如何提高GRE阅读速度(精选8篇)
1,先过了单词关。
不用文章所有单词都认识。甚至要尽量保持文章中一些名词不认识,这样可以去猜,练习猜词的能力,毕竟考试中肯定会有词不认识,要根据上下文推测下。
但是一些重要的形容词,名词,动词还是要认识的,因为这些词反映了作者的态度和文章的转折啊之类的结构。
而且对这些词要很熟练,一看到就能反应过来是褒义还是贬义,不能反应个半天的...
大家可以去背下阅读39+3后面的那个生词表,然后自己平时坐阅读时对于重要的可以推理作者态度的词也总结背下来。
2,每天练习下长难句
每天都看看杨鹏的长难句,不要看答案,自己尽量分析,用他的方法。
每看完一句长难句,都做一下他的意群训练,这个对提高阅读速度非常非常有帮助
看长难句最好每天都看一个小时,可以增加预感,也破除了对阅读的恐惧感,看的同时做意群训练可以增加阅读速度。
有老师说,看了长难句,做题会影响效果(因为长难句都是阅读中的句子,再看阅读会发现轻松多,因为最难的句子都读过了。。),其实我觉得还好吧,一些新g的阅读,很多都没有收录到长难句中
3,速度训练
看阅读的速度快了,一个是读的快,就像大家读中文可以一目十行的感觉
还有一个就是对gre阅读的逻辑框架熟透了。
比如看到作者第一句话说many people,prevail,past time就知道提出了一个老观点
然后马上就下意识到找接下来一定出新的however,but之类的转折,然后找新观点
然后再看是用什么方式论证的,是指出老观点不足呢,老观点错哪儿了,还是形式变化了等等
这样看完,把逻辑框架就把握住了,做主旨题,结构体,作者态度题就很轻松了
介绍下对这两种速度的一些个人经验
读的快:
集中用意群训练,每一眼看3,4个单词,形成这种阅读习惯,想想下自己是怎么读中文的,就怎么去读英文,当然肯定会比中文慢
读文章时,下意识的跳过一些介词,冠词之类的,就像大家读中文都跳过“的”这种词,尽量一句话读一遍,强迫自己不回视,这能大大加快速度,读的慢的同学是不是经常一句话反复读呢?
如果是ts这种重要的句子,可以读个两遍,加强理解。
因为英语的语序和我们不同,有时候只读一遍,确实难以一下子理解。
读gre逻辑框架:
很多教材都介绍了很多阅读把握逻辑框架的技巧,比如not only后的跳过,but also后的重点读,however后的要重点度之类的。
我想大家不能盲目记这些技巧,最好要自己亲手总结,适合自己的,毕竟很多时候gre细节题考的都是一些要”跳过的“插入语,或者for example之后的东西。如果读的时候直接跳过了,就会有问题。
其实这个读重点的方法是非常好的,however,不应该那么死记硬背的去用,要通过自己的总结,去形成一种直觉,什么后面的该读,什么后面的该快速扫过。
大家可以在刚开始读文章时,细细的读每句话,读完后,理解了整篇文章,脑子里默想下文章的框架和主旨,是什么观点,是怎么论证的,有哪些重要的证据和性质,老观点弱在哪儿,等等
然后回过头去,划出你认为是非读不可,不读就理解不了文章主旨的。而且只要读划下文字,就能达到同样快速理解文章主旨的效果。
刚开始划,会发现划了很多句子。
然后再做下一篇,划下一篇
等做了十篇左右,就会发现划出的文字越来越少了,自己也慢慢清楚了gre的文章套路,哪些是会考的,哪些可以忽略
这时候回过头去看划的第一篇,发现很多划出的部分是多余的,因为虽然有些句子也关系到主旨,但是却可以由其他的推理。
举个例子:一般反驳老观点的文章,看到第一个词many people,就可以扫过这句找however了,因为however肯定是指出他的不足和他对比,通过however的观点,脑子里就可以推出many people 的观点,这样就可以扫过不少内容。
再比如:有的以对比手.证的文章,仔细读下作者支持的一方面,就可以扫过不支持的一方面,因为是对比,可以推出一个的优点就是另一个的缺陷所在。
慢慢的联系,大家就会形成一种直觉了,跳过文章很多内容,划出一些重要的内容,以后看到这种词就会下意识的细读后面的文字,而其他的内容就会快速扫过。而且看一些文章,可以下意识的跟着作者思路走
作者提出了老观点,
就下意识的去下一句找新观点
作者提出了新观点,就下意识的去找新观点的优点
作者提出了新观点的优点,就下意识的看作者是怎么论证的,举例?对比?等等。。
一定要边读边动脑子,而不是盲目的吸收信息。大家都知道gre是逻辑考试,不是简答的语言考试,不要用做中学英语阅读的那套。
如果阅读中遇到读不懂的长难句,就仔细破,用杨鹏的方法找主谓宾,静下心来慢慢破个一小时,一句话总看得懂吧。
这样把握了结构做题的时候,遇到主旨题,细节题,作者态度题就直接秒杀了,不用回去看文章
然后遇到细节题,回去快速定位找下,毕竟文章理解了,定位就很快。
现在新g,阅读都很短,作者很难铺开写,所以逻辑非常清晰,这样做就很适合
如果是老g,有的文章太长,观点层出不穷。。一会儿论证,一会儿又反驳,就要适当做些笔记,稍微放慢点速度,边读边用脑子记。
练习的时候,每做完一篇阅读,就先心里默想下逻辑结构,用最短的话概括下,再去做题。
4,最后就是漫长的卡时间训练
可以从每篇文章6分钟,5分钟,4分钟根据个人情况一步步的训练
慢慢扔掉一些以前觉得一定要读的,因为没有那么多时间。
既然我们读的没别人快,只能少读点,用练成的直觉和推理来弥补。
根据每篇文章分配的时间,来有取舍的读,每篇短阅读2分钟读完,能读多少是多少,但是要把文章读完
而不是很细的读了前三句,后三句根本没看。。要宏观的读下全文
尽量少分配时间读文章,文章把握住逻辑结构,观点即可,细节不要太深究,加快节奏。
多分配时间做题,毕竟我们是为了做题才读文章的,不要没时间做题,盲目的凭感觉选(很坏的,凭感觉选经常会选到陷阱选项),做题时细想下,放慢点节奏。
5,体会下阅读和arg的关系
阅读和arg很像,确实是这样,大家把一片阅读简化后,发现就是一篇arg,作者举了一堆证据妄图证明一个观点,驳斥其他观点而新g中很流行的题型,比如怎么怎么样会support,或者undermine作者观点,其实就是arg中找反例,找逻辑错误的过程这样去解题就简单多了。
GRE阅读:长难句分析
The physicist rightly dreads precise argument,since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed,whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. (5+)
物理学家恐惧于那些精确无误的论据不无道理,因为某种只有在它是精确无误的条件下才令人置信的论据,一旦它赖于建立其上的假设稍有变化,便会失去它一部的作用;而与此相反,一个尽管并不精确无误但却令人置信的论据,在其基本假设(underlying assumption)稍微受干扰的情况下,仍然有可能是站得住脚的。
难句类型:复杂修饰
解释:本句在文章中就是一个自然段,虽然长度比不上前面第一章中所举的那个长达10行的例子,但是难度绝不在那句话之下。本句堪称句子的大杂烩,连主句带从句居然一共有八个。从大往小说,由whereas连接了两个大句子,whereas后面的句子中的主语an augument之后又跟了一个定语从句that is convincing though imprecise, 修饰augument。whereas前面共有六个句子,由the physicist作主语的主句;由since引导的原因状语从句,修饰since从句中主语an augument的由that引导的定语从句,此定语从句中的条件状语从句only if it is precise; since从句中的条件状语从句if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed,以及修饰此从句中的主语assumptions的定语从句on which it is based一共八个句子,从句套从句,实在令人叹为观止。
然而,在考试现场去数句子的数目,是只有呆子才会干的事,读者们惟一要干的事就是反复阅读这句话,什么时候练到不必去想其语法结构就能按原文顺序读懂,才算初步掌握;再进一步把它读顺,直到你看不出这个句子有什么特别的地方,看上去还挺舒服就算训练成功。
However,as they gained cohesion,the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women’s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres,who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. (4-)
起初,蓝袜女们确实模仿了法国沙龙女主人,将男性襄括到其小圈子中来。然则,随着她们获得的凝聚力,她们渐趋将自己视作一女性团体,并拥有了一种妇女团结意识,而这种意识在法国沙龙女主人身上则荡然无存,因为她们每个人在其自己的沙龙中自视甚高而彼此孤立隔绝开来。
难句类型:复杂修饰
解释:本句读到表示并列的连词and开始变难。and之后的不定式与前面的不定式是并列的,to的前面省略了一个与前面一样的谓语came。 lacking之后的分词作定语修饰a sense of female solidarity其后的由who引导的定语从句又修饰逗号前面的salonnieres此从句中又有一个定语从句that each salonniere held in her own salon修饰其前的primacy,但是由于引导词that在从句中作宾语,因此被省略。
GRE阅读:长难句分析
什么是意群训练
在进入正题之前,先来看看意群的概念,对意群的解释目前流行几个版本,从阅读的意义上来讲,意群就是指我们平时阅读一篇文章时,视线每停留一次,进入我们视界范围的单词会有多个,而这些单词不带有任意性,单词与单词之间的逻辑意义紧密相连,我们可以暂且将这种意义紧密相连的多个单词视为一个意群。
我们要想将这种方法运用到实际的阅读当中,那我们就有必要知道,语篇的构成单位为段落,段落的构成单位则是句子,而句子的最终构成单位为语言意义的基本载体单元词汇。而我所讲的意群训练,是指按照对词汇之间意义的紧密性及对英语句子的结构进行拆分的阅读方法,这样不仅利于阅读速度的提升还可以提高一个人对语篇环境的适应能力。
例句1:
The primary method previously used by paleontol.ists to estimate climatic changes that occurred during Pleistocene glacial cycles [新世纪冰川周期] was the determination of 18O/16O [18O与16O分别为氧元素] ratios in calcareous fossils.
