英文诗歌英文（精选8篇）
Robert H.Schuller
Failure doesn t mean you are a failure，It does mean you haven t succeeded yet.Failure doesn t mean you have accomplished nothing，It does mean you have learned something.Failure doesn t mean you have been a fool，It does mean you had a lot of faith.Failure doesn t mean you ve been disgraced，It does mean you were willing to try.Failure doesn t mean you don t have it，It does mean you have to do something in a different way.Failure doesn t mean you are inferior，It does mean you are not perfect.Failure doesn t mean you ve wasted your life，It does mean you have a reason to start afresh.Failure doesn t mean you should give up，It does mean you must try harder.Failure doesn t mean you ll never make it，It does mean it will take a little longer.Failure doesn t mean God has abandoned you，It does mean God has a better idea.失败的意义
罗伯特·H·舒勒陈采霞译
失败并不代表你是个失败者，它只表明你尚未成功。
失败并不代表你一无所获，它只表明你吸取了一次教训。
失败并不代表你很愚蠢，它只表明你信心百倍。
失败并不代表你无脸见人，它只表明你百折不回。
失败并不代表你工夫白费，它只表明你的做事方法尚待改进。
失败并不代表你低人一等。
它只表明你并非完人。
失败并不代表你浪费生命，它只表明你有理由重新开始。
失败并不代表你应该放弃，它只表明你要加倍努力。
失败并不代表成功永不属于你，它只表明你要付出更多的时间。
失败并不代表上帝已经抛弃你，它只表明上帝还有更好的主意。
二、FOLLOW YOUR OWN COURSE Neil Simon
Don t listen to those who say, “It s not done that way.”
Maybe it s not, but maybe you will.Don t listen to those who say, “You re taking too big a chance.”
Michelangelo would have painted the Sistine Floor, and it would surely be rubbed out by today.Most importantly, don t listen When the little voice of fear inside of you rear its ugly head and says, “They re all smarter than you out there.They re more talented, They re taller, blonder, prettier, luckier and have connections...” I firmly believe that if you follow a path that interests you, Not to the exclusion of love, sensitivity, and cooperation with others, But with the strength of conviction That you can move others by your own efforts, And do not make success or failure the criteria by which you live, The chances are you ll be a person worthy of your own respect.走自己的路
尼尔·西蒙陈采霞译
别听那些人的话，“这事不能那么做。”
也许是不能那么做，可是也许你就会那么做。别听那些人的话，“你这个险冒得太大了。”
米开朗琪罗可能在西斯廷教堂的地板上作过画，到今天肯定已经被抹掉了。最重要的是，当你心中恐惧的声音，抬起它丑陋的头说，“那边那些人都比你聪明，他们更有才华，他们更高大、皮肤更白、更漂亮、更幸运，并且认识各种各样的人„”
你可千万别理会。
我坚信只要选择一条你感兴趣的路，不排除爱情、敏锐以及与别人的合作，而是坚定地认为，通过你自身的努力能够感动他人，不把成功或者失败作为你生活的标准，那么你就可能成为值得自己敬佩的人。
三、FAITH
Napolean Hill
Faith is the “eternal elixir”
Which gives life, power, and action to the impulse of thought!
Faith is the starting point of all accumulation of riches!
Faith is the basis of all “miracles”，And all mysteries which cannot be analyzed by the rules of science!
Faith is the only known antidote for failure!
Faith is the element, the “chemical” which，When mixed with prayer, gives one direct communication with Infinite Intelligence.Faith is the element which transforms the ordinary vibration of thought, created by the finite mind of man, into the spiritual equivalent.Faith is the only agency through which
the cosmic force of Infinite
Intelligence can be harnessed and used by man.信念
拿破仑·希尔陈采霞译
信念是“永恒的万应灵药”，它赋予突发奇想以生命、力量和行动！
信念是所有财富积累的起点！
信念是一切“奇迹”
以及所有科学法则无法分析的奥秘的根基！
信念是惟一已知失败之解药！
信念是重要元素、“化学物质”，一旦与祈祷结合便会使你与上帝直接沟通。
人类的智慧固然有限，普通的灵感闪现一经信念指点，便会转换成精神震撼。
信念是惟一的中介，通过它
上帝的宇宙力会成为人类开发和利用的资源。
四、ON CHANGES Irene Dunlap
Change is the only absolute in the world, the only thing that you can depend on.Nothing stays the same.Tomorrow will come, bringing with it new beginnings and sometimes unexpected endings.You can hold on to the past and get left in the dust;or, you can choose to jump on the ride of life and live a new adventure with perseverance and an open mind.论变化
艾琳·邓莱普陈采霞译
变化是世界上 惟一绝对的东西，是惟一
你能相信的事情。没有什么能一成不变，明天将来临，它会带来
新的开始，并且有时
还会带来意想不到的结局。你可以抓住过去，蒙受遗弃；
或者，你可以选择 跃上生命之车
进行一次新的冒险，凭借坚持不懈 和广阔的胸怀。
五、RESULTS AND ROSES Edgar Albert Guest
The man who wants a garden fair, Or small or very big, With flowers growing here and there, Must bend his back and dig.The things are mighty few on earth, That wishes can attain, Whatever we want of any worth, We ve got to work to gain.It matters not what goal you seek, Its secret here reposes: You ve got to dig from week to week, To get results or roses.硕果和玫瑰
埃德加·阿尔贝特·格斯特陈采霞译
要想有个美丽花园，面积大小姑且不管，只要园中长满鲜花，就必须把汗水挥洒。
