为图画加提纲式写作,提纲要求作文包括两部分:描写图画并指出图画的含义;指出在我们生活中的寓意。
考题给出题目“温室花朵经不起风雨”,并提供了两篇具有对比性的图画。从短文题目上看,它已直接点出图画的寓意。再看图片,一株花在温室里茁壮成长,虽然外面狂风暴雨,它却丝毫没有受到影响。但是,当这株花被移到了温室外时,在风雨中,花朵凋谢了。通过题目和图画可以看出题目的寓意是“没有经过磨练的人或事,在艰难困苦的环境中是不能生存的”。温室意味着保护,对于花朵的理解,可从不同的角度进行。从教育角度分析,花朵可以指代年轻一代,而温室可以指代上一代人,尤其指父母对子女的过度保护和溺爱。另外,从广阔的社会角度看,中国的经济在入世后面临着严峻的考验。过去受到政府保护的一些行业和企业如同这些温室中的花朵,它们能否经得起世界市场的风风雨雨?这个问题也符合图画所表达的实质,因此可以作为写作的另一个着眼点。换言之,本文也可从“国家经济发展问题”的角度进行论述。
范文采用第一种思路,讨论中国家庭教育中的一些弊病。文章可以根据给出的提纲分为两段,也可以把提纲第一项分为两段,范文采取第二种形式:首段描述图画内容;第二段解释图画意义;第三段,联系现实,提出图画寓意并发表自己的观点。在第一段中,主题句可以是The two pictures describe the fate of a flower.(两幅图描写了一朵花的命运),也可以更深入一层,直接指出花朵生长与环境的关系。接下来在谋篇时,应该注意到这两幅画形成的是一个鲜明的对比,考生脑海中就应该有一些句式:其一,多用一些表示“与„有关系”的表达方法,比如:“be related to, be associated with, have much to do with” 等等。其二,可以使用on the other hand, however 等表示转折意思的词,也可以使用yet、while之类语气稍缓的连词。文章第二段实际上是体现中心论点的段落,也就是解释自己对图画的理解。考生在这一段写作中一定要记住联系实际生活中的现象。文章第三段可以提出自己的见解。既可以正面提出建议,也可以对当前社会中人们在教育观念中存在的弊病加以批评。
二、参考范文
The two pictures show us the relationship between the circumstance and one’s growth.At the beginning,under the protection of the greenhouse, the flower grows well and thrives.However, once removed away from the shelter, the flower withers and its petals fall in the thunderstorm.From the pictures we can see that a flower kept in a greenhouse can never survive the harsh conditions.It is an obvious fact that the development of a person is similar to the growth of a flower.A child under the complete protection of parents
can never learn to face the challenge on his own.This is particularly true of children born after the 1980s,who grew up in a time of fast economic growth and in increasingly wealthy families.Being the only child in the family and the focus of the parents and grandparents, the so-called little emperor or empress has not the least idea of what hardship and harshness means.As soon as he grows up and walks out of the protection, he will have difficulty coping with life, and what’s more, will be at a loss when making his own decisions.What concerns us beyond individual growth is that sooner or later our country will be passed to the hands of the younger generation.This problem is directly related to our concept of family education.As we all know, the role that a home plays in the overall development of a child is more crucial than that of the school.The responsibility of parents is much more than providing the child with a comfortable life.Parents should treat their child as an individual who will become independent sooner or later and thus encourage him or her to think and act independently.Until this right concept of parenting is installed,we shall continue to have children like greenhouse flowers, beautiful but fragile and unable to stand up to life’s real challenges.三、范文点评 文章结构:
该范文从结构上说,首先对提纲做出适当调整,分为三段。其次,每段段首出现主题句,统领全段。第三,每段内部层次清晰:第一段段首为主题句,段尾进行总结,与主题句形成呼应,中间部分描写两幅图并做出对比;第二段在段首主题句的统领下,论证逐步深入,从花朵与孩子成长的相似性开始,谈到现实生活中溺爱孩子这一现象,落脚点在这种现象对孩子以及社会的危害;第三段段首提出作者观点,并在段落中提出了解决方案。