这个句子读完第一遍之后,如果你发现自己没有读懂这个句子是因为当中所出现的生词所造成的,那你错了,如若使用意群法对此句进行结构拆分,我们反而会发现其实这个句子读起来并是那么晦涩难懂。换句话说,如果将单词扩大到一个短语成分,分句,乃至整个句子,这样对文章理解起来更深刻也更全面
上面的那个句子,我将其解构为:一个主干结构,4个意群:
本句主干:Method[主语]+ Be[系动词]+Determination [表语],
四个意群分别为:1) The primary method previously used by paleontol.ist; 2) to estimate climatic changes that occurred; 3) during Pleistocene glacial cycles; 4) was the determination of 18O/16O ratios in calcareous fossils. 在这句话中,意群的划分依据为词语与词语之间的联系紧密度,意群1)应解释为: method前有The primary, 后有previously used by paleontol.ist,分别起到修饰method的作用,而意群2)则在此处用作动词use的目的状语,用来说明这种方法的用途所在, 意群4)为系动词+表语结构,整个句子的结构也随之开始变的清晰起来。
例句2:
In the Weary Blues, Hughes chose to modify the traditions that decreed that African American literature must promote racial acceptance and integration, and that, in order to do so, it must reflect an understanding and mastery of Western European literary techniques and styles.
中文释义:
在<<忧郁的蓝调>>一诗中,休斯选择改变这样一些传统:即,那些曾经规定美国黑人文学必须以倡导种族容忍及种族团结为宗旨的文学传统,并规定为实现这一目标,美国黑人文学还须反映出对西欧文学技巧及风格的理解和娴熟运用能力的文学传统.
这段话中出现了,三个That,往往考生会在这几个that之间踌躇不定,尤其是第三个that后面的意群,in order to do so作为一个插入成分将that与紧跟that后的宾语从句分隔开来,第一个that起引导定语从句的作用,且第一个that可用which 来替代,而第二与第三个that起引导宾语从句的作用,第三个that前省略了动词decreed。当句子当初出现复合句时,尤其是宾语从句或定语从句,会以that为标志出现,而只要我们将that及其所引导的成分视为一个意群进行分析,我们读时才不会出现那种不得要领的阅读感觉
例句3
The petition asked that during June, July, and August the working hours be changed from 8 to 5 with an hour off for lunch to 7 to 3:30 with a half-hour for lunch
中文释义:此申请书请求6,7,8三个月份间的工作时间应从原来早8晚5改为现在的早7点上班晚3:30下班的工作时间制,而午餐时间则由原来的1小时改为现在的半小时。
如果我们能够分清此句的意群,我们就不至于读不懂整句话,本句结构为:The petition [主语]+asked[谓语]+that[后接宾语从句]。当我们看到be change时,便会一眼看到change 后的from……to……to……to,这时,问题便出现了,这里存在两个意群:1) 8 to 5 with an hour off for lunch; 2) 7 to 3:30 with a half-hour for lunch, 当我们理清这两个意群以后,整个句子开始变得流畅了许多。
一、扩大视知觉的广度
我们坐飞机俯瞰大地,壮丽的河山一览无余。不过在匆匆一瞥时,我们就只能看个粗略的轮廓。阅读时也是这样,虽然我们一眼可以瞧见整页的字,但只有凝视点上的那些字看得最清楚,因此,在阅读时,凝视点需要不断转移。实验证明,凝视点的转移是通过眼球的跳动来实现的。人在眼动的瞬间看不见东西,视网膜只有眼停时(亦即凝视时)才摄取对象的映象,接收信息,然后由视神经运送到大脑去加工编码。由于视网膜各部位的感受性不一样,视神经每次运载的信息量也受到一定的限制,所以我们每次眼停时所能看清的字数一般只在3-7个字之间。阅读的速度就直接受这个视知觉的广度所制约。每次知觉的字数多,阅读速度就快。因此,要加快阅读速度,首先要尽可能扩大视知觉的广度,逐步学会把凝视范围扩大到更多的字词上去,进行大单位的阅读,即“板块”阅读。
二、发挥旧知识的作用
在阅读的过程中,视觉和思维并不是同步进行的,视觉接收文字信号的速度远远低于思维速度,即大脑往往跑在眼球前面,它在阅读过程中总是以概念为单位展开,眼睛只要看到一个词或一个句子里的几个关键词,大脑便能迅速而准确地判断并辨别出词和句的含义,这是因为每个读者的头脑中,总是贮存着一定的旧知识。当接受新事物时,许多相关的内容脑中已有印象,无须再记,对于少量要记的,又可以以熟带生,以老带新;对于不甚重要或者已经知道无须记的,就可以忽略,跳跃过去。于是,我们可以得出结论:要加快阅读速度,必须加大视觉捕获的信息量,使阅读与思维同步,减少大脑的“空转”。
扩大视觉范围,将“板块”作为视读单位的关键就是要学会从一个词组中抓住中心词,从一句话中抓住关键词,从一个自然段中抓住段意,从一个章节中抓住标题与中心,从一篇文章中抓住提纲与目录。这样就可忽略相对不重要的部分,扩大“板块”容量。
1.中心词的判断。绝大多数词组都有中心词,如偏正词组的课题《蟋蟀的住宅》《可爱的草塘》《圆明园的毁灭》,中心词在后;主谓词组的课题《海上日出》《田忌赛马》《幸福是什么》,中心词在前;动宾词组的课题《飞夺泸定桥》《养花》《跳水》,中心词也在前。当然也有例外,如联合词组的课题《蛇与庄稼》,两个词是并列关系,都是中心词。
2.关键词的判断。每一个句子总有它的主要部分即关键词。如“挑山工登山走的路程大约比游人多一倍!”关键词是“路程”“多”。“他夜以继日地为解放全中国的事业操劳着。”关键词是“他”“操劳着”。另外,掌握文中的关联词也可以帮助了解行文的脉络,推测下文,提高速度。
3.段意的判断。每个自然段段意的判断要比中心词和关键词的判断较为难些,但也不是无规律可循。段意的分布有两种情况,一是比较明显的,直接在文中显露出来,二是隐含在字里行间,需要读者加以归纳和概括。对于较明显的段意分布,又可分为句首、句中或句末三种情况。许多科学性著作每个自然段的首句往往是提纲挈领,而末句又多为总结性的,它们都是段意所在。