有愿望就能实现，这样的事还真是少见，只要想要的东西有价值，就得靠努力去创造。
目标是什么并不重要，秘诀终归只有一条： 周复一周不怕劳累，才能收获硕果或者玫瑰。
六、THE VALUE OF TIME Katharine Sun
To realize the value of one year: Ask a student who has failed a final exam.To realize the value of one month: Ask a mother who has given birth to a premature baby.To realize the value of one week: Ask an editor of a weekly newspaper.To realize the value of one hour: Ask the lovers who are waiting to meet.To realize the value of one minute: Ask a person who has missed the train, bus or plane.To realize the value of one second: Ask a person who has survived an accident.To realaize the value of one millisecond: Ask the person who has won a silver medal in the Olympics.Time waits for no one.Treasure every moment you have.时间的价值
凯瑟琳·桑陈采霞译
要想知道一年的价值，那就去问期末考试不及格的学生。要想知道一个月的价值，那就去问生了早产儿的母亲。要想知道一周的价值，那就去问周报的编辑。要想知道一小时的价值，那就去问等待见面的恋人。要想知道一分钟的价值，那就去问误了火车、汽车或者飞机的人。要想知道一秒钟的价值，那就去问大难不死的人。要想知道一毫秒的价值，那就去问奥运会获得银牌的人。时间不等人，你拥有的每一刻都要珍惜。
七、TODAY IS A NEW DAY Donna Levine
Your tomorrows are as bright as you want to make them.There is no reason to carry
the darkness of the past with you into today.Today is a wonderful new experience，full of every possibility to make your life exactly what you want it to be.Today is the beginning of new happiness, new directions and new relationships.Today is the day to remind yourself that you posses the power and strength you need to bring contentment, love and joy into your life.Today is the day to understand yourself and to give yourself the love and the patience that you need.Today is the day to move forward towards your bright tomorrow.今天是新的一天 唐那·莱文陈采霞译
你的明天充满阳光，如你心中所想。你没有理由，把昨天的黑暗，带到今天。
今天是美妙的全新体验，有那么多种可能，使你的生活如你所愿。今天开始有新的幸福，新的方向和新的伙伴。今天你要提醒自己，你有足够的能力和力量，把满意、爱情和欢乐带进你的生活。今天你要了解自己，给自己足够的爱心和耐心。今天你会勇往直前，奔向那灿烂的明天。
八、DREAMS Langston Hughes
Hold fast to dreams
For if dreams die Life is a broken winged bird That cannot fly.Hold fast to dreams For when dreams go Life is a barren field Frozen with snow.梦想
兰斯顿·休斯陈采霞译
紧紧抓住梦想，因为一旦梦想消亡，生活就象折断翅膀的小鸟，无法自由翱翔。
紧紧抓住梦想，因为一旦梦想离开，生活就会变成贫瘠荒芜的土地，只有冰雪覆盖。
九、THE ROAD NOT TAKEN Robert Frost
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth;
Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear;Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same，And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black.Oh, I kept the first for another day!Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back.I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference.没有走过的路
罗伯特·弗罗斯特陈采霞译
金色的树林路分两条，遗憾不能两条都到。孤独的我长久竖立，极日眺望其中一条，直到它在灌丛中淹没掉。
然后我公平地选择了另外一条，或许理由更加充分，因为它草深需要有人上去走走。说到有多少人从上面走过
两条路磨损得还真是差不多。
而且那天早晨两条路都静静地躺着，覆盖在上面的树叶都没有被踩黑，噢，我把第一条路留给了下一次！但我知道前方的路变幻莫测，我怀疑我是否应该回来„„
多年以后在某个地方，我将叹息着讲述这件事： 树林里路分两条，而我—— 选择了行人较少的那条，就这样一切便发生了改变。
十、WHAT IS SUCCESS Ralph Waldo Emerson
What is success? To laugh often and love much;To win the respect of intelligent people And the affection of children;To earn the approbation of honest critics
And endure the betrayal of false friends;To appreciate beauty;To find the best in others;To give one s self;To leave the world a little better, Whether by a healthy child, A garden patch, Or a redeemed social condition;To have played and laughed with enthusiasm And sung with exultation;To know even one life has breathed easier，Because you have lived...This is to have succeeded.成功的内涵
拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生陈采霞译
成功是什么？
笑口常开，爱心永在，赢得智者的尊重，孩子们的爱戴； 博得真诚的认可，容忍损友的背叛； 欣赏美好的东西，发现别人的可爱。学会无私地奉献，给世界增添光彩：
要么培育出健康的孩子，要么留下花园一块，亦或是改善社会条件； 尽情娱乐、笑得畅快，把欢乐的歌唱起来；
关键词：英文诗歌,积极作用,教学策略
0引言
大学英语教学覆盖面广, 但长期以来, 学生对大学英语课非议颇多, 埋怨公外教学的内容陈腐, 缺乏文化精神。同时, 学生们也已具备了较为丰富的英语知识, 如能进一步学习英语的精华, 定可凸显大学英语教学的优势。诗歌是文学的最高形式。在大学外语教学中增添英文诗歌内容和在全校开设英文诗歌的选修课, 借诗歌欣赏, 选择别开生面的手段, 不露痕迹地进行思想人文熏陶, 是英语教育、思想教育和美学教育的完美结合。
1英文诗歌的教学策略
1.1 填空练习
教师在简要讲解了英诗的音步、格律、押韵等文体特征后, 可通过练习来巩固这一知识。一首诗先隐去几个词, 要求学生根据所学填入这些词。答案一定纷繁复杂, 眼花缭乱。但正是在这种趣味中, 经过反复推敲, 方显作者的高明之处。同时, 学生们对英诗的文体特点也了然于胸了。比如用托默斯·加鲁 (Thomas Carew) 的诗歌《真的美》 (He that loves a rosy cheek) 来练习韵脚。he that loves a rosy cheek, or a coral lip admires, or from star-like eyes doth seek, fuel to maintain his fires; as old time makes these decay, so his flames must waste away.
