俄语万能作文

俄语万能作文（共6篇）

俄语万能作文 篇1

我个人的万能作文

(科技与生活 科技的世界 等科技类)технаука и жизнь

1.21世纪是人们依靠知识和技术发展的时代。人们为了创造一个理想的社会而不断努力.21-ый век—это время, когда общество развивается знаниями и техниками.Для создания идеяное общество люди постояно стараются.2.今天的生活，我们谁也离不开“科技”，“科技”无处不在。

Сегодня, Очень трудно представить себе, без технауки как стала наша жизнь, технаука существует повсюду.3.人们已不在仅仅读书.看报，而是可以利用电脑获得信息。

Тепель мы нетолько узнаем инфармация по книге и газете, но и по знания компьютеру.4.当你工作结束的时，一个电话回家电脑家庭主妇已经为你准备好一切！热水、咖啡、晚饭。Когда ты закончил работу, позванил домай, домашняя хозяйка-компьютер уже подготовил, всѐ тебе нужно!Горячиноя воды кофе ужину.5.今天的世界已经成为人与科技，科技与生活的世界。

Современный мир уже станѐт святым людими с технауки и жизнь.6.机器人进入我们的生活，“她”像真人一样。有着一张女性的面孔，声音轻柔，协助你工作。Робот вошел в наму жизнь, он как настоящий человек, у неѐ женское лицо, и красивый голос, помагает тебе работать.7.生活的意义 将来的打算 我的一天 Зачения жизни.Мечта(идея), мой день.8.我们为什么而活？生活的意义是什么？将来如何？什么是生活的意义，在我们（我）的人生里，我们（我）常常追问自己。生活的意义，就是一茶一饭，早起早睡，每天的劳累，奔波吗？就是日复一日，月复一月，年复一年的平凡的日子吗？

Зачем мы живѐм ? Какое значение жизни ? В нашей жизни мы часто спросили себе, какое значение жизни? Разве это значит, что кождый день вставать и спать, и работать, из-за дня в день прожить обычную жизнь.1.青年人，有理想，有文化，有追求的一代。

Молодѐжь—это поколение имеюшие идея, культуры и стремления.2.学习.工作.生活之外，快乐是我每天都要做的。保持工作和休息，学习和看书，家庭和生活，这是我们（我）的人生脚步！

Кроме учѐбы работы, нам нужно весѐлое настрание.В нашей жизни полны работами и отдыхами, и учѐбами и т д.3.其实在生活中，我们（我）快乐的度过每一天，不管得到与付出。只要我们懂得感恩，只要我们知道索取和赠与。

В настоящей жизни мы весѐло проживѐм каждый день.Несмотря на получения и давания.Только мы знаем благодарность.绿色世界 和平世界 健康世界

зелѐный мир мировый мир

здоровый мир 1.你最喜欢什么颜色？能说说你的理由吗? Какой цвет болеевого ты любишь? Почему ты любишь такой цвет ?

2.绿色，就是生命。如果生存在地球的每一个人，都能保护地球，保护地球上的生态环境，保护自然界里的一草一木。那么，不久的将来，我们共同的家园就会成为所有人都热爱的──绿色世界！

Знлѐное цвет это символ жизни и идея.Если каждый из нас может собранять природы и эклокию.И так, в будуший день наш мир обязательно полен зелѐными и идеями.3.假如有一天，你一觉醒来，发现地球上没有了森林，没有了鲜花绿草，没有了小鸟的歌唱，没有了清澈的河水。有的是疾病，有的是风暴，有的是干渴的土地。

Очень трудно представить себе, какими станѐт наш мир, если без лесоу, без цветов, без чистого воды, без песни птицы, на наши глаза всѐ запустеные земли.

万能作文（俄语）

4.从我做起，从现在做起，用整个身心去热爱我们的大自然，用毕生的精力去呵护我们的植物界和动物界，用我们的聪明才智去营造美丽和谐.安逸舒畅的生存环境。世界将会更加美好！С самого это времени нам надо от души любить и охранить, наму жизнь и нашу природу нашей всей жизнью.Для

чтобы создать красивое гармоничное общество.Мир будет более красивый и прекрасный.5.和平.健康.绿色的世界是人们生活的基础和追求的目标。

Мировый(здоровый.Зелѐный)мир—это основние нашей жизни, и мы все хотим стремиться к этому.6.人们生活的这个世界，需要和平.健康.绿色。

Мы живѐм во этом мире, и нам нужны мир, здорые, зелѐное, мировый.7.人们诚实.勤劳.勇敢。

Люди честны, трудолюдивый, смелы.8.没有战争.没有贫困.没有饥饿。Без войны, без беда, без голода.9.人们生活的基础需要空气.水.食物。但创造这一切的是大自然。如果人们不热爱大自然，我们就无法生存。热爱环境，珍惜大自然！

Чисты воздухи и воды необходимоности для наший жизни.Ведь всѐ это нам подарила природа.если люди не людят еѐ, и не соблюдали правил природы, мы не может совермать состаяное развитие нашего общества.Любите и берьте природу!

浅谈高中俄语作文写作技巧 篇2

【关键词】俄语写作 词汇 常用句型

【中图分类号】G633.45 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】2095-3089（2015）07-0247-02

在我们高中的俄语教育工作中，我们发现，有很大一部分学生在俄语写作方面比较吃力。在我们高中的俄语教学和学习过程当中，俄语写作主要是对学生的书面表达能力和对俄语语言的运用能力进行考核。学生对于俄语的学习到底掌握程度我们教师通过学生的俄语写作作文就能够了解。所以说在我们高中的俄语教学过程当中，俄语写作起着很重要的作用。

但是如何现在的高中俄语作文教学提高学生的写作能力，这就需要我们高中的俄语教师研究和建立一套适合我们高中学生的写作技巧。下面本人通过自己对俄语作文教学的一些经验和实践，给大家介绍一些高中俄语作文的写作技巧：

一、积累词汇，打好基础

我们都知道，学习任何一门语言，词和字是学习这门语言最基础的东西，如果缺乏词汇量的积累，就会为后来对这门语言的学习带来困难。对于我们现在的高中生而言，想要提高自己的俄语写作水平和书面表达能力，首先就要紧抓单词这一关，养成每天背单词的习惯，这就能增加学生的词汇量的积累，从而学生在平时的俄语作文写作中能够使用更多的单词来表达自己的意思。但是大多学生对于单词的记忆坚持不下来，所以我们教师注重提高学生的写作水平的同时还要教给学生科学有效的单词记忆方法，帮助学生不断地增加对词汇量的积累。这样，就能够解决学生在俄语写作的过程当中最大的瓶颈。

二、增强学生对常用句型的掌握

对于很多学生来说，他们在刚接触和学习俄语的时候就常常会遇见很多生活中的各种常用的句型和句式，这些句型句式已经很深刻的印在学生的脑海中。所以我们在平时教导学生学习俄语的过程当中，教导学生注意对平时学习中所遇见的常用句型句式进行记忆和积累，这样在他们平时的俄语写作过程当中也能够活学活用将这些句型句式应用到文章中，不仅能够增加文章的内涵，同时还能避免学生的文章中自己编写的句子的错误。高中所学的俄语知识中所包含的常用句型句式通常是有规律的，学生容易对它们进行记忆，也易于学生对它们的应用。而且随着日复一日的不断积累，学生就会拥有很多的写作素材。积累常用的句型句式，如同平时对于单词的积累一样，是一个持之以恒的过程，所以，“滴水穿石非一日之功”，教师要在平时的教学过程当中培养学生积累常用句型句式的意识。

