which引导定语从句（精选11篇）
关系代词which引导的定语从句， 指物，在从句中可以作主语、宾语等。多数情况下，可与that互换。但是要注意当从句中，介词提前只能用which，而且，在非限制性定语从句中，which引导的句子单独翻译为一句话。
(1)“The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.”(-4-3)
考点：board董事会，be responsible for代表， on behalf of代表(注意在写作中的应用)，shareholder股东
解析：这个句子难度为低级，划横线部分为主句只有一个难点就是which的先行词是谁，是句子还是前面的一个名词，很显然，这个句子中是指市场价值，而不是这种能力。
翻译：保护客户资料的`能力是市场价值的关键，董事会代表股东对市场价值负有责任。
难点总结：介词短语，which的先行词，非限制性定语从句一般翻译为一个单句。
(2)In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.(-翻译-47)
考点：multi-media 传媒集团(最好不要翻译为多媒体集团)， bring together 组织，集合，work in relation to one another 彼此协作，publishing houses出版社
解析：此句难度为高级，划线部分为主句， 冒号后是主句的同位语，由which引导的定语从句来修饰groups，句尾还有that引导的定语从句来修饰television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses。As在这个句子中是副词，修饰副词elsewhere,翻译为“就像在其他地方一样”。
翻译：在欧洲，就像在其他地方一样，多媒体集团越来越成功了，这些集团把相互之间有紧密联系的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志、出版社组合到了一起。
难点总结：确认关系代词which，that的先行词(记得当先行词是两个或者两个以上的人或者物时，关系代词要用that。)，as的用法。
(3)Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account.(-3-4)
考点：take into account考虑(注意要用在写作中，尤其是建议信中例如：You need to take the following factor into account when you make a decision.)
解析：这个句子难度为低级。Which在此指代的是a correct baseline。
翻译：麦尔斯博士和沃姆博士指出，他们的工作确定了一个准确的底线，未来的管理必须将其考虑进去。
难点总结：确定which的先行词。
(4)For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.
考点：semiconductor半导体，casualty伤亡，
解析：这个句子难度为高级，这个句子是主句里套从句，从句里又套从句的结构，所以分清楚主句特别重要，主句为划线部分，其中as though 引导一个方式状语从句，这个从句中又有一个由which(先行词为the making of semiconductors)引导的非限制性定语从句。
翻译：曾有一段时间，似乎半导体制造业是另一个将要覆没的产业，要知道半导体正是美国人所发明，它在计算机新时代起着核心作用。
通过华南师范大学外国语言文化学院创建的语料库, 使用Antconc 3.2软件对广东省2007年英语高考作文进行分析。通过检索that和which, 得到了856个带有that和111个带有which的句子。下表是对that和which在这些句子中的使用情况的数据分析。在这967个句子中, 仅有125个句子是定语从句, 仅占12.93%。具体分析带有that和带有which的句子, 又表现迥异。
在856个带有that的句子中, 只有27个句子是定语从句, 仅占3.15%;而其他带有that的句子多用于下面的句型或者短语中:
1) That’s why…
2) I believe/hope…that…
3) so…that…
4) It is/was…that (It is you that give me a strong body and a kind heart.)
5) 常用短语, 如at that time和that day
在27个由that引导的定语从句中, 有13个句子错误使用关系词that, 错误率高达48.15%。在排除那些与关系词that无关的错误 (如拼写、标点及其他的语法错误) 之后, 关系词that的错误用法可以分为以下四类 (一个错误可能分属不同类) : (1) 4个非限制性定语从句中使用了that, 例如:…get me name is Ari, that mean‘lion’… (2) 4个本该使用关系副词when和where的句子使用了that, 例如:…forget these days that I broke my let. (3) 3个句子出现了小错误但并不影响整个句子的表达, 例如:…many thing that I fell it’s very important. (4) 3个句子结构混乱, 意思使人费解, 例如:Ihave the same experience that is Situation.
在111个带有which的句子中, 高达98个是定语从句, 占88.29%, 这与带有that的句子形成了鲜明的对比。在98个由which引导的定语从句中, 有30个句子错误使用关系词which, 错误率为30.61%, 远低于that作关系词的错误率。在排除那些与关系词which无关的错误 (如拼写、标点及其他的语法错误) 之后, 这30个which的错误, 用法也可以相应地分为以下四类 (一个错误可能分属不同类) : (1) 12个句子本该使用that却误用了which, 例如:…the things which Iwanted. (2) 3个句子本该使用关系副词when却使用了which, 例如:…remember the day which I broke my left leg. (3) 13个句子出现了小错误但并不影响整个句子的表达, 例如:…was Ari and which mean lion. (4) 3个句子的意思令人费解, 例如:…to change the positive which you wrote for me.