1.2 朗读背诵
诗歌富有节奏性和音乐感的语言使读者仿佛能听到诗歌的声音, 看到它的意象, 体味到它的美感。如歌的诗兴发于心, 言于口。随着音韵的流淌, 诗意渐渐弥漫开来, 使读者深感其情, 身临其境, 所以古人读诗都要吟唱。英诗朗诵也是训练口语的一个方法。在朗朗上口的抑扬顿挫中体会英诗的诗节、诗行、头韵、类韵、尾韵。同时, 英诗句子精炼, 用词考究, 通过朗读背诵, 熟记于胸, 学习英诗的行文方法, 更能体会英语文体的妙处。
1.3 英汉汉英互译
这是练习英文翻译写作的环节。诗歌的翻译理论芜杂众多, 但其根本思想都是尽可能体现原文精神, 符合译入语文化, 能在读者心中产生相同的心理反应。对翻译中难点的把握, 需要译者对原文化、原作者、原诗有确切的理解, 并辅以高超的中文水平, 才能对原诗进行再创作, 终成佳句。因此, 英诗的翻译可以全面考查译者多方面的知识水平。
除了英诗汉译外, 反其道而行之也不失为一个好办法。先提出英诗的汉译, 介绍原诗作者的年代、生活背景、写作特色, 然后要求学生用英文反译回去。在这个过程中, 学生可以充分了解英诗的特色, 察觉自身英语水平的差距, 增强对英语词汇, 尤其是同韵词汇的了解以及灵活应用。感叹原诗作者笔法与意境的美妙。
1.4 畅谈共鸣
大学生们青春飞扬, 对未来有着无数的憧憬。这些正引领着他们迈向前方的梦想多是关于未来的事业, 眼下的爱情, 和自己的闲情逸致。他们极乐意与人倾诉交流。诗歌的字里行间蕴含着诗人的思想感情和生活体验。当他们直抒的心意同诗歌所描述的理想化境界产生共鸣时, 诗歌无疑会烙印在他们的心中, 给他们加油鼓劲, 指引前进的方向, 让他们的一生受益无穷。兰斯顿·休斯 (Langston Hughes) 的《梦想》 (Dream) 肯定了梦想的重要性。汤姆斯·坎贝尔 (Thomas Campbell) 的《生命之川》 (The river of life ) 也在劝勉学生们珍惜眼前时光。青春飞逝不留痕, 莫待老来空叹息。
人类的感情千古不变。大学生们诉说自己对爱人的赞誉, 对爱情的膜拜, 炽热的情爱诗歌印证了学生们所思所想。动人的诗歌, 美好的爱情, 在他们声声吟唱中, 真正的爱情美质将在他们心中流淌, 引领着他们找寻自己的真爱。雪莱 (Shelley) 的《爱的哲学》 (Love’s philosophy) 饱含深情;诺顿 (Norton) 的《爱我少一点, 爱我久一点》 (Love me little , love me long) 告诉世人平平淡淡才是真;叶芝 (Yeats) 的《当你年老时》 (When you are old) 让人明了什么是真爱。
人类是大自然之子, 对大自然的热爱与生俱来。那些小桥流水, 名山大川, 涤荡人的灵魂, 让人忘却尘世的烦恼。大学生们大多远离家乡, 求学在外。当他们饱含深情地谈起家乡四季风物, 田园农事, 或是出游时的旅途风光在诗歌中重现时, 一草一木, 一景一物, 不仅让人对美由衷地欣赏, 而且能排忧解愁, 振奋精神, 重获奋斗的勇气。华滋华斯的《独自云游》 (I wandered lonely as a cloud) 表现诗人与自然融为一体, 是何等逍遥。托马斯·纳什 (Thomas Nash) 的《春天》 (Spring) 描绘了春日美景, 谁人不心动。
1.5 文化比较
各国文化没有优劣之分, 高下之别。学习英文诗歌在于拓宽视野, 拓展思路, 了解他国文化, 博采众家之长。大学生普遍具有较好的中文基础, 对中文古诗也较易理解。在学习英诗的过程中, 比较中英诗歌意象、意境、韵律的异同, 互相参照领会其诗歌精神, 察觉中西文化的异同。比如哈姆林·伽兰德 (Hamlin Garland) 的诗歌《什么造就了男子汉》 (What makes a man?) 难道不是正在诉说“故天将降大任于是人也, 必先苦其心志, 劳其筋骨, 饿其体肤, 空乏其身”吗?罗伯特·彭斯 (Robert Burns) (的《红玫瑰》 (A red red rose) 中所表达的深情难道不是“山无陵, 江水为竭, 乃敢与君绝”吗?