三、注意培养学生的俄语思维

俄语思维，也就是俄罗斯人的思维方式和说话习惯。俄语思维的培养也和单词的积累一样，非一朝一夕之功，需要学生不断地了解和学习，而且俄语思维还贯穿于我们学生在学习俄语的所有过程当中。在我们平时的俄语教学过程当中，我们的俄语教师要在课堂上贯穿学生的听说培养，多找一写俄语的电影、音乐等让学生接触俄罗斯人的思维方式和说话习惯，这才能慢慢的帮助学生不断改变自己的思维方式，这样，学生的俄语写作才能充满俄语本该有的味道。

四、注重文章结构、条理清晰

在我们平时对于中外图书的阅读中，我们发现，无论我们的汉语文章还是外语文章，文章的结构、条理清晰是决定一个一个文章的好坏的重要原因，如果一篇文章的条理紊乱，不分主次，没有结构，那么这篇文章写了再好的句子也没用，所以，我们高中的俄语教师要在平时教导学生在写作过程中注意文章的结构、主体、主题等方面的问题。要让学生知道，在写文章的过程中，首先明确文章的中心思想，定好文章的时态和结构框架，然后再根据时间，地点等视角转换方式进行下文的写作。

五、拓展阅读，学习范文

想要加强学生的俄语写作水平，我们要在平时的教学和学习过程当中培养学生的课外阅读兴趣，学生通过课外的阅读既能够增加自己的写作素材，还能在同时拓展自己的思维，这对高中学生的各方面的学习都能够带来帮助。

在增加学生的课外阅读的过程中，教师应该找出一些好的文章和学生感兴趣的文章片段当做平时教学中的范文，让学生通过对范文的借鉴和模仿，指导学生的写作，学生还能够通过与范文的对比，找出自己的不足。这在极大的程度上能够帮助学生提高自己的写作水平。

六、格言警句、谚语俗语的运用

学生如果写出一篇结构完整，条理清晰，语言语法正确的文章，这就能够说明学生已经有了很好的俄语基础，但如果学生能够在这样的文章里面加上一些名人名言，警句俗语的应用，就能够提高整片文章的色彩。但需要注意的是，如果这些名言警句没有用到该用的地方，那么便会起到相反的作用。所以，教师还要在平时教学生如何在文章中借用一些名人名言、警句俗语来提高学生的文章内涵。

七、总结

总之，要想提高现代高中学生的俄语写作能力，这是一个非常需要时间的过程。我们高中的俄语教师在平时除了对学生学业上的教导的同时，还要教导学生做一个有心人、做一个懂得坚持的人。还要不断地改进自己的教学方法的不足，丰富自己的教学内容，提高学生对于俄语写作的兴趣。这样才能从根本上解决高中学生俄语写作能力低下的问题。

参考文献：

[1]王洋.浅谈如何提高学生的俄语写作能力[J]；邯郸职业技术学院学报；2010年02期

[2]严明乾.试论初中作文教学创新意识的渗透[J]；考试周刊；2010年52期

[3]顾凯.试论过程写作法[J]；安徽大学学报；2004年06期

[4]戴忠信.外语言语交际能力形成过程：个体体验理论视角[D]；北京师范大学；2004年

初中作文万能开头 篇3

初中作文万能开头、结尾

友谊 开头：现代人的友谊，很坚固又很脆弱。它是人间的宝藏，需我们珍爱。友谊的不可传递性，决定了它是一部孤本的书。我们可以和不同的人有不同的友谊，但我们不会和同一个人有不同的友谊。友谊是一条越掘越深的巷道，没有回头路可以走的，刻骨铭心的友谊也如仇恨一样，没齿难忘。

结尾：长留史册的，不是锱铢必较的利益，而是肝胆相照的情分，和朋友坦诚的交往，深思的同时，你分享了朋友的痛苦。分享是一种生活的信念，明白了分享的同时，明白了存在的意义。快乐的分享，痛苦的承担。在你与人分享的时候，就肩负着一份重任。让他更快乐，让痛苦全部溜走，让阳光洒满你的心灵。

集体利益 开头：集体，是什么概念？集体就是一个团队，所谓的团结，就是关心集体，热爱集体、回报集体，下面我就讲讲、、、、、、结尾：正因为这样，我们一定要团结团结，因为我们是一个集体、、、、、、会使我们留存着对真情的敏感，会使我们的眼睛抹去云翳，心境重新开朗。

团结 开头：每次听到这首歌“团结就是力量”这首歌我总是感慨万千，特别是在XX事情后，体会更是深刻

结尾：一滴水是微不足道的，渗入泥土，便会消失不见，可汇聚成河却是川流不息。如同我们，在许多的困难面前，一个人总是凸显着单薄，而无法作为，可当我们团结起来，却可以创造无数的奇迹。

宽容 开头： 宽容是人类生活中至高无尚的美德。因为宽容包含着人的心灵，因为宽容可以超越一切，因为宽容需要一颗博大的心。因为宽容是人类情感中最重要的一部分，这种情感能融化心头的冰霜。而缺乏宽容，将使个性从伟大堕落成连平凡都不如。结尾： 生活，往往纷繁，又常常平淡。正因为宽容如水，使纷繁经过过滤变得纯净；正因为宽容似火，使平淡通过锻烧日趋鲜明；更因为有这诗般的宽容，才赋予人生以艺术，赋予生命以永恒。

谅解 开头：谅解如一杯清茶，冲淡彼此之间的误会；谅解像一缕春风，吹化人间隔膜的冰层；谅解像一只寒梅，预示心灵来春的温情；谅解是一架彩虹，让就不相逢的情感放射光彩。

结尾：逝者如斯，历史的浪花淘尽了王朝的恩怨情仇，当今既没有了一方霸主，也没有了雄风王者；我们在追求团结、奋进、和谐、平等，我们同样应该独守那份恬然与空明，用每一句话没一种表情向人们昭示谅解，协同人们用谅解交往。把握谅解，社会便会进步； 把握谅解，人类便拥有财富。

理解 开头：理解，是友谊的结晶；理解，是从信任中开出的鲜花；理解，是人与人之间关爱的光环。它能让误会变成点缀美丽的小瑕疵，于社会中，人们相互的理解，能使这个大家共有的家园更加繁荣、安定。

结尾：相信总有一天误会能变成一朵美丽的花，因为它由理解来浇灌！

分享 开头：孤寂人生，谁来聆听你心中的清音？望眼未来，谁来领略你眼中的精彩？山青青，水盈盈，弹一曲“高山流水”，震彻群山，激扬层浪。于是俞伯牙与钟子期共同欣赏这份相遇相知的情。人生得一知己足矣！

结尾：分享是一种博爱的心境，学会分享，就学会了生活。分享是一种思想的深度，回报 开头：（1）绿草如茵，那是草儿在回报春天；鲜花缤纷，那是花儿在回报阳光；白雪千里，那是雪儿在回报朔风。生活，因回报而美丽。

（2）绿叶尽情地释放自己，映衬了荷花，挤出了阴凉，虽然没有人赞赏，最后枯黄而死，但它相信，明年的夏天依旧绿意盎然。雪，忍受深深的孤寂，用自己的躯体保护农作物，虽然最后融化成了水，但它不后悔，因为农民会因此展开笑颜。梅，迎着风雪，一枝独放，虽然不能改变周围环境的寂冷，但它坚信，第一个报春的消息，迎来万紫千红的满园春色就是它最好的回报。

（3）在熙熙攘攘的人群中，在匆匆忙忙的脚步中，我听到了一种声音，天使的声音，好人总有好梦，付出总有回报。

结尾：世人总是希望这个世界给自己多少回报，却忽略了自己到底为这个世界付出了多少。天地间那杆无形的大秤对每个人都是公平的，只有付出才会有回报。诚如一首所唱：世间自有公道，付出总有回报；说到不如做到，要做就做最好„„我们只有让自己付出，让自己做得最好，我们的生活才会更加美好。