从上面的分析可以看出, 高中学生在写作时未能熟练地使用定语从句来丰富措辞, 甚至在使用时错误百出, 对定语从句掌握得不够好, 说明学生语法基础薄弱。另外, 学生在使用关系代词引导定语从句时倾向于使用which而避免使用that, 而且使用which的正确率比使用that高得多。
鉴于上述分析, 教师在讲授定语从句时, 还需要进一步强调以下两点: (1) 先行词指物时, 非限制性定语从句只能使用which做关系代词; (2) 先行词是不定代词everything、nothing等, 关系代词只能使用that。这是两个很基本的知识点, 可是从高考作文分析中可以看出学生并没有掌握好如何使用, 因此有必要进行重点强调。
选好关系词是掌握好定语从句的关键步骤之一。然而, 从上述分析中可以看出, 很多学生在选择关系词时不知所措。因此, 学习定语从句的人, 尤其是初学者, 一定要熟知各个关系连词的功能和作用, 先学会选择恰当的关系词。而作为教师, 在讲授定语从句前应该先让学生明白基本的句子结构和句子成份。如果连定语从句的结构和成份都搞不清楚, 那关系连词的选择将会无从下手。下面以一个例子来说明如何有效地选择恰当的关系词。
例句:This is the most expensive dress____I have ever seen.
第一步, 先搞清楚先行词是指代人还是指代物。在这个例句里先行词是dress (连衣裙) , 指代的是物体;第二步, 分析该定语从句并找出它基本的句子成份 (主语、谓语和宾语) , 看它缺少了哪个成份, 指代先行词的成份是主语还是宾语。在该例句里, 缺少了动词see的宾语;第三步, 选出合适的关系连词, 然后以陈述句语序写出该定语从句的剩余部分。根据前两个步骤, 这里可以选择that或者which, 可是因为先行词被最高级修饰, 所以只能选择that。
虽然《新高中英语课程标准》明确指出, 英语课程改革的重点就是要改变过去英语教学过程中过分重视语法和词汇知识讲解的状况, 培养学生的实际语言运用能力——搜集和处理信息的能力、获取新知识的能力、分析解决问题的能力以及交流合作的能力, 把语言的社会性功能抬到了很高的位置。但是, 语法的地位仍然不可忽视。Wilkins (1979) 曾说过, “The learner does still have to master the grammatical structure.There is no way that one can‘know’a language without knowing its grammatical basis.”因此, 如果说整个语言知识系统是一座摩天大厦的话, 那么语法就是它坚固的地基。在国家大力提倡课程改革的新形势下, 广大的英语教师确实应该转变传统教学思想和观念, 着重培养学生的综合语言运用能力;可是, 也不能忽视语法的重要地位, 更不应该把语法教学独立地分割开来。在新的形势下, 语法教学的地位和涵义得到了更加生动的体现, 如何运用新方法新理念来满足学生的各种需求将是广大英语教师需要探索的一个难题。
参考文献
[1]何安平.高中英语课程改革理论与实践[M].长春:东北师范大学出版社, 2004.
[2]英语课程标准 (实验稿) [S].北京:北京师范大学出版社, 2008.
一、what/ that/ which引导的名词性从句
名词性从句相当于名词，在句子中作主语的称为主语从句，作宾语的称为宾语从句，作表语的称为表语从句，另外在名词后面起到对内容补充说明作用的同位语的名词性从句称之为同位语从句。
试做下面题目：
1. At first, the donkey realized_____________was happening and cried horribly.
2.“Thank you for_____________you’ve said. I hope I will never be too busy to help others.” With that, Thomas Jefferson turned his horse around and went away.
3. He hopes that sharing_____________he’s been through will help others.
4. They spent a couple of days and nights on the farm of_____________would be considered a very poor family.
5. It never occurred to me_____________you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.
6. The only difference is_____________today’s employment of children is confined to small industries and family businesses.
7. She loved driving very fast, and boasted of the fact_____________she had never, in her thirty-five years of driving, been punished for a driving mistake.
8. Its publication has started a debate as to_____________way of parenting is superior, the traditional Chinese way or the American way.