4.全文重点的判断。任何一篇文章,作者总是按一定的思路、照一定的提纲来写的。据现代结构语言学统计,文中一般性内容约占全篇的百分之七十五,而要点仅点百分之二十五。因此,学会看内容提要,查目录是很重要的。每个人的文化水准不一样,理解、接受、记忆的能力也大相径庭,基础好的可以增大“板块”的容量,提高课外阅读速度,一目十行、一目二十行地跳跃式前进。反之,就必须缩小“板块”的量,放慢阅读速度,特别是初用本法的读者更应该遵从由小到多,由慢到快的规律。
三、明确读书的目的性
提高阅读速度,是为了捕捉更多有效的信息,哪些知识信息应该捕捉,哪些知识信息可以忽略,这完全取决于目的和需要。我认为以下几点信息在课外阅读时应加以捕捉:
1.扩大知识面的基础信息。
2.知识更新的信息。
3.开阔思路有独到见解的信息。
4.常用的重要的定理、公式、数据等资料信息。
5.目前最有用、最急需的知识、技术信息。
四、提倡学生学会默读
默读用眼看,不用口读,它是通过内部言语机制来实现的。这是一种压缩式的阅读,它主要是读意而不是读字。在一篇文章中,默读可以直取干货、弃其表面虚饰之词,少了逐字读音这一工序,大大加快速度。因此要想提高阅读速度,必须在默读上下功夫。
五、改变缓慢阅读定势
有些人虽然经常读书,也有一定的知识经验,阅读速度却提不高,这是为什么呢可能是由于长期自发的阅读实践形成了一种阅读定势。比如有的人喜欢慢声慢气地朗读,需要借助言语动觉和听觉刺激的帮助,才能有效地组织和识记阅读材料;有的人阅读时思想不集中,对一段文字要反复看几遍,才能把词组成句,领会其意。久而久之,养成了缓慢阅读的定势。慢读定势是可以改变的,但不能功毕于一日。
关键词:大学英语;阅读;速度
在大学英语教学中,最大的困难不是生词和语法,也不是背景知识,而是阅读技巧问题。而阅读速度不高则严重影响到阅读速度和阅读能力的提高,因此在阅读中一定要去掉不良习惯,掌握快速阅读的技巧,本文提出了几种常见提高阅读速度的方法。相信只要按照要求严格训练,定会提高阅读速度。
一、扩大眼睛的视程
这种方法可以改掉逐字追究的不良习惯。有学者调查说普通读者眼睛停顿时可接收两个英语单词,阅读能力强的读者一眼可以看六至七个的单词,但能力差的读者一眼只能接收一个或者不到一个的单词。因此,在相等的时间里,视野狭窄的读者所看到的单词要少得多,读速肯定快不了。对于读者来说,具有宽视能力就像足球运动员在球场上要有旁视左右两侧的本领一样重要。这种能力同样可以通过实践和训练来提高。因此有人提出了下面两种训练方法。
第一种方法即首先选一篇练习的文章,在正文中间画一条竖线(也可以对中折起来),眼睛沿着中线望下看,注意眼睛不要左右移动,而且要与所阅读的材料保持一定的距离。刚开始,你可能什么都看不懂,不知道在讲什么,但经过一段时间的练习后,应该能够理解几乎所有的阅读内容。几周之后,你就能把眼睛和大脑训练成专注于每行的中央,并能阅读中线两边的文字。
为了进一步扩张眼睛的视程,还可以用一种所谓Z型方法。用一支钢笔或铅笔,或者你的手指,顺着Z型线移行。这种方法要注意的是,你要从每行行首缩进一点距离,并在距离行末同等长度处换行,这样可以避免把视线投在两边无文字的页边空白处。
二、提倡视读
为了有效地克服边看边读的这种不良习惯,有人提出了视读。视读是真正意义上的阅读,是快速阅读的基础。它不仅抑制了发音器官的动作,而且消除在脑海里出现词语的潜在语音形式。这就是说,一看到字形,就立刻闪现出它们的含义,而不是经过语音阶段。我想大家都有这种经验,我知道视读的道理,我也想改掉心读。但是没办法,我一看到阅读材料,脑子就自动用心读了。这也就是无意识的心读。在阅读中无法恢复意识对阅读控制,无意识的音读总是占上风。因此必须用强化的手法恢复意识对阅读的控制,形成无意识自动控制系统对视读的控制,就是无意识的视读。
三、卡片训练法
这种方法可以解决学生们回视的不良习惯。我们中大多数人没有电脑或者其它机器设备,可以在一定时间内把一篇文章分行地呈现在我们面前,用来克服回读,因此,有人提出了用卡片来解决这个问题。我们准备一张跟我们的阅读材料一样大小的卡片(如果觉得不方便的话,可以用可折叠的纸张);先把它放在第一行前的空白地方,在你开始阅读的时候,使卡片由上向下移动,因为卡片会使你的眼睛专注于下一行的内容。而且我们可以通过快速的一定卡片来训练我们的速度。
四、增强辨字能力
偶尔的“误视”在每个读者身上都会发生。可是有些读者长期忽视增强辨字能力,每次都以粗心大意为理由对自己所犯的错误一笑了之。这是非常错误的,要克服这种不良习惯,就要增强辨字能力,也就是扩大词汇量。有人采用卡片记字法。一张小纸片的一面写上英文单词和一个例句,另一面写上单词的中文意思,带在身上,有空就看看。这是记单词的一个好办法。可也有人不太习惯这种方法。排队时掏出几张小卡片念念,引得旁人注目,总觉得不太自在。这些读者可以采用“手心记字法”将小卡片上的生词用笔写在手心里,每次写两个,随时随地有空就背。这种记字法的好处是隐蔽、方便。
五、超速阅读法
过多地将精力集中在几处难点上,势必花费大量时间,以至不能有效地完成整个阅读任务。因此有的学者提出了这种方法使读者可以在短时间内快速抓住文章的中心大意和了解文章的基本内容。也就是说读者完全可以跳过一个难点继续往下看,后面的叙述可能会提供一些解答难点的线索。有些难点对整篇文章的理解并无多大影响,看不懂也没有关系。训练时要求读者用比平时快的速度看完一篇文章,然后回答几个简单问题。阅读过程不要回视,更不要查词典,看不懂也不要急,硬着头皮往下看。通过“超速阅读”训练,读者会发现自己的速度是可以加快的。另外,“超速阅读”后,再用平常读速看文章,读者自然会觉得轻松很多。
六、把标志词作为灵活阅读的提示
正如我们所知的,标志词常常被用做文章内容的向导,辨识这些标志词,能帮你成为一个更灵活、更高效的读者。因此,有些学者把它们作了如下的归类。
(1)下面类似的词出现就表示后续部分将有更多有关你刚读过的内容。所以,你可以加速阅读。这类词有:Addition, again, also,and,as well,besides, further, moreover,等等。
(2)以下类似的词出现即下面的一个或多个例子将支持、解释或阐明上文讨论的内容。如果给出多个例子,你可以快速浏览其他的例子。这些词有: Such as,for example, forthis reason,as an example,specially等等。
(3)以下这类词表达的意思是作者要改变想法,或者提出和上文相反的见解。在思路改变时,你必须降低阅读速度,防止迷失方向。这类词有:Although,but,conversely,despite, however,nevertheless, otherwise, rather等等。
(4)在以下的詞出现的情况下,表示解释内容可能按顺序排列,你必须降低阅读速度,这类词有:First,second,third,last,next,first of all等等。
(5)下面的词表示总结的意思,这时你应该预测一下重要的信息,它们可能会被简洁地陈述或重申。这类词有:Accordingly,basically,consequently,finally,hence,in conclusion, in retrospect,in summary,last of all,to summarize,therefore等等。
参考文献:
[1]李鹏飞.大学英语分级计时阅读(三) [M].北京:北京外文出版社, 2005.