语言亮点: 1.thrive:“长得好,兴旺发达,繁荣”。该词也可以形容人,这时多和介词on搭配,例如:Hardworking is a quality he thrives on.(努力是他得以成功的品质)。
2.once removed away from the shelter:一旦从(温室的)庇护下移走。Once经常用来引导状语,“一旦„”,例如:Once becoming a member of WTO, many industries in China have to face challenges from foreign products.(一旦入世,中国很多行业必须面对来自外国产品的挑战)。shelter在写作中经常使用,用作名词常用于衣食住行(food, clothes, shelter and transportation)中,用作动词经常表示“庇护,保护”,例如Parents should set aside a time to read books, a period sheltered from television.(父母应该留一点时间让孩子读书,不受电视的干扰)。
3.wither:本义为“(植物的)枯萎”,经常用以形象表达中,如All his hopes and wishes wither.(他所有的盼望都破灭了)。
4.survive:作为及物动词时,表示“比„活得长”、“幸免”,例如Because of longer life span, most wives survive their husbands.(由于寿命更长,37 大多数妻子比丈夫活得长);Only the baby survived the accident.(车祸中只有孩子幸免于难)。
5.face:该词语属于使用频率高、含义丰富的词汇,考生应多练习和体会这类词汇的用法,所谓是“小词汇里见大学问”。face做动词时,含义有:“面向着、朝着”,如:The kitchen faces north.(厨房朝北);“面临(某种形势、问题等)”,如:face a crisis(面临危机);“正视,忍受,承受”,如:We must learn to face difficulties squarely and try to overcome them.(我们应该学会正视困难,并努力克服困难)。“摆在„面前”,如:We can never rest content, new and greater tasks face us.(我们永远不要自满,新的更大的挑战还在我们面前)。
6.fast economic growth:“快速经济增长”,如:fast social development(快速社会发展)。
7.increasingly:“越来越”。如:the increasingly shrinking natural resources(越来越少的自然资源)。
8.focus:“焦点”,该词可指人也可指事。如:Psychological health should be another focus in our education system.(心理健康应该是教育体系的有一个焦点)。可替换它的词是center。
9.so-called:“所谓的”,类似的表达有:who is called, known as。10.has not the least idea of:not the least“根本不,丝毫不”,例如Many students are not the least interested in what is happening around them.(一些学生对于周围发生的事情漠不关心)。
11.hardship and harshness:两个词是近义词,由于单词第一个音节相同,并列可以押头韵,达到强调的效果。英语中头韵的使用手法非常普遍,考生在写作中用一用可以为文章增色不少,如:through thick and thin 同甘共苦;black and blue青一块,紫一块;safe and sound安然无恙;Practice makes perfect熟能生巧;Money makes the mare go有钱能使鬼推磨;Many a little makes a mickle积少成多,集腋成裘;Birth is much;breeding is more出身显著固然好,后天教养更重要;Look before you leap三思而后行;此外也常用尾韵,如:hustle and bustle熙熙攘攘。
12.concern:该词的用法也很丰富。它可以表示“关系到,和„有关”,如:The nation’s development concerns every citizen.(国家的发展和每一个公民都有关);“使担心,使关心”,范文中就是这种用法,表示这种含义时,它也常和介词about或with搭配,即be concerned about/with sth./sb.(担心或关心某人/某事);此外成语(so)as far as„ is concerned用的也非常多,它表示“就„来说,就„而论”如:So far as discipline is concerned, freedom means not its absence but the use of higher and more rational forms.(就纪律而言,自由并不意味着没有纪律,而只是使用更高级更理性的形式)。
13.beyond:加在名词前,表示超过某个范围,例如:Her loving actions bring light to people beyond her acquaintance.(她的爱举给不认识她的人带来了光明)。
14.much more than:“不止”,例如:The responsibility of a teacher is much more than passing knowledge to his or her students.(教师的职责不止是给学生传授知识)。
15.stand up to:“抵抗,经得起”,如:stand up to resistance抵御诱
惑。
四、写作误区 篇章结构误区:
首先应该避免的错误是跑题。本题寓意明确,所以寻找文章中心思想并不是问题所在。但有些学生没有能由“温室的花”引申到教育或国家经济等问题上。其次,文章如果只是简单地描述或讲解,而没有进一步的引申,就会显得肤浅、苍白。所以,对于这类寓意明确的作文,考生要注意对寓意的归纳和引申,这样可以起到画龙点睛的作用。其三,教育问题是学生比较熟悉的,因此,写这篇文章时,还有另外一个误区,那就是没有突出的中心,只是泛泛地谈教育,一会儿是家长,一会而又是学校,中心不明确。在这一点上,范文主要集中在家庭教育。
语言表达错误: ①介词错误:
I am attracted at a glance of a flower which is growing healthily.(I am attracted at a glance by a flower which is growing well.)