[参考答案]
1. what2. what3. what4. what5. that6. that7. that 8. which
[思路点拨]
以上第1-4题考查了what在名词性从句中的用法。题1,4中，what作从句的主语；题2中，what作动词say的宾语；在题3中，what作介词through的宾语。第5-7题考查了that在名词性从句中的用法。that在这三题中分别引导了主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。题8考查which在名词性从句中的用法，这里which引导宾语从句。
考生可以遵循以下做题步骤，坚持实践，提高做题速度和正确率。
1. 从宏观角度分析句子结构，抓住句子的主干，从而判断出从句的类型。如何分析句子结构呢？这就需要抓住句子的关键点，也是核心点——动词部分。抓住了动词就意味着抓住了句子的脊梁和命脉。因为英语句子的主干结构就是“主语+谓语动词+宾语”或者“主语+系动词+表语”。在平时训练中，考生找句子中的主语或宾语是比较困难的, 相对而言找动词会比较容易。考生根据动词的形式确定出句子的谓语动词，动词前后可以确定出句子的主语或宾语成分。如题1中，我们可以知道空格后的句子是realized的宾语从句。题2和4中，空格在介词for和of后，可以判断出后面的句子是介词的宾语从句。题3的sharing_____________he’s been through是在主句谓语动词hope后的宾语从句中作主语。
2. 分析确定出的从句，判断从句中所缺的成分。
that引导名词性从句时没有意义，仅起连接作用，不在句子中充当任何成分。当它引导的同位语从句、表语从句和主语从句放在句首时，that不能省略；that引导的宾语从句不能在介词后做宾语。如题5，It never occurred to me_____________you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind. It为形式主语，故句子可以转化为： you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind never occurred to me. 在主语从句中，主谓宾的主干结构已经齐全，不缺成分，故用that引导。
值得注意的是，what 引导名词性从句时, 除起连接作用外, 还在句子中担任主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分，相当于all that 或everything that，表示“ 什么”或“…… 的东西或事情”。如题3，宾语从句sharing_____________he’s been through中share是及物动词，后接宾语从句，what在宾语从句中充当介词through的宾语，意为“分享他所经历过的事情”。另外，which引导名词性从句时，除起连接作用外，还在句子中担任主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分，意为“哪一个”。如题8中，从the traditional Chinese way or the American way可知，空格引导的宾语从句有选择的意味，故用which。
nlc202309030122
3. 填入引导词，检查语意是否完整。
【小试牛刀】
1. He knew_____________would happen when his classmates found out.
2. That Christmas Eve, Paul learned_____________Jesus meant when he said: “it is more blessed to give...”
3. Next day, when he was about to drink wine, he also remembered_____________he promised to Allah, so he gave up the idea of drinking wine.
4. When Vincent stopped his inner voice and asked the woman out, she said, “Vincent,_____________took you so long?”
5. The Pine Street Foundation conducted its research on the belief_____________cancer cells give off a different type of metabolic(新陈代谢) waste product.
6. In addition, the most undesirable effect is_____________examinations encourage bad study habits.
7.“She could hardly speak Chinese at the beginning, and we had to guess_____________each other meant through gestures,”said Li.
8. Girls are no longer closely guarded, and they can do more or less_____________they like.
9. The shocking news made me realize_____________terrible problems we would face.
10. The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of_____________others actually understand.
【参考答案】
1. what2. what3. what4. what5. that 6. that7. what8. what9. what10. what
二、that/ which引导的定语从句定语从句一般紧跟在被修饰的名词后面，起修饰作用。引导限制性定语从句的关系代词that和which一般可以换用。限制性定语从句中，必须用that的情况有：
1. 先行词是指事物的不定代词all, little, much, anything, everything, nothing等时；
2. 先行词被the only, the very, 形容词最高级或序数词修饰时；
3. 先行词有人也有物时。
定语从句中，必须用which的情况有：
1. 引导非限定性定语从句，常跟在“，”后；
2. 当定语从句中的介词提前时，即紧跟在介词后面时。
试做下面的题：
1. With each shovel of dirt_____________hit his back, the donkey was doing something amazing.
2. It turned out that I couldn’t do any of them very well in such a hurry,_____________made me quite angry.
3. At last, they tried to fill in the plane with carbon dioxide,_____________poisoned all the eighty rats by the poisonous gas.
4. Chilren often form bad habits, some of_____________remain with them as long as they live.
5. The second kind of medicine is called “natural cures” or “folk medicine” in_____________less educated people try to cure sicknesses with various herbs.
【参考答案】
1. which/that2. which3. which4. which 5. which
【解题妙招】
确定定语从句，首先看它是否位于名词后面，再确定从句跟该名词存在的关系。建议考生用括号把定语从句括起来，以便于更好地把握句子的主要意思。然后使用“还原”的方法，将先行词还原到从句中，看它作什么成分。
【小试牛刀】
1. I looked into their eyes and I found they didn’t care,_____________told me it would be useless.(2010深圳一模)
2. His way lay through a forest in_____________there were many monkeys. (2010广东模拟)
3. This means their children will for sure have the family disease,_____________is a great trouble for these families. (2009深圳外国语)
4. Then，the daughter began using some of her money to promote a day_____________would honor all mothers. (2009汕头城南)
5. Wind stirs things down and brings down a lot of warm air_____________often floats just above housetops and trees. (2009广东模拟)
【参考答案】
1. which2. which3. which4. that/which 5. that/which
（作者单位：广州市第89中学）
责任编校蒋小青
As 引导定语从句扫描
在定语从句中，一般的从句关系代词是which、who、whom、that、 whose, 其代替主句中的人或物，在从句中做主语、宾语或定语。而学生在学习过程中，常会遇到as作为关系代词出现，做起题来，无从下手,就此笔者对as作为关系代词引导定语从句的情况做一归纳, 以供参考.