感恩 开头：落叶在空中盘旋，谱写着一曲感恩的乐章，那是大树对滋养它大地的感恩；白云在蔚蓝的天空中飘荡，绘画着那一幅幅感人的画面，那是白云对哺育它的蓝天的感恩。因为感恩才会有这个多彩的社会，因为感恩才会有真挚的友情。因为感恩才让我们懂得了生命的真谛

结尾：怀着一颗感恩的心，去看待社会，看待父母，看待亲朋，你将会发现自己是多么快乐，放开你的胸怀，让霏霏细雨洗刷你心灵的污染。学会感恩，因为这会使世界更美好，使生活更加充实。

集体温暖 开头：雷锋叔叔曾经说过：一滴水只有放进大海里才永远不会干涸，一个人只有当他把自己和集体事业融合在一起的时候才能最有力量。

结尾：“一棵小树，难经风吹雨打；百里森林，能顶呼啸狂风。”让我们主动关心集体，热心为集体做事，诚心为集体服务吧！

师生情 开头：有一种职业最美丽，那就是教师；有一道风景最隽永，那就是师魂；有一种情感最动人，那就是师生情。我们拥有同一颗炽热的太阳，我们拥有同一片广阔的天空，在同一片天空下，我们用爱播撒着希望„„

2015新民中学语文学科中考复习资料

结尾：老师是无私的，他不求得到学生的回报；老师是“好面子”的，他希望自己的学生成才。作为学生，我们难道不应该真诚敬献满腔的热情、无限温暖和一颗赤诚的心吗？

奉献 开头：奉献是秋天的白云川点缀了蓝天，也诗化了自己；奉献是大海里的一滴水，既壮阔了大海，也提升了自我。

结尾：“落红不是无情物，化作春泥更护花”告诉我什么是奉献；“沉舟侧畔千帆过，结尾：鼓励自己，我们充满斗志，迎接新的挑战；鼓励自己，我们会看到阳光，收获希望；鼓励自己，将为自己缔造新的辉煌。

信任 开头：信任亲友是人的天性，而信任他人则是一种美德，在信任的过程中，快乐而全面地，认知这个看似复杂的世界。

结尾：信任是一种力量，是我们不断前进的动力！

欣赏 开头：欣赏是人与人之间的一种理解和沟通，也包含了信任和肯定，欣赏是病树前头万木春”告诉我什么是豁达„„走近诗人，与诗人同行，让诗句提升我的思想，慰藉我的感情，净化我的心灵。贡献

开头：鲁迅先生“俯首甘为孺子牛”；周总理鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已；孔繁森将自己的一生奉献于阿里。他们以无私的奉献实现了自己的人生价值，为社会进步做出巨大的贡献，为世人称颂。其实还有更多的人是在默默地奉献，献出自己的力量

结尾：奉献不是为了索取，奉献应是自觉自愿的。我们要从现在做起，从自身做起。让奉献这棵常青树，永远葱笼、繁茂。

给予 开头：花叶摇摆，当给别人送一片绿：花朵盛开，当给别人捧一阵香，因为，当你把生命放进了别人心里，关怀他们一些，帮助他们一些，你的生命之花便会在别人心中常开不败，溢满心香。

结尾：赠人玫瑰，手有余香！

关爱 开头：关爱，就是关心爱护，它在我们身边无处不在。我们每个人都需要关爱，生活上也少不了关爱，别人给予我们关爱，那我们更应该去关心爱护他人，这样世界上才会充满——爱！

结尾：是呀！正如歌中所唱的：只要人人都献出一点爱，世界将变成美好的人间。我们的家园才会更加温馨美好

诚实 开头：诚实守信，是我们中华民族的优良传统，作为炎黄子孙，我们都要做一个诚实的人。

结尾：真诚是美酒，年份越久越醇香浓型；真诚是焰火，在高处绽放才愈是美丽；真诚是鲜花，送之于人手有余香。

责任 开头：责任感是诸葛孔明“鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已”写就的《出师表》，责任感是孔繁森离家别母血洒高原树立的公仆丰碑，责任感是贝多芬挑战人生超越自我谱写的《命运交响曲》。

结尾：愿我们所有的孩子都有这样的心灵，责任从小就在那里成长。愿我们所有的人都把责任之心携带在人生的道路上，让人生散发出淡淡的，金子般的光辉

鼓励 开头：每个人的成长都离不开鼓励，因此在我的生活中也受到过长辈的鼓励，那次的事情，我到现在还记忆犹新。

一种激励和引导，可以使人扬长避短，更健康的成长和进步.结尾：每一个人也应该学会去欣赏别人，学会欣赏是一种爱，人与人之间在互相欣赏之中，世界才能充满爱!

虚心 开头：“虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。”谦虚就是有自知之明，是一种有修养的表现。一个人只有谦虚，才会让别人尊重。

结尾：“满招损，谦受益。”让我们养成谦虚的美德，做一个高尚的人吧！谦虚 开头：谦虚是一种美德，也是一种明智之举，因为人外有人、天外有天。谦虚使人进步，因为只有熟悉到自己的不足才会去想办法弥补它。

结尾：成熟的谷穗低着头，成熟的苹果红着脸，它们启示我们：成功来自谦虚 集体力量 开头：“一根筷子容易折，十根筷子抱成团”。这话不错，在巨大的困难面前，个人的力量是渺小的，微不足道的，而许许多多个人汇集成集体，才能形成强大的力量，最终赢得胜利

结尾：雷锋叔叔曾说过：一滴水只有放进大海，才能永不干涸。是啊！一个人就像一滴水一样，如果离开了集体这个大海，就将一事无成。集体的力量是伟大的！

助人为乐 开头：助人为快乐之本，助人为乐是一种美德，助人是人格升华的标志。结尾：帮助人，让我们亲密地走在了一起，让我们变得像一家人一样。我愿意继续去帮助那些需要帮助的人，让我们的生活充满七彩的阳光！

珍惜 开头：朱自清先生在文章中写道“吃饭时，时间从碗边流走；喝水时，时间从随水流走；睡觉时，时间又从脚边流走。这摸不着，抓不住的时间呵，它无声地来又匆匆地远走”。懂得珍惜，人生便是一种永恒。

结尾：我们常常感动，是因为懂得、珍惜。懂得珍惜，阳光将洒遍心灵，懂得珍惜，晚风将拂过心灵，让我们的心灵那么温暖，那么安宁。珍惜吧，珍惜所拥有的以及还没有拥有的，心灵的土壤既使长不出参天大树，我们也可以拥有对蓝天的向往。

心胸宽广 开头：雨果说:"比陆地宽广的是海洋,比海洋宽广的是天空,比天空宽广的是人的胸怀。

作文万能摸板 篇4

1.观点论证型

Nowadays/Recently/In recent year/At present, __is a common thing/has become more and more popular/has gradually become a concern for many.For example, __.All these __.There are different attitudes/views towards __;While others /other people view differently/hold distinct views/ find it hard to agree, they say/contend that__;And some others __.In my opinion/view/ From my point of view/ What comes to me is/ As far as I am concerned/ Personally, I prefer__./ I would rather__.As long as/ With the development of/ By the joint efforts of__, we’ll certainly/definitely/no doubt/that/ I am confident that __in the end.2.利弊选择型

These days we often hear that__.It is common that__.People hold different views about__.Some people believe/think/hold/argue/have the idea that__.They say/contend that__.They point out that__.For example __.But other people take an opposite side.They firmly believe that __.They argue that.In my opinion/In my view/From my point of view/What comes to me is/As far as I am concerned/Personally, the former/latter opinion holds more weight.For one thing, __.For another,__.Last but not the least, ___.3.现象解释型