1.6 尝试诗歌创作
诗歌原创是教师给学生展示技能, 抒发情感的一个平台。如果在学诗伊始, 就让学生们进行诗歌创作, 毕竟会让他们大惊失色。可在做了多层铺垫后, 学生们不免跃跃欲试。一些抒发个人情志的小诗, 虽然文笔稚嫩, 可清新隽永, 易于获得同学们的感叹认可, 获得学习诗歌的成就感, 也就更加激发了大家的学习写作兴趣。越读越写, 越写越读的良性循环由此产生。
2结语
英文诗歌的人文熏陶, 思想教育, 可以帮助学生建立正确的审美观, 人生观, 价值观。正确的教学方法如一柄利器, 帮助学生劈砍学习道路上的困难, 直达目标。因此, 在外语教学中加入英文诗歌这一元素, 的确可以在多方面取得事半功倍的效果。
参考文献
[1]胡家峦.英国名诗详注[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2003.
[2]刘守兰.英美名诗解读[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2006.
[3]石亚维.英语诗歌与教学的运用[J].外语教学, 2007 (8) .
[4]王莉.英文诗歌欣赏的美学价值[J].安阳工业学院学报, 2006 (3) .
一、押韵(Rhyme)
英语诗歌的押韵可以根据单词的内音素重复的部位不同而分成不同种类，最常见的有头韵(Alliteration)、谐元韵(Assonance)、腹韵(Consonance)、尾韵(EndRhyme)。
(一)头韵(alliteration)是英语语音修辞中很重要的一部分，也是英诗中常见的以音表意的手法之一。是指词首或重音节的第一个辅音字母相同。作为一种语音修辞格，头韵不仅能增强语言的节奏性、生动性，体现一种韵律美和音乐美，还能起到渲染气氛，烘托感情，加强语言表现力等效果。
I slip，I slide，I gloom，I glance，
Among my skimming swallows;
I make the netted sunbeam dance
Against my sandy shallows，
(Alfred Tennyson)
这是英国诗人丁尼生的诗《小溪》(the Brook)中的一节，这首诗仅第一行就用了两对头韵“slip，slide”和“gloom，glance”来描写小溪(诗中的“我”)的一连串动作：“我滑动，我流淌，我暗淡，我闪光，”该诗还大量地运用鼻辅音(如／m／、／n／和／／共出现13次)送气音(如／s／和／z／共出现11次)和流音(如／I／共出现6次)，有效地烘托出小溪的静谧与安宁。第一行中的两对头韵及其清脆柔和的音节与小溪的轻快流淌、潺潺远去构成了巧妙的吻合。软辅音的交替出现，头韵的使用与ABAB式的韵脚形式相配合，使这节诗具有极强的乐感和令人耳目一新的音韵美。
(二)谐元韵(Assonance)指两个或两个以上词的重读元音音素相同，而末尾的辅音音素则不同。如
Make ready， make ready，my merry men
our gucle ship sails the morn'-
Now ever dark，my master dear
I fear a deadly storm
(Sir Walter Scott)
在第二、四行末，mom，和stoma是押or的腹韵。
(三)辅韵(consonance)是指辅音重复(尤指位于词尾的)，但前面无相同或相似的元音。同头韵一样，辅韵亦是英文诗歌中常用的一种文学手法(literary technique)，试看下面的一段，体会辅韵在诗歌中的运用：
And the afternoon，the evenings，sleeps so peacefully!
Smoothed by long fingers，
Asleep tired or it malingers，
Stretched on the floor，here you and me.
(T.S Eliot: The Love Song ofJ.Alfred Prufrok)
诗中柔和的辅音／s／和／l／在不同单词的不同部位多次重复。有机地配合了内容，并创造了一种宁静、松弛、昏昏欲睡的音响气氛。
(四)英语诗歌的行与行之间的押韵格式称韵法(Rhyming Scheme)。常见的有两行转韵(AABB)、隔行交互押韵(ABAB)、隔行押韵(ABCB)。
尾韵(End Rhyme)是最重要的，也称韵脚，指的是词尾音素重复。在诗行的末尾押韵。尾韵又有不同的表现形式。
(1)联韵：AABB型。
I shot an arrow into the air，
It fell to earth，I knew not where;
For，so swiftly it flew，the sight
Could not follow it in its flight.
(Henry Wadsworth Longfellow:The Arrow and the Song)
(2)交叉韵: ABAB型
Sunset and evening star，
And one clear call for me !
And may there be no moaning of the bar，
When I put out to sea，
(/Alfred Tennyson: Crossing the Bar)
(3)隔行压韵：ABCB型。这种形式在英语歌谣(Ballad)中经常见。
O， my luve's like a red， red rose.
That' s newly sprung in June;
O， my luve's like a melodie
That's sweetly played in tune.