因此,要提高阅读速度还应该培养整体式认知的习惯。平常我们可以把一句句的话写在卡片上,用极短的时间在眼前阅示,然后说出它的意思。练习时不断加长卡片上的句子,缩短出示卡片的时间,这样就能扩大眼睛的视距,增加一次认知的字数,提高整体认知的能力,从而加快阅读速度。
要掌握语言技巧。任何一种语言的构词方式、句子结构、句与句之间的关系都有一定的规律和模式。掌握了这些规律和模式,可以加快对词义、句义的理解,使阅读过程变得轻松流畅,从而提高阅读速度。例如汉语句子中的词序和词的搭配有一定的规律。
“发挥”常与“作用”、“威力”、“创造性”等词搭配;“发扬”常与“精神”、“作风”、“传统”等词搭配。掌握了这些习惯句式,阅读活动就会变得比较顺畅。这是因为阅读材料中出现的字词句越是在阅读者的意料之中,认识和理解的难度就越小。掌握了这种技巧,可以明显地提高阅读速度。
3怎么练习自己的阅读的速度
在进行阅读的时候,一般都是逐字逐句的去读,这样的阅读的方式是真的不合适的,所以建议大家选择更好的方式去进行阅读。
所以我们选择的技巧还是自己去懂得如何的去锻炼自己的阅读的速度,就是强迫自己一次就读一行,而不是默读。
用眼睛去看一行的文字,然后就能直接的理解文字的意思即可,这样的阅读的方式是很好的一个选择,能慢慢的提升自己的速度。
不过多数的人的训练,还是建议经常的去读书,一般进行读书的训练的话,这样的阅读的能力是能很快的提升的。
多数的时候,我们在进行阅读的时候,自己都是能起到很好的效果,那么在进行练习的时候,自己所能做的也就是如此的简单的。
在慢慢的提升自己的速度的时候,到后面都是能做到一次就阅读一大段的文字,或者是一次就阅读一页的内容。
掌握了这样的阅读的方式还是很重要的,多数的人都是比较难去掌握这样的技巧,所以还是建议大家多去进行练习才是。
4提高阅读速度的方法
自测阅读速度、阅读方式、阅读理解能力。通过选取一篇不怎么费脑的文章来进行计时测试,记下自己每分钟的阅读量和阅读时采取的是心里默读还是纯粹靠视觉来阅读,然后可以自己试着复述一下刚才所看文章的大意,这样,对自己的阅读能力就有了初步的了解。
了解提高阅读能力的原理。要根本提高阅读能力就是要改变目前自己较慢的阅读习惯,让新的阅读习惯成为自己的潜意识,就跟学自行车一样,只要学会了,即使多年不骑也不会忘记。这样就可以达到看到文字书籍就能以较快的速度阅读并理解。
根本解决办法是多读
从长远来看,解决阅读速度不快的根本办法是多读。阅读速读提高不上去很大程度上是因为考生还不习惯英语到自己语言的理解,需要一个切换理解的时间。比如看到一个词,要先想到这个词的意思,然后理解整句话。要解决这个问题显然就是需要熟练,不断地接触英语相关的资料,在不断地阅读中多理解,即使不是精读也要试图理解一片文章的大概和基本逻辑,经过联系使中间这个切换时间越来越短,最后达到完全不需要切换的语言感觉。短期来看,针对新GRE考试可以尝试多做笔记,用自己熟悉的符号记录或者标注各种语言的重要信息,这样做题时候回文定位会省事很多。
提高细节把握能力
GRE阅读速度提高了可能还存在一个问题,就是阅读的感觉不好,细节重点抓不住。不少同学做题时可以大概理解一片文章讲的是什么,但是对于一些细节,和关键问题还是理解模糊或者无法理解的问题。这种问题可能是由于同学们自己阅读一些长难句的困难,面对一些结构复杂的长句子无所适从,建议长难句方面有困难的同学可以参考一下专门针对性的长难句教材,比如杨鹏老师的长难句材料,各种语法点总结的很好,很有针对性。还有就是针对一些专业词汇做特殊的记忆,比如考生不常见的地质学、气象学和天文学等领域的词汇。
思路不适应要积累阅读量
对于思路上不太适应GRE逻辑思维的同学,平时可以多注意积累其他方面的阅读量,哪怕是中文文章的,尝试理解那些有一定逻辑难度的文章,这样可以跳过语言这一环,直接训练自己的思路。对于GRE阅读的考试,哪怕是整个GRE考试的备考来说,都会发现背景知识越丰富,得到的帮助会更多。
时间充分可以精读练习
对于备考时间比较充裕的考生可以尝试将阅读文章做完题之后精读,把每一个句子的意思都搞懂,都能翻译出来,不会的单词去查。这这个过程可以发现自己在语法和背景知识方面的漏洞,然后再去理解一篇文章的大意。
GRE阅读题目解析:蚂蚁用真菌创造菜园
Some attine ants carry vegetation into their nests and add fungal material, thereby creating “gardens” in which fungal food for the ants grow. Because the ants play the behaviorally active role, it seems compelling to say that they cultivate and control the passive fungi. But even if that is true, the symbiotic association has existed for so long that cultivar traits may have evolved in the fungi that benefit the fungi but not necessarily the ants. Furthermore, many microorganisms have developed sophisticated mechanisms to manipulate the physiology and behavior of their symbiotic animals. It is not implausible, therefore, that the ants’ fungi have evolved chemical and physiological schemes that alter ant behavior to serve the fungus’ reproductive interests, possibly even compromising the reproductive interests for the ant hosts.
1. The passage points out which of the following in order to explain the appeal of the notion that some attine ants cultivate and control fungus?
A. The ants play the behaviorally active roles in the symbiotic relationship.
B. The ants purposefully carry vegetation into their nests for their own consumption.
C. Fungus is physiologically a passive substance.
D. Other organisms are able to manipulate their symbiotic partners.
E. The chemical and physiological properties of the fungus are subject to ant influence.
2. In the context in which it appears, the word “manipulate” most nearly means
A. influence
B. oversee
C. coerce
D. deceive
E. outmaneuver
1
Some attine ants carry vegetation into their nests and add fungal material, thereby creating “gardens” in which fungal food for the ants grow.
一些 A 蚁把植物带回巢穴,再加入真菌材料,于是创造出一个生产真菌的 “ 菜园 ” 供养蚁群。
(attine ants 没查到比较准确的译法,也许可以译作 “ 真菌培育蚁 ”,也许指的就是 “ 切叶蚁 ”,待定。)
2
Because the ants play the behaviorally active role, it seems compelling to say that they cultivate and control the passive fungi.
因为蚁的是这一行为的主动方,说它们种植和控制被动的真菌似乎比较有说服力。
3
But even if that is true, the symbiotic association has existed for so long that cultivar traits may have evolved in the fungi that benefit the fungi but not necessarily the ants.
但即便这是真的,这种共生关系也存在了如此久,以至于被栽种的真菌可能已经进化出一些对自己有利,对蚁未必有利的遗传特征。
(cultivar 栽种品种
trait 遗传特征)
4
Furthermore, many microorganisms have developed sophisticated mechanisms to manipulate the physiology and behavior of their symbiotic animals.
此外,许多微生物都发展出复杂的机制,操纵与之共生的动物的生理机能和行为。
5
It is not implausible, therefore, that the ants’ fungi have evolved chemical and physiological schemes that alter ant behavior to serve the fungus’ reproductive interests, possibly even compromising the reproductive interests for the ant hosts.
因此,有可能蚁栽种的真菌,已经进化出化学和生理策略,改变蚁的行为,为真菌的生殖利益服务,甚至可能危害到了宿主蚁的生殖利益。
1. The passage points out which of the following in order to explain the appeal of the notion that some attine ants cultivate and control fungus?
A. The ants play the behaviorally active roles in the symbiotic relationship.
B. The ants purposefully carry vegetation into their nests for their own consumption.
C. Fungus is physiologically a passive substance.
D. Other organisms are able to manipulate their symbiotic partners.
E. The chemical and physiological properties of the fungus are subject to ant influence.
选 A
文章开始提出了一种现象,蚂蚁和蘑菇共生。
关于这一现象,有两种解释,一种是蚂蚁种蘑菇;一种是蘑菇控制蚂蚁。
题目问我们第一种解释的根据,定位句 2,Because the ants play the behaviorally active role,选 A 。
2. In the context in which it appears, the word “manipulate” most nearly means
A. influence
B. oversee
C. coerce
D. deceive
E. outmaneuver
选 A
influence 影响,支配
oversee 监督,监视
coerce 强制,逼迫
deceive 欺骗,误导
outmaneuver 以计谋、智力取胜(对手)
GRE阅读题目解析:英国文学传记
P45
The editors of the essay collection Romantic biography tell us repeatedly that biography is an invention of the Romantic period in British literature (late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries), yet we are never shown that process of invention motion. Hazlitt, the most prominent example of the Romantic biographer, is almost invisible. The Romantic period was not just the period in which biography was invented---or, rather, the period in which some of its informing principles were invented, since biography could just as easily be said to have originated in the scandalous memoirs that formed part of the pre-Romantic culture of the novel. It was also the period in which biography, through its sheer ubiquity, became an object of major ideological significance within British culture.
1. The passage mentions the “scandalous memoirs ” that were written prior to the Romantic period primarily in order to
A. indicate an alternative account of the origins of biography
B. compare these memoirs to Romantic biography
C. explain how biography became ubiquitous in British culture
D question the ideological significance accorded to biography
E. suggest that biographies were not as popular as memoirs
2. According to the passage, biography attained great significance within British culture during the Romantic period because biographies
A. were associated with scandal
B. were easy to read and comprehend
C. were so widespread in Britain at the time
D. challenged conventional British ideologies
E. contributed to the development of the novel
P45
1
The editors of the essay collection Romantic biography tell us repeatedly that biography is an invention of the Romantic period in British literature (late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries), yet we are never shown that process of invention motion.
文集 R B 的编辑们一再告诉我们,传记是英国文学浪漫主义时期(十八世纪晚期和十九世纪早期)的独创,却从未向我们展示创造的过程。
(我推测 Romantic biography 是个 typo,应写作 Romantic Biography,是书名;如果 biography 小写无误,则 Romantic biography 指的是 浪漫主义时期的传记,那么关于这一主题的文集,应该写为 essay collection(s) of / about / concerning (the) Romantic biographies。
翻译采取了第一种理解。)
2
Hazlitt, the most prominent example of the Romantic biographer, is almost invisible.