From the chart/graph/table/figure, we can clearly see that__.Obviously/It is true that/It is self-evident that__.In my mind, there are three reasons explaining/We believe that three reasons account for/Three reasons, as for me, can explain this phenomenon.To begin with/One reason is/The main reason is__.What is more/In addition/Another reason is that__.Thirdly/Lastly/Apart from that/Last but not least__.As a result/In short__.Considering all these__.For one thing,__.For another__.In conclusion/ In brief/ To sum up_.4.途径方法型

With the improvement of __, there are __.For example, __.So it is high time__.The reasons are: First/at first/To begin with __.Secondly/ The second/In addition/

Furthermore/Besides,__.Lastly/Finally/Last but not least/What is more/Further more，__.But how to _? In my opinion/For my part, I think/As far as I am concerned__.On the one hand__.On the other hand__.Therefore, I believe__.5.应用文(信函)

信件的主要内容

• 称呼(Addressing)

• 写信的目的及自我介绍(Purpose of the letter & Self-introduction)

• 背景情况介绍(Background Information)

• 解释情况、说明问题(Explanation Analysis)

• 希望与要求(Need & Demand)

• 结束语(Closing Remarks)

签名（Signature）

Dear Sir/Madam,-.--------------------------.-.I look forward to hearing from you…..Sincerely yours,Li Ming1

钻石句型：

第一段：

1、现状说明：

1.When asked about…, most people believe that…, but other people consider it differently.2.When it comes to…, people’s opinions differ.Some hold the opinion that…, while others claim that…

3.There is no consensus of opinions among people as to the role of… Some people claim that …, while others believe that…

4.Most are of the opinion that…, but I personally believe that…

5.Now people in growing numbers are beginning to realize that…

6.There is a general discussion today about the issue of… Those who criticize… argue that… They believe that…But people who advocate…, on the other hand, argue that…

7.Now, it is generally acknowledged that…, but I doubt whether…

第二段：

1、原因列举：

1)The phenomenon/change in…mainly results/arises from the fact that…

2)One may regard the phenomenon as a sign of/response to…

3)There are many causes/reasons for the dramatic growth/decrease.Firstly, … Secondly, … Finally, …

4)A number of factors can account for the change in…

5)Another contributory factor of… is…

6)… is also responsible for the rise/decrease in…

7)Why are/do/did…? For one thing, …For another, … Perhaps the primary reason is…

2、观点陈述：

1)The advantages of A outweigh any benefit we gain from B.2)Good as A is, it has its own disadvantages.For one thing, it… For another, it…

3)Although A has enormous/substantial/considerable advantage over B, it cannot compete with B in …

4)A’s advantages sounds ridiculous/means nothing when B’s advantages are considered.3、利弊说明：

1)Although a lot of people believe that …, I doubt/wonder whether the argument bears much analysis/close examination.2)As opposed to widely held ideas, I argue that…

3)Although the popular belief/idea is that…, a current study/survey indicates that…

4)They may be right about…, but they seem to neglect/fail to mention the fact that…

5)Although it is widely accepted that…, it is unlikely to be true that…

6)It is true that…, but this is not to say that…

7)There is absolutely no reason for us to accept/resist that…

8)What these people fail to understand/consider/mention is that…

9)You may say that… It probably will.But…

4、举例论证：

1）Numerous examples can be given, but this will suffice.2）I can think of no better illustration than the following one.3）This case effectively clarify that…

第三段：

1、归纳结论：

1)From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that…

2)All the evidence supports an unshakable conclusion that…

3)It is high time that we placed great emphasis on…

4)It is high time that we put an end to the undesirable phenomenon of…

5)There is no denying that further attention must be paid to the problem of…

2、建议措施：

英语作文万能框架 篇5

I.表达有利方面、优点、优势、有利于、有益于、有助于：

动词及词组：have the benefit of sth / get [gain] benefit [from sth] / benefit sb [sth] / benefit from sth / do sb good / favor sb / give an advantage to sb [sth] / have [enjoy] an advantage / do more good than harm

形容词及词组：beneficial to [for] sb [sth] / good for sb [sth] / helpful / useful to [for] sb [sth] 名词及词组：benefit to sb / health benefits / the full benefit [of sth] / a big [great] advantage over sth /

介词词组：for sb’s benefit / with [without] the benefit [of sth] / in favor of sb [sth] / to the advantage of sb [sth] / at an advantage 例句：

1.新的治疗方法让千千万万的人受惠。

Many thousands have benefited greatly from the new treatment.The new treatment has greatly benefited thousands of people.Thousands of people have gained great benefits from the new treatment.2.严格的交通规章制度对大家都有好处。

Strict regulations are of great benefit to us all.Strict regulations are useful [beneficial / good] for us all.Strict regulations do all of us good.Strict regulations benefit all of us.All of us benefit from strict regulations.3.洋医院的昂贵而高质量的医疗服务有利于高收入人群。

The expensive but excellent medical services provided by foreign-funded hospitals are in favour of [favour] people of high income.The expensive but excellent medical services provided by foreign-funded hospitals are to the advantage ofpeople of high income.The expensive but excellent medical services provided by foreign-funded hospitals benefitpeople of high income.People of high income benefit from the expensive but excellent medical services provided by foreign-funded hospitals.4.在正常的一日三餐之外，每隔2－3小时少量进餐，有利于保持充沛精力。

Having a little food every 2 to 3 hours in addition to the 3 regular meals a day is beneficial to [benefits]the maintenance of full vigour.If one wants to stay energetic / vigorous constantly, it is good [helpful / beneficial] to have a little food every two or three hours in addition to the three daily regular meals.5.在调整免疫功能方面，与西药相比，中国的一些中药亦有一些优点。

In regulation of immune functions, some Chinese medicines enjoy [have] an advantage over western medicines.Compared with western medicines, some Chinese medicines have benefits of regulating immune functions.Some Chinese medicines are better than western medicines in regulating immune functions.6.这些措施有利于改进农村医疗卫生工作。

These measures [steps / actions] will benefit the cause of medical care and public health in the rural areas.These measures [steps / actions] are beneficial [useful] to the medical care and public health in the countryside.These measures [steps / actions] help improve [promote] the medical care and public health in the rural areas.These measures [steps / actions] improve [promote] the medical care and public health in the countryside.These measures [steps / actions] are a great help to the medical care and public health in the rural areas.7.医生的劝告大有益处。

Doctors’ advice is a great help [benefit].Doctors’ advice is very helpful.Doctors’ advice is very beneficial [useful] tous.Doctors’ advice does us much good.8.现在的医疗体制改革对中低收入者有利。

The current reform of medical care system is to the advantage of people with moderate or lower income.The current reform of medical care system favours people with moderate or lower income.The current reform of medical care system is in favour of people with moderate or lower income.The current reform of medical care system benefits people with moderate or lower income.People with moderate or lower income benefit from the current reform of medical care system.9.独生子女政策利大于蔽。

The advantages of the only child policy outweigh its disadvantages.The only child policy has done more good than harm.There are more advantages than disadvantages in carrying out the only child policy.II.表达不利方面、劣势、缺点、缺陷、有损于、有害于、损害、损伤、破坏：

动词及词组：have a harmful effect on sth [sb] / damage sth / harm sb [sth] / do more harm than good / put [place] sb at a disadvantage / do harm [damage] to sth / do sth harm / cause sb [sth] harm / suffer harm / destroy / hamper / injure

形容词及词组：harmful [damaging] to sb [sth] / bad for sb [sth] / harmful / disadvantageous / destructive / averse / 名词及词组：disadvantage / defect / drawback / harm to sb /(there is)no harm in doing sth / destruction / loss of / trauma / lesion / injury

