考研英语翻译知识 句型结构(推荐6篇)
作为一项复杂的脑力劳动,翻译有时比创作都难,常常让人觉得绞尽脑汁仍难以满意。任何做翻译的人,恐怕都会有过“两句三年得,一吟双泪流”的感慨。但是,对于考研的学生来说,要在高度紧张的十几分钟内阅读一篇400词的文章并翻译大概150词(5句话),是没有足够的时间和精力来字斟句酌的。许多考生都觉得:在做翻译时,理解英语已不容易,要用中文表达更是困难。那么,如何才能在考研英语考试中正确地理解英文并将其“准确、通顺、完整”地表达成地道的中文呢?我们认为,对于参加考研的学生来说,除了增加自己的词汇量和文化知识储备之外,还要努力学习一些有关英语句型结构方面的基本知识,这是因为任何英译汉的翻译方法和技巧都是基于对英语句子结构的正确分析和理解基础之上的。任何脱离英语句子结构的翻译都不可能达到“准确、通顺、完整”的翻译标准。所以,对于每位参加考研的考生来说,利用平时的时间认真研究英文的句型结构及其与汉语的区别是做好考研翻译题的最佳捷径,是以不变应万变的完全之策。
一、英语的基本句型(简单句)
句子都是由一些词按照一定的顺序组成的,这种组合是有一定规律可循的。研究表明,英语语句的规律性是非常明显的,它一般是以动词为核心的。所以,按照英语中的动词的类型(五种,即:不及物动词、系动词、单宾动词、双宾动词和复合动词)可以把英语句型划分为五种基本的句型。
1.主语+不及物动词 (SV句型)
【例句】 The girl is crying.
【译法】 可以直接顺译成汉语。
2.主语+系动词+主补(SVC句型,“系动词+主补”也合称为复合谓语)
【例句】 The food tastes good.
【译法】 可以直接顺译成汉语。
3【例句】 Mike had finished his homework.
【译法】 基本上可以直接顺译成汉语。
4.主语 + 双宾动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语(SVOO句型)
【例句】 He bought me a book.
【译法】 大致可以顺译为汉语的双宾语结构。
5.主语 + 复合动词 + 宾语 + 宾补(SVOC句型)
【例句】 The professor advised me to read more books.
【译法】 基本上都可以顺译为汉语的兼语句。
以上是英语中的五个基本句型,其他的句型都可以看作是这些句型的变体。比如:He put the book on the desk.这句话虽然不能直接归于以上五种句型,但可以把它看作是句型3的拓展。
二、英语中的复杂句
(一)并列句
并列句由两个或两个以上的简单句并列在一起构成,一般由并列连词、连接副词或逗号、分号、冒号等将各分句连接起来。例如:
【例1】 The earth is one of the sun’s planets and the moon is our satellite. (连词and 连接)
【译文】地球是太阳系的一个行星,月亮是我们的卫星。(顺译)
【例2】 She was very tired, nevertheless she kept on working. (连接副词nevertheless引导)
【译文】她很累了,但仍然坚持工作。(顺译)
【例3】 Heavy clouds rose slowly from the horizon; thunder drummed in the distance. (用分号连接)
【译文】浓云从地平线缓缓升起,远处雷声隆隆。
上述并列句都是简单的并列句,都由一些简单句构成。如果在其中的任一分句中加入其他的从句成分,就可以变成一个比较复杂的复合句。例如:
【例4】 While the men worked to strengthen the dam, the rain continued to fall; and the river, which was already well above its normal level, rose higher and higher.
【分析】这是由两个分句(用冒号连接)组成的并列句,各个分句都有自己的从句,所以是一个复合句。第一个分句中有一个while引导的时间状语从句,第二个分句中有一个which引导的非限制性定语从句。其主干就是:The rain continued to fall and the river rose higher and higher,其他都可以看成是附加成分。
【译文】 当人们正在加固河堤的时候,雨还在不停地下;河水已经远远超过了正常水位,涨得越来越高了。
在实际生活和考试中,这样的语言现象是屡见不鲜的,比这复杂的句子也比比皆是。考研翻译的一个主要目的`就是要“测试考生理解英语复杂句子结构的能力”。但是,如果考生能够掌握各种基本的句子结构(包括简单并列句和简单复合句),理清它们之间的层次关系,不管多么复杂的句子结构,都可以迎刃而解。这也是本章写作的主要目的。
(二)复合句
复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句是全句的主体,从句必须由关联词引导(有时可以省略),是附属成分,但有自己的主语和谓语部分。例如:When I got there they had left for Shanghai.这句话中主句是they had left for Shanghai,从句是when I got there。
按照从句在句子中的功能,可以将从句分为三大类:名词性从句(包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句)、状语从句和定语从句。
1. 状语从句
状语从句的引导词是一种表示逻辑关系的词语,明确表明了主从句之间的关系,可以根据汉语的习惯直接译出,或不译。鉴于状语从句的逻辑关系的复杂性,又是考研的重点,所以后面有专门论述,此处仅举几个简单的例子。例如:
【例5】 She spoke loudly in order that everyone could hear clearly. ( in order that 是表示目的的关联词)
【译文】她讲得很大声,以便人人都能听清楚。
【例6】 Immediately he arrives, I will ask him what happened. (immediately 是表示时间的关联词,相当于as soon as)
【译文】他一来,我就会问他发生了什么事情。
2. 定语从句
定语从句是英语中最重要、最复杂的从句之一。根据与主句关系的紧密性,定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。定语从句虽然看起来都是做定语,但有时却与主句存在某种逻辑关系,特别是非限制性定语从句,需要仔细对待,理清两者之间的关系。
【例7】 Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses. (which引导的定语从句与主句是并列关系)
【译文】水是一种清澈的液体,它有很多用途。
【例8】 We can read of things that happened thousands of years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. (where 引导的定语从句与主句有明显的因果关系)
【译文】因为近东的人们最早学会使用文字,所以我们可以知道几千年前发生在那里的事情。
一般来说,定语从句都是紧跟在其先行词之后的,但有时候定语从句并不紧跟其所修饰的先行词,而是被一些其他的词语隔开,成为隔离的定语从句。这种现象在书面语中很常见,是造成阅读理解和翻译的难点所在,也是考研翻译的重点,要特别留意。例如:
【例9】A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you English. (定语从句不是紧跟在其修饰的先行词teacher之后,而是被will come tomorrow 分割,置于句尾,表示强调)
【译文】明天有一位新老师来教你们英语。
对于这样的定语从句,可以依据以下方法来判断:根据先行代词或先行副词来确定先行词。因为先行词一般是名词、代词或相当于名词的词,所以只要在先行代词或先行副词之前找到名词、代词或相当于名词的词,将其代替先行代词或先行副词置于定语从句中便可以验证先行词的真伪。例如:
【例10】We may define chemistry as the science in which we deal with the chemical change in matter as a result of which it is possible to form a new substance.
【分析】该句中的两个which都是定语从句的先行代词,第一个代替science,第二个代替哪个单词呢?正常而言,应该是matter,但事实上代替chemical change。如果你将matter置于从句中,没有因果关系(as a result of),所以只能是chemical change。
【译文】我们可以把化学定义为关于物质化学变化的科学,化学变化可能会形成新的物质。
【例11】Mike told her the story of the young pilot which I narrated at the beginning of this book.
【分析】此句中的the young pilot 把which与其先行词story分割开,因为如果先行词是pilot,则不能用which代替,只能用who或that。
【译文】迈克把我在书本开头讲过的那个关于一位青年飞行员的故事讲给她听。
此外,定语从句中还有一种较难理解的情况,即:含有一个定语从句的定语从句。这种定语从句被称为复合定语从句,其所含的从句结构多由主语加表看法或意见的谓语动词组成,是整个定语从句的一个组成部分。复合定语从句的主语可以省略,也可以不省略。例如:
【例12】He is just the type I always knew would attract her. (省略主语的复合定语从句)
【译文】我一向知道他正是会吸引她的那种类型。
或:他正是我一向知道的会吸引她的那种类型。
一、中国人注重时间结构,而日本人注重空间结构
在这里的时间结构和空间结构的思维倾向都是在语言上的表现,并不是生活中每个地方都有这种倾向。在语言中,汉语句子的成分更注重时间结构,各成分按照一定的时间逻辑排列在一起,形成句子。而日语则更注重空间结构,整个句子以谓语成分为中心,其他成分都串在这个中心上。
二、思维产生原因
早期日本哲学思想的发展比较滞后,因而不得不移植别国思想。中国和日本是邻邦,日本在吸收中国文字的同时,也学习中国传统的文化与哲学。日本人和中国人一样,受儒学的影响,人们以直觉思维去观察和分析事物。在奈良时代和平安时代(中国的隋唐时期),日语在语言上也吸收了汉语的句法结构。因此,过去,日语的语句也是和汉语一样,缺乏明显的逻辑性。但现代日语的句法结构和汉语的并不相同,这是因为明治维新以后,日本转向学习西方,在很大程度上模仿了西方的句式。