H,作为浪漫主义时期最杰出的传记作家的代表,几乎无人知晓。
3
The Romantic period was not just the period in which biography was invented -- or, rather, the period in which some of its informing principles were invented, since biography could just as easily be said to have originated in the scandalous memoirs that formed part of the pre-Romantic culture of the novel.
浪漫主义时期并非传记文体被创造的时期,—— 更确切地说,不是我们熟悉的那些原则被确立的时期,因为传记据称起源于 scandlous memoirs,后者是 前浪漫主义 时期小说文化的一部分。
(scandalous memoirs 意会吧,没查到权威或公认的译法)
4
It was also the period in which biography, through its sheer ubiquity, became an object of major ideological significance within British culture.
也正是在浪漫主义时期,传记作品通过普及式的传播,成为英国文化最重要的意识形态宣传工具。
(sheer 十足的,完全的
ubiquity 无所不在
object 直译,应取 “(受关注、欣赏等)的对象、客体 ”,或理解为 “ … 的目标 ” 。意译跳跃比较大。)
1. The passage mentions the ”scandalous memoirs ” that were written prior to the Romantic period primarily in order to
A. indicate an alternative account of the origins of biography
B. compare these memoirs to Romantic biography
C. explain how biography became ubiquitous in British culture
D question the ideological significance accorded to biography
E. suggest that biographies were not as popular as memoirs
选 A
scandalous memoirs 出现在句 3:
The Romantic period was not just the period in which biography was invented -- or, rather, the period in which some of its informing principles were invented, since biography could just as easily be said to have originated in the scandalous memoirs that formed part of the pre-Romantic culture of the novel.
文章前三句,一直围绕着 Romantic biography 的来源,句 1 出现的编辑们 editors 说,biography is an invention of the Romantic period in British literature,但作者认为他们一直拿不出证据,we are never shown that process of invention motion,可推测作者的态度。
综合句 3,给出了另一种说法,an alternative account 。
2. According to the passage, biography attained great significance within British culture during the Romantic period because biographies
A. were associated with scandal
B. were easy to read and comprehend
C. were so widespread in Britain at the time
D. challenged conventional British ideologies
E. contributed to the development of the novel
选 C
众所周知长阅读是GRE阅读中的一个难点,文章长已经不是问题了,而是在有限的时间内不仅要读完这么长的一篇文章,还要快速理清文章的脉络和逻辑帮助你作答。
要想提高长阅读的做题能力,就必须要以提高阅读速度为首要目标,从而,提高重要信息的抓取能力,主要逻辑线的整理能力,以及视角功能词,逻辑词等的标记能力。
提高单词的识别能力
提高单词的识别能力并不是说需要你认识文章中的所有单词,比如一些抽象名词,需要根据上下文来推测,不认识也没有关系。
而需要识别的是一些重要的具有态度方向的形容词,负向动词,因为这些词恰恰反映了作者的态度和文章的转折、递进等逻辑结构。
长难句训练
GRE考试的题目句子大都比较长,所以长难句的训练是必要的,每天都看 一点GRE 长难句图解与精练,自己尽量分析,画逻辑图的方式,差不多每天5-10句花费10-20分钟左右的时间即可。
GRE 逻辑框架训练
逻辑框架的训练就是要求同学们在分析文章时,要注重预测下文的行文方向,理清楚文章的框架和主旨,是什么观点,是怎么论证的,有哪些重要的证据。
要多去思考及分析,做到主动阅读而非被动阅读。
限时训练
就如前文所说,咱们的核心就是要提高文章的阅读速度,读文章的时候,把握住文章的逻辑结构和主要观点即可,不需要深究细节,把握阅读及做题的pace,这需要一定时间的练习,所以在备考后期要逐渐开始进行限时训练,考前进行模考练习,专门针对考试的时间分配进行适应性训练。
综合练习
做GRE阅读的时候切忌完全的翻译成中文去理解,而是去分析文章的逻辑结构,可以利用逻辑单项里的题型:
比如:recognizethe assumption,review/evaluate the argument : weaken,strengthen, find the missing but must-be-true informationthat can be inferred and mostly supported by the passages, and apply theprinciples from the authors。
或者,也可以运用Argument作文中的驳论结构去找文章的行文结构。切忌翻译理解哦~~
GRE阅读记忆训练的三个步骤
如何培养考试所需的短期记忆能力呢?下面的小编将为你介绍具体步骤:
步骤一:首先记住文章框架
1.在3.5分钟左右阅读文章。
2.在每一段的结尾,一句话概括了该段的主要思路。
3.读完全文后,浏览每一段主旨,并做一个归纳性的总结。
4. 提炼文章的整体主旨。
上述步骤可以帮助考生熟悉全文并加快解决问题的速度。
步骤二:回顾检查记忆内容
1. 把刚才看过的文章翻过去,暂时不去看。
2. 在纸上写下刚才的每段主旨和文章整体主旨。
检查记忆是测试你在文章中实际记住了多少内容,这实际上也是GRE阅读理解考察的能力。
如果在刚开始练习时没有记住任何内容并不重要,但请不要在此阶段直接阅读该文章。只要尽可能地记下你记得的东西即可。
步骤三:结合记忆答题
1.现在我们可以把刚刚的文章翻回来再看一遍。
2.如果主题涉及到特定的细节,比如在某一行中描述特定的内容,那么立即找到文章的相关部分寻找答案。
3.如果这不是一个细节题,直接回答它。
4.如果能够确定答案,便立刻回答并继续进行下一个问题。
5.如果不能确认答案,再返回文章快速找到。
6.如果前面的步骤无法解决问题,那就做个记号空下,继续跟进下一个问题。
GRE阅读备考真题解析之器官移植
The transplantation of organs from one individual to another normally involves two major problems: (1) organ rejection is likely unless the transplantation antigens (a usually protein or carbohydrate substance (as a toxin or enzyme) capable of stimulating an immune response) of both individuals are nearly identical, and (2) the introduction of any unmatched transplantation antigens induces the development by the recipient of donor-specific lymphocytes that will produce violent rejection of further transplantations from that donor. However, we have found that among many strains of rats these “normal” rules of transplantation are not obeyed by liver transplants. Not only are liver transplants never rejected, but they even induce a state of donor-specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organs, such as skin, from that donor are accepted permanently. Our hypothesis is that (1) many strains of rats simply cannot mount a sufficiently vigorous destructive immune-response (using lymphocytes) to outstrip the liver’s relatively great capacity to protect itself from immune-response damage and that (2) the systemic unresponsiveness observed is due to concentration of the recipient’s donor-specific lymphocytes at the site of the liver transplant.
17. The primary purpose of the passage is to treat the accepted generalizations about organ transplantation in which of the following ways?
(A) Explicate their main features
(B) Suggest an alternative to them
(C) Examine their virtues and limitations
(D) Criticize the major evidence used to support them(E)
(E) Present findings that qualify them
18. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes that an important difference among strains of rats is the
(A) size of their livers
(B) constitution of their skin
(C) strength of their immune-response reactions
(D) sensitivity of their antigens(C)
(E) adaptability of their lymphocytes
19. According to the hypothesis of the author, after a successful liver transplant, the reason that rats do not reject further transplants of other organs from the same donor is that the
(A) transplantation antigens of the donor and the recipient become matched
(B) lymphocytes of the recipient are weakened by the activity of the transplanted liver
(C) subsequently transplanted organ is able to repair the damage caused by the recipient’s immune-response reaction
(D) transplanted liver continues to be the primary locus for the recipient’s immune-response reaction(D)
(E) recipient is unable to manufacture the lymphocytes necessary for the immune-response reaction
20. Which of the following new findings about strains of rats that do not normally reject liver transplants, if true, would support the authors’ hypothesis?
I. Stomach transplants are accepted by the recipients in all cases.
II. Increasing the strength of the recipient’s immune-response reaction can induce liver-transplant rejection.
III. Organs from any other donor can be transplanted without rejection after liver transplantation.
IV. Preventing lymphocytes from being concentrated at the liver transplant produces acceptance of skin transplants.
(A) II only
(B) I and III only
(C) II and IV only
(D) I, II, and III only(A)
(E) I, III, and IV only
GRE双语阅读:五件事加快衰老速度
Your Lunchtime cola
午餐时的可乐
What it ages: Your bones
老化部位:骨骼
The science: Older women who drank a cola every day had significantly lower bone-mineral density than those who consumed less than one cola per month, according to a study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. It’s not exactly clear why cola had this effect, but the study researchers believe that it could be the combination of caffeine and phosphoric acid (which most other carbonated drinks don’t have) that causes the problem.