介词词组：at a disadvantage / to the disadvantage of sb [sth] 例句：

1.农村卫生资源严重不足，不利于我国医疗卫生事业的发展。

The severe shortage of financial resources for the rural medical care has a very harmful effect on [is very harmful to / is very bad for] the development of medical and health cause in China.The severe lack of medical resources in the rural areas has harmed the development of medical and health cause in China.The rural areas lack medical resources badly, and this does a lot of harm to the development of medical and health care in China.The rural areas lack medical resources badly, and this causes a lot of harm to the development of medical and health care in China.2.三种医院的服务各有不同的缺点。

The medical services in the three kinds of hospital have their respective disadvantages [drawbacks / defects].3.损害公物要赔。

Pay the full price for anything damaged.If you damage any public object [property], you have to pay it.It is necessary for you to pay the full price of any public object damaged.4.健康损失比财产损失更重要。

Loss of health is more serious than loss of wealth.Harm to health is more significant [greater] than loss ofwealth.To lose your health is much more terrible [worse] than to loseyour money.5.补充点维生素倒也没有什么坏处。

There is no harm in taking some vitamins.It does no harm for you to take some vitamins.It is not harmful [bad] for you to take some vitamins.You will suffer no harm if you take some vitamins.6.虽然行为盲目性与冲动性有其不利的一面，但是，也有其有价值的一面。

Behavioural blindness and impulsiveness have their disadvantages as well as advantages.Although behavioural blindness and impulsiveness are disadvantageous on the one hand, they can be advantageous on the other hand.7.如果视力不好，干许多工作就会很不利。

If your eyesight is not good, you’ll be at a big [major / serious / grave] disadvantage when you perform many tasks.Poor eyesight puts [places] a person at a big [major / serious / grave] disadvantage when he performs many tasks.8.不会电脑现在很不利。

Anyone who can’t use a computer is at a disadvantage these days.Inability to use a computer is disadvantageous now.Inability to use a computer puts [places] a person at a disadvantage now.9.嫉妒是一种强烈的极具破坏力的情感。

Jealousy can be a powerful and very destructive emotion.作用和方式

I.表示利用、使用、作用、应用、功能：

动词及词组：play a role in / function(as)/ act(as)/ serve(as)/ serve to / use sth as sth / use sth for doing(sth)/ make(good)use of sth / use sth to do sth / apply / take advantage of / have an effect on / have [fulfill] a function of / put sth to(good)use

名词及词组：function / effect on sth / the use of sth / 介词及词组：with / in use / out of use 例句：

1.营养不良使各器官功能低下。

Malnutrition makes organs function poorly [inefficiently / ineffectively].Poor nutrition harms the normal functions of organs.Poor nutrition decreases the functional efficiency of organs.2.当健康危险因素评价（health risk factor appraisal）被用于指导人们改变不良健康行为时，它的效用便得到了最大程度的发挥。

When health risk factor appraisal is used [applied / adopted] to guide people to change their unhealthy behavior, its maximum role has been fulfilled.When health risk factor appraisal is used [applied / adopted] for guiding people to change their unhealthy behavior, its maximum role has been fulfilled.Health risk factor appraisal plays its maximum role in guiding people to change their unhealthy behavior.3.充分利用国外的先进经验，搞好我国的健康教育。

We should improve [promote] health education in our country by making good use of [using well / taking advantage of] advanced experience of foreign countries.We should make good use of [use well / take advantage of] advanced experience of foreign countries and improve [promote] health education in our country

We should improve [promote] health education in our country with the help of advanced experience of foreign countries.4.冬季晨炼应尽量用鼻呼吸。

Doing morning exercise in winter, we should breathe with nose as much as possible.Doing morning exercise in winter, we should use nose to breathe as much as possible.Doing morning exercise in winter, we should use nose for breathing as much as possible.5.一些中药在实验中能抑制HIV，且价格便宜，预计会有很好的应用前景。

Since some Chinese herbal medicines have been found to be able to check HIV in experiments and are cheap, they will have good [wide] application in the future.Since some cheap Chinese herbal medicines could check HIV in experiments, they will have good [wide] application in the future.Since some cheap Chinese herbal medicines could check HIV in experiments, they will be put in good use in the future.6.抗生素不要滥用和误用。

Antibiotics cannot be overused, abused or misused.7.公共卫生体系的建设，对于有效地控制禽流感的爆发流行，起了重要作用。

The construction of public health system played an important [major / central / key / vital] role in effective prevention of the outbreak and wide spread of bird flue.8.音乐作为一种护理方法，有很好的止痛片的作用。

Music as a nursing method has a good effect on easing the pain.Music as a nursing method can serve as a kind of painkiller.Music as a nursing method has a good function of easing the pain.II.表达方式、方法、手段、措施:

动词及词组：take(effective)measures [steps /actions] to do sth

名词及词组：way to do sth / way of doing sth / way(that)sb does sth / approach to(doing)sth / scheme / strategy 介词及词组：by doing sth / by means of sth / through sth [doing sth] / with doing sth / with sth / in a … way [manner] / by this method / in this way 例句：

1.通过专门的技术和仪器，现在可以拍摄出分子的照片。

By means of [With / Through] special techniques and instruments it is now possible to photograph molecules.2.出乎意料的是，学生们以极大的热情（兴趣）作出了回应。

Unexpectedly, the college students responded with great enthusiasm [interest].Unexpectedly, the college students responded in an enthusiastic manner [way].3.无法知道该治疗是否有效。

There is no way of knowing if the treatment will work.We have no way of knowing whether the treatment is effective or not.It is impossible to know whether the treatment is effective or not.4.健康危险因素评价（health risk factor appraisal）是研究危险因素与慢性病发病及死亡之间数量依存关系及其规律性的一种技术方法。

Health risk factor appraisal is a technical method [approach / means] by which people study the correlation between health risk factors and chronic diseases.Health risk factor appraisal is a technical method [approach / means] by which medical researches are done on the quantitative correlation between health risk factors, chronic diseases and deaths as well as the rules of the correlation.5.烧伤严重程度不同，对烧伤病人的急救方式也不同

We should take different measures to deal with burns of different degrees.The ways we treat burn emergency should vary according to the different degrees of the burn.First aid for burn victims varies according to the severity of the burn.6.健康教育已成为解决当代公共卫生问题的重要途径。Health education has become an important way [method / means] of solving [resolving / settling / dealing with] public health problems.Health education has become an important way [method / means] to solve [resolve / settle / deal with] public health problems.7.通过不断完善公共卫生体系建设，减少各种突发公共卫生事件对人民健康和社会经济发展造成的损害。

We can reduce damages that sudden public health accidents may cause to people’s health and social and economic development by means of [by way of / through / by] continuous improvement of the public health system.8.这个问题应该用对双方都公平的方式来解决。

The problem should be resolved in a[n] manner [way / approach] that is fair to both sides.9.听音乐是一种减轻紧张情绪的方法。

Listening to music is one way of relieving [easing] stress.Listening to music is one way to relieve [ease] stress.10.流感的传播方式和普通感冒一样，都是通过鼻和喉的分泌物传染的。

Flu is spread in the same way as a cold, through the secretions from the nose and throat.The way flu is spread is the same as [the way] a cold [is], by means of the secretions from the nose and throat.Like a common cold, flu is spread through the secretions from the nose and throat.增强提高

I.表达增加、增强、加强：

名词及词组：huge [massive / large / dramatic / sharp / rapid / significant / marked / slight / small / modest / gradual] increase;an increase in sth / price [pay / tax / population] increase

动词及词组：increase in value [price / importance];increase(sth)from [to] sth / strengthen / heighten awareness / raise awareness / intensify / add(to)