②非谓语结构错误:
Compared the two pictures we can conclude that the flowers in a greenhouse are too weak to bare the harsh environment.(Comparing the two pictures we can conclude that flowers in a greenhouse are too weak to stand up to the harsh environment.)
③句子结构混乱:
It’s clear, if move the flower out of the room, That the severe reforestation resulted the flower dead.(It’s clear that if the flower is moved out of the room, it will die because of the severe climate)④句子连接错误:
One picture says that a flower can’t be hurt by rain and wind, she grows wondful.(One picture shows that a flower can’t be hurt by rain and wind, and she grows well.)
⑤说话角度混乱:
1、新时期高职商务英语的人才培养目标及特殊性
高职商务英语人才培养的根本目标是培养既通晓专业商务知识又具备很强英语应用能力的复合型人才。他们的普遍特征是能熟练的运用英语这一语言工具从事与商贸活动有关的交际和运作活动。因此, 作为一个交叉学科, 商务英语是与商贸活动密切相关的特殊实用英语, 是在英语语言教学课程和商务类课程的基础之上逐渐发展起来的综合性专业, 该专业更重视在商务活动的背景下全面系统的培养学生的听、说、读、写、译能力, 以此来提高学生的商务英语交际与实际业务操作能力。
2、当前高职商务英语课程教学现状
与高职教育的“职业性”特点相适应, 高职商务英语的课程设置需坚持语言与商务、知识与技能、理论与实践相结合的原则, 并积极构建以职业素养为目标、专业技能为关键、实践运用为主线、核心课程为支撑的职业课程体系。然而, 在我国开始开展商务英语教学的近20年间, 尤其是在中国加入WTO这种形势的急速推动下, 对专业人才的急切需求迫使很多高职院校纷纷开设相关的商务英语课程。尽管经过近二十年的发展, 商务英语教学体制不断完善, 课程设置及教学方法日趋科学合理化, 但是由于该学科的发展仍处于探索阶段, 因此, 不可避免地存在一些问题。从目前全国高职院校开设的商务英语专业来看, 各院校的课程教学计划和设置、教材选择不尽相同, 教师的结构组成和业务水平存在较大差异, 导致培养的学生水平参差不齐。另外由于主导商务英语教学任务的教师绝大多数缺乏从事相关商务活动的工作背景, 因此多数沿用传统的英语教学模式和方法, 导致理论与实践相脱节。
3、高职商务英语课程教学存在的问题
前已述及高职商务英语的产生背景、培养目标及教学现状, 毫无疑问, 高职商务英语课程的开展为社会培养了大批专业的综合型应用人才, 但同时我们需清醒地看到, 随着社会发展对新型商务人才的要求越来越高, 我国高职商务英语教学在其实践过程中表现出越来越明显的不足, 给人才培养带来诸多不利影响。笔者结合自己的商务英语教学实际, 重点分析研究了当前高职商务英语课程教学中存在的问题, 旨在对高职商务英语课程改革提供科学依据。目前, 我国商务英语课程教学中存在的问题主要表现在:
3.1 课程设置不够科学合理, “职业化”特点不明确
高职院校在商务英语课程设置方面都不够合理, 普遍有重基础英语轻商务英语专业教育、重理论学习轻实训 (实践) 技能培养的弊病, 课程设置中往往忽视学生未来就业岗位的职业需要, 与学生根本需求有偏差, 造成理论与实践相脱节, 未能充分体相高职商务英语教育目标。