一、as引导限制性定语从句
主要结构有：
the same…as
as…as
such…as
so…as
主句中出现the same, as, such, so修饰先行词，需选择as做关系代词在定语从句中做主语或宾语。
1. It’s the same person as we wanted to find yesterday .
我们昨天要找的是同一个人。
2. Such girls as he knows are good at English .
他所认识的女孩都擅长英语。
3. Do you have such books as we like ?
你有我们喜欢那种书吗?
4. She will marry as healthy a man as she can find .
她将嫁给她能找到的任何一个有钱人。
5. There is so warm a house as we want to live in .
这里有如此暖和的房子，我们都想住在里面。
6. He has so difficult a problem , as none of us can solve .
他有如此难的一个问题，我们没有人能解决。
二、引导非限制性定语从句
⑴ as引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容，从句可置于句首，句中或句尾
1. As everyone knows ,China is a beautiful country with a long history .
每个人都知道，中国是一个有着悠久历史的`美丽国家。
2. The earth , as we know , moves round the sun .
地球，我们都知道，围着太阳转。
3. Tom works hard and is willing to help others, as we all know.
汤母工作努力，并且乐于助人，这一点我们都知道。
⑵ 非限制性定语从句中的谓语为被动式时，常用as做主语
be said/known/announced/reported/mentioned/expected/discussed
1. Grammar , as has been said before, is not a set of dead rules.
语法，就像以前所说，不是一套死规则。
2. As is known to all , TaiWan is part of China .
⑶ as引导非限制性定语从句，有“如，似，正像”的含义，因此，下列句式多用as
as has been said above
如上所说
as anybody can see
正像每个人所看到的那样
as we had expected
正如我们所预料的那样
1. Things are not always as they appear.
事情并不一直像他们表面那样。
2. The boy has as much progress as we had expected.
A.which
B.what
C.as
D.those
2.Isthisthefactory__________youvisitedtheotherday?
A.that
B.where
C.inwhich
D.theone
3.Isthisfactory__________someforeignfriendsvisitedlastFriday?
A.that
B.where
C.which
D.theone
4.Isthisthefactory__________heworkedtenyearsago?
A.that
B.where
C.which
D.theone
5.Thewolveshidthemselvesintheplaces__________couldn’tbefound.
A.that
B.where
C.inwhich
D.inthat
6.Thefreezingpointisthetemperature__________waterchangesintoice.
A.atwhich
B.onthat
C.inwhich
D.ofwhat
7.Thisbookwillshowyou__________canbeusedinothercontexts..
A.howyouhaveobserved
B.whatyouhaveobserved
C.thatyouhaveobserved
D.howthatyouhaveobserved
8.Thereasonis__________heisunabletooperatethemachine.
A.because
B.why
C.that
D.whether
9.I’lltellyou__________hetoldmelastweek.
A.allwhich
B.that
C.allthat
D.which
10.Thattree,__________branchesarealmostbare,isveryold.
A.whose
B.ofwhich
C.inwhich
D.onwhich
11.Ihaveboughtthesamedress__________sheiswearing.
A.as
B.that
C.which
D.what
12.Hefailedintheexamination,__________madehisfatherveryangry.
A.which
B.it
C.that
D.what
13.We’retalkingaboutthepianoandthepianist__________wereintheconcertweattendedlastnight.
A.which
B.whom
C.who
D.that
14.Thegirl__________anEnglishsonginthenextroomisTom’ssister.
A.whoissinging
B.issinging
C.sang
D.wassinging
15.Those__________notonlyfrombooksbutalsothroughpracticewillsucceed.
A.learn
B.who
C.thatlearns
D.wholearn
16.Anyone__________thisopinionmayspeakout.
A.thatagainsts
B.thatagainst
C.whoisagainst
D.whoareagainst
17.Didn’tyouseetheman__________?
A.Inoddedjustnow
B.whomInoddedjustnow
C.Inoddedtohimjustnow
D.Inoddedtojustnow
18.Canyoulendmethenovel__________theotherday?