(Robert Bums: A Red，Red Pose)
二、节奏(Rhythm)
英诗的节奏是有规律性的。在英诗中，重读音节(stressedsyllabk)和非重读音节(unstressed syllable)按规律交替出现。一个双音节以上的词有重读音节(可标记为一)和非重读音节(可标记为))。在句子中，不同的单词也有重轻读之分。分析英诗格律的第一步就是将每一诗行划分成音步，这种方法称为(scansion)。如：
I wan/dered lone/ly as/a cloud
(William Wordsworth)
这个诗行就可划分成4个音步。每行诗所包含的音步各异。含有一个音步的称为“单音步”(monometer)；含有二个音步的称为“双音步”(diameter)含有三个音步的称为“三音步”(trimeter)；四音步称为(tetrameter)；五音步称为(pentameter)；六音步称为(hexameter)；七音步称为(heptameter)及八音步(octometer)。由于一个音步中重读音节所处的位置不同，音步有不同的类型。传统英诗的音步有七种类型。
(一)抑扬格(Iambus)：是最常见的一种格式，每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。
As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass，
So deep / in luve / am I :
And I / will luve / thee still，/my dear，
Till a/ the seas / gang dry:
Robert Bums(1759-1796): My Luve Is like a Red， RedRose
上例中为四音步与三音步交叉，可标示为：)-／)-／)－／)－)
(二)扬抑格(Trochee)：每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。
下例中为四音步扬抑格(少一个轻音节)，可标示为：一γ－γ－γ－
Tyger!／Tyger!／burning／bright
In the／forests／of the／night
(William Blake：The Tyger)
(三)抑抑扬格(Anapaestic foot)：每个音步由两个非重读-音节加一个重读音节构成。如：三音步抑抑扬格))／))－／))－
Like a child / from the womb，
Like a ghost / from the tomb，
I arise / and unbuild / it again.
(四)扬抑抑格(Dactylic foot)：每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。如：两音步扬抑抑格一)γ－))
Touch her not ／scornfully，
Think of her／mournfully.
(Thomas Hood )
(五)抑扬抑格(Amphibrach)：每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。如：三音步抑扬抑格)－γ)-γ)-)下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。
O hush thee／my babie／thv sire was／a knight.
(六)扬扬格(spondee)：由两个重读音节构成，(／／)如：retell
其目的主要是为了强调或突出。这种类型在诗歌中较少出现，
I， saw thee weep——the big bright tear came o'er that eye of blue.
(Byron)
这行诗主要以抑扬格为主。在第六，第七音节发生变格，为扬扬格。
(七)抑抑格(pyrrhic)：由两个非重读音节构成。这种类型较为罕见。
One for the／master，and／one for the／dame.
下面让我们通过对弗罗斯特的一首短诗的拟声和押韵的分析，来说明诗人是如何借助语音这一外在形式来达到语音象征以及语音增补意义的：
The Span of Life
The old dog barks backward without getting up
I can remember when he was a pup.
老犬回头虚吠两声，都不想站起
我还记得它小时侯的活动
《春之静谧》
Spring Quiet
By Christina Rossetti
Gone were but the Winter,
Come were but the Spring,
I would go to a covert
Where the birds sing;
Where in the whitethorn
Singeth a thrush,
And a robin sings
In the holly-bush.
Full of fresh scents
Are the budding boughs
Arching high over
A cool green house;
Full of sweet scents,
And whispering air
Which sayeth softly:
“We spread no snare;
”Here dwell in safety,
Here dwell alone,
With a clear stream
And a mossy stone.
“Here the sun shineth Most shadily;
Here is heard an echo
Of the far sea,
Though far off it be.”
【参考译文】
春之静谧
寒冬褪尽，
春回大地，
我要去那幽幽的丛林
听鸟啭莺啼；
在山楂的枝头上
歌鸫在鸣唱，
冬青的树丛中
知更鸟歌亦忙。
清新的芬芳
是覆满吐绿的枝条
舒展高耸为盖
下有绿舍荫凉；
甜蜜的芬芳
伴着风儿的细语
在耳边柔声地讲：
“我们不设罗网；
”这里宁静又安详，
幽居独处最为相宜，可以清泉为伴
还有石上苔痕苍苍。
“这里的阳光明媚，
处处树影斑驳；
这里可以聆听
大海那遥远的回响
纵然相隔路迢迢。”
Spring and All 春天及一切
By the road to the contagious hospital
under the surge of the blue
Mottled to blow from the Northeast—a cold wind. Beyond, the
waste of broad, muddy fields
brown with dried weeds, standing and fallen
patches of standing water
the scattering of tall trees
All along the road the reddish
purplish, forked, upstanding, twiggy
stuff of bushes and small trees
with dead, brown leaves under them
leafless vines—
Lifeless in appearance, sluggish
dazed spring approaches—
They enter the new world naked,
cold, uncertain of all
save that they enter. All about them
the cold, familiar wind—
Now the grass, tomorrow
the stiff curl of wildcarrot leaf
One by one objects are defined—
It quickens: clarity, outline of leaf
But now the stark dignity of
entrance—Still, the profound change
has come upon them: rooted they
grip down and begin to awaken
蓝天之下汹涌的云彩
斑驳着从东北吹来
去传染病院的路上
一阵冷风改变了视线的方向
在远处，大片开阔洪荒之地
褐色的草木一岁一枯荣
其间或有一块一块死水
到处都是高大的树木
路上的低矮树丛枝条斜横
红的紫的 叉开的直立的
在许多小树下面
是那枯萎的`昏黄的树叶
和脱尽叶子的藤蔓
景色呆滞了毫无生气
然后春天却慢悠悠地来了
春天赤裸裸地进入了新世界
寒冷之中义无反顾
四周的早已不大在乎
依然刮着那熟悉的寒风
眼下，草地返青了，明天
野萝卜将吐出坚实的芽胞
万物将逐个展露芳容
迅速抽芽，模样清晰，叶子呈现轮廓
然而现在，是一派庄严的
初春景象–深刻的变化已经
降临人间：扎下根去
赞美祖国英文诗歌
祖国
Motherland,
You come from the world,
You from the art world came in newborn
To this moment,
With the name of your neighbors to lend a helping hand,
You pull one,
Because you are homologous,
So they are willing to pay.