从西方的语言句式可以发现,西方更注重空间结构。主语和主要动词为两个主干,然后运用各种关联词把有关的材料向两个主干挂钩,直接或间接地连接。在日语中,日本人的这种空间结构思维是从西方学习得来的。但与西方不同的是,日语以谓语为中心的空间结构体,通过大量的格助词、助动词、接续词、副词等把句子各个成分分层构架而成,呈现出由中心向外扩展的空间图式。
而在中国,人们的时间结构思维受圜道的影响。《易经》的圜道观对中国的传统思维有很大的影响。圜道观被经常被一些学者批评,认为循环论一无是处,完全是人类思维的消极产物,而且是中华文化中一个偶然的观点。但这就有欠妥当。事实上,圜道很早就成为中国古人的一种牢固的思维习惯,作为一种内在的因素,渗透到精神文明的各个方面。
圜道是一种特殊的时间动态结构。每一种循环圈,其各个组成部分之间必定保持某一种相对稳定的关系,否则循环圈就不能建立。同时,在时间过程中表现出来的循环,必然有一定的物质承担者在空间里展开,所以循环运动既表现为一定的时间结构,亦表现为一定的空间结构,而本质上,是一种以时间为主的动态结构。
汉语文化深受其影响。汉语句的脉络具有逻辑的时间流,它是以意义的完整为目的,通过多个动词的连用或流水句来形成,按时间先后顺序和事理推移的方法,一件件交代清楚,一层层铺开。
三、语言上的表现
日汉这种注重空间结构和时间结构的思维方式,最主要表现在形合和意合这个问题上。但并不是说,某种语言只有“意合”或“形合”,而是整体上更倾向于使用“意合”或“形合”。
西方人注重空间结构,表现在语言上就是注重形态变化和语法结构,多用关联词语体现句子内部和句子之间的关系,结构较明晰。语也吸收了这种重空间结构的语法形式。虽然日语和西方语言的语言结构有很大的不同,但都是重形合的语言。例如:
◎家族と一緒に映画を見ました。我和家人一起看了电影。
日语里,每个成分后面都有一个格助词,以表示前面那个实词的语法意义。
汉语是重意合的语言。汉语的重意合是中国人时间结构思维的一种表现,汉语句子以逻辑组合和心理流动为结构方式,很少使用关联词语,只是通过时间的心理流程或事理的发生发展呈现出流水句式,按时间的先后或事理的推移一件一件地陈述。汉语结构与汉民族心理结构具有一致性,即汉语的结构直接反映了现实的时间结构和汉民族认知事物的心理结构。所以,汉语具有对时空事理进行临摹的特点。
四、增删翻译方法
1. 连接词的增删。
(1)日语形合句译成汉语意合句时,一般要省略连接词。例如,
◎踊子の髪が豊か過ぎるので、十七八に見えていたのだ。その上娘盛りのように装わせてあるので、私はとんでもない思い違いをしていたのだ。
译文:(因为)舞女的黑发非常浓密,(所以)我一直以为她已有十七八岁了呢。再加上(因为)她装扮成一副妙龄女子的样子,(所以)我完全猜错了。
在原文中,两个句子中都用了“ので”表示因果关系,但在翻译成汉语时,要把表因果关系的“因为……所以……”这个连词给省略掉,通过前后两个分句的内容意思,就可以很清楚前后是因果关系,如果把连词加到句子里了,反而显得多余,句子就很死板。下面的例句也是如此。
◎二階の戸障子がすっかり明け放たれているので、なんで気なしに上って行くと、芸人達はまだ床の中にいるのだった。
译文:(因为)二楼的门窗完全敞开。(所以)我无意之间走了上去,(然后)只见艺人们还睡在铺席上。
(2)汉语意合句翻译成日语时,要增补连接词成分,例如:
◎(如果)富贵(则)他人聚,(如果)贫贱(则)亲戚离。
译文:富貴なれば他人も合い、貧賎なれば親戚も離る。
中文例句中把连接词都省略了,给人的感觉很简洁、干练,可以清楚地表达出说话者的意志。如果把这些连接词都添上,则给人樊笼拖沓的感觉,本来很强烈的语气,这么多连接词的使用反而破坏了应有的语气。在翻译成日文时,“ば”省略掉的话,就不能表明前句与后句之间的关系,意思就表达不清楚。
◎(如果)人穷(就会)志短
译文:人貧しければ知短し
这个也是和上面例句一样,简单四个字就可以把意思翻译得清清楚楚,如果再加上那些连接词变成“如果人穷的话,就会志气短”,就没有那种效果了。
诸如此类,在汉语中,造句很少用形式连接手段,而是注意隐性的连贯,注重事理顺序,尽量省去一切不必要的形式装置,重意合而不重形合,词语之间的关系常在不言之中。以上例句中,汉语的这些意合句多为口语和俗语,贯通全句靠的是“意脉”。日语例句全为形合句。
反之,如果上面两个例句是由日语翻译成汉语时,则要省略掉关联词语,就更符合汉语的表达习惯。因为这些假设和转折的意思已经隐含在句子当中,表示出来反而显得多余。
(3)形合句译成形合句
由于两个语言也有相似之处,因此也有形式完全对应的翻译。因为这种时候,日语和汉语都需要使用或者省略一些关联词语,这就使两者互译成为相同表现形式的句式成为可能。例如,
◎用意するものはカバン、着換え、それから傘です。
译文:需要准备的有包、换的衣服,还有伞。
上面的例句中,原文和译文都是形合句。因为日语句子比较长,在翻译成汉语时,为了增加语言的凝聚力,使句子文理更通顺,要加上接续词。
(4)意合句译成意合句
◎花より団子
译文:舍华求实
◎生は寄なり死は帰なり
译文:生寄死归
日语的意合句多为谚语。而且,大部分是从中国传过去的。因此,那些谚语和中文一样,使用了意合的句型。
2. 条件句的增删。
意合句和形合句中连接词的重要性是有区别的。在意合句中,连接词前后的分句,主要靠词义来连接,通过两个分句的意思,就可以判断两个分句的关系。这时,连接词是可有可无的。但是在形合句中,是通过连接词来表示前后分句互相间的关系。所以,连接词在形合句中的地位很重要,一般情况下不可以省略。那么,在如此重要的连接词的提示下,日文里连接词后面得句子有时可以省略。只需要通过连接词,就可以想象到后句的内容。例如:
◎歌う声が少し高くなる程に、おふくろが言った。「声を出しちゃいけないって言うのに。」
译文:歌声稍微昂扬,阿妈就说:“不是叫你不要扯开嗓门唱吗!可你……”
原文句中的“のに”是表示不满的,含有转折意义的连接词。很明显,原文中“のに”之后的后半句已经被省略,但通过推测,是可以知道后半句的内容的。
当这种句子翻译成汉语时,有两种方法。一是和日语一样,增补出连接词,省略后半句,如译文1。二是可以根据原文的意思,把后半句补充完整,同时,可以省略连接词。译文如下∶
译文2:歌声稍微昂扬,阿妈就说:“不是叫你不要扯开嗓门唱吗!你怎么还是唱了!”
◎状況があれば、彼と連絡しなければならない。そうしないと。
译文∶出了状况的话,一定要联系他。不这样做是不行的。
在例句中“そうしないと”的后面省略了“だめです”。在翻译成汉语时,要把“……是不行的”补充上去。
但是,汉语中也注重简洁,在上文已提及的内容,条件句中很明显就可以推测出来的,可以不必重复后半句的内容。
3. 长句、短句的增删。
汉语中意合,汉语的句子多为意思连接的积累式分句或独立单句,彼此的逻辑关系多以句子的先后来暗示出来。因此,汉语的句子一般不适应太长、结构太复杂的句子,会让人不太容易理解句子的意思。
而日语是注重形合的语言,日语靠附属在自立语后面的助词、助动词来表示语法关系。在这种条件下,作者为了使文字简练、高雅,就通过日语的语法结构,常常把几层意思写在同一个句子里,使句子的结构发生很大变化。因此,日语里长句比较多。当日语的长句翻译成汉语的短句时,最基本的翻译方法是拆分法,但是很多情况下,还需要增补方法。相反,汉语的短句翻译成日语的长句时,有时也需要减词法。例如:
◎娘達は一時に私を見たが、至極なんでもないという顔で黙って、少し羞かしそうに私を眺めていた。
译文1:姑娘们都望了望我,带着若无其事的样子沉默着,羞答答地看着我。
译文2:姑娘们都望了望我,显出若无其事的样子。她们一句话也没说,只是羞答答地望着我。
通过两个译文的比较,我们可以明显地感受到,如果要把原文的一个长句子译成中文的一个长句子,就如译文1那样,虽然句子意思可以理解,但感觉到句子的表达不够漂亮,不符合中国人的审美观。一个句子里,同一个主语带过多的动作,并且有些动作的宾语还是同一个词,整个句子就显得很杂乱。相比之下,译文2中用两个句子就把原文的意思表达得很清楚,并且,这种表达方式很符合中国人的习惯:简短,意思又清晰。那么,在长句分译成短句时,第二个句子的主语在中文里习惯把它表现出来。这就需要增补人称代词的主语了。
◎若桐のように足のよく伸びた白い裸身を眺めて、私は心に清水を感じ、ほうっと深い息を吐いてから、ことこと笑った。
译文:洁白的裸体,修长的双腿,站在那里宛如一株小梧桐。我看到这幅景象,仿佛有一股清泉·荡·涤·着·我的心。我深深地呼·了·一·口·气,·噗·嗤·一声笑了。·
日语原文中的一个长句子,在翻译成汉语时,分成了三个小句子。第一小句是说“我”看到的内容。第二句描写了作者看到那幅景象后的感受,在翻译成中文时,在句中增加了“我看到这幅景象”,使第二个句子更加完整。第三句描写了作者之后的动作反应,翻译后在句中也增加了主语“我”。像这样一个长句翻译成短句,在中文里,可以使意思表达清晰,不会因为句子太长,修饰内容太多而使人读得很累。然而要分成几个短句,每个短句又要把意思表达清晰,就需要增加一些句子成分。
五、结语
翻译在很大程度上就是意味着不同文化之间的转换。翻译的一个目标就是要使原文和译文做到尽可能对等。本文根据中日句型的空间结构和时间结构的差异,简单地分析了日译汉时连接词、条件句、长句等方面的增删翻译方法。增删已经是现代翻译中一种不可缺少的翻译方法了。特别是在日汉翻译中,这种方法不可少。
摘要:译者在进行翻译时, 要将一种语言所承载的文化信息用另一种语言表现出来, 将会用到一定的翻译手法, 其中增补和删减是比较常用的方法之一。本文根据中国人和日本人对时间结构和空间结构重视程度的不同, 来分析由此产生的不同句型结构的增删翻译方法。
关键词:句型结构,日汉翻译,增删翻译方法
参考文献
[1]川端康成著.叶渭渠译.伊豆の踊子[M].吉林:吉林大学出版社, 1998.
[2]刘长林.中国系统思维——文化基因探视[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社, 2008.
[3]刘坤.论思维与翻译:意合与形合的翻译视角[J].语文学刊, 2006, (23) :99.
[4]牛雅玲.日语意合句和形合句的翻译[J].日语学习与研究, 2004, (3) :24.
[5]范晓.汉语的句子类型[M].山西:书海出版社, 1998.
[6]黄南松.省略和语篇[J].语文研究, 1997, (1) :15.
高考对考生能力的考查日趋灵活多变,特别是近几年高考,单选题不仅有注重语境化、交际化的基本特征,还具备了注重句子结构分析和理解的特征。这些复杂的长句给考生制造了不少的麻烦。此外,学生的阅读理解能力和写作能力也都受到不能正确分析句子结构这一因素的制约。本文主要通过阐述如何正确分析句子结构,分析句子结构在解单选题,提高阅读和写作能力方面的作用,来论述句子结构分析在英语教学中的重要性。
【关键词】英语教学;句型结构分析;重要性;解题能力
了解英语句子的成分,掌握英语句型的结构,是英语阅读和写作的必备基础。但平常教学中,老师往往忽视句子结构教学,而更多地要求学生硬记单词、固定搭配和句式,致使很多学生根本不知道什么是主谓宾,定状补等基本的句子成分;对于非谓语动词以及复合句,更是一头雾水;在作文中不能书写出正确的句子,也就见怪不怪了。要想走出这一误区,最有效的方法之一,就是加强句型结构教学。
1 分析基本句型结构,明确句意
先看下面这个有趣的句子:
I saw a saw saw a saw.