3.2 教学模式和方法陈旧, 受传统基础英语教学影响严重
目前许多高职院校的商务英语课程教学都普遍沿用传统英语教学模式和方法, 沿用以教师为主导的单纯传授型模式, 教授过程中也以讲授单词、语法、句型等基础英语教学重点为教学内容, 忽视了商务英语的独特性、实践性, 没有体现商务英语的专业特征和实际应用性。
3.3 高职商务英语配套教材编写滞后
尽管目前商务英语类的教材种类繁多, 但是几乎都与高校教学或中职教学相配套适用, 真正适合高职商务教学的教材少之又少。此外, 尽管当前的教材数量有所增加, 但是其内容多滞后于当前国际商务蓬勃发展的形势, 而高职院校普遍采用的教材─《新剑桥商务英语》系列, 在保持了其教材通俗易懂和实用性的基础上, 又缺乏商务背景的专业知识, 很难满足高职商务英语教学及人才培养需求。
3.4 专业教师队伍的结构不合理, 双师型教师队伍建设待推进
商务英语教学的课程、实践教学要求教师除具备较高英语专业理论水平, 还要有较强的实践经验和必备的商务专业背景, 既“双师型”教师。而目前从事商务英语教学工作的教师多数是由英语专业转岗过来的青年教师, 他们多是理论知识丰富, 实践实训经验匮乏, 或者只懂英语教学难于对学生进行商务专业技能培训, 且由于近年高职院校的大规模扩招, 繁重的教学任务使得他们很难有到企业参加实训锻炼的机会, 因此专业教师队伍建设的滞后也严重影响了我国高职商务英语教学效果。
3.5 学生在基础方面的个体差异较大
目前高职学生的入学基础普遍较差, 起点参差不齐, 语言应用技能、语法基础也较薄弱, 且由于生源地域差异导致学生的语音、听力及写作差异表现得尤为突出, 这些实际困难也为商务英语教学工作带来一定的难度。
4、结语
高职商务英语在培养服务一线需要的高等应用型商务人才中起到了至关重要的作用, 因此, 明确高职商务英语教学课程中存在的问题对建设更适应社会需要的高职商务英语课程具有理论指导作用, 也对培养具备更高职业素养的国际商务专才有现实意义。
摘要:高职商务英语教学是旨在培养“应用型”商务英语人才的途径, 其合理程度直接体现在所培养商务英语人才的专业素养上, 因此, 合理的高职商务英语课程设置至关重要。笔者结合自身工作实际全面阐述了当前高职院校商务英语课程教学现状, 为深入研究其改革策略奠定了基础。
关键词:高等职业教育,商务英语,课程教学,应用型
参考文献
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关键词:新课程标准;初中英语;词汇教学;方法策略
词汇是初中英语教学过程中较为重要的一个部分,同时也是学生学习和教学的难点。New standard教材的课文难度大,生词量大,这对传统的词汇教学提出了挑战。在新课程标准的理念下,教师应该更加清楚地了解当前初中英语词汇教学中存在的问题,运用各种教学手段和方法,让学生认识到词汇学习的重要性,帮助学生掌握学习英语词汇的方法,激发学生学习的兴趣和积极性,提高学生英语词汇的掌握能力,为今后的学习打下坚实的基础。
一、初中英语词汇教学中存在的问题
1.忽略了学生在教学中的主体地位
在传统的初中英语词汇教学过程中,教师是教学的主体,课堂的模式大多以“满堂灌”为主,教师完成了整个课堂,学生只是单纯的接受知识和教师总结下来的规律。这样的教学模式缺少学生主动性,不利于学生的思维能力和创新能力的培养。
2.英语词汇教学的模式缺乏科学性
目前,初中英语词汇的教学模式为词汇表录音的播放、翻译、词义具体讲解、词汇听写练习四个步骤,教师只是单纯地教学生识读单词,没有音标教学和拼读方法,这样的教学模式虽然在一定程度上帮助学生学习词汇,但是不够科学,会导致学生机械性的记忆词汇,更加不利于学生英语语言运用能力的提高。
3.英语词汇教学过程缺少语言环境