So, you stand in the corner of the world.
Developing world inscribed the history of this era.
In the hope of so many people, you did not let us down.
Hundreds of millions of people you let you see the pace of progress,
Loess you let your ancestors saw in the efforts, and
You let people around the world to see your miracle of the East.
Floods, SARS, snow, earthquake, economic crisis
These stories allow them to see, to see you the ability to deal with the situation.
Spacecraft, the Three Gorges Hydropower Station, Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the Olympic Games,
These events allow them to see, to see your style of great power.
Motherland, ah, motherland,
You use your age young cock fighting in the territory,
You use your body Qiao standing on the ground in the loess
You use one of your great country in his capacity as the forefront of the world,
Motherland,
You come from the past,
Is to go into the future!
海外游子吟
Alas, what a nation
Once stricken by impoverishment
Overcome by failings
Ridden by sufferings
And trampled by turbulence
Ah, what a country
Today filled by riches
Marked with successes
Possessed by happiness
And promised with prosperity
Such nation is the Chinese all the greater
Of which I, albeit abroad, am a lucky and proud member
This country is China but not any other
For which I have so profound a love for ever and ever
So before you, my Chinese and my China
I wish you a longevity from the bottom of my heart
And before others, such as America and Canada
I pronounce me a Chinese coming from the Great China
啊，这是一个怎样的民族!
曾经是何等的积贫，
又是多么的积弱，
曾饱尝何等的苦难啊，
更受罪于多少动荡和不安!
啊，这又是个怎样的国家!
如今她拥有无尽的财富，
更自豪于她连绵的成功，
看她是多么的欢心啊，
还胸怀无限的憧憬和希望!
这个民族啊就是越发伟大的.中华，
是我海外游子深感自豪和骄傲的我的中华，
这个国家啊绝非任何他国，
她是我永远热爱挚爱敬爱的我的中国。
所以，在您面前，中华，中国，
我衷心祝愿您永远繁荣昌盛万寿无疆;
所以，在他民他国面前，无论是美国，还是加国，
when i saw you
i intuited i have found
my lost world in you
i wish i could act
to be appreciated
by you in school.
in school,
it would be too sad
to narrate the ordeal
i have been through
i wonder if its best
i had met you
in the school.
in school,
though i had not said it
there has been so many ways
that i have shown it
my actions had done
whatever i wanted to say
at school.
in school,
i never thought
being in love
could take me to madness
well, it is better than
leaving me in sadness
in the school.
in school,
when i approached you
i knew i was silly
it was because
suddenly,
i forgot who i was
in school
in school,
why do you sneer
when i am near
it really breaks me
just tell me what to do
to get a room from you
in and out of school.
in school,
sometimes though it is hard
i guess i must let go
some things i wish to have
though good things also
could be found elsewhere
1 Metaphor and Poetry
The use of metaphor in poetry is one of the most important aspects of poetic style that can be mastered.Metaphor can be described as figure of speech in which a thing is referred to as being something that it resembles.It is used in poetry to explain and elucidate emotions,feelings,relationships and other elements tha could not be described in ordinary language.Poets also use metaphor as a way of explaining or referring to something in a brief bu effective way.
1)Find the Theme
Since Homer,no poet has come near Shakespeare in originality,freshness and boldness of imagery.It is this that forms the surpassing beauty of his poetry.It is this that much of his finest idealizing centers.And he abounds in all the figures of speech especially metaphor.It is beneficial to use a metaphor to explore the theme as it relates to the sonnets around it,for example,although love is the overarching of the sonnets,using metaphor we will find there are three specific underlying themes:(1)the beauty life;(2)the transience of beauty;(3)the trappings of desire.The first two underlying themes are the focus of the early sonnets addressed to the young man(in particular Sonnets1—17)where the poet argues that children to carry on one’s beauty is the only way to conquer the ravages of time.In the middle sonnets of the young man sequence the poets tries to immortalize the young man through his own poetry(the most famous examples being sonnets 18and sonnets 55).In the late sonnets of the young man sequence there is a shift to the pure love as a solution to mortality(as in Sonnet 116).When choosing a sonnet to analyze,metaphor is an effective tool.
2)Metaphor and Simile
An easy way to understand metaphor in poetry is to view a metaphor as a simile without the word“like”.A simile compares two things in a clear fashion.The simile may be regarded as an expanded metaphor or the metaphor as a condensed simile.for example,Wordsworth says in his sonnets composed on Westminster bridge,”This city now doth,like a garment,wear the beauty of the morning.[1]”the language is a simile in form.If he had said,”This city hath now robed herself in the beauty of the morning,”it would have been in form a metaphor.On the other hand,when in the same sonnet he says,”The river glideth at his own sweet will.”the language is a metaphor.If in this case he had said,”The river floweth smoothly along,like a man led on by the free prompting of his own will,”it would have been a simile.