科学研究:《美国临床营养期刊》研究发现,年纪较大的女性如果每天喝一杯可乐,骨密度会远低于那些每月只喝不到一杯可乐的同龄女性。尚不明确可乐为何会产生这种影响,不过许多研究者认为可能是咖啡因与磷酸(其他大多数碳酸饮料不含该成分)结合,造成这个问题。
What you can do: Cut back. Keep in mind that diet cola had similar effects and, to a lesser extent, so did decaf versions. If you need bubbles, try seltzer instead.
解决办法:少饮可乐。记住,健怡可乐也会影响骨密度,不过程度比较轻,脱咖啡因可乐亦如此。如果你想喝碳酸饮料,选择苏打水泡腾片吧。
Your Daily Commute
日常交通
What it ages: Your skin
老化部位:皮肤
The science: The air you’re exposed to on the highway is no friend to your complexion. Traffic-related pollution can lead to age spots, according to a review in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology, while another review in Frontiers in Environmental Science found that pollution contributes to overall skin aging, plus other problems like acne, eczema and psoriasis.
科学研究:路上的空气可不是皮肤的好朋友。《皮肤病学研究杂志》表明,交通污染会引发老年斑。《环境科学前沿》还发现,污染会导致皮肤整体老化并产生一系列问题,如粉刺、痤疮和牛皮鲜。
What you can do: Until someone comes up with a way to make a long commute shorter, these tips should help. First, if you drive an older car, roll your windows down instead of up when you’re sitting in traffic. (With an older air-filter system, you’ll just breath in your car’s own exhaust if you keep them up). Second, apply a topical antioxidant product to your face, neck in the morning to help protect your skin from environmental pollution.
解决办法:如果行程不可缩短,那这些方法也许有用。首先,如果你开的是旧车,开车时要把车窗摇下来。因为旧车的空气过滤设备老化,摇起车窗只会吸入车的尾气。其次,在脸和脖子上涂一些抗氧化性产品,减少环境污染带来的伤害。
A Hypercritical Boss
吹毛求疵的老板
What it ages: Your brain
老化部位:大脑
The science: Anxiety and stress can shrink your hippocampus, and in people already experiencing the cognitive decline that can lead to Alzheimer’s, they could potentially speed up the progression of the disease.
科学研究:压力和焦虑会使大脑中的海马体缩小。对于那些认知能力已经开始下降的、可能会得老年痴呆症的人来说,病情可能会加速发展。
Your hippocampus controls memory formation and also plays a role in regulating your emotions. It naturally gets smaller as we age, but a review in Current Opinion in Psychiatry found that stress can cause structural damage and accelerate the shrinking process.
海马体是大脑中负责记忆和感情的部分。随着年龄增加,它会不断缩小。不过,《精神医学最新观点》发现,压力会造成海马体结构性损伤,加速缩小进程。
“Cortisol is released when you’re stressed and cortisol is toxic to the hippocampus,” explains lead study author Linda Mah, an assistant professor of psychiatry at the University of Toronto and clinical scientist at the Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care. Before you get anxious about how stress and anxiety are affecting your brain, know this: The researchers concluded that “pathological anxiety and chronic stress” are the real dangers, meaning the kind that’s unrelenting and never seems to go away. If you think that’s what you’re experiencing, talk to your doctor about ways to manage it.
“紧张时会释放出皮质醇,对海马体百害无利,”研究作者Linda Mah表示,同时他还是东京大学的精神学助教、Baycrest老年护理中心的临床科学家。在你焦急的想知道焦虑和紧张是如何影响大脑之前,先弄清楚这些:研究人员认为“病态焦虑和慢性压力”是真正的元凶,这些可是顽固性因子。如果你觉得自己有这些症状,和医生谈谈解决办法。
Dr. Mah led another study in focusing on people with mild cognitive impairment, or MCI. (MCI is considered a precursor to Alzheimer’s. Not everyone with MCI develops Alzheimer’s, but almost all cases of Alzheimer’s start as MCI.) Subjects who experienced anxiety at any time were more likely to progress to Alzheimer’s during the three-year study. The more severe the anxiety, the higher the risk.
Mah医生在做了另一项研究,关注那些患有轻度认知障碍(MCI)的人。MCI是老年痴呆症的早期疾病,不是每一个有MCI的人都会得老年痴呆症,但是大多老年痴呆症的病人都是从患有MCI开始的。在这三年的研究中,容易焦虑的人更容易得老年痴呆症。焦虑程度越高,患病风险也越高。
What you can do: You’ve heard this before, but managing your stress levels is incredibly important. Exercise may be particularly helpful in dealing with work worries, according to a new study in the journal Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, which reported that being physically fit helped protect against the health effects of work-related stress.
解决方法:你之前可能听说过,学会控制压力至关重要。《运动医学与科学》杂志最新研究表明,锻炼也许能帮助减轻工作压力。同时,健康的身体也会帮助我们抵抗工作压力带来的不利影响。
Sleepless Nights
夜间失眠
What they age: Your cells
老化部位:细胞
The science: A startling discovery comes via a study in Biological Psychiatry, which reported that women with five key symptoms of insomnia were almost two years older biologically than women of the same age without sleep issues. (The insomnia symptoms were difficulty falling asleep, restlessness, waking up during the night, trouble dozing off again and waking up too early.) This study didn’t show an obvious cause-and-effect relationship, but study author Steve Horvath, PhD, notes that it’s still good not to let sleep issues linger.
科学研究:生物精神病学研究有一项惊人的发现,有五大失眠症状的女性在生理上要比同龄女性老两岁。五大失眠症包括入睡困难、情绪不安、夜间易醒、午休困难、过早起床。该研究并未显示明显的因果关系,但是研究作者Steve Horvath博士表示还是要解决这些失眠问题。
What you can do: Treat the insomnia. If you’re having trouble sleeping, or notice any of the five symptoms above, ask your doctor for help.
解决方法:治疗失眠。如果你入睡困难,有上述症状,向医生寻求帮助。
An Expanding Waistline
腰围增加
What it ages: Your brain
老化部位:大脑
The science: Our brains naturally lose white matter with age, but researchers from the University of Cambridge found that the brains of overweight and obese people had the same amount of white matter as healthy people 10 years older than them. Being physically unfit in middle age was also linked to smaller brain size, according to research in Neurology.
科学研究:大脑中的白质会随年龄增加而不断损耗。剑桥大学的研究人员发现,体重超重的人大脑中的白质与与比自己大10岁的人含量相当。神经病学研究表明,中年人身体不健康也会导致脑容量减小。
What you can do: Get regular exercise (the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommends at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise, or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise, per week) and manage your weight to help keep your brain at a healthy size for your age.
随着时代的发展, 社会及科技信息量迅猛增加, 阅读在人们的生活中的重要性与日俱增。几乎在任何英语考试中, 阅读题都据有很重的分量。信息量大, 时间紧是英语阅读的一大特点。进步阅读能力成了泛博学生们的共同目标。阅读就是一个信息加工的过程, 而这个过程一般包含了对阅读物的识别、吸收、理解、保留、回忆若干个阶段, 只有这些阶段都走完了, 我们说阅读才能够真正完成, 或者说这才是高效的阅读。阅读其实就是人在吸收文字信息时自身的心理活动过程, 它建立在人类的生理条件的保证基础之上的“眼睛、大脑等器官感知世界的表现形式”, 而这种形式必须由大脑为指挥中枢, 以人的知觉器官如视觉、听觉为执行“机构”的对文字信息的识别和感知过程。世界阅读学的理论和实践已经证明:阅读的实质就是:对文字为主的各种信息进行加工与理解, 并运用人类自身的思维与语言相互交流的过程。一般都会把阅读这个过程看作是感知、理解、联想、想象、评价等复杂变化的心理活动。事实上, 阅读活动过程最终的结果, 在大多数情况下并不是由人机械地把原文说出来就了事, 而是要通过阅读者自己大脑中的内部语言来加工和处理, 并用自己的话来理解和改造原文的句子和段落, 从而真正理解领会原文的主题思想、逻辑关系、人物情节和故事全貌.
2 提高英语阅读速度技巧
要提高阅读速度, 一方面要求学生眼脑直映阅读材料, 克服不阅读习惯;另一方面要掌握快速阅读技巧。
2.1 掌握几种重要的读法
1) 略读:粗略地阅读语言材料的面式读法。通过略读获取阅读材料的主要内容和大意。快速阅读时, 训练学生略读文章标题判断预测主要内容。略读首尾段、首尾句了解文章大意。
2) 跳读:带着明确目的寻找特定信息, 忽略无关内容的点式阅读。跳读适用于细节检索式问题。SEFC阅读课前的问题常可以用来训练跳读技巧。
如:Look Carefully and Learn。
How did the students feel after they tasted the mixture?