分析与理解:I是主语,第一个saw是see的过去式,作谓语;第二个saw是名词,a saw的意思是“一把锯子”,在句中作宾语;第三个saw是动词,意为“锯”,此处是省略了to的不定式,作宾补;第四个saw同第二个saw一样是名词,作第三个saw的宾语。句意:我曾看到一把锯子锯另一把锯子。一旦能够正确分析句子,英语学习就会乐趣无限。
一个句子一般由主语和谓语组成,还会包括宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语、同位语和插入语这些次要成分。下面简单来介绍一下基本句型结构和主要句子成分。
(1)He seems happy.“主+系+表”结构。
英语中常见的系动词有:表状态的be;表“看(听/闻/摸)起来”的look,sound等;表示变化的go,turn等;表示保持的keep,remain等。在系动词后作表语的主要是形容词、名词、介词短语、非谓语动词,以及少数副词。
(2)He swims every summer.“主+谓”结构。
用于这种结构中的动词都是不及物动词。
(3)I got a pen yesterday.“主+谓+宾”结构。
英语中的及物动词(vt)和介词后通常要接宾语,不及物动词(vi)不可直接带宾语;可加介词,再接宾语。
(4)We call him Sam “主+谓+复合宾语(宾语+宾补)”结构。
宾补用于补充说明宾语的情况,故宾语和宾补有逻辑上的主谓,动宾或主表关系。
(5)He gave me a book and I bought him a gift. “主+谓+双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)”。
表示人的间接宾语通常放在表示物的直接宾语的前面,可调换位置,需要加介词,一般为to或for,上句可改为:He gave a book to me and I bought a gift for him .
由上可知,谓语是英语句子的核心和灵魂,在分析句子时,一定要先定位谓语,然后再把其他成分一一归位。这样,不管是做选择题,还是阅读写作,都能够得心应手去分析句子结构,把握句意。
2 识别特殊句型结构,巧妙解题
高考中会有一些陷阱题,若只停留在表面上的理解,选出的答案往往是错误的,所以识别一些句子的特殊变化形式是非常必要的。下面就一些特殊句子结构举几个例子。
2.1 疑问句中宾语被移位
Which do you enjoy_______ your spare time,playing cards at home or taking a walk in the park?
A.spending B.to spend C.having spent D.to have spent
解析:选B。该句意为:通过翻译我们知道这句话并非考查“enjoy spending your spare time”而是考查“enjoy which to spend your spare…”,所选的to spend作句子的目的状语。
2.2 句子顺序因定语从句移位
Mrs Brown was very disappointed to see the washing machine he had ______went wrong again.
A.it repaired B.to be repaired C.repaired D.repairing
解析:选C。这道题考生容易选A,认为是“have sth done”.结构,其实这个结构中的宾语sth已经被提前作定语从句的先行词 “the washing machine” 因此答案只需保留过去分词repaired就行了。
2.3 固定结构因特殊句式而移位
As we all know,every minute,______full use of______ our lessons,will do good to us students.
A.which makes;studying B.when made;to study
C.that.is made;study D.that is made;studying
解析:选B。可以把题干简化为: As we all know,every minute will do good to us students.后面有一个由when引导的省略的状语从句。若将其补全,则应为: when (every minute is) made full use of to study our lessons.由于主从句的主语指代相同,把从句中的主语和be动词同时省略了,而to study our lessons则充当目的状语。学生错选A的几率较高,误把every minute当做主语,studying our lessons 当做宾语,理解成非限制性定语从句,可这样的句子是不通顺的。只能说我们充分利用每一分钟去学习或每一分钟被充分利用去学习,但不能说每一分钟充分利用学习。
3 分析句型结构,提高阅读能力
句子结构分析让学生提高解长句的能力。完形填空和阅读理解是英语考试中的重头戏,也是考生失分最多的部分。如果考生能先理清句子的脉络和框架,找出主干,接着找出各附加成分,然后在此基础上理解整句话的意思,一切就都迎刃而解了。注重句子结构与否直接影响阅读的速度。注重句子结构分析的人,视幅大,能够把整个句子作为一个整体去理解,一次定睛便能处理一个句子,阅读速度快。不注重句子结构分析的读者还有可能丢失部分信息,理解不准确,因为他们会把注意力集中于部分信息上。有一次做阅读理解,笔者便挑出下面这句话让他们翻译:
For those of you who,for some reason --a will to 1ive,perhaps,do not participate in winter sports,I should explain that snow boarding is an activity that is very popular with people who feel that regular skiing is not lethal enough.
学生在翻译时很吃力,如果只逐字地去理解,找不到句子的主干,翻译出来的句子肯定不通顺。整个句子的主句应该为“I should explain for those...that...”,应译为‘‘我得对那些...解释...’’。间接宾语those受到of you 的修饰,而在you后又紧跟着定语从句who,for some reason--a will to live,perhaps,do not participate in winter sports,该句中出现了插入语 for some reason---a will to live, perhaps. 作原因状语,破折号后的词组是举例,“比方说,也许是活不下去的意愿”。而直接宾语的从句中也是从句套从句。但只要能够把成分一一分开,就能正确理解出原句的意思。“不管为了什么原因---也许是想活下去---你们当中有些人从不参加冬季运动,我得向你们解释一下,在那些认为正规滑雪运动不足以致命的人当中,滑雪板运动非常流行。”
4 分析句型结构,提高写作能力
对于大部分高中生来说,写一篇结构正确的文章并非易事。有一次考试,作文题目是My Favorite Star,笔者从学生的作文中发现了不少这方面的问题。主要会出现以下问题:
4.1 句子衔接
学生特别喜欢用逗号,有时甚至是一逗到底,因为他们没有搞清句子结构。这些作文中有—个这样的句子:Face these different stars,We need choose our favorite one. 在这里,分句间的关系就没有搞清楚。汉语中不需要借助连接词或词形变化,但英语作为逻辑性很强的语言,就不同了。这时就必须要注意到英语中句子的衔接问题。而上面这句实际上包含了两个独立的简单句。第一句为祈使句,第二句则为主谓宾结构。在英语中两个独立的句子是不可以用逗号隔开的,所以要么把逗号变成句号,要么把其中一句变为非谓语结构,如:Facing these different stars,...,要么改前句为状语从句:When we face these different stars,…。
4.2 语序问题
(1) 汉英定语修饰语语序差异
一般而言,英语中定语与中心名词的位置排列有三种模式:a.定语位于被修饰语的前面,即前置定语。b.中心名词的前后都有定语的修饰。c.定语位于中心名词之后,即后置定语。而汉语的定语则全部前置。受到汉语思维的影响,学生们容易把名词放在一句话的最后,而把作定语的词、短语和句子放在前面。如:He is an outstanding have many fans star.按照英语句子结构模式,单个词作定语前置,短语或句子后置,故该句应改为He is an an outstanding star who have many fans.
(2) 汉英状语修饰语语序差异
在英语中,状语既可位于所修饰的动词之前,也可置于其后。而在汉语中,状语多位于之前。在这些作文中,经常出现的一个错误是当谓语动词是be时,状语的位置。如:He always is my favorite star.在这里,always就应该放在is后面。我们应该注意,一般的副词修饰动词放在前面,但be动词例外。
(3)从句及特殊句式中的语序差异
教学中我们常强调语序问题,但在复合句中学生常会困惑,尤其是疑问句用于从句中。如:If somebody asks me why do I love him,...在这里,疑问句位于宾语从句中,那么不仅问号要改变,语序也要变动。应写成If somebody asks me why I love him,...
因此,在英语写作教学中,教师不能局限于教授词汇,还应充分重视对学生的句子结构分析能力的培养,并针对性地制定合理的方案来纠正作文中出现的种种结构错误,从而有效地提高学生的英语写作水平。
5 小结
总之,英语句型结构的教学需付出长期的努力,要循序渐进,只要坚持,就肯定有回报。句子分析能力需在日常教学中,结合单选、阅读和写作加以训练。有意识地进行快速、准确地识别句子主谓的技能训练,这将对提高学生的英语水平起到重要的作用。
参考文献
[1]彭宣维.英汉语在语篇组织上的差异[J].外语教学与研究,2010,(5):329-334.
[2]隋增光.培养句子结构模式感提高英语阅读能力[J],2008,(33).
作者单位
She had said what it was necessary to say.
2、强调句型
It is not who rules us that is important , but how he rules us.
3、“All+抽象名词”或“抽象名词+itself”(very+形容词)
He was all gentleness to her.4、利用词汇重复表示强调
A crime is a crime a crime.5、“something(much)of”和“nothing(little)of” “something of”相当于“to some extent”,表示程度。在疑问句或条件从句中,则为“anything of ”,可译为“有点”,“略微等。”“译为毫无”,“全无”。“much of”译为“大有”,“not much of”可译为“算不上”,“称不上”,“little of”可译为“几乎无”。something like译为“有点像,略似。”
They say that he had no universty education , but he seems to be something of a scholar.6、同格名词修饰是指of前后的两个名词都指同一个人或物,“of”以及它前面的名词构一个形容词短语,以修饰“of”后面的那个名词。如“her old sharper of a father”,可译为:“她那骗子般的父亲”。
Those pigs of girls eat so much.7、as…as…can(may)be
It is as plain as plain can be.8、“It is in(with)…as in(with)”
It is in life as in a journey.9、“as good as…”相等于,就像,几乎如;实际上,其实,实在。
The merchant as good as promised the orphan boy, that he would adopt him.10、“many as well…as”和“might as well …as” “many as well…as”可译为“与其……,不如……,更好”,“以这样做……为宜”,“如同……,也可以……”等等。“might as well…as”表示不可能的事,可译为“犹如……”,“可与……一样荒.唐”,“与其那样不如这样的好”等等。
One may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly.11、“to make…of”的译法(使……成为……,把……当作)
I will make a scientist of my son.12、too…+不定式“,not(never)too…+不定式”,“too…not+不定式
She is too angry to speak.13、only(not, all, but, never) too …to do so ”和“too ready (apt) + to do”结构中,不定式,凡是“not”,“all”“but等字后+”too…to,“不定式都失去了否定意义,在”too ready(apt) +to do“结构中,不定式。You know but too yell to hold your tongue.14、”no more …than…“句型
A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man.15、”not so much…as“和”not so much as …“结构,”not so much…as“=”not so much as …“,其中as有进可换用but rather,可译为:”与其说是……毋须说是……“。而”not so much as“=”without(not)even,“可译为”甚至……还没有“。
The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it .16、”Nothing is more…than“和”Nothing is so …as“结构,”Nothing is more…than“和”Nothing is so …as“都具有最高级比较的意思,”Nothing I“可换用”no“,”nobody“,”nowhere“,”little“,”few“,”hardly“,”scarcely“等等,可译为”没有……比……更为“,”像……再没有了“,”最……“等。
Nothing is more precious than time.17、”cannot…too…“结构,”cannot…too…“意为”It is impossible to overdo…“或者,即”无论怎样……也不算过分“。”not“可换用”hardly“,”scarcely“等,”too“可换用”enough“,”sufficient“等
You cannot be too careful.18、”否定+but “结构,在否定词后面的”but“,具有”which not“,”who not“,”that not“,等等否定意义,构成前后的双重否定。可译成”没有……不是“或”……都……“等
Nothing is so bad but it might have been worse.19、”否定+until(till)“结构,在否定词”no“,”not“,”never“,”little“,”few“,”seldom“等的后边所接用的”until/till“,多数情况下译为”直到……才……“,”要……才……“,把否定译为肯定。
Nobody knows what he can do till he has tried.20、”not so…but“和”not such a…but“结构,这两个结构和”否定+but“的结构差不多,不同之点是这两个结构中的”but“是含有”that…not“意味的连续词,表示程度。可译为”还没有……到不能做……的程度“,”并不是……不……“,”无论怎样……也不是不能……“等。
He is not so sick but he can come to school.21、”疑问词+should…but“结构,这个结构表示过去的意外的事,意为”none…but“,可译为”除了……还有谁会……“,”岂料“,”想不到……竟是……“等。
Who should write it but himself?22、”who knows but (that)…“和”who could should…but“结构,这个结构是反问形式,一般意译为”多半“,”亦未可知“等等,有时也可直译。
Who knows but (that) he may go?23、”祈使句+and“和”祈使句+or“结构,”祈使句+and“表示”If…you…“,”祈使名+or“表示”if…not…,you。
Add love to a house and you have a home. Aad righteousness to a city and you have a community. Aad truth to a pile of red brick and you have a school.24、“名词+and”结构,在这个结构中,名词等于状语从句,或表示条件,或表示时间。
A word, and he would lose his temper.25、“名词+and”结构,在这个结构中,名词等于状语从句,或表示条件,或表示时间。
A word, and he would lose his temper.26.It is not that…but that…这不是说…,而是说…27.nothing else than 完全是,实在是
「例文」What the man said was nothing else than nonsense.