语言的学习需要一定的语言环境,而当前初中英语词汇教学过程中的语言学习环境并不利于学生的学习和发展。学生只有在课堂学习时才能够感受到语言环境,生活中缺少英语运用的环境,使得学生课上掌握的知识无法进行实践应用,长此以往学生就会淡忘学过的词汇,而且也不利于学生应用能力的培养。
二、新课标下英语词汇教学改进策略
1.突出学生在教学过程中的主体性
传统初中英语词汇教学中学生缺乏主动性和主体性,而在新课程标准下这样的教学方式已经无法满足教学的需求。因此,教师在教学过程中应该突出学生的主体地位,让学生成为课堂的主人,教师只是学生学习的引导者和指导者,将课堂时间更好地交还给学生,让学生更具有学习积极性和主动性,进而提高英语词汇教学的有效性。
例如,教师在对“ Language in use”这一单元进行授课的过程中,主要的词汇有“geography、physical、present、absent、 speech、 safely、drug、 society……”教师在授课时首先应该对这些词汇的意思、音标进行讲解,带领学生进行一定的练习,之后将课堂交给学生,让学生进行相互的词汇朗读和拼写检查,一个学生说出单词的汉语意思,另一个学生读出这个单词并进行拼写,这样既提高了学生词汇的掌握能力,同时可以相互比较,促进学生学习积极性和兴趣的提高。
2.采用科学性的教学模式实施教学
新课标对初中英语词汇教学提出了更高的要求。教师在教学的过程中应改变传统的教学模式,运用更加具有科学性的教学方法实施教学,让课堂教学手段变得更为丰富,让学生对词汇教学充满兴趣,给学生学习新鲜感,更好地吸引学生注意力,进而达到让学生掌握英语教学词汇的目的。
例如,教师在讲解“This year we are training more carefully”这一单元时就可以采用科学的教学模式实施教学,这一单元的重点词汇有“beat、careless、coach、against、practice……”教师可以运用分类和联想等方法讲解单词,根据课程的主要内容和照片、视频、语音等方式进行新词汇的展现,让学生更好地理解新词汇的意义和用法,充分运用多种教学手段实施英语词汇教学,让学生更好地掌握教学内容,避免教学的枯燥和单调。
3.为学生营造良好的语言学习环境
在新课程标准下实施初中英语词汇教学,语言环境的创设是非常重要的,这有利于学生掌握高效的词汇学习方法。吕叔湘先生说:“词语要嵌在上下文里才有生命。”要有效地掌握词汇,就应该将词汇和句子、语篇结合起来。比如,学完一个对话或文章后,听写根据对话、课文改写的材料;复述或编对话,复述课文或进行相关的写作练习。这样的练习,不仅为学生提供语言学习环境,而且能帮助学生巩固词汇,提高学生学习词汇的兴趣,发展语言运用能力。例如,教师在对“Animals in danger”这一单元进行讲解的过程中,就可以为学生创造良好的语言学习环境。在这一课程中,学生需要掌握的词汇有“research 、southwest、reason、situation、symbol、mainly...”教師在讲解这些词汇前先组织学生进行相关词汇对话,之后让学生进行pairwork,学生在pairwork中充分地理解词汇意义和用法,进而提高学生词汇的掌握能力。
总而言之,在新课程标准的大背景下要有效地实施初中英语词汇教学,教师首先要清楚地认识到现行教学模式和理念下存在的问题和不足。教师应该有针对性地选择和采取各种教学方式,灵活熟练地运用各种掌握英语词汇的学习方法,完善授课策略,提高课堂教学的有效性;根据学生的学习情况,充分发挥学生的潜能,最大限度地调动学生的主观能动性和学习积极性,打好英语语言学习的基础,让其具有更好的综合语言运用能力,为其终身的学习和发展奠定坚实的基础。
参考文献:
宋仲元.解析新课程标准下的初中英语词汇教学[J].英语教师,2012(12):426-427.
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