A.thatyoutalked
B.youtalkedaboutit
C.whichyoutalkedwith
D.youtalkedabout
19.Isthereanything__________toyou?
A.thatisbelonged
B.thatbelongs
C.thatbelong
D.whichbelongs
20.----“Howdoyoulikethebook?”
----“It’squitedifferentfrom__________Ireadlastmonth.”
A.that
B.which
C.theone
D.theonewhat
21.Mr.Zhanggavethetextbooktoallthepupilsexcept__________whohadalreadytakenthem.
A.theones
B.ones
C.some
D.theothers
22.Thetrain__________shewastravellingwaslate.
A.which
B.where
C.onwhich
D.inthat
23.Hehaslostthekeytothedrawer__________thepapersarekept.
A.where
B.inwhich
C.underwhich
D.which
24.Antarctic__________weknowverylittleiscoveredwiththickicealltheyearround.
A.which
B.where
C.that
D.aboutwhich
25.It’sthethirdtime__________latethismonth.
A.thatyouarrived
B.whenyouarrived
C.thatyou’vearrived
D.whenyou’vearrived
26.Itwasin1969__________theAmericanastronautsucceededinlandingonthemoon.
A.that
B.which
C.when
D.inwhich
27.Maythefourthistheday__________weChinesepeoplewillneverforget.
A.which
B.when
C.onwhich
D.aboutwhich
28.WearegoingtospendtheSpringFestivalinGuangzhou,__________livemygrandparentsandsomerelatives.
A.which
B.that
C.who
D.where
29.Thehotel__________duringourholidaysstandsbytheseaside.
A.westayedat
B.wherewestayedat
C.westayed
D.inthatwestayed
30.Isitinthatfactory__________“RedFlag”carsareproduced?
A.inwhich
B.where
C.which
D.that
31.ItistheSuezCanal__________separatesAsia__________Africa.
A.which,to
B.where,from
C.that,from
D.that,with
32.Underthebridge,however,almostdirectlybelow,__________wasasmallcanoe,withaboyinit.
A.there
B.where
C.it
D.which
33.Heisnot__________afool__________.
A.such,asheislooked
B.such,ashelooks
C.as,asheislooked
D.so,ashelooks
34.Isthatthereason__________youareinfavouroftheproposal?
A.which
B.what
C.why
D.forthat
35.HemustbefromAfrica,__________canbeseenfromhisskin.
A.that
B.as
C.who
D.what
参考答案：
1—5AADBA6—10ABCCA11—15AADAD
16—20CDDBC21—25ACBDC26—30AADAD
1.对坚持不懈的人来说没有什么是不可能的。（those）Nothing is impossible for those who persevere.2.众所周知，吸烟有害健康。（As）
As we all know, smoking does harm to one’s health.3.桂林是一座具有两千年历史的城市。（history）Guilin is a city wihich/that has a history of two thousand year.4.你知道他辞职的原因吗？（quit）Do you know the reason why he quitted the job? 5.你们刚才在谈论的那个人已经到我们公司了。（talk）The person(who/whom)you were talking about has arrived at our company.6.这就是你能在上面找到答案的那一页。（page）This is the page where/in which you can find the answer.7.那位我们去年曾照看过的老太太去世了。（take care of）The old lady who/whom we had taken care of last year passed away.8.他们在原来是一个公园的地方建了一个商场。（shopping mall）They built a shopping mall in a place which/ that used to be a park.9.他给我们讲了许多我们从来没有听说过的有趣的人和事。（hear）
He told us many interesting people and things(that)I have ever seen.10.这部小说很感人，我读过三遍了。（touching）This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.11.这是我见过的最宏伟的建筑了。（ever）
This is the most magnificent building(that)I have ever seen/ 12.我们欢迎任何对舞蹈感兴趣的人参加这次比赛。（welcome）We welcome anyone who is interested in dancing to enter the competition.13.他似乎没领会我的意思，这令我心烦。（grasp）
He seemed no to have grasped what I meant, which made me upset.14.我们再也不能回到那些年轻且无忧无虑的日子了。（days）We can never go back to those days when we were young and care-free.15.他把他所了解到的关于这个新技术的一切都写了下来。（learn）
He wrote down all/everything(that)he had learned about the new technology.16.大学毕业生经常感到很难一毕业就找到工作，他们大多数都没有任何工作经验。（find）
University graduates, most of whom don’t have any work experience, often find it hard to find a job upon graduation.17.医生告诉我他已经没有办法挽救这个病人了。（nothing）The doctor told me that there was nothing he could do to save this patient.18.鲁迅是中国最著名的作家之一，他曾学过医。（study）Lu Xun, who had studied medicine, was one of the most famous writers in China.19.这本珍贵的书在一个二手书店里被找到了，他的封面已经脱落了。（missing）
This precious book, whose cover/ the cover of which is missing, was found in a second-hand bookstore.20.他们在河上建了座木桥，用这个方法他妈呢就能到河对岸与那里的村名进行贸易了。（trade）
定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词 (who, whom, whose, that, which) 和关系副词 (when, where, why) , 关系代词和关系副词位于先行词及定语从句之间, 起连接作用, 同时也在定语从句中充当句子成分。
注意:1.what不能引导定语从句。
2.关系词与它在定语从句中所充当的句子成分有关。
关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词通常是指人或物的名词或代词, 在主句中充当主语、宾语等成分。关系代词在从句中作主语时不能省略, 作宾语时可以省略。
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时, 从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致。
1.用于指人的关系代词有who, whom和that。that和who可用作主语或宾语, whom只能用作宾语。如:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
He is the man (whom/that/who) I saw yesterday.