介词及词组：on a sharp increase / on the increase 例句： 1.在牛奶中加糖5%—8%，也是提高（增加）热量摄入的一种有效方法。

To add 5%—8% of sugar in milk is a good [an effective] way to increase [raise] the intake of calories.Addition of 5%—8% of sugar in milk can well increase [raise] the intake of energy.2.在寒冷环境下运动时能量消耗大，机体能量代谢增强，产热增加。

Under the cold conditions, exercises consume [use up] a great amount of energy and make the metabolism of the body much more active to produce more calories.Doing physical training in cold circumstances consumes [uses up] a lot of energy.As a result, metabolism of the body is sped up [intensified / increased / strengthened] and calorie production is increased [intensified].When one does physical training in cold whether, his metabolism increases to produce more calories.3.“过度医疗”增加了社会的医疗负担。

“Excessive Treatment” [Overtreatment] increases [adds to] the social burden of medical care.“Excessive Treatment” [Overtreatment] increases [adds to] the social expenditure on medical care.“Excessive Treatment” [Overtreatment] makes the whole society spend more money on medical care.4.免疫缺陷病（immune deficiency diseases）的共同特点是对感染的易感性（susceptibility）明显增加和易发生恶性肿瘤（malignant tumors）。

The common feature of immune deficiency diseases is obviously increased susceptibility [sensitivity] to infections and greater chances of developing malignant tumors.All the patients with immune deficiency diseases are more likely to be infected and to develop malignant tumors.5.在那些体重不随年龄增加的人群中动脉压也不随年龄增加。

In those whose body weight does not increase [go up / rise] with age, the arterial pressure does not increase [go up / rise] with age either.If a person does not put on more weight as he or she grows older, his or her arterial pressure does not increase [go up / rise] with age.6.摄盐量又高，使钠与钾（natrium and kalium）的比值增大，促使血压升高。

High intake of salt increases the ratio [proportion] of natrium and kalium in the blood, which consequently raises [heightens;increases] the blood pressure.High intake of salt makes the ratio [proportion] of natrium and kalium in the blood become greater, and consequently makes the blood pressure higher.7.由于“非典”后我国加强了公共卫生体系建设，应对突发公共卫生事件的能力有了很大提高。

Because our country intensified [strengthened / enhanced] the construction of public health system after the attack of SARS, the capacity [ability] to deal with public health emergencies was greatly increased [strengthened / enhanced].Because we strengthened the construction of public health system after the SARS incident, we can deal with public health emergencies much better.8.人类平均寿命的延长还会加重（增加）人类后代的负担。

The extended life expectancy of human beings will put on more [increase] burdens on their descendants.If average human lifespan is expanded, human descendants will have more [greater] burdens.II.表达提高、促进、改进、改善、进步：

名词及词组：improvement in sth / progress（不可数）in(doing)sth / advance in sth;rapid [good / slow / steady / significant / economic / scientific / medical] progress

动词及词组：promote / advance / enhance / raise / make progress / make improvements / 例句： 1.让病人参与的目的是为了促进在病人护理和治疗服务水平方面的改善。

The aim of patients’ involvement [participation] is to promote [increase] the level of treatment and nursing services.Patients can help improve the level of treatment and nursing services.2.空气中的负离子不仅能调节神经系统，而且可以促进胃肠消化、加深肺部的呼吸。

Anions in the air can not only regulate the nerve system, but also promote [accelerate;speed up] digestion and breathing.Anions in the air can not only regulate the nerve system, but also help the digestion in the stomach and intestines and breathing in the lungs.Anions in the air are good for the nerve system, digestion and lungs.3.只有提高人的素质和公共道德水平，我们才有一个干净整洁的公共环境。

Only after we have enhanced the quality of people and public morals can we have a clean and tidy public environment.Only the enhanced quality of people and public morals can result in [lead to] a clean and tidy public environment.We must improve people’s quality and public morals before we can have a clean and tidy public environment.4.提高对健康教育的认识才能促进社区卫生工作。

If you deepen the understanding of health education, you can make progress in community health care.We should deepen our understanding of health education before we can advance community health care.5.手术后，病人健康好转得很快。

The patient was progressing [improving / recovering] favorably after surgery.The patient was making rapid [good] progress after surgery.The patient improved rapidly(in health)after surgery.The patient’s health was getting much better after surgery.6.乡村卫生院的医疗条件现在好多了，但还有改善的余地。

The conditions in village clinics are much better now, but there is still room for improvement.7.由于竞争，公立医院的服务现在有了很大改善和提高。

Because of competition, medical services have now improved [got better] greatly in public hospitals.There have now been great improvements in medical services in public hospitals due to competition.Because of competition, medical services in public hospitals have now shown great improvements.8.近年来艾滋病的治疗研究有了很大进展，Recently great progress has been made in research on treatment of AIDS.In the recent years there have been great advances [developments / achievements] in researches on treatment of AIDS.9.我们一定要提高公众对抽烟喝酒有关的健康危险因素的认识。

We must increase [raise / heighten] public awareness of the health risks associated with drinking and smoking.10.从图表中我们可以看出，中国人民的生活质量近十年有了很大提高。

We can clearly see from the chart that there has been a dramatic improvement in the living standards of Chinese people in the recent ten years.We can clearly see from the chart that the living standards of Chinese people in the recent ten years have been improved [raised] greatly.11.现在对艾滋病毒感染的了解有了很大的提高。

There has been significant progress in understanding the HIV infection.Now we know more about HIV infection.12.我国政府的资金投入的加大，将促进癌症的研究。

The increased amount of funds by Chinese government will boost progress in cancer research.Our government will spend more money on cancer research.表达因果关系

这一基本功能意念，是任何写作的最基本的任务之一。要掌握以下基本表达方式：

名词及词组：cause for / reason for / factor for / explanation of / result of / consequence of / effect on / influence on 副词及词组：so / thus / therefore / as a result / as a consequence / accordingly / consequently / because of / due to / owing to 连接词：because / as / since / so that / so

动词及词组：make sb do sth / make sth happen / result in / result from / lead to / cause sb to do / cause sth to happen / affect / have an effect on / have an influence on / have an impact on /

I.表达产生、引起、造成、使得： 例句：

1．自然化学反应造成食物软化或变色。

Natural chemical reactions cause foods to become soft or discolored.Natural chemical reactions make foods(become)soft or discolored.2．

这种化学物质引起的健康问题一般不严重。

The health problems caused by this chemical usually are not severe.The health problems resulting from this chemical usually are not severe.This chemical does not cause serious health problems.3．

锻炼似乎可以减少体内雌激素（estrogen）的产生。Exercise seems to reduce the body’s production of the hormone estrogen.Exercise seems to make the body produce less of the hormone estrogen.Exercise seems to result in [lead to] the body’s less production of the hormone estrogen.Exercise seems to reduce estrogen in the body.4．

该病常常造成患者死亡。This disease often causes its victims to die.This disease often makes its victims die.This disease often results in [lead to] the death of its victims.This disease often kills its victims.5．

这是因为它产生的症状与其它疾病相似。

This is because it produces [causes / brings about / result in] signs like many other sicknesses.II.表达影响： 例句： 1.他们研究该蛋白如何影响动物。

They study how the protein affects animals.They study what effects [impacts] the protein has on animals.2.心理的不正常严重影响了大学生的生活、学习。

Mental problems have already interfered with the normal life and work of college students.Mental problems have already had a negative effect [impact / influence] on the normal life and work of college students.Mental problems have already affected the normal life and work of college students.3.不良生活方式和行为受社会心理因素影响，要靠全科医学服务才能很好地解决。