首先归纳出问题的要点:How, students, feel,
然后要求学生目光蛇形下移在规定的时间内在文章中检索出答案:
Instead of smiling, each of them made a face.The mixture tasted terrible.
3) 组读:以意群为单位, 一组一组视读。边读边理解。减少眼停次数, 缩短“眼脑直映”时间。
4) 记忆:阅读语言材料时, 熟记文中的重要事实, 情节是提高阅读理解速度的重要手段。边读边忘, 便无法深入全面理解材料。回视, 重读等不良阅读习惯会随之出现。加强记忆能力的训练可以通过背诵重点句型、段落主题句、课文主要段落、结论, 也可以在规定的时间之内要求学生阅读一段文章, 然后复述该段文章的主要内容。
5) 猜测生词 (Guessing the new words) 在阅读过程中, 不可避免的会遇到生词。如果一遇到生词就去查字典, 或跳过去不看, 都会影响对文章的理解。这样就要猜测生词的意思。不同的语境, 单词的意思也就不一样。所以要根据上下文线索和构词法等知识去猜测。“冰冻三尺, 非一日之寒”提高阅读能力, 不是一朝一夕就能做到的。只要坚持正确的阅读方法, 培养兴趣, 广泛阅读, 积累词汇, 并且养成良好的阅读习惯, 阅读理解能力一定会逐步提高。
2.2 要坚持一个良好的习惯
培养良好的阅读习惯, 掌握有效的阅读技巧要养成良好的阅读习惯, 就要求平时多朗读, 背诵精彩段落和文章, 以培养语感。另外, 有的同学在阅读时出声读、点读或回读, 这些不良习惯都会影响阅读速度和对文章的理解。所以要克服这些不良习惯, 作到不回读, 不声读, 不点读等。只有这样, 阅读速度才能加快, 理解的准确率才能提高。除了良好的阅读习惯外, 也要掌握正确的阅读技巧。教师要指导学生形成正确的思维方法。跟你说一下我自己的经验吧, 一开始我阅读速度一般, 准确率也不高, 后来制定了一个系统的阅读计划, 3个月左右效果就很明显了。选一本合适的阅读专项训练, 合适的意思是你读起来有些吃力, 但又不会觉得特别难, 一定不能太简单, 应该是跳一跳够得着的程度;每天找一个固定的时间严格按照每篇的时间要求做5篇, 然后对答案认真解析, 要反思自己为什么选错, 从而找出自己在理解时的定向思维方面的偏差, 这个练着练着感觉就对了;遇到不认识的单词当时不许查字典, 做完分析的时候必须得查, 拿个小本子记下了, 每天上学放学的路上背, 词汇量在无形中扩大了, 阅读能力也自然而然得到了提高;重要的是从阅读习惯出发:先读题目, 再读文章;先读第一段和最后一段;再读每一段的第一句;最后再细读。这可能用比较长的时间, 如果你习惯了, 这几个步骤很快就完成了。这是快速阅读的一种方法, 花多点时间检查比慢吞吞地写好多了。不断提高自己也很重要, 如果你连那几个单词都不会, 就别考试了。平时的学习、练习、积累都是很必要的!坚持最重要!
1) 牢固掌握语法知识近年来的NMET阅读理解短文的句式结构趋向复杂, 语法知识在阅读中的作用已经突显出来。如在阅读中遇到另人费解的长句、难句, 就可以借助语法, 对句子进行适当的分析, 搞清各部分的关系, 从而准确理解整句的意思。以Decision-thinking is not unlike poker-it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think. (NMET 2000) 为例。该句的29个词中包含了主语从句, 宾语从句、并列句和破折号连接的附加说明等多种关系。其中并列句中又有复合句, 复合句中又有并列句。只有把句子的成分一一理清, 才能掌握其意思。
2) 详读主要环节, 理清脉络与思路。文字并不是互不联系的句子无序的堆砌在一起的。作者为文, 有脉可循。如记叙文多以人物为中心, 以时间或空间为线索, 按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事;论述体则包含论点、论据、结论三大要素, 通过解释、举例来阐述观点。你可根据文章的特点, 详读细节, 以动词、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索, 找出关键词语, 运用"画图列表法", 勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。
通过略读全文掌握主旨, 通过扫读定位以获取关键信息, 在阅读中注意处理难点{如生词词义的猜测等}, 在阅读中也要注意力集中, 避免笔读{不要用笔尖指着文章逐字逐句的阅读}, 避免回读{遇到生词时不要把读过的再读一遍}, 避免译读{不要在阅读时逐字逐句的翻译成汉语}, 阅读题通常有主旨题, 细节题, 语义题, 推理题和和态度题, 作主旨题要把握文章逻辑结构, 抓主题句, 还要概括段落大意, 细节题要把题干中的关键词定位到文章中, 针对性的阅读, 语义题要根据上下文的含义, 逻辑关系和基本常识来推理, 如果是熟词, 要谨记常考熟词生义, 推理题要注意一些暗示词, 局部推理要在题干中找到具体线索再回到原文, 全文推理题要定位到文章主旨, 再根据关键词找到原文相关句、在在阅读时要先浏览问题, 带着问题看文章, 抓住主旨句, 主题句, 然后再根据题目回到原文细节, 平常也要多加练习, 加快阅读速度。
2.3 逻辑推理
最重要的就是在做题的时候要在文中找出做题依据, 并用笔画出来, 因为中学英语阅读都是很基本的阅读, 做题在文中都是有依据的, 想当然很容易出错, 另外做主旨大意题目、词义猜测题目有一定的技巧, 我只给你举个例子。根据上下文猜测词意, 构词法:1) 定义或解释说明信号词:be, be calledmeans, be defined as◎A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects is called a carpenter.木匠◎His uncle is a zoologist, an expert who does research on animals.动物学家。2) 对比关系信号词:but, however, yet, otherwise, while, though on one hand…on the other hand, for one thing…for another thing, instead of等。Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby.污秽的John usually wastes a lot of money on such useless things, his wife, however, is very thrifty.节约的。3) 因果关系信号词:because, since, as, for, due to, so, therefore, so…that, such…that, thus Rubber can be made to stretch more than nine times its normal length because it is very elastic.弹性的。The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow.混浊的。4) 举例法信号词:such, such as, like, for example/instance, especially, include consist of Cars must have certain safety devices such as seat belt headlights, and good brakes.装置。On the farm they mainly raise poultry, such as chickens, ducks and geese, for their eggs and meat.家禽。5) 同义词、近义词信号词:or, like, as…as, the same as The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law tha was in effect last year.代替。Mother was tall, fat and middleaged.My aunt was an old woman, almost as plump as mother and much shorter.圆胖的。6) 生活经验, 生活常识, 逻辑推理When a doctor performs an operation on a patient, he usually gives an anesthetic to make him unconscious, because he does not want his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to him.麻药。When you throw a stone into still water of a lake, you will watch a ripple spread in rings on the surface of water.波纹
如果你不断地练习这些技巧直到你能个够自觉运用, 那么你就能够获得有效的阅读速度, 进一步提高理解能力, 来进行流利的阅读。阅读理解这种题目最终是考察你有没有读懂这篇文章和你的阅读能力。你平时做作业或什么别的, 你就想着怎样才可以读懂这篇文章, 怎样才可以读快些, 读了题目后怎样才可以正确无误地提取信息, 当然, 查词典, 问别人这道题怎么做等等。这些能力都是练出来的!要不学了那么多年的英语岂不是白费了吗?总之, 阅读是培养语言学习兴趣的一项重要途径, 又是摄取知识的最佳手段。我们要广泛阅读, 开拓视野, 始终不渝地坚持并不断地发掘自己对阅读的兴趣。我相信, 只要目标明确, 方法得当, 一以贯之, 我们的阅读速度就一定会得到明显地提高。
参考文献
[1]李志华.浅谈提高高中英语阅读速度的技巧[J].新华教育研究, 2009 (2) .
[2]黄德兰.读者因素与外语阅读[D].安徽大学, 2003.
[3]罗杰.快速阅读过程信息加工速度及特点研究[D].贵州师范大学, 2002.
[4]王丽燕.工作记忆中的语音回路影响汉语阅读理解的眼动研究[D].首都师范大学, 2003.
[5]孙广峰.大学英语阅读教学的新尝试[D].中国海洋大学, 2003.