「译文」那个人讲的话完全是一派胡言。 28.more…than…结构有三种译法:than连接肯定形式的从句时,该从句译为否定句;在比较的基础上表示选择关系时,可译为与其说…不如说;进行同类比较时,译成比…更.
「例文」The complexity of the human situation and injustice of the social order demand far more fundamental changes in the basic structure of society itself than some politicians are willing to admit in their speeches.
2.直到二十世纪初人们才学会怎样防止这种疾病的蔓延。(prevent)3.直到那时他才意识到他的老师是非常善解人意的。(considerate)4.可惜他们直到事故发生之后才采取措施防止它。
5.直到上周末收到你的来信时我们才如释负重。(relieve)The more… the more..1. 你的词汇量越大,你就感到用英语写作越容易。(feel it + adj.to do)2. 人们普遍认为,用脑越多,思维就越活跃。(it is generally believed that)3. 问题发现得越早,解决起来越容易。
4. 问题越难,我越有可能能够解决他们。(likely)5. 我们学习得越多,将来就越能为我们国家工作的越好。6. 你练习讲英语越多,就越对你有好处。(do sb good)7. 我们经常讨论的一个问题是:是否钱越多越幸福。
8. 相对而言,孩子与父母交流越多,越不可能感到忧郁。(suffer from)No matter how / however + adj./ adv.+ S + V 1.不管这个新体系有多复杂,我们还是要用它。(complicated)2.无论社会发展得多快,这个传统应该代代相传。(pass on)3.无论他如何努力,他似乎永远学不好物理。
4.不管我们有多忙,下星期我们一定会举行一次欢送会向那些退休工人们表示敬意。(in honor of)5.不管天有多晚,他从不把今天必须做的事拖到明天。(put off)6.如果我们以一种强烈的意志工作,我们能够克服任何的困难,无论这个困难有多大。Adj./ adv./ n./ v.+ as / though + S + V 1.虽然他很聪明,但他不愿把全部时间用在学习上。(devote…to)2.他很累,但他还是工作到深夜。(work late into…)3.虽然他是个孩子,但对于这个世界他了解很多。
4.虽然我敬佩他作为一个作家,但我不喜欢他作为一个人。(admire)Hardly / scarcely / barely…when
no sooner … than 1.我刚到家,电话铃就响了。
2.他一到实验室,就开始做实验。(set out)3.这男孩刚打开电脑,他父亲就回家了,叫他做功课。
4.他一到家就迫不及待地把好消息告诉他父母。(can’t wait…)1.Not until the meeting was almost over did he show up.2.Not until the beginning of the 20th century did people learn how to prevent the disease from spreading.3.Not until then did he realize that his teacher was very considerate / thoughtful / understanding.4.it’s a pity that they didn’t take any measures to prevent the accident until it happened.5.Not until we heard from you last week were we relieved.1.The larger vocabulary you have, the easier you’ll feel it to write in English.2.It is generally / commonly believed that the more one uses his brain, the more active his mind will be.3.The earlier the problem is found, the more easily it can be solved.4.The more difficult the problems are, the more likely I am to be able to solve them.5.The more we learn, the better we’ll be able to work for our country in the future.6.The more you practise speaking English, the more good it will do you.7.The topic we often discuss is whether the more money we have, the happier we will be.8.Relatively speaking, the more children communicate with their parents, the less likely they will suffer from depression.1. No matter how complicated the new system is, we’ll have to use it.2. However fast the society develops, this tradition should be passed on from generation to generation.3. It seems that however hard he works, he can never learn physics well.4. However busy we are, we will certainly give a farewell party in honor of those retired workers next week.5. However late it is, he never puts off what must be done today till tomorrow.6. If you work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, however great it is.1.Clever as he is, he is not willing to devote all his time to his study.2.Tired as he was, he still worked late into the midnight.3.Child as he is, he knows a lot about the world.4.Much as I admire him as a writer, I don’t like him as a man.1.I had hardly reached home when the phone rang.2.No sooner had he got to the laboratory than he set out to do the experiment.3.Hardly had the boy turned on the computer when his father came home and asked him to do his lessons.4.He had hardly arrived home when he could not wait to tell his parents the good news.where / wherever 1.我已下定决心去最需要我的地方。
2.那些大学生在毕业之后会去无论他们被需要的地方。
3.众所周知,药品不应该放在孩子们可以拿到的地方。(accessible)4.我会把这本书放在你放的地方,并在我放它的地方做个记号。(make a mark)
The first time = when … for the first time Every time / each time = whenever The moment / the instant = as soon as
1.史密斯先生第一次去杭州时,就被西湖的美所打动。(strike)2.第一次坐飞机时,飞机起降时感到不舒服是很正常的。(it is normal …)3.每次他妈妈叫他帮助做家务,他总是假装在看书。
4.每次我看到这张照片,就让我想起我的学校生活。(remind)5.每次在阅览室看完杂志,请放回原处。(where)6.他高中一毕业就去了国外。
7.虽然好几年没碰到他了,但昨天我一看到他就认出他了。
This / It is / was the first / second time that … 1.这是他第一次独立解决这个问题。
2.这是他们第一次赢得一场正式比赛,因此每个人都欣喜若狂。3.这是我第三次没有通过驾驶考试。
It will(not)be …before…
(It won’t be long before…)It was(not)…before…
1.不久我们就要从高中毕业了。2.很长一段时间之后他才会回来。
3.不久一架直升机就到达现场来营救这次飞机失事的幸存者。(on the scene)4.很长一段时间之后他才意识到了他的错。
不久他就意识到了他的错。
很快他就意识到了他的错。(it was before long that…)5.过了几分钟我才觉察到刚才发生的事。(aware)6.几年后他们在国外结了婚。
7.20年后他的研究成果才最终得到承认。(recognize)8.过了一段时间我的眼睛才适应了黑暗,能够辨别出不同的动物。(make out)
It is(has been)…since …
1.自从我们上次互相见面,几乎已经五年了。2.自从我们上次碰面,似乎是一个世纪了。3.自她四岁以来,她一直每天练习弹钢琴。
1.I’ve made up my mind to go where I’ m needed most.2.Those college students will go wherever they are needed after graduation.3.As we all know, medicine should be kept where it is accessible to children.4.I will put the book where you placed it and make a mark at the place where I put it.1.The first time Mr Smith went to Hangzhou, he was struck by the beauty of the West Lake.2.When you take a plane for the first time, it is normal(for you)to feel uncomfortable while the plane is taking off or landing.3.Each time his mother asks him to do some housework, he always pretends to be reading(a book).4.Every time I see the photo, it reminds me of the school life.5.Each time you finish reading the magazine in the reading room, please put it where it was.6.He went abroad the moment he graduated from Senior High School.7.Although I haven’t met him for years, I recognized the moment I saw him.1.This is the first time that has solved the problem on his own.2.It is the first time that they had won a formal match, so everyone was wild with joy.3.It is the third time that I have failed to pass the driving test.1.It won’t be long before we graduate from Senior High School.2.It will be a long time before he comes back.3.It wasn’t long before a helicopter arrived on the scene to rescue the survivors of the plane crash..4.It was long before he realized his mistake.It was not long before he realized his mistake.It was before long that he realized his mistake.5.It was several minutes before I was aware of what had happened just now.6.It was several years before they got married abroad.7.It was twenty years before the result of his research was eventually recognized.8.It was some time before my eyes became used to the dark and could make out different animals.1.It is almost five years since we saw each other last time.2.It seems a century since we last met.3.She has been practicing playing the piano every day since she was four.Never, Never before, Seldom, Little 1. 我从来没有意识到他有多幽默。(Never)
2. 我们从来没有比现在更为自己是中国人感到自豪。(Never)3. 上海市民的环保意识从来没有像今天这么强。(Never before)4. 我很少见到像亨利这样考虑周到的人。(Seldom)5. 尽管他已经18岁了,但他很少意识到与别人交流的重要性。(Seldom)6. 他几乎不知道所发生的事。(Little)
Only + 状语,倒装
1. 只有在那时,Tom才承认他错了。
2. 只有在这家商店,我们才能买到如此好的家具。
3. 只有当战争在1949年结束后,他才开始了新的生活。4. 只有不断学习新事物,我们才能与时共进。5. 只有通过科学的锻炼才能使人延年益寿。
So + adj / adv , 部分倒装 that Cl.Such + n , 部分倒装that Cl.1. 他的房间太小了,连个床都放不下。
2. 他们对哲学了解很少,以至于其中大多数人根本不能理解讲座。(beyond sb)3. 时间是如此珍贵,我们不能浪费它。
4. 他全神贯注于阅读以致于没有注意到我们进来。(be absorbed in…)5. 在口试中,面对两位老师,他紧张得一句话也说不出来。(face)6. 有噪音我听不清。(make oneself…)
祈使句 / 名词,or / and … 1.继续努力(再努力一下),你将来总有一天会成功的。(sure)2.多吃水果,你就不用担心缺少维生素。(lack)3.听从你医生的意见,否则你的咳嗽会更糟糕。(follow)
The reason(why)+ 句子 / for(doing)sth… was / is that Cl.1. 他从未想到他被拒绝的原因是不会电脑。(turn down)2. 他们成功的原因在于他们能从错误中学到东西。3. 他身体差的原因是他不太注意饮食和休息。4. 他没有参加昨晚的聚会是因为没有人告诉他。