3)A Sustained Process
Metaphor works on many levels in poetry.The best way to find the function of a metaphor is to study the use of the sustained metaphor.Sustained metaphor refers to a metaphor that consistently runs through the whole poem and is therefore easily identifiable.Metaphor that are sustained also provide a depth and inner complexity to the poem.Take Sonnet 87 as an example:”Farewell,thou art too dear for my possessing.And like enough thou know’st thy estimate.The charter of thy worth gives thee releasing;My bonds in thee are all determinate.For how do I hold thee but by thy granting,and for that riches where is my deserving?Because of this fair gift in me is wanting,and so my parent back again is swerving.Thyself thou gav’st,thy own worth then not knowing.Or me whom thou gav’st else mistaking;So thy great gift,upon misprision growing,Comes home again,on better judgement making.Thus have I had thee as a dream doth flatter:in sleep a king,but waking no such matter.[2]”In this sonnet Shakespeare uses legal imagery as a metaphor for the relationship between the speaker and the young man as a contact now void because of the beloved’s realization of his greater worth.The relationship between the speaker and the young man is expressed in the language of legal financial transaction:estimate,charter,bonds,determinater,riches and parent into the sonnet——also dear and worth in the financial sense.
2 Examples of Metaphor in Poetry
William Shakespeare’s“Sonnet 73:That Time of Year Thou Mayest in Me Behold[2]”is a sonnet that examines the fears and anxieties that surround growing old and dying—a topic that resonates within us all.Shakespeare’s use of metaphor to illustrate decay and passing are striking,and sets a somber tone throughout.He uses the season of Fall,the coming of night,and the burning out of a flame as metaphors for old age and death,and then uses the last two lines to suggest that we should love and cherish life while we can.
The first four lines of the sonnet reflect the changing of seasons,and the oncoming of Fall:
That time of year thou mayest in me behold,
When yellow leaves,or none,or few do hang
Upon those boughs which shake against the cold,
Bare ruined choirs,where late the sweet birds sang.[2]
The season of Fall has often been used as a metaphor for the passing of time.The seasons of Spring and Summer--the time of blooming flowers,vibrant colors,and long,hot days—are gone.Fall is the season in which all that has bloomed has withered,and turned gray and yellow.Shakespeare could not have started this melancholy sonnet with a better metaphor.
Shakespeare uses lines five through eight of the sonnet to describe the closing of a day,and the onset of night:
In me thou seest the twilight of such day,
As after Sunset fadeth in the West,
Which by and by black night doth take away,
Death’s second self that seals up all in rest.[2]
Like the season of Fall,the twilight of a day is a metaphor for the passing of time.Each new day can be seen as a life itself.Each morning and afternoon—when the day is young—is a life full of possibilities and opportunities.Then twilight approaches,and the day is done,only to be followed by sleep—or as Shakespeare calls it,“Death’s second self”.
Lines nine through twelve describe the dying out of a flame—the final extinguishing of a light:
In me thou seest the glowing of such fire,
That on the ashes of his youth doth lie,
As the death bed,whereon it must expire,
Consumed with that which it was nourished by[2].
This final metaphor is of death,and a reminder that all things must end.Shakespeare compares a flame dancing on the“ashes of his youth”to that of a person lying on his deathbed,where both“must expire”
This thou perceiv’st,which makes thy love more strong.
To love that well,which thou must leave ere long.[2]
In this sonnet,Shakespeare uses metaphor to create a vivid image in the reader’s mind of the passage of time,old age,and death by describing the Fall season,the end of a day,and the burning out of a flame.These twelve lines of the sonnet have a depressing and inevitable tone to them,leaving the reader with a sense of fatalism,and are starkly contrasted by the last two lines,which suggest that we live the life we have to the fullest:
3 Conclusion
Metaphor is not only a figure of speech but a tool or an idea for readers to use fewer words to get greater understanding of the poetry.In this,poets transfer the abstract concept into the concrete idea by comparing the similarities between two unlike things.Metaphors can not only state meanings but it can make us recognize and understand meanings as well.Some poets use one single metaphor all the way through while others use a large amount of metaphors to describe one single thing.Instead of a combination of words,a metaphor is equal to an idea that the poet use to describe a reality that exists for real and outside any one single human being.This is an idea about human being,about society,about nature and so on.Metaphor can be an outlook about life and world.If readers can try and reach through the words,the images or the ideas the metaphor is calling up to the reality beyond those things,I believe they can
get the drift of the essence of what is being transmitted in a meta-phor poem and fully understand what the poem want to express.
摘要：隐喻是理解诗歌的有效途径,隐喻思维是英语学习的必要手段。该文基于隐喻在诗歌如莎士比亚十四行诗歌中的作用和表达探讨了隐喻的重要性并力求开辟出阅读教学的新方法。
关键词：隐喻,诗歌,莎士比亚十四行诗
参考文献
[1]William Wordsworth.The Collected Poems of William Word sworth[M].Wordsworth Editions Ltd,1994.
[2]William Shakespeare.Shakespeare’s Sonnets[M].Washington Square Press,Reissue Edition,2004.
[3]束定芳.隐喻学研究[M].上海:上海外语教学出版社,2000
[4]罗益民.莎士比亚十四行诗名篇详注[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2009.
[5]徐畔.诗学视野中的隐喻认知立体透视[J].外语学刊,2011(4).
[6]Holme R.Mind,Metaphor and Language Teaching[M].Hound mills,UK/New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2004.
[7]Martinez M A,Sauleda N,Huber G L.Metaphors as blueprints of thinking about teaching and learning[J].Teaching and teacher education,2001.
[8]Ashton E.Extending the Scope of Metaphor:an Examination of Definitions Old and New and Their Significance for Education[M].Educational Studies,1997.