每一篇文章的题目、首句、首段往往是文章内容的高度概括。在开始阅读前,要根据这些推测文章的内容,可以在一定程度上扫清可能出现的理解障碍,加速理解过程,提高阅读速度。
[抓住题干]
阅读题干,首先要掌握问题的类型,分清是客观信息题还是主观判断题。客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案,而主观判断题考查的是对文章的感情基调,作者未加陈述的观点以及贯穿全文的中心主旨的理解等,这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文章进行深一层的推理等。其次,了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息,然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读,对有关信息进行快速定位,再将其整合、甄别、分析、对比,有根有据地排除干扰项,选出正确答案。
[抓住猜测词义]
在阅读的过程中,同学们都会不可避免地遇到生词。而在关键的地方,对这些生词词义的推测和正确理解与否直接影响到同学们对句子意思的把握和对全文的理解,以及对文章内容的正确把握。词汇量的大小在一定程度上影响阅读速度的快慢及阅读理解的准确率,因此根据上下文猜词义就成了一个重要的阅读技巧。在词汇量大致相同的情况下,有的同学能运用这一技巧准确理解原文,有的同学则只因为阅读中碰到两三个生词而导致对原文的误解。其实我们可以抓住文章的主要内容,根据上下文猜测词义来提高阅读速度。少数生词的存在决不会影响阅读理解。猜测并不是对文章进行臆测,它要求同学们能够调动自己的所有知识,文化的、语言的等等,克服自己由于词汇量的不足带来的阅读障碍,较为准确地掌握文章的中心内容。
例1 Imagine, one day, getting out of bed in Beijing and being at your office in Shanghai in only a couple of hours, and then, after a full day of work, going back home to Beijing and having dinner there.
Sounds unusual, doesn’t it? But it’s not that unrealistic, with the development of China’s high-speed railway system. And that’s not all. China has an even greater high-speed railway plan-to connect the country with Southeast Asia, and eventually Eastern Europe.
China is negotiating to extend its own high-speed railway network to up to 17 countries in 10 to 15 years, eventually reaching London and Singapore.
China has proposed three such projects. The first would possibly connect Kunming with Singapore via Vietnam and Malaysia. Another could start in Urumqi and go through Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, and possiblyto Germany. The third would start in the northeast and go north through Russia and then into Western Europe.
If China’s plan for the high-speed railway goes forward, people could zip over from London to Beijing in under two days.
The new system would still follow China’s high-speed railway standard. And the trains would be able to go 346 kilometers an hour, almost as fast as some airplanes.
China’s bullet train (高速客车), the one connecting Wuhan to Guangzhou, already has the World’s fastest average speed. It covers 1,069 kilometers in about three hours.
Of course, there are some technical challenges to overcome. There are so many issues that need to be settled, such as safety, rail gauge (轨距), maintenance of railway tracks. So, it’s important to pay attention to every detail.
But the key issue is really money. China is already spending hundreds of billions of yuan on domestic railway expansion.
China prefers that the other countries pay in natural resources rather than with capital investment. Resources from those countries could stream into China to sustain development.
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It’ll be a win-win project. For other countries, the railway network will definitely create more opportunities for business, tourism and so on, not to mention the better communication among those countries
For China, such a project would not only connect it with the rest of Asia and bring some much-needed resources, but would also help develop China’s far west. We foresee that in the coming decades, millions of people will migrate to the western regions, where the land is empty and resources unused. With high-speed trains, people will set up factories and business centers in the west once and for all. And they’ll trade with Central Asian and Eastern European countries.
1. China’s new high-speed railway plan will be a win-win project because .
A. China will get much-needed resources and develop its western regions
B. China and the countries involved will benefit from the project in various ways
C. China will develop its railway system and communication with other countries
D. the foreign countries involved will develop their railway transportation, business and tourism
2. According to the passage,the greatest challenge to the new high-speed railway plan is .
A. technical issues
B. safety of the system
C. financial problems
D. maintenance of railway tracks
3. Which of the following words best describes the author’s attitude towards China’s high-speed railway plan?
A. Critical. B. Reserved.
C. Doubtful. D. Positive.
4. Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?
A. New Railway Standards
B. Big Railway Dreams
C. High-speed Bullet Trains
D. International Railway Network
解析 1. B。由文章倒数第二段可知:高铁的发展可以提供更多的商业旅游机会, 更加强了国与国之间的联系。由此可以推断中国和所涉及到的国家会从中受益。
2. C。由倒数第四段的第一句话“But the key issue is really money ...”可知:钱(财经)是关键的问题。
3. D。由最后一段,作者预测: “that in the coming decades,millions of people will migrate to the western regions... With high-speed trains,people will set up factories and business centers in the west once and for all.And they’ll trade with Central Asian and Eastern European countries”,可以推断作者对高铁的发展所持的是积极的态度。
4. B。文章的第一段是主题段,尤其是imagine 一词更能突现dream这一关键词。
[抓住略读]
略读,指以最快的速度粗略地对文章的内容获以梗概,而查阅,指以最快的速度从一篇文章中淘沙拣金,获取读者所需的材料或信息,包括查找人名、地名、事件发生的事件或地点等。首先快速浏览文章的前面几段,以便对文章的内容、背景、写作的风格以及作者的观点等有所了解,而对后面的一些段落可以只读每段的主题句。主题句一般位于句首、句末,也有少数插入段中。
[抓住构词法]
英语中许多词由词根和词缀组成。掌握英语的词根、前缀和后缀,对构词法有一定的概念,不但是扩充词汇量的一条便捷途径,同时也可以在阅读中判断生词的准确词意,从而提高阅读速度。同学们一定要重视利用词缀来扩充词汇量和通过理解词缀的意义来判断生词的确切含义,从而达到提高阅读速度的目的。
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[培养好阅读习惯]
在阅读的过程中,同学们不必读出声,尽量不回视,一口气读完。不懂时,可根据问题的要求重读,有针对性地查找相关信息。阅读时要养成这样的习惯:以意群为阅读单位,不要逐词逐词的读。必须经过长时期的训练才会有效果。而且,要注意将提高速度、丰富词汇量、扩大知识面与提高阅读能力,灌输阅读技巧有机地结合起来。
例2 Science can’t explain the power of pets, but many studies have shown that the company of pets can help lower blood pressure (血压) and raise chances of recovering from a heart attack, reduce loneliness and spread all-round good cheer.
Any owner will tell you how much joy a pet brings. For some, an animal provides more comfort than a husband/wife. A 2002 study by Karen Allen of the State University of New York measured stress (紧张) levels and blood pressure in people — half of them pet owners—while they performed 5 minutes of mental arithmetic (算术) or held a hand in ice water. Subjects completed the tasks alone, with a husband/wife, a close friend or with a pet. People with pets did it best. Those tested with their animal friends had smaller change in blood pressure and returned most quickly to baseline heart rates. With pets in the room, people also made fewer math mistakes than when doing in front of other companions. It seems people feel more relaxed (放松) around pets, says Allen, who thinks it may be because pets don’t judge.
A study reported last fall suggests that having a pet dog not only raises your spirits but may also have an effect on your eating habits. Researchers at Northwestern Memorial Hospital spent a year studying 36 fat people and their equally fat dogs on diet-and-exercise programs; a separate group of 56 people without pets were put on a diet program. On average, people lost about I1 pounds, or 5% of their body weight. Their dogs did even better, losing an average of 12 pounds, more than 15% of their body weight. Dog owners didn’t lose any more weight than those without dogs but, say researchers, got more exercise overall-mostly with their dogs - and found it worth doing.
1.What does the text mainly discuss?
A.What pets bring to their owners.
B.How pets help people calm down.
C.People’s opinions of keeping pets.
D.Pet’s value in medical research.
2.We learn from the text that a person with heart disease has a better chance of getting well if .
A.he has a pet companion
B.he has less stress of work
C.he often does mental arithmetic
D.he is taken care of by his family
3.According to Allen, why did the people do better with pets around when lacing stressful tasks?
A.They have lower blood pressure.
B.They become more patient.
C.They are less nervous.
D.They are in higher spirits.
4.The research mentioned in the last paragraph reports that ___________.
A.people with dogs did more exercise
B.dogs lost the same weight as people did
C.dogs liked exercise much more than people did
D.people without dogs found the program unhelpful.
解析 1. A。文章谈到了宠物对降低血压,心脏病的治疗,减少孤独感都有好处,因此,本文所探讨的是宠物会给主人带来什么。
2. A。根据文章的第一段“... raise chance of recovering from a hear attack ...可以推断出答案。
3. C。由文章第二段“It seems people feel more relaxed (放松) around pets, says Allen, who thinks it may be because pets don’t judge.”可知,有宠物陪伴,人们会感到放松,也就不紧张了。
4. A。从文章的最后一句话Dog owners didn’t lose any more weight than those without dogs but, say researchers, got more exercise overall—mostly with their dogs—and found it worth doing可知有狗的人并未比没有狗的人减少更多的体重, 然而他们和狗一起运动得更多。
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