Since unhealthy living styles and behaviours are influenced [affected] by social and mental factors, they can be dealt with [corrected] only by general medical services.Since unhealthy life styles and behaviours are under the influence of social and mental factors, they can be treated only by general medical services.Since unhealthy life styles and behaviours are linked to social and mental factors, they can be corrected only by general medical services.4.其实早餐对人体健康、学习和工作效率有着直接的影响。

In fact, breakfast has a direct effect [impact / influence] on one’s health and the efficiency of one’s learning and working.In fact, breakfast can directly affect one’s health and the efficiency of one’s learning and working.5.公立医院的服务问题，一直影响着医患关系实现正常化。

The service problems in public hospitals have always had a harmful impact [effect / influence] on the normal relationship between doctors and patients.The service problems in public hospitals have always been doing harm to the normal relationship between doctors and patients.6.忽视人的心理社会背景，影响了医疗服务的质量。

If a doctor overlooks the social and mental background of his patient, his medical service can be weakened.Ignorance of the social and mental background of a patient can have a negative effect on the outcome of the medical service.Neglect of the social and mental background of a patient can harm the medical service.If a doctor does not pay attention to the social and mental background of a patient, he can not provide good medical services.III.表达广义的因果关系：

除了上面两组有明显的文字表示的因果关系以外，大部分的汉语中的因果关系都是没有用明显的文字表示的，是暗含在上下文中的，而且可以用多种的英语的表达方式来表达，学生们要注意同一意念的多种表达方式及语法要点。中国学生写英语，一个常见的毛病是句子很散，没有连接词语将有逻辑联系的句子连接起来。现在就从学习因果关系的表达开始，学习把句子用连接词语连接起来吧。例句： 1.管理不善，问题很多。

Those problems resulted from [were caused by] the poor management.（注意！使用result in 和result from，前后的主语及宾语都必须用名词或者名词词组。）

The poor management resulted in [caused / led to] many problems.（注意！result in 和result from 的前后的因果关系正好相反。）

Because of [Due to] the poor management, they had many problems.Because the management was very poor, they faced many problems.The management was so poor that they met with many problems.（注意！so that 常常分开用。）The management was very poor, so they had many problems.The management was very poor.As a result, they had many problems.（注意！as a result 是副词性词组，不能连接两个分句，前面要用句号。）2.这个问题（情况）很严重，我们不得不制定相关法律来解决。

The problem(situation)is so serious that we have to make some laws to deal with it.The problem(situation)is very serious so that we have to make some laws to deal with it.Because this problem is very serious, we must make laws to deal with it.The serious problem results in the necessity of making some laws to deal with it.The serious problem resulted in the laws that we had to make to deal with it.3.现在许多农村人觉得看西医很贵，在大多数情况下他们更愿意去看中医。

Many rural people think treatment of western medicine is so expensive that they prefer to see a doctor of traditional Chinese medicine in most cases.Many rural people think treatment of western medicine is too expensive so that they prefer to see a doctor of traditional Chinese medicine in most cases.Because many rural people think treatment of western medicine is very expensive, they prefer to see a doctor of traditional Chinese medicine in most cases.Expensive treatment of western medicine resulted in the preference of rural people to see a doctor of traditional Chinese medicine in most cases.The expensive treatment of western medicine resulted in the popularity of traditional Chinese medicine in most cases.The high expenses of western medicine treatment resulted in the popularity of traditional Chinese medicine among rural people in most cases.The worry about the high expenses of western medicine treatment of(among)the rural people resulted in their willingness(preference)to seek medical treatment of the traditional Chinese medicine in most cases.4.艾滋病传播得很快，已成为对社会的重大威胁之一。

AIDS spreads so quickly that it has become a dangerous threat to our society.AIDS spreads very quickly so that it has become a danger to our society.Since AIDS spreads very quickly, it has become a great threat to our society.5.人人都应养成保持公共卫生的良好习惯，这样我们就能有一个干净整洁的生活、工作、游玩的环境。

Every person should develop a good habit to maintain public sanitation so that we can have clean and comfortable surroundings in which we live, work, and play.Every person should keep a good habit to maintain public sanitation so that we can have a clean and tidy environment where we live, work, and play.If every person keeps a good habit to maintain public sanitation, we can have a clean and tidy environment where we live, work, and play.6.卫生资源短缺使他们的处境很困难。

The shortage of medical resources put them in a very difficult position.The shortage of medical resources made their conditions [situation] very difficult.The shortage of medical resources made them very difficult.The shortage of medical resources caused a great difficulty for them.The shortage of medical resources brought about [led to / resulted in] a great difficulty for them.The shortage of medical resources caused them to be in a difficult situation.7.医生粗心大意，就容易犯错误。

Carelessness of a doctor is likely to lead to [cause / result in] mistakes.When a doctor is careless, it is likely for him to make mistakes.A doctor may probably make mistakes just because of carelessness.8.医院之间的竞争十分激烈，大家都为了留住病人，纷纷打起了技术、服务、环境、价格牌。

As [Because / Since] the competition between hospitals grows increasingly fierce [intense / stiff], hospitals are taking effective measures concerning technology, service, environment and price to attract more patients.The fierce competition causes hospitals to [makes hospitals] take effective measures concerning technology, service, environment and price to attract more patients.9.人口的数量迅速增加，恶化了城市的卫生条件。

The rapid increase of city population resulted in [led to / caused] poorer sanitary conditions.Because the city population increased rapidly, the sanitary conditions in the city became worse and worse.As a result of rapidly increased population, the sanitary conditions in the city became poorer.10.环境、教育不同，人的性格也不同。

Different environments and educations result in [lead to] different personalities.Different personalities result from [are caused by] different environments and educations.Because of different environments and educations, people can develop different personalities.As [Since / Because] people live in different environments and receive different educations, their personalities are different.11.误诊是可怕的，往往会导致悲剧。

A terrible misdiagnosis often results in [leads to] a tragedy.A misdiagnosis can be terrible, for it results in [leads to] a tragedy.A tragedy often results from [is often caused by] a terrible misdiagnosis.12.疾病能给人类造成巨大损失。

Illness can result in [lead to] a great damage [loss] to human beings.A great damage [loss] to human beings can result from [be caused by] fire.13.据专家分析，城市空气污染70%以上是由汽车造成的。

According to experts’ analysis, more than 70% of air pollution in cities results from [is caused by] autos.14.洋快餐方便快捷、口味不同、环境舒适，所以在大城市很流行。

The convenience, different taste and comfortable surroundings [environment] of the western fast food centers result in their popularity in big cities.The foreign fast food is served conveniently and quickly, and in a different taste and comfortable surroundings [environment].Therefore, it is very popular in big cities.Because the foreign fast food is served conveniently and quickly, and in a different taste and comfortable surroundings [environment], it is very popular in big cities.15.体育锻炼不仅强身健体，还有助于心理愉快。Physical training results in [lead to] both a strong body and a happy mind.Physical training can make people strong and happy.16.计算机使得我们的工作、生活、生产，乃至我们的整个社会发生了巨大变化。

Computers have brought about great changes to our work, life and production, even to the whole society of ours.Computers have made our work, life and production, even our whole society, change greatly.Computers have resulted in [caused / led to] great changes in our work, life, production and even the whole society。

需求

I.表达需要、必要、要求： 基本句型：

It is necessary [unnecessary] for sb to do sth（参见“是”句型）There is no need [necessity] for(doing)sth There is no need [necessity] [for sb] to do sth 动词及词组：

need sth / need to do sth / need sb [sth] to do sth / need not do sth（情态动词用于否定和疑问式）/ need doing / need sth for sth / meet [satisfy] a need [requirement] / require sb to do sth / require sth / want sth / want sb to do sth 名词及词组：

in need of sth / a need to do sth / a need [requirement] for(doing)sth 形容词及词组：

necessary for [doing] sth / necessary 例句：

1.所有的动植物均需要碳才能生长。

All plants and animals need [require] carbon for growth.All plants and animals need [require] carbon to grow.Carbon is necessary for the growth of all plants and animals.Carbon is necessary for all plants and animals to grow.2.感冒不必要使用抗生素。