[9]Black M.More about Metaphors[M].Ortony A.Metaphor and Thought.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1979.
【关键词】英文翻译 质量 影响
从教育改革的大方向来看，英语在中国教育中的比重虽然有所下降，但国人对英语学习的热情不减。身为高校英文教师，笔者发现高校大学生对英文的学习通常抱有积极的状态。但无论哪种学习方法，都是在将汉语转换成英语，或将英文转换成汉语的过程中寻找突破口，因此，这种情况下，翻译就显得格外重要。甚至从某种意义上来讲，翻译是英文初学者的基础和根基。
一、译文质量的评判标准
怎样评价译文的质量呢？现代人将翻译的标准概括为：忠实、通顺。“忠实”是指忠实于原文，译者必须准确而又完整地把原文的思想及内容表达出来，不可擅自增减或改变原意，要绝对尊重作者的思想观点；“通顺”是指译文的语言必须合乎规范、通俗易懂。“忠实”和“通顺”是检验翻译质量的两个重要标准。而高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲指出，对英语专业的学生要强调听、说、读、写、译技能的均衡发展，尤其要注重说、写、译表达能力的培养。此处，“译”就是指的翻译。可见，翻译能力在高校英语人才的培养中受到了重视。
二、英文翻译质量对英文学习者的影响
本文以四川省某高校的外语社团为例，探讨一下英文翻译质量对英文学习者的影响。外语协会是外语爱好者的聚集地，英文爱好者在选择社团时一般都会选择外语协会，因为在那里不但可以交到志同道合的朋友，还可以参与编订协会的英文报纸，这对他们来说是一个锻炼的机会，更是一个提高的过程。外语协会的成员会将自己编订的报纸下发到每个宿舍，作为英语老师，笔者也通常会收到一份。他们办的报纸以英文板块为主，对于缺少英文读物或爱好英文的同学来说，这种不权威的报纸也是很好的英文学习资源。报纸有一个板块叫做生活小常识，还有一些公共场合的标语，但他们的翻译质量着实让人捏一把汗，比如“小心地滑”他们居然翻译成“Be careful of land slide（小心山体滑坡），将“不要将烟灰弹入”此处翻译成“please don't bomb into the ash here（不要将这里炸成灰烬）”。在后来的英文考试中，笔者甚至看到个别学生将上例中其中的一句写在了考卷上。
有时，外语社团为丰富社员的生活，每周日会为社员放一些经典的外语电影，全是中英文字幕的电影，对于英语水平较高的同学，不看英文字幕全靠听是可以将整部电影的所表达的东西消化掉，但对于英文水平不高的同学，不看字幕是不可行的。据我所知，很多学生都喜欢边看英文视频，边学英语。但很多电影的中英文字幕都是有问题的。比如说电影“The First Blood”被译成“第一滴血”，其实这是具有文化背景的习语，表示the first success in the contest，因此确切的翻译应为“初战告捷”。还有，“End of the World”被译为“世界末日”其实这样翻译也是没有错的，但很多学生由于不了解很容易学生理解为大难临头、人类即将灭亡的恐怖时光，而对西方人来说，它只表示伸张正义的时刻。“世界末日”之说来源于基督教，是其基本教义之一。它表示有朝一日现世将终结，所有的人都将接受上帝最后的审判：好人升天堂，坏人下地狱，魔鬼入火湖。因此西方人的“End of the World”指的是如中国人所指的是“恶有恶报，善有善报，不是不报，时候未到”的意思。
在教学过程中了作为老师常常强调学生翻译必须文理优美，忠实于原文并不等于死扣语法、逐词死译。而且，还要使译文符合本民族语言习惯，不必迁就原文语言形式，这才能达到“信、顺”统一。但由于自身水平和受英文翻译文本的不良影响，学生在学习过程中真是既迷茫又彷徨，于是在迷茫中翻阅更多的英文读物，又不慎重选择，随处看随处学，结果越学脑子越乱。
在互联网上查找英文学习资料，对英文学习者来说也是一个不错的选择。百度上随便输入一大段话，分分钟就能得到好多版本的翻译。而很多学生在生活中遇到自己不会翻译的句子，和不知道怎样用英文表达的话，就直接找一个翻译软件，整段输入，整段翻译。而不同的翻译软件给出的翻译结果却不尽相同，翻译质量也参差不齐。比如这句话“各位领导对2015年的工作提出了问题，强调了要求，制定了规划，部署了工作重点和具体措施”有道这样翻译：“The leaders raised questions about 2015 work，emphasize the requirements，set the planning，deployment of focus and specific measures”而百度翻译给出的翻译是“Questions leaders to work in 2015，emphasized the requirements，formulate a plan，the deployment of work focus and specific measures”学生在工作学习中往往会按着软件给出的翻译进行学习，也不去关注互联网给出的翻译质量是好还是坏。
所以，英文翻译的质量，直接影响英文学习者的英文水平。英文翻译质量不一的状况和翻译者的英文水平有关也和市场英文读物出版缺少监管有关。英文学习者要试着提高自己的辨别意识，选择英文翻译质量较好的读物，这样至少不会在英文学习中走太多的弯路。
参考文献：
[1]于亚丽.浅析网络对英文翻译的影响[D].北京师范大学. 2013.4.
[2]陶友兰.论中国翻译教材建设之理论重构[M].复旦大学出版社，2008，12.