1.Never have I realized how humourous he is.2.Never have we been more proud of being Chinese than(we are)now.3.Never before have the citizens of Shanghai had such a strong sense of environmental protection.4.Seldom have I seen such a considerate person like Henry.5.Seldom does he realize the importance of communicating with others though he is already 18 years old.1.Only then did Tom admit that he was wrong.2.Only in this shop can we buy such good furniture.3.Only when / after the war was over in 1949, was he able to begin a new life.4.Only by learning the new constantly can we keep up with the times.5.Only by taking exercise in a scientific way can human beings live a long life.1. So small is his room that a bed can’t be put in.2. So little did they know about philosophy that the lecture was completely beyond most of them.3. So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.4. So absorbed was he in reading that he didn’t notice that we came in.5. So nervous did he feel in the oral test that he couldn’t say a word facing the two teachers.6. Such a noise was there that I couldn’t make myself heard.1. Keep working hard(Make another effort / Another effort), and you are sure to succeed someday in the future..2. Eat more fruit, and you don’t have to worry about lack of vitamins.3. Follow your doctor’s advice, or your cough will get worse.1.It never occurred to him that the reason why he was turned down was that he couldn’t use the computer.2.The reason for their success is that they can learn from their mistakes.3.the reason for his poor health was that he didn’t pay enough attention to his diet and rest.4.the reason why she didn’t attend the party last night was that nobody had told her about it.It’s(high / about)time that… /(for sb)to do sth
1. 该你上床睡觉的时候了。
2.该你下决心的时候了。3. 你该好好反省一下自己的所作所为。(reflect)
By the time…
1. 到他回来为止,我将做完我的回家作业了。2. 到我回到家时,雨已经停了。
What moved / touched / struck sb was + N./ that What delighted sb(most)was … What surprised / amazed sb was …
What interested / worried / troubled / disappointed sb was …
1.让我们感动的是很多人为事故中的受害者伸出了援助之手。2.令我们大家感动的是这位科学家虽身在异乡仍心系祖国。3.使我最高兴的是她的礼物正好就是我正想着要买的东西。4.令父母担心的是,她已决定不吃早饭。5.当时最鼓励我的是老师和朋友的评价。
6.目前让我头痛的是我背不出所有这些英文单词。
1.It is time for you to go to bed./ it is time that you went to bed.2.It is high time that you made up your mind.3.It is high time that you reflected on what you have done.1.By the time he comes back, I will have finished my homework.2.By the time I came back, the rain had stopped.1. What moved / touched / struck us was that many people lent/ gave a(helping)hand to the victims in the accident.2. What has moved all of us is that the scientist always thinks of his motherland while he is abroad/ while he lives overseas.3. What delighted me most was that her present was just what I was thinking of buying myself.4. What worries her parents is that she has decided to skip breakfast.5. What encouraged me most at that time was the comments of the teachers and friends.6. What troubles me at the moment is that I can hardly learn all these English words by heart.被动语态句子
1. 应该特别强调环保的重要性。(emphasis)2. 孩子长大后,要鼓励他们做力能所及的家务和学会如何照顾自己。(whatever)3. 必须采取积极的/ 有效的措施来防止更多的人受到爱滋病的威胁。(threaten)4. 必须立刻采取行动防止森林大火蔓延。
5. 应该非常注意培养学生的学习习惯。(cultivate)6. 这些老年人在医院受到了很好的照顾。7. 应该鼓励中学生参加社区服务。
8. 应该利用每一分钟来练习我们的英语。(use)
It is / was(in)convenient(for sb)to do sth If it is convenient to sb, 1.你从这儿到火车站很方便。2.你明天开始工作方便吗?
3.既然你的腿目前上着石膏,你四处走动肯定很不方便。(in plaster)4.这位科学家现在不方便对这项发明发表评论。5.据我所知,在那个社区里购物很方便。
6.如果你方便的话,请帮我把包裹从邮局取回来。(fetch)
Whenever / When it comes to(doing)sth 1.说到教育,大部分人认为是一个终生学习。(lifetime)2.Tom说他看过这部电影,但要说到细节,他却一无所知。3.无论什么时候涉及到学数学,她就变得很紧张。
4.当涉及到决定生活目的的时候,甚至最明智的哲学家也只是在猜测。
It is/ was likely that… Sb/ sth be likely to do… 1.会议可能下星期举行。
2.据说吸烟可能引起心脏病和其他的疾病。
3.更有可能喜欢流行歌曲的是年轻人而不是老年人。(rather than)4.她打开电视机,但没有发现任何可能使她感兴趣的。
5.有可能这个新建的语音室不久将向全体师生开放。(be open to)
It is /was(im)possible that…/ it is(im)possible for sb to do sth 1.从早到晚在空调房间里工作或生活可能会使人生病。2.要想让他们彻底了解当地文化是不可能的。
1. Special emphasis should be laid/ put/ place on the importance of protecting the environment.(The importance of protecting the environment should be laid special emphasis on.)2. When children grow up, they should be encouraged to do whatever housework they can do and learn how to look after themselves.3. Positive/ Effective measures must be taken to prevent more people from being threatened with AIDS.4. Immediate action must be taken to prevent the forest fire from spreading.5. Much attention should be paid to cultivating students’ study habits.6. The old people are taken good care of in the hospital.7.Middle school students should be encouraged to take part in community service.8.Every minute should be made use of to practise our English.1. It is convenient for you to go to the railway station from here.2. Will it be convenient for you to start work tomorrow? 3. Since your leg is in plaster at present, it must be inconvenient for you to move around.4. It is not convenient for the scientist to make comments on this invention now.5. As far as I know, it is very convenient to do shopping in that community.6. If it is convenient to you, please fetch the parcel for me from the post office.1.When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.2.Tom said he had seen the film, but when it came to the details, he knew nothing.3.She becomes nervous whenever it comes to learning maths.4.When it comes to determining the purpose of life, even the wisest philosophers are just guessing.1.The meeting is likely to be held next week./ it is likely that the meeting will be held next… 2.It is said that smoking is likely to cause heart diseases and other diseases.3.Young people rather than old people are more likely to prefer pop songs.4.She turned on the TV, but found nothing that was likely to interest her.5.It is likely that the newly-built language lab will soon be open to all the teachers and 1. It is possible that working or living in an air-conditioned room from morning till night will cause people to get ill.2. It is impossible for them to have a thorough knowledge of the local culture.It is hard to imagine / believe / foresee…
1.当别的孩子在玩耍的时候,很难想象一个学生能集中思想在课本上。2.很难想象这位电影明星在电影界一直活跃了长达半个世纪之久。(remain)3.很难预计她是否下周能康复。
4.我们很难预见将来,所以眼下我们要做的就是珍惜现在所有的。(cherish)5.难以相信他一辈子除了工作没有任何业余爱好。
It is no /not any good /use doing 1.牛奶打泼,哭也没用。
2.世界上没有后悔药,你应该知道重要的是你要全力避免再犯同样的错误。3.光学不练是没用的,“熟能生巧”这句话很有道理。4.和他们争论没有什么好处。
5.像那样谈论是没什么好处的,我们必须制定一个计划,然后加以实施。
There is no need(for sb)to do sth 1.阅读时,你不必碰到每个新单词就查字典。2.你没有不要对自己太苛刻。(be hard on)3.既然你们已经达成协议,就没有必要求助于律师。4.没有必要把我看作是你的老师,我们可以相互学习。
There is no doubt that…
1. 毫无疑问,每个人都有选择自己生活方式的权利。2. 毫无疑问,政府将采取措施防止这种疾病的蔓延。
3. 毫无疑问,教育应将重点放在学生的个性发展上,而不是分数上。(personality)4. 毫无疑问,她能达到目标,因为她坚信:有志者,事竟成。
There is no/ little possibility that../ of doing… 1.一个小时之内完成这份试卷是不可能的。
2.不久的将来人们有可能找到石油的替代品吗?(substitute)3.那些过多地注意荣誉和金钱的科学家不可能获得诺贝尔奖。
There is no / not much / any point(in)doing … 1.进一步讨论这个事没什么意义。
2.向他们埋怨没有什么意义,他们根本不会理睬。(take any notice)3.你认为和她为鸡毛蒜皮的小事争论不休有意义吗?
There is no denying that …
1.不可否认,他们的生活质量每况愈下。
2.不可否认,电脑使我们的生活更方便,但也存在有一些问题。(there exist)1.It’s hard to imagine that a student can focus on his textbook while other children are playing.2.It’s hard to imagine that the film star could remain active in the film circle for as long as half a century.3.It’s hard to foresee whether she will recover next week.4.It’s hard for us to foresee the future, so what we should do at present is to cherish what we have now.5.It’s hard to believe that he hasn’t any hobby except his job all his life.1.It is no use crying over the spilt milk.4.It is no good arguing with them.2. It is no use crying over the spilt milk and you should know what’s important is to try your best to avoid making the same mistakes once again.3.It is no use learning without practice.The saying “Practice makes perfect” is very true.5.It is no good talking like that.We must make a plan and carry it out.1.
There is no need for you to look up for every new word you come across/ meet with / run
into while(you are)reading / in reading.2.There is no need for you to be so hard on yourself.3.Now that you have reached / arrived at an agreement, there is no need to turn to the lawyer.4.There is no need to look on me as your teacher and we can learn from each other.1.There is no doubt that everybody has a right to choose his own way of living/ life.2.There is no doubt that the government will take measures to prevent this disease from spreading.3.There is no doubt that education should put / lay emphasis on the development of students’ personality instead of marks/ scores.4.There is no doubt that she can accomplish her ambition, because she firmly believes/ holds a firm belief that where there is a will, there is a way.1.There is no possibility that the examination paper can be finished within one and a half hours.2.Is there any possibility of people’s finding a substitute for oil in the near future?