2.用于指物的关系代词有which和that, 作主语和宾语均可。如:
Mary likes music which/that is quiet and gentle.
Where is the book which/that Sarah lent me yesterday?
(注:that既可指人, 也可指物)
3.whose用来指人或物, 只用作定语。指物时可以与of which互换。如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
Please pass me the book whose cover is green./Please pass me the book the cover of which is green.
补充说明:
1) 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰, 或被修饰的先行词为all, any, many, the one等不定代词时, 关系代词只能用that, 而不用which。如:
He was the first person that passed the exam.
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
2) 当先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few等词修饰时, 关系代词只能用that, 而不用which。如:
This is the same bike that I lost.
3) 当关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语时, 介词可放于先行词之前, 也可以放在谓语动词的后面, 但含有介词的短语动词不能被拆开, 其中的介词必须放在动词后面。另外, 关系代词that不能直接放在介词的后面。如:
This is the room in which he lives.
The child whom she is looking after isn’t her son.
关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词when, where, why可代替的先行词分别是表示时间、地点或原因的名词, 在从句中作状语。关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构, 因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用。如:
I’ll never forget the days when (on which) I stay with you.
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
巩固练习:
() 1.Children like houses________are painted in different colors.
A.whichB.whoseC.whatD.where
() 2.Is this the river________I can swim?
A.whichB.in whichC.thatD.the one
() 3.This is the best hotel in the city________I know.
A.whereB.whichC.thatD.whose
() 4.Can you lend me the dictionary________the other day?
A.that you boughtB.you bought it
C.that you bought itD.which you bought it
() 5.Anyone________with what I said may put up your hands.
A.who agreeB.which agreeC.who agreesD.which agrees
() 6.My watch is not the only thing________is missing.
A.thatB.whatC.whichD.who
() 7.The man________coat is black is waiting at the gate.
A.who’sB.whoseC.thatD.of which
() 8.The girl________is reading under the tree________my sister.
A.which, isB.whom, wasC.who, isD.who, was
() 9.I love places________the people are really friendly.
A.thatB.whichC.whereD.when
() 10.Is this English book________I gave you?
A.thatB.whichC.whoD.the one
where引导定语从句的
基本用法
关系副词where引导定语从句，修饰先行词（表具体地点的名词或代词），同时where代替先行词在定语从句中作地点状语。例如：
Opposite is St. Paul's Church， _____ you can hear some lovely music. （2015年北京卷）
A. which B. that
C. when D. where
【分析】空格前面是表示地点的名词短语（St. Paul's Church），而空格后的句子主谓宾齐全，因此可判断空格后的句子缺少状语，即引导词在从句中作的是地点状语，故用where。
where引导定语从句修饰
模糊化或抽象化的地点名词
关系副词where引导定语从句除了可以修饰表示具体地点的名词或代词，也可以修饰模糊化或抽象化的地点名词。这类名词包括situation、position、point、case、condition、activity、work、job、state、business、atmosphere等。例如：
The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere _____ his employees enjoy their work. （2015年天津卷）
A. where B. which
C. when D. who
【分析】空格前的句子为主句，空格后的句子为定语从句，修饰先行词atmosphere。先行词在此不是表示具体地点的名词，而是抽象化的地点名词，此时用关系副词where引导，where在定语从句中作地点状语，表示“在这种氛围中”。
where =介词+关系代词
关系副词where引导定语从句，在意义上常用“介词+关系代词（which）”代替，即where相当于in/at/on/under/... which。例如：
Creating an atmosphere _____ employees feel part of a team is a big challenge. （2015年浙江卷）
A. as B. whose
C. in which D. at which
【分析】本题主干为Creating an atmosphere is a big challenge，中间的_____ employees feel part of a team为定语从句，修饰先行词atmosphere。根据上面提到的用法，atmosphere为抽象化的地点名词，可以用where引导。但是选项中没有where，所以这里要用“介词+关系代词”的形式来代替。至于选择哪个介词，要看介词与先行词是否搭配。上题中的atmosphere常与介词in构成in a/an ... atmosphere，表示“在一种……氛围中”，故此处要用in which引导定语从句，in which在从句中作地点状语。