There is no need for you to take antibiotics when you catch cold.You have no need of using antibiotics when you catch cold.You need not use [take] antibiotics when you catch cold.You do not need to use [take] antibiotics when you catch cold.It is not necessary for you to take antibiotics when you catch cold.You need not to use [take] antibiotics when you catch cold.[wrong] 3.高校心理咨询是校园精神文明建设的必要组成部分。

College mental consultation is a necessary part of campus cultural construction.4.由于卫生资源的不足，我国有必要对新的医疗方法和设备，作出效益评价。

Because of insufficient medical resources, it is necessary for our country to conduct cost-effect appraisals [assessments] for new medical therapies and equipment.Because of inadequate medical resources, it is necessary that our country(should)conduct cost-effect appraisals [assessments] for new medical therapies and equipment.（要用虚拟语气）

Because we do not have enough medical resources, it is necessary for us to evaluate the effects of new medical treatments and equipment.5.他们不必排队挂号，不必楼上楼下跑。It is not necessary for them to have all the troubles of seeking medical attention.There is no need for them to take all the troubles of seeking medical attention.They need not have all the troubles of seeking medical attention.They do not need to take all the troubles of seeking medical attention.6.但对医疗的高水平需求越来越盛行。

There are more and more needs [requirements] for high-level medical treatment.More and more people want high-level medical treatment.More and more people are in need of high-level medical treatment.7.浩如烟海的医学信息，需要进行系统评价和统计分析。

A vast sea of medical information needs reviewing systematically and analyzing statistically.A vast sea of medical information needs systematical review and statistical analysis.A vast sea of medical information needs to be reviewed systematically and analyzed statistically.8.循证医学（evidence-based medicine）对临床医生提出很高要求。

Evidence-based medicine place [impose] strict requirements upon clinical doctors.Evidence-based medicine is very challenging to clinical doctors.9.不要对自己所做的事要求十全十美。

Do not want [require] everything you do to be perfect.You do not have to do everything perfectly.You need not do everything perfectly.You do not need to do everything perfectly.There is no need for you to do everything perfectly.10.新技术大大消除了牙科医生打钻的必要。

New techniques sharply cut [reduce] the need [necessity] for drilling by a dentist.There is no need for a dentist using the new technique to drill a hole.New techniques make it unnecessary for a dentist to drill a hole.II.表示变化、改变、改革： 动词及词组：

(sth)change / change sth(into sth)/ change(from sth)to sth / vary from …to … / vary between…and … / vary according to [depending on] sth / vary with / become / make changes in sth / make alterations to sth / make reforms 名词及词组：

change [alteration] in / change from sth to sth / social [economic] change / change of / social [economic] reform 形容词及词组：

changing / changed / changeable / varied 例句：

1.人的体温可在36 ℃与42 ℃之间变化。

A person’s temperature can vary between 36 ℃ and 42 ℃.A person’s temperature can change from 36 ℃ to 42 ℃.2.人的情绪往往随着气候的变化而变化。

A person’s moods often vary according to [depending on] the weather.A person’s moods often change as the weather changes.3.社会经济的发展，使人们的生活方式发生了很大变化，引发了一些新的健康问题。With the social and economic development, great changes have taken place in people’s life styles and led to new health problems.With the social and economic development, people’s life styles have changed greatly and new health problems arise accordingly.The social and economic developments have changed people’s life styles greatly and led to new health problems accordingly.4.医生与病人进行语言交流应注意因人而异、因时制宜和因地制宜。

Verbal communications between doctors and patients should vary from patient to patient, from time to time and from place to place.Communications between doctors and patients should vary according to [depending on] different patients, times and places.Communications between doctors and patients should change as patients and occasions change.5.在出生率不变的情况下，人类社会将变得愈来愈老化。

On condition that the birthrate is stable, the human society will become more and more aging.When the birthrate does not change, the human society will become more and more aging.6.通过改变生产和生活环境，改变人们不良的行为生活方式，降低危险因素的作用，延长寿命。

The effects of risk factors can be reduced and lifespan prolonged by means of changing the working and living environments and unhealthy lifestyles of the people.If people change their living environments and unhealthy lifestyles, they can diminish the effects of risk factors and prolong their lifespan.7.循证医学这三要素，使得传统医学行为迅速向循证医学行为转变。

The three basic elements made traditional medical practice become [turn into] practice of evidence-based medicine.The three basic elements changed traditional medical practice into practice of evidence-based medicine.8.很难开发一种长期有效的抗流感病毒的药物，因为病毒很快发生变异。

It is impossible to develop a long-term effective medicine to kill flu viruses, because the microorganisms change [vary] rapidly [easily].It is impossible to develop a long-term effective medicine to kill flu viruses which change [vary] rapidly [easily].9.现行医疗制度的改革是一项社会系统工程，要有其它社会经济制度改革的基础。

“货币万能主义”不万能 篇6

根据货币万能主义，货币扩张刺激经济复苏的主要机制大体有4个：

其一，低利率直接促进投资和消费。按照某些宏观经济学模型，利率水平和投资增长此消彼长，利率水平高（真实利率或实际利率高）会抑制投资需求，利率水平低则会刺激投资需求。低利率刺激消费的机制与刺激投资的机制略有不同。根据永久收入假说和生命周期假说（两个假说是迄今为止解释消费行为最著名的理论），人们的消费主要取决于其收入水平特别是永久收入水平，永久收入水平与利率只有间接的关系。低利率刺激消费的基本原理是基于借贷消费，它能够刺激人们借钱消费或负债消费。各国央行的低利率、负利率等政策的核心目的，就是希望持续压低利率以刺激消费，特别是房地产消费。

其二，低利率将推高股票和债券等金融产品的价格，创造财富效应，财富效应反过来会刺激消费。

其三，低利率有望提升人们的通货膨胀预期，迫使人们增加消费支出，从而避免经济陷入通货收缩困境。2012年以来，欧央行和日本央行先后宣布实施大规模的量化宽松，核心目标均为遏制通货收缩。中央银行直接入市大规模购买国债和其他债券，能够推高债券价格，降低债券收益率，从而降低一般市场利率水平，却无法直接改变实体经济的价格水平。那么，中央银行的量化宽松如何能遏制或缓解实体经济的通货收缩呢？中央银行家们一厢情愿的想法就是低利率能够提升人们的通胀预期，通胀预期改变后，人们的消费和投资行为就会随之改变，从而达到刺激经济复苏的目标，此所谓通货膨胀“自我实现”。

其四，低利率和量化宽松迫使货币贬值，刺激出口从而刺激增长。各国中央银行家对此往往避而不谈。其实，汇率贬值反而是比较有效的机制。中央银行家之所以如此，是不愿被指责大搞“以邻为壑”的竞争性货币贬值。2009年美联储大搞量宽之时，纽约大学经济学者鲁比尼就直言其期望通过美元贬值来刺激经济。2012年日本大搞量宽以来，日元贬值幅度至今已超过30%。经验数据表明，日元贬值对日本出口和经济增长的贡献远超过其他机制的作用。然而，从全球经济来看，汇率贬值只是短期零和游戏，绝非助推经济增长的长久之策。

尤其危险的是，货币万能主义已经动摇国际货币、金融和经济秩序之根本，资产价格泡沫和虚拟经济恶性膨胀成为“新常态”，导致“全球金融动荡和经济失衡持续加剧，全球收入差距和贫富分化日益恶化，实体经济增长动力快速衰竭”。