3.There is little possibility that the scientists who pay too much attention to honour and money will be awarded the Noble Prize.1. There is no point in discussing the issue further.2. There is not much point in complaining to them;they never take any notice.3. Do you think there is any point arguing with her over such small matters? 1.There is no denying that the quality of their life has gone form bad to worse.2.there is no denying that computers make our life more convenient, but there exist some problems.There happened/s to be There seemed/s to be 1. 今天下午碰巧有一个会议。
2. 那只用报纸包起来的瓶子里碰巧有治压痛的药。3. 所幸爆炸发生时屋里恰好没人。4. 似乎没有理由推迟这个讲座。5. 似乎没有多大他会来的希望。6. 对提出的建议似乎没有反对意见。
It(so)happened/s that It seemed/s that
2.昨天在晚会上我碰巧碰到了你上次提到的那位著名的科学家。3.如此碰巧史密斯先生没有参加晚会因为那天他的母亲病的很重。4.这家商店似乎属于我叔叔工作的那家公司。
5.上海的超市似乎正沿用西方国家“越大越好”的模式。6.看来这一次部长不能对记者提出的问题避而不答了。
It matters much / a lot
It matters little = it doesn’t matter
1. 对一名求职者而言,能否给面试官留下良好的第一印象至关重要。2. 去做值得做的事情至关重要。3. 如果你迟到,没多大关系。
4. 谁提出这个建议无关紧要,只要这个建议使我们得益处。
What(really)matters(to sb)is ….1. 对我们来说,重要的不是赢,而是参与。
2. 真正重要的是不在于别人怎样看待你,而是你怎样看待自己。3. 我们能赚多少钱无关紧要,对我们来说,重要的是保持健康。
not …but
1.真正重要的不是你所说的,而是你所做的。(it is … that)2.使我惊讶的不是他所说的话,而是他说话的方式。
3.遇到困难时,我们需要的不是彼此埋怨,而是相互帮助。
It is obvious / apparent that
1.这部电影显然不适合青少年。
2.很显然,定期进行体育锻炼对我们的健康有益处。3.很显然,这两个国家经常的交流已加强了他们的关系。
1.There happens to be a meeting this afternoon.2. There happens to be some medicine for toothache in the bottle wrapped in the newspaper.3.
Fortunately there happened to be no one in the house at the time of the explosion.(Fortunately it happened that there was no one…)
4.There seems to be no reason to postpone the lecture.5.There doesn’t seem to be much hope that he’ll come / of him coming.6.There seem to be no objections to the suggestion put forward by Mr.Johnson.1. It happened that at the evening party yesterday I met the famous scientist(whom)you mentioned last time.2. It so happened that Mr Smith failed to attend the party because his mother was seriously ill that day.3. It seems that the shop belongs to the company where my uncle works.4. It seems that the supermarkets in Shanghai are following the pattern of “bigger is better” form the western countries.5. It seemed that this time the minister couldn’t avoid answering the questions raised by journalists.1. It matters a lot whether a job hunter/ seeker can make a good first impression on the interviewer.2. It matters much to do what is worth doing.3. It doesn’t matter if you’re late.4. It matters little who puts forward the suggestion as long as the suggestion benefits us.1. What matters to us is not to win but to take part.2. What really natters is not how others feel about you but what you think of yourself.3.It doesn’t matter how much money we can earn, but what really matters to us is to keep fit / healthy.1. It is not what you say but you do that really counts / matters.2. What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it.3. When we meet with difficulties, what we need is not to complain to each other but to help each other.1. It is obvious that this film is not suitable for teenagers.2. It is obvious that doing physical exercise regularly is beneficial to our health.3. It is obvious that the frequent exchanges between the two countries have strengthened their friendship.Bear / keep sth in mind
Bear / keep in mind that…
1.我总是牢记我母亲所说的话。
2.开车时,每位驾驶员都必须牢记任何的疏忽都可能造成事故,甚至死亡。3.我们要牢记我国是个严重的缺水大国。
4.我们必须牢记年轻人不经历风雨就不能见彩虹。
Take sth for granted
Take it for granted that …
1.不要想当然的认为毕业后总能找到工作。2.子女赡养父母是天经地义的。
3.我们经常把父母提供给我们的衣食当作理所当然的事。
4.理所当然的认为一个小孩喜欢吃任何提供给他的东西,他可能就会这样。
find / feel / think / consider + it + adj./ n + to do sth / that… 1.我们觉得很难赶上科技领域的迅速发展。2.我感到教会学生尊重他国文化是我的责任。3.我发现很有必要记一些代代相传的谚语。4.你认为不背一个单词就能学好一门外语吗?
5.你认为把高中未毕业的孩子送到国外留学有必要吗? 6.一旦养成了抽烟的习惯,你会发现很难戒悼它。
Make it + adj + to do / that … Make + O + adj.1.是你的帮助使我们能在旅游季节住到一个中国人的家里。2.我感激你的好意使得这样的经历对外国学生成为可能。
3.邻居们明确表明,如果约翰继续播放摇滚乐直到深夜,他们要向警方投诉。4.随着现代科技的发展,太空勘探已成可能。5.我必须表明清楚我不去那儿。
Make it a rule to do / that …
1. 他们已经形成规律每隔一周聚会一次交流收集到的信息。2. 我们订了一个规则,由值日生用英语讲每日新闻。3. 这所学校规定:学生不许将手机带进校园。4. 我规定每天早上大声朗读英语。
1.I always bear in mind what my mother has said to me.2.While driving every driver must bear in mind that any carelessness will cause an accident and even death.3.We must keep in mind that ours is a large country that lacks water badly.4.We must keep in mind that young people will achieve nothing without experiencing difficulties.1. Never take it for granted that you can always find a job after graduation.2. It is often taken for granted that sons and daughters should support their parents.3. We often take it for granted that our parents should provide us with clothing and food.4. Take it for granted that a child likes to eat whatever is offered to him and he probably will.1. We feel / felt it difficult to keep up with the rapid development in the field of science and technology.2. I feel it my duty to teach my students to respect other cultures.3. I find it necessary to memorize some proverbs which have been passed(on)from generation to generation.4. Do you think it possible to learn a foreign language well without learning a single word by heart? 5. Do you think it necessary to send the children who have not graduated from senior high school to study abroad? 6. Once you have formed the habit of smoking, you’ll find it hard to get rid of it.1. It was your help that make it possible for us to stay with a Chinese family during the tourist season.2. I appreciate your kindness in making such experiences possible for foreign students.3. The neighbours have make it clear that if John continues to play rock music deep into the night, they will complain to the police.4. Space exploration has been made possible with the development of modern science and technology.5. I must make it clear that I won’t go there.1.they have made it a rule to have a meeting every other week to exchange the information they have collected.2.we have made it a rule that the student on duty should tell us the daily news in English.3.the school makes it a rule that students are not allowed to take mobile phones to the campus / school.4.I make it a rule to read English aloud every morning.It is up to sb to do sth 1.这个周末去野餐还是去游泳,由你决定。
2.做广告旨在吸引消费者,但是否买一个产品还是由消费者决定。(intend)3.我们有责任帮助那些有困难的人。
4.在大学,靠你自己去阅读和理解老师给你的材料。
See to it that … = make sure that …
1. 离开实验室之前请务必关好门窗。
2. 你最好回去确认一下所有的药瓶都严密保管。3. 我已被告知,简会负责你的计划很快投入实施。
It is necessary(for sb)to do …
1.把我们在学校里所学的应用到日常生活中是很有必要的。2.大学生很有必要读一些与他们专业无关的书籍。
3.经过一段时间的努力工作,放松一下是完全必要的。4.年长的人有必要了解年轻人在想些什么,感觉些什么。
It is(generally)believed / thought that…
1.人们普遍相信街头暴力的增加和电视上的恐怖片有密切的关系。2.大家普遍相信没有必要个学生太多的作业。3.说实话,人们通常认为在校学习的每一门课程都各自有用。
I would appreciate it(very much)if you could … I appreciate one’s kindness in doing sth 1.如果你能帮我一个忙我将不胜感激。
2.如果你能带我参观一下你们的校园,我将非常感谢。
3.我感激你为我从网上得到这么多的有关国际贸易的信息。
4.我感激你的好意使得这样的经历对外国学生成为可能。
those who…
1.只有勇敢面对挑战的人才有可能成功。2.只有患过重病的人才真正明白健康对于一个人意味着什么。3.人们对于那些乐于帮助他人脱离困境的人总是满怀感激之情。4.对我们公司生产的产品感兴趣的人,请与我们联系。
5.那些志愿去做好事的人从来不图金钱的回报,他们认为只有这样才能问心无愧。6.那些空难的辛存者永远忘不了那可怕的经历。
1.It is up to you to decide whether to go for a picnic or to go swimming this weekend.2.Advertising is intended to attract consumers, but it is up to the consumers to decide whether to buy a product.3.It is up to us to help those in need / trouble.4.In college, it is up to you to read and understand the materials given by your teachers.1. Please see to it that the doors and the windows are closed before you leave the lab.2.you’d better go back and see to it that all the medicine bottle are under lock and key.3.I have been told that Jane will see to it that your plan is quickly put into practice.1. It is necessary for us to apply what we learn at school to our daily life.2.it is necessary to university students to read some books that are not related to their major.3.it is absolutely necessary to relax yourself after a period of hard work.4.it is necessary for older people to understand what young people think and feel.1. It is generally believed that the growth of the street violence is closely related to horror films on TV.2.it is generally believed that there is no need to assign too much homework to students.3.to tell you the truth, it is generally thought that every subject that students learn at school is useful in its own way.1.I would appreciate it(very much)if you could do me a favor.2.I would appreciate it very much if you could show me around your campus.3.I appreciate your kindness in getting so much information on international trade / business for me on the Internet.4.I appreciate your kindness in making such experiences possible for foreign students.1.Only those who face the challenge bravely are likely to succeed.2.Only those who have suffered from serious illness are really aware of what health means to a person。
3.People are always grateful to those who are ready to help others out of trouble.4.Those who are interested in the products made in our company, please contact us.5.Those who volunteer to do good deeds never ask for money in return.They think only in this way can they have a clear conscience.5. Those who survived the plane crash will never forget their horrible / frightening experience.Be to blame(for sth)1. 我只能依靠你找出谁对大火造成的损失负责。2. 我认为这次失败不该怪吉姆。
3. 依我看,你自己应该为这次实验的失败负责。
Contrary to one’s expectation / wish Contrary to what sb expected / thought, 1.与人们预料的相反,那所大学女生的比例正在下降。2.与我们的愿望相反,我们篮球队昨天没有赢得比赛。
3.与二十年前人们的预言相反,现在越来越多的年轻人离开父母独立生活。4.和人们的期望相反,这个学校的暴力问题的数量不降反升。5.和我早先想的相反,菲力普已经证明是成功的。
With the development / increase / help / rise / improvement of…
1.随着经济的飞速发展,中国在国际事务中起着越来越大的作用。2.随着人口的飞速增长,水资源的缺乏成了一个大问题。
3.在医生的帮助下,他父亲的重感冒已完全好了。(recover from)4.随着超市的兴起,购物对我们来说变得越来越方便。
5.活水平的提高,越来越多的人想要周游世界。(make a tour)
Cannot /never …too + adj./ adv.1.在交网络朋友时,你怎么小心也不为过。
2.做这个决定你越小心越好,由于它是如此重要。3.吉姆聪明又谦虚,总之,我怎么表扬他也不为过。4.我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。
Not necessarily 1.一般说来,价格越高,质量越好,但这并不一定对,2.取得大学文凭的人不一定就是人才。
3.钱越多未必越幸福,许多事实证明了这一点。4.名气并不一定意味着成功。
答句:this(that„)+be 动词+a book(pen„)。
说明︰此句型意为“这(那)是什么?这(那)是书(钢笔„)”。what(什么)叫做“疑问词”,用于询问“事物”,通常放在句首,后接 be <动词>,再接<主词>,第一个字母 w要大写,句尾要加问号(?),位置不可排错。
what is this? this is a chair.这是什么?这是一张椅子。what’s this? it’s a book.这是什么?它是一本书。
what is that? that is a desk.那是什么?那是一张书桌。what are these? 结构︰问句:what are+these/those„?