from where和from which
在定语从句中，where有时还可以作from的宾语。很多同学容易把from where和from which混淆，二者的区别是，from where中的where指代的是主句中的某个副词或介词短语，而from which中的which指代的是主句中的名词或代词。例如：His head soon appeared out of the window， from where he could see an elephant in the distance. （他迅速把頭探出窗外，从那里他能看到远处有头大象。）句中的where指代的是主句中的介词短语out of the window。需要注意的是，from where虽然在近几年高考中没有考查，但却在完形或阅读理解文章中屡屡出现，所以大家仍需注意其用法。
总之，关系副词where引导定语从句的用法虽然有些复杂，但是只要多总结，多练习，掌握其基本规律，相信攻克这类题将不成问题。
The room whose window faces south is mine.=The room of which the window faces south is mine.1.整座城市躺在废墟中，其中百分子75的工厂和大楼消失不见了。The whole city, 75% of whose factories and buildings were gone, lay in ruins.2.我们公司有2000工人，三分之二是女工。
Our company has 2000 workers, of whom two thirds/ two thirds of whom are women.3.那些被困在废墟里的人已经得救了。
Those who were trapped under the ruins finally got rescued.4.你们刚才谈论的那场地震好可怕呀！
The earthquake that you were talking about sounded frightening/shocking.=The earthquake about which you were talking sounded frightening.5.我的家人都是音乐爱好者，今晚将去看电影。
My family, all of whom are music lovers, are going to the movie tonight.6.我们正在看的这幢大楼过去曾经是一家医院。
The building which we are looking at used to be a hospital.7.约翰向母亲说起过把他在国外见过的人和城市。
John once talked to his mom about the people and cities that he had visited abroad.8.他是去过伦敦的一位以观光者之一。
He is one of the tourists who have been to London.9.他是这些观光者当中唯一去过伦敦的。
He is the only one of the visitors that/who has been to London.10.这就是你们上个礼拜参观过的学校吗？ Is this the school that you visited last Sunday? 11.这所学校就是你们上个礼拜参观过的那所吗？ Is this school the one that you visited last Sunday? 12.他们曾经居住过的是在这个地方里。It is in this place that he once lived.13.这是他们曾经住过的地址。It is the place where he once lived.14.他有两个儿子，每一位都看起来像他。He has two sons, either of whom looks like him.15.他有连个儿子，并且每一个都看起来像他。He has two sons, and either of them looks like him.16.这是一本封面是蓝色的书。
17.This is a book whose cover is blue.=This is a book,of which the cover is blue=This is a book,the cover of which is blue.18.他不说令她生气的话。He said nothing that made her angry.19.那就是他拒绝在会上发言的理由。That was the reason why/for which he refused to speak at the meeting.=That was the reason which/that he refused to speak for at the meeting.20.那就是前几天麦克给我的理由。
That was the reason that/which Mac gave me.21.正如我们大家都知道的一样，比尔盖茨创建了微软公司。As is known to us all, Bill Gates founded Microsoft on his own.22.比尔盖茨创建了微软公司是我们大家都知道的。
It is known to us all that Bill Gates founded Microsoft on his own.=That Bill Gates founded his own Microsoft is known to us all.23.是他那夹杂着乡村音乐，布鲁斯音乐和福音的风格成就了他的名气。你是同谁一起去看的电影？
It is his voice, with his country, blues and Gospel styles, that made him famous.Who was it that you went to the movie together with?=With whom was it that you went to the movie together..24.他不像是那种把工作留下一半的那种人。
He isn’t such a man as would leave his work half done.25.我要用与你们工厂里用过相同的那种工具。
I prefer to use the same tools as were used in your factory.26.我丢了一本书，书名我一时记不起来了。
I have lost a book whose title escapes me at the moment.=I lost a book,of which the title escapes me at the moment.27.像你在读的那本小说我不欣赏。
I don’t enjoy such a book as you are reading.=I don’t appreciate the same book as you are reading.28.擦黑板的那一位应该受到表扬
The one who cleans the blackboard should be praised.。29.我在初中度过的那三年我永远不会忘记。
I will never forget the three years that I spent in the junior middle school 30.那不是我做事情的方法。
That isn’t the way(in which/that)I do it.31.他们能用不同的方法拼写单词，这是你们发现有趣的方法。