答句:these/those are+复数名词(+s/es)。
说明︰<主词>与<动词>的形式要一致,is 后面接单数<名词>,are 后面要接复数<名词>。what are these? these are books.这些是什么?这些是书。what are those? those are cups.那些是什么?那些是茶杯。what are they? they are glasses.它们是什么?它们是玻璃杯。what are you? 结构︰问句:what+be 动词+主词(人)„?
答句:主词+be 动词+a student„。
说明︰此句型意为“你是做什么事情的?我是学生„”。疑问词 what 除了询问事物之外,还可用于询问“人的职业或身分”。be <动词>随<人称代名词>的变化而改变形态,如:i am,we are,you are,he is„。what are you? i am a student.你是做什么事情的?我是一名学生。
what is she? she is a teacher.她是做什么事情的?她是一名教师。are you a...? 结构︰问句:be 动词(am,are,is)+主词+„?
肯定简答:yes,主词+am(are,is)。
否定简答:no,主词+am(are,is)not。
说明︰在否定<简答句>中,<主词>和 am,is,are 可以缩写;在肯定<简答句>中则不可。is he a student? yes, he is.(no, he isn’t.)他是学生吗?是的,他是。(不,他不是。)are you a teacher? yes, i am.(no, i’m not.)你是教师吗?是的,我是。(不,我不是。)is that a clock? yes, it is.(no, it isn’t.)那是钟表吗?是的,它是。(不,它不是。)what is your name? 结构︰问句:what+is+所有格+name? 答句:所有格+name+is+名字。
说明︰“my,your,his,her”为单数人称的<所有格>;<所有格>后面必接<名词>,即“<所有格>+<名词>”;<所有格>不可与 a,an,this,that,these 或 those 紧接一起使用。
what is your name? my name is sue.妳叫什么名字?我的名字叫苏。what is his name? his name is john.他叫什么名字?他的名字叫约翰。what is her name? her name is jean.她叫什么名字?她的名字叫珍。who is that...? 结构︰问句:who+be 动词+that+形容词+名词?
答句:that is+名字。
说明︰who 是<疑问代名词>,询问人的“姓名”或“关系”;将<形容词>直接放在<名词>前面,叫做“前位修饰”。who is that short boy? that is bill.那位矮男孩是谁?那位是比尔。
who is that tall girl? that is mary.那位高女孩是谁?那位是玛丽。who is that fat man? he is my uncle.那位胖男子是谁?那位是我叔叔。where is...? 结构︰问句:where+be 动词(am,are,is)+主词„?
答句:主词+be 动词+in the+名词„。
说明︰问句是“where...?”,简答时可用<副词词组>“in/on the+<名词>”。where is sue? she is in her room.苏在那里?她在她的房间里。where are your books? on the desk.你的书在那里?在书桌上。
where is your mother? she is in the kitchen.你妈吗在哪里?她在厨房里。are you v-ing...? 结构︰am(are,is)+主词+现在分词„?
说明︰此句型意为“<主词>(人,物)正在„吗?”。这一<句型>转换的三要素是:be <动词>移到句首;改为大写;句尾用问号。is mary sleeping?玛丽正在睡觉吗? are you reading a book?你正在看书吗? is the dog playing?小狗正在玩耍吗? what are you doing? 结构︰问句:what+am(are,is)+主词+现在分词?
答句:主词+am(are,is)+现在分词„。
说明︰“<主词>(人)正在做什么?<主词>(人)正在„”。注意:<祈使句>的动词只能用原形,不可造<现在进行式>;表示“瞬间产生”的动作的<动词词组>,如 sit down,stand up,不可造<现在进行式>。what am i doing? you are reading a book.我正在做什么? 你正在阅读一本书。
what are the girls doing? they are singing.姑娘们正在做什么? 她们在唱歌。what is bill writing? he is writing a letter.比尔在写什么? 他在写一封信。how old are you? 结构︰问句:how old+be 动词+主词(某人)?
答句:主词(某人)+be 动词+year(s)old。
说明︰此句型意为“某人几岁?某人是„岁”。该句型中,<疑问词>要用 how,不可用 what;且 be <动词>(am,is,are)要和后面的<主词>(某人)配合;答句中的“year(s)old”可以省略。
how old are you? i am twelve(years old).你几岁?我十二岁。
how old is your sister? she is thirteen years old.你的姊妹几岁?她十三岁。how old is john? he is one year old.约翰几岁?他一岁。what time is it? 结构︰问句:what time is it?
答句:it is+数字+o’clock。
说明︰此句型意为“现在是几点钟?现在是„点钟”。问句中 what 当<形容词>,修饰后面的<名词> time;time 当时间解时,只能用单数,不可用复数。what time is it? it is ten o’clock.现在是几点钟?现在是十点钟。what time is it? it is six o’clock.现在是几点钟?现在是六点钟。what time is it? it is nine o’clock.现在是几点钟?现在是九点钟。do you + v...? 结构︰问句:do/does+主词+原形动词„?
肯定简答:yes,主词+do/does。
否定简答:no,主词+don’t/doesn’t。
说明︰肯定句中,如有一般<动词>(speak,work,teach„),则在句首加<助动词> do 或 does,并将一般<动词>改为原形<动词>(不加s或es),即构成<疑问句>。
do you speak english? yes, i do.(no, i don’t.)你讲英语吗?是的,我讲英语。(不,我不讲英语。)
does she have a cat? yes, she does.(no, she doesn’t.)她有一只猫吗?是的,她有一只猫。(不,她没有一只猫。)do they work in office? yes, they do.(no, they don’t.)他们在办公室里工作吗?是的,他们在办公室里工作。(不,他们不在办公室里工作。)what time do you + v...? 结构︰问句:what time+do/does+主词+原形动词„?
答句:主词(某人)+一般动词„+时间。
说明︰此句型意为“某人几点做某事?”<助动词> do 或 does 的选择依<主词>而定,若<主词>为第三人称单数,用 does;其它用 do。
what time do you get up? i usually get up at six.你几点起床?我通常六点起床。what time does he go to bed? he usually goes to bed at ten.他几点就寝?他通常十点就寝。what time does your class begin? it begins at eight-ten.你的课几点开始?八点十分开始。what day is today? 结构︰问句:what day is today?
答句:it’s+sunday/monday/„。
说明︰此句型意为“今天是星期几?今天是星期日/星期一/„。”it 可用于指“星期的名称”,但 this或 that 不可以;一星期七天的名称,都是<专有名词>,开头的首字母要大写,前面不加<冠词>。
what day is today? it’s sunday.今天是星期几?今天是星期日。what day is today? it’s wednesday.今天是星期几?今天是星期三。what day is today? it’s saturday.今天是星期几?今天是星期六。how many n are there...结构︰问句:how many+复数名词+are there in/on+名词?
答句:there is/are+单数(复数)名词+in/on+名词。
说明︰此句型意为“在某处有多少„?在某处有„。”该句型中,many 修饰复数<名词>;又因本句型是 <疑问句>,故用 are there,不可用 there are。how many seasons are there in a year? there are four seasons in a year.一年有几个季节? 一年有四季。
how many days are there in a week? there are seven days in a week.一星期有几天? 一星期有七天。
how many lessons are there in this book? there are twelve lessons in this book.这本书里有几课? 这本书里有十二课。how many...do you have? 结构︰问句:how many+复数名词+do/does+主词+have?
答句:主词+have/has„+复数名词+„。
答句:主词+don’t/doesn’t have„+复数名词„。
说明︰“how many”后面接复数<可数名词>,复数<名词>的前面可用 many,a lot of,a few,some,few,any,no 等修饰。
how many books do you have? i have a lot of books.(i don’t have any books.)你有几本书? 我有许多书。(我没有书。)how many sweaters do you have? i have three sweaters.(i don’t have any sweaters.)你有几件毛衣? 我有三件毛衣。(我没有毛衣。)
how many friends does she have? she has a lot of friends.(she doesn’t have many friends.)她有几个朋友? 她有许多朋友。(她没有许多朋友。)how much...do you have? 结构︰问句:how much+单数不可数名词+do/does+主词+have?
答句:主词+have/has„+单数不可数名词。
答句:主词+don’t/doesn’t have„+单数不可数名词。
说明︰“how much”后面接单数<不可数名词>,单数<不可数名词>前面可用 much,a little,some,little,any,no 等修饰。
how much tea does he have? he has a lot of tea.(he doesn’t have any tea.)他有多少茶? 他有很多茶。(他没有茶。)
how much homework do they have? they have a lot of homework.(they don’t have much homework.)他们有多少家庭作业? 他们有许多家庭作业。(他们没有许多家庭作业。)how much fruit do they have? they have a lot of fruit.(they don’t have a lot of fruit.)他们有多少水果? 他们有许多水果。(他们没有许多水果。)how much do(es)...cost? 结构︰how much do(es)+某物+cost„?
说明︰此句型意为“某物值多少钱?”。how much 用来询问商品的价格。还可以写作:“how much+ be <动词>+某物?。
how much do the movie tickets cost? 这些电影票值多少钱? did...v...结构︰did+主词+原形动词+„过去时间?
说明︰将肯定句中的过去式改为“did+原形<动词>”,并将 did 放在句首,句尾用问号,即构成过去式的<疑问句>。
did he clean the room yesterday? 他昨天打扫房间吗? did she wash the skirt yesterday? 她昨天洗这裙子吗?
did your brother play in the park this morning? 你弟弟今天上午在公园玩耍吗? did he eat lunch yesterday? 他昨天吃午饭吗?
did you see any elephants in the zoo last week? 上星期你在动物园里看到大象了吗? did sue have her breakfast at eight? 苏在八点钟吃过早餐了吗? do you ever + v...? 结构︰问句:do/does+主词+ever+原形动词„?
答句:no,主词+never+一般动词(加s或es)„。
说明︰ever 通常用于<疑问句>,never 通常用于否定回答;never 也可放在句首,后接原形 <动词>,形成否定<祈使句>,如例句4。
你曾经使用计算机吗?不,我未曾使用过计算机。
does tom ever get up late? no, tom never gets up late.汤姆曾经晚起床吗?不,汤姆未曾晚起床过。
does sally ever play the piano? no, sally never plays the piano.萨莉曾经弹钢琴吗?不,萨莉未曾弹过钢琴。
never be late for school, bill.比尔,上学绝不可迟到。what year was he born in? 结构︰what date/year+was/were+主词+born+on/in?
说明︰此句型意为“你出生于几月几日(那一年)?”。born 是<原形动词> bear 的过去<分词>,在文法上当
<形容词>,前面常有 was 或 were;中文说“某人出生”,英语应说:“某人+was/were born„”。what year were you born in? 你出生于那一年? what date was your mother born on? 你母亲出生于几月几日? what month was your sister born in? 你妹妹出生于几月? what will you do on...? 结构︰what will/did+主词+do+on+时间?
说明︰此句型意为“某人在某时间将做什么?(未来式)某人在某时做了什么事?(过去式)”。指特定的日期(如几月几日)、星期几或星期几的早上(下午,晚上),要用介系词on。
what will you do on teacher’s day? 你在教师节将做什么事? what will they do on christmas eve? 他们在圣诞夜将做什么事? what will helen do on her birthday? 海伦在她生日那天将做什么事? what did john do on new year’s day? 约翰在元旦做了什么事? what did mary do on youth day? 玛丽在青年节做了什么事?
what did the suspect do on july ninth? 嫌疑犯在七月九日做了什么事情? how do you + v...? 结构︰问句:how+do+主词+一般动词„? 答句:主词+一般动词„+情状副词。
说明︰how 是问情况的<疑问副词>,表示“怎样„?”。用于说明“状态或性质”的副词,称为 <情状副词>。当用来修饰<不及物动词>时,<情状副词>位于其后;当用来修饰<及物动词>时,<情状动词>位于<及物动词>的前面或后面。
how did you do your work? i did my work happily.你怎样做你的工作? 我很快乐地做了我的工作。
how did mrs.lin look at mr.lin? she looked at mr.lin coldly.林太太怎样注视林先生? 她冷漠地注视林先生。
how does mr.wang drive his taxi? he drives his taxi carefully.王先生怎样驾驶他的出租车? 他小心地驾驶他的出租车。you are..., aren’t you? 结构︰肯定句,+否定式助动词+主词?
说明︰这是一种反意<疑问句>,其结构特点是:第一部分是肯定式,第二部分就用否定式。直述句的<主词>是<名词>时,附加问句的<主词>要用<代名词>代替:it 代替 this,that,<不定词>(当<主词>)或<动名词>(当<主词>)等;they 代替 these,those,people 等。下列<助动词>的否定缩写式较易弄错:will not->won’t;would not-> wouldn’t;should not->shouldn’t;can not->can’t;could not->couldn’t; might not->mightn’t;ought not->oughtn’t。直述句有一般<动词>现在式,则附加问句用 do 或 does 代替;有一般<动词>过去式,则附加问句用 did 代替。they’re ready, aren’t they?(读降调)他们准备好了吧?(读升调)他们准备好了,不是吗? mike has a car, doesn’t he?(读降调)麦克有辆车,是吧?(读升调)麦克有辆车,不是吗? the secretary typed the letter, didn’t she?是秘书打了这封信,不是吗?
they will go to europe, won’t they?他们将去欧洲,不是吗? you are the teacher, aren’t you?你就是老师,不是吗?
i suppose you have been in our woods, haven’t you?我推想你在我们的森林里呆过,不是吗? i know he had a good time last night, didn’t he? 我知道他昨天晚上玩得很愉快,不是吗? the wall plug is broken, isn’t it?墙上的插座坏了,不是吗? clean parks are beautiful, aren’t they? 干净的公园是美丽的,不是吗? you can do it, can’t you? 你会做它,不是吗?
we should rise early, shouldn’t we?我们应该早起,不是吗? he isn’t..., is he? 结构︰否定句,+肯定式助动词+主词?
说明︰这是另一种反意<疑问句>。否定结构在第一部分,第二部分就要用肯定结构。对反意<疑问句>的回答篇二:英语常用基本句式和句型结构
英语常用基本句式和句型结构
【要点归纳】
▲英语句式绝大多数以s+v(主语+谓语)结构为核心架构。英语是sv型语言。即以s+v(主语+谓语)结构为主干,以谓语动词为核心。
▲一般来说,一个英语句子若没有谓语动词(实义动词或系动词),这个句子一定是错误的。
▲英语句子的谓语只能由动词来充当,动词在英语句子中如果不充当谓语就必须用非谓语形式(动名词、不定式或分词)。但汉语句子的谓语既可以是动词,也可以是形容词、名词等。
如:the prices are stable and the market is flourishing.to study english is not easy.study english not easy.(×)▲汉语句法的显著特点是“动词连用”,动词不需要形态变化,便可以按时间和动作发生先后顺序和情节发展连续使用几个动词。一个英语句子,除并列谓语的情形外,只能出现一个谓语,否则须用其他手段处理:
★ 变为非谓语形式
★ 连词连接 ﹛并列连词(并列谓语;并列句)
★ 从属连词→引出从句
★ 用名词或介词来表示
▲汉语“动词连用”有两类,一类是由一个主语发出的连续几个动作,叫连动式;一类是由谓语的两个动作,前一个动词的宾语是后一个动词的主语,即两个动词不是由一个主语发出的,称作兼语式。请看:
一)连动式 英语中没有汉语这种连动式,表达先后关系的几个动词,可用and连接或用分词结构。如:
我打开门走进来。
i opened the door and came in.(opening the door, i came in.)二)兼语式
如:“他请我到他家来做客。”“我”是“请”的宾语,又是“到他家来做客”的主语。也就是说“我” 身兼两职。英语句式表达汉语兼语式有以下几种方式:
1)将兼语式的第二个动词转化为英语的宾语补足语,常用不定式,有时用不带to的不定式,或分词,副词,形容词,名词,介词结构等。对于第一个动词,汉语中常用的动词有“使”、“叫”、“请求”、“让”、“迫使”、“导致”、“要求”、“命令”、“促进”、“鼓励”等,在英语中均有对应的动词(make, ask, beg, have, force, cause, demand, order, help, encourage等)。如:
he invited me to dinner in his house.▲在sv总句式基础上,根据谓语动词的类型不同,可总结出下五大句型:[s1] ⑴ 主语+系动词+表语she seems kind.a.the soup is delicious.(形容词作表语)b.helen became an electrical engineer.(名词作表语)c.he is in good health.(介词短语作表语)d.the story is interesting.(现在分词作表语)⑵ 主语+不及物动词 he changed a lot.a.the moon shines brightly.(一般现在时)b.the car won’t go.(一般将来时)c.the child behaved badly at the party.(主语+不及物动词+程度状语+地点状语)d.production declined 6% last month.(一般过去式)e.they will fly to london.(主语+不及物动词+地点状语)⑶ 主语+及物动词+宾语 we love our country.a.we visited our friends.(名词作宾语)b.i am considering going abroad.(动名词作宾语)c.he can not afford to take a taxi.(动词不定式作宾语)d.he caught her by the arm.(动词+宾语+介词短语作方式状语)⑷ 主语+及物动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)
或 主语+及物动词+直接宾语(物)+to +间接宾语(人)+for+间接宾语(人)
he gave me a present.(he gave a present to me.)a.he often tells the children interesting stories.b.he assigned jack the toughest job.c.i paid the repairman 50 dollars.d.he sent some flowers to his girlfriend.e.my mother made a new dress for my sister.f.ill tell you what ive been thinking.(宾语从句)g.i assure you that this medicine will help you.(宾语从句)h.youve got to promise me that you wont do that again.(主及宾结构+不定连接+主及宾宾)⑸ [/url]主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 i found the book interesting.[s2] a.his writing has made him a well-known public figure.(名词作宾补)b.they found the book easy.(形容词作宾补)c.i can see two ships in the harbor.(介词短语作宾补)d.he kept me waiting too long.(现在分词作宾补)e.i have my hair cut every month.(过去分词作宾补)f.they wanted him to study abroad.(动词不定式作宾补)g.will you tell me how to do it? h.we advised her which course to take.[s1] 五种基本句型歌 英语句子万万千,五大句型把线牵。句型种类为动词,后接什么是关键; 系词后面接表语; vi独身无牵连; vt又可分三类,单宾双宾最常见,还有宾语补足语; [s2] 1.jim finds his job a challenge.[宾补为n.] 2.i found the movie interesting.[宾补为adj.] 3.why did you leave the light on?[宾补为adv.] 4.we found her in tears.[宾补为介词短语]
5.they encouraged her to try again.[宾补为不定式] 6.my mother told me not to worry.[宾补为不定式]
7.we heard someone knocking on the door.[宾补为v-ing] 8.do you smell something burning?[宾补为v-ing]
10.you should make yourself understood.[宾补为v-ed]篇三:英语句型大全 1.s(主)+ vi(不及物动词)(谓)time flies.1)s + v + adverbial(状语)birds sing beautifully.2)s + vi+ prep phrase(介词短语)he went on holiday.3)s + vi+ infinitive(不定式)we stopped to have a rest.4)s + vi+ participle(分词)ill go swimming.2.s(主)+ vt(及物动词)(谓)+ o(宾)we like english.1)s + vt + n/pron i like music.i like her.i want to help him.常用于这句型的动词有:attempt, dare, decide, desire, expect, hope, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, promise, propose, purpose, refuse, want, wish等。3)s + vt + wh-word + infinitive i dont know what to do.常用于这句型的动词有:ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, guess, inquire, know, learn, observe, remember, see, settle, tell, think, understand, wonder等。
4)s + vt + gerund i enjoy living here.常用于这句型的动词有:admit, advise, avoid, consider, defend, enjoy, excuse, finish, forbid, mind, miss, practise, risk, suggest, give up, cant help等。5)s + vt + that-clause i dont think(that)he is right.3.s(主)+ v(谓)(lv)(系动词)+ p(表)we are chinese.1)s + lv + n/pron(名词/代词)he is a boy.this is mine.2)s + lv + adj(形容词)she is beautiful.3)s + lv + adv(副词)class is over.4)s + lv + prep phrase he is in good health.5)s + lv + participle(分词)he is excited.the film is interesting.4.s(主)+ vt(谓)+ in o(间接 宾)i give you help.1)s + vt + n/pron + n(直接 宾)+ d o i sent him a book.i bought may a book.2)s + vt + n/pron + to/for-phrase he sent a book to me.he bought a coat for me.间接宾语前需要加to 的常用动词有:allow, bring, deny, do(带来),give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等。
间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有:bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏),save, sing, spare等。5.s(主)+ vt(谓)+ o(宾)+ o c(宾补)i make you clear.1)s + vt + n/pron + n we named our baby tom.常用于这句型的动词有:appoint, call, choose, elect, entitle, find, make, name, nominate(命名)。
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