They could spell words in different ways which/that you might find interesting.=They could spell words by different means that /which you might find interesting.32.照现在的样子抄写这个表达词语，不要有任何更改。Copy this expression as it is;don’t make any change.33.我们将尝试着帮助家长改善他们与孩子交谈的方式。
We will try to help parents improve the ways(that/in which)they talk with their children.34.只有用这种方法才会停止比尔盖茨的快速成功。
Only in this way/by this means can Bill Gates’ quick success be stopped.=Only in this way/By this means can they stop Bill Gate‘s quick success。35.这位在救援中左脚受伤的士兵，年仅二十岁。、The soldier whose left foot got wounded during the rescue is only twenty years old.36.他们破坏法律的方式开始的时候是和平的。
非限制性
定语从句You have reached the point where a change is needed.Tell me the reason why you are late.the same…as (P320)such…as They use such simple words as can be understood by us.as…as (P320)(正如) as is mentioned above as has been reported before
as is often the case as is known to all where you can employ this law.(condition, circumstances, system, example…)I am going to Shanghai where lives my aunt. (从句倒装)I climbed to the top of the mountain, from where I could see thewhole city.先行词只有reasonCan you repeat the reason that you gave yesterday?They use such simple words that we can understand them.(状语从句中，that不担任成分,不可以省略)可以位于句首, 与主语从句区分It is known to all that… (形式主语)As is known to all, (定语从句)What is known to all is that (主语从句)
其实, 分析多年来的高考试卷, 我们不难发现对于定语从句的考查主要集中在同位语从句与定语从句的辨别和关系词的选择上。对于这个问题我们需要注意以下几个方面。
一、定语从句和同位语从句的区别
定语从句和同位语从句的相似之处在于结构相同, 都为“名词+从句”结构。不同之处有三点。同位语从句所修饰的是一些有限的抽象名词, 如:hope, idea, news, order, fact, question, belief, truth, doubt, conclusion 等, 但定语从句没有这方面的限制。that 引导定语从句且充当一定的语法成分, 所以从句中肯定缺主语、宾语、表语或介词的宾语, 是对前面的名词的修饰或限定;但that 引导的同位语从句是对前面名词内容的说明, that是起引导作用, 不充当任何成分, 所以从句不缺任何成分。where, when, why引导定语从句时, 意思与先行词的意思基本相同, 没有疑问的意思, 但引导同位语从句时表示 “在哪儿”, “什么时候”, “为什么”, 有疑问的意思。如:
The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.
This is the fact that you must know clearly.
二、关系代词as的用法
1.当先行词被the same, such修饰时, 关系代词用as。如:
Beijing was attacked by such a terrible sandstorm as few citizens had ever experienced before.
2.当关系代词代替整个句子, 且从句放在句子的最前面时, 关系代词只能用as。常见的用as作关系代词的固定结构有:as is well-known to all of us, as has been said above, as we know, as has been pointed out, as has been proved, as is often the case, as has been announced/reported... 如:
As is often the case, he didn’t study hard and failed to pass the test.
三、“介词+关系代词”结构
当介词放在关系代词前面时, 绝大多数情况下关系代词只有两个, 即whom (指人) 和which (指物) , 有时也用whose和关系副词。判定关系代词前面的介词有三条原则。
1.看先行词与介词的常规搭配。如:
Miss Bell joined the search-and-rescue team when she was 14, the youngest age at which one can be admitted.
2.看从句中谓语动词常规搭配的介词。如:
There is hardly an environment on earth to which some species of animals or other have not adapted successfully.
3.看先行词与从句的逻辑关系。如:
Learning another language is like stepping out of the door, through which I can look back and see more clearly my own language.
四、非限制性定语从句的特殊结构
先行词+名词/数词/代词/the+形容词的比较级+of+ whom/which, 在这结构中常用的代词有:any, neither, either, both, each, a few, most, some, many, few, one, the first等。
The newly-built cafe, the wall of which are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us.
五、定语从句中的主谓一致问题
关系词在从句中作主语时, 谓语一般要与先行词保持一致, 需要注意的是:one of +复数名词 (先行词) +关系代词 (作主语) +复数谓语动词;the only one of +复数名词 (先行词) +关系代词 (作主语) +单数谓语动词。如:
He is one of the students who are into computer games.
He is the only one of the students who is into computer games.
【which引导定语从句】推荐阅读：
定语从句(教案)01-08
定语从句专题02-15
英语名言定语从句01-08
定语从句整理版03-03
定语从句易考点透视09-17
定语从句说课稿01-08
高中定语从句教学设计06-17
定语从句典型错误例析12-22
定语从句中关系词的用法02-15
高中语法定语从句专项练习02-21
