英文摘要关键词格式（推荐9篇）
2.中文内容摘要、关键词和Abstract、Key words及其后面加上的冒号均用宋体小四号加黑;相应具体内容紧接冒号之后，用宋体，小四号，不加黑。如：
空两格
内容摘要：(宋体，小四号，加黑，缩进两格)××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××。(宋体，小四号，不加黑) 关 键 词：(宋体，小四号，加黑)×××□□×××□□×××□□(宋体，小四号，不加黑)
Abstract：(宋体，小四号，加黑)××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××。(宋体，小四号，不加黑)
Key words：(宋体，小四号，加黑)×××□□×××□□×××□□(宋体，小四号，不加黑)
3.内容摘要字数为200个字符左右;关键词必须是词组，且一般在3～5个之间。
根据国家标准GB7713-87规定及中国科协学会学术部《关于进一步提高期刊学术论文英文摘要写作质量以及在各有关期刊编辑部开展英文摘要达标荐优活动的通知》（科协学发[2002]054号）和《关于在中国科协系统科技期刊中规范关键词选择的决定》（科协学发字[2002]049号）要求，《中国土地科学》对投稿论文中英文摘要和关键词作如下规范，敬请热情支持《中国土地科学》的各界作者严格执行。
1摘要
1.1中英文摘要是应符合中英文语法的文字语言，以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简要、确切地论述文献重要内容的短文。
1.2中英文摘要必须符合“拥有与论文同等量的主要信息”的原则。为此，中英文摘要必须包括4个要素，即：研究目的，研究方法，研究结果，研究结论。
1.3中英文摘要的句型力求简单，通常应有10个左右意义完整、语句顺畅的句子。
1.4中英文摘要不应有引言中出现的内容，也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论，不得简单重复题名中已有的信息；不用非公知公用的符号和术语；不用引文，除非该论文证实或否定了他人已发表的论文；缩略语、略称、代号，除相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外，在首次出现时必须加以说明；使用计量单位时必须采用法定计量单位。
1.5摘要格式模拟如下：
摘要： 研究目的：确定研究生创新能力指标体系的内容并对其评估方法进行研究。研究方法：采用基于因果分析的AHP方法，确定研究生创新能力指标体系并对其进行量化评估。研究结果：（1）研究生创新能力指标体系主要有能力结构、素质结构和知识结构组成，其中尤以能力结构的培养最为重要。（2）基于因果分析的AHP方法，不仅能够克服AHP方法的局限，找到影响研究生创新能力的每一个层次上的各个因素，而且能够利用因果关系图与层次结构模型之间的转化方便地对指标体系进行量化评估。研究结论：基于因果分析的AHP方法是研究生创新能力评估的一个有力工具。
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to set up a guideline system for developing innovative abilities of education graduate students with its evaluation.Methods of causality analysis and AHP were employed to determine the guideline system of education graduate students’ innovative abilities and to quantify them.The results indicate that the innovative ability guideline system is the most important.With methods of causality analysis and AHP, not only the factors effecting graduate students innovative abilities at different level were found out, but also the evaluation methods of the factors and the guideline system were drawn up.2关键词
2.1学术论文投稿必须在论文摘要后列出3-8个关键词，每个关键词间用分号隔开，最后一个关键词尾无标点符号。
2.2关键词顺序
2.2.1第一个关键词列出该文主要工作或内容所属二级学科名称。鉴于土地科学体系尚无国家标准的实际，《中国土地科学》暂拟定如下规范：土地科学体系，土地科学研究方法，土地资源，地籍，土地规划，土地经济，土地法学，土地信息，土地复垦、土地生态，土地工程，土地测绘，土地管理，土地统计，土地史。
2.2.2第二个关键词列出该文研究得到的成果名称或文内若干个成果的总类别名称。
2.2.3第三个关键词列出该文在得到上述成果或结论时采用的科学研究方法的具体名称。综述和评述性学术论文，第三个关键词应写为“综述”或“评论”。科学研究方法的研究论文，第三个关键词应列出所应用的方法名称，而不得写成被研究的方法名称，在这种情况下被研究的方法名称应当列为第二个关键词。
2.2.4第四个关键词列出在前三个关键词中没有出现的，但被该文作为主要研究对象的事或物质的名称，或者在题目中出现的作者认为重要的名词。
Abstract: In a market economy condition, the capital operation is the fundamental change of enterprises management strategy. And the key to the capital operation is the strategic choice to the capital operation mode. Which make the capital expanded, gathered and disposed effectively.
关键词:企业集团 资本运营 模式
Keyword: Enterprise group Capital operation Mode
温度是生产过程中常见和重要的物理参数。在日常生活和工业生产中，人们对温度测量的要求越来越高，主要表现在测量的精度、可靠性、稳定性等方面。温度的测量直接关系到产品的质量、生产效率以及生产安全等重大技术指标。同时，测温系统的成本和便携性也越来越受到人们的关注。传统的温度测量系统中，温度测量环节是由模拟温度传感器加上高性能的运放和A/D转换器构成，然后通过单片机进行控制，因而，所需的外围器件较多，硬件成本开销很大。基于片上可编程系统PSoC因在其芯片内部集成了丰富的模拟和数字模块，使一系列的控制任务大部分都可以在芯片内部完成，而且其可动态编程配置的功能，使其具有很高的灵活性，使得控制方便且生产成本比较低，所以在工业生产控制中得到了广泛的应用。本文设计了一种以Pt1000作为温度传感器，以可编程片上系统PSoC作为核心芯片，采用片内的模拟和数字IP核资源，利用Modbus协议进行上位机通信的温度测量系统。系统拟采用公司自主研发的温度采集器，集成为高密度温度采集系统，是针对高密度、高精度的监控，以及对于存在众多热电阻的场合设计的温度测量系统。
本文首先介绍了课题研究的背景和意义，并分析了当前温度测量技术和可编程片上系统PSoC的研究现状。以可编程片上系统芯片CY8C5868AXI-LP032作为系统核心，设计了硬件电路整体结构，系统分为四个子模块，温度采集模块、放大模块、A/D转换模块、通信模块。选取铂电阻Pt1000作为温度传感器，铂电阻采用三线制接法。温度信号输入电路采用独特的电桥电路测量技术，具有没有引线电阻影响，抗干扰能力强，电桥电路与测量电路完全隔离等优点。电桥电路中输出的模拟电压经过放大后，输入至AD转换器中变为数字信号，再由处理器换算出相应温度，在硬件电路设计中对各部分子电路进行了原理和功能的介绍，其中在对Δ-ΣADC配置时，根据系统要求对其分辨率、采样率进行相关参数配置。在系统硬件设计平台的基础上，使用PSoC Creator2.0集成开发环境进行了系统软件的设计，其中包括温度信号采集、AD值与温度值的转换、温度补偿、Modbus通信协议和信息帧格式等。设计中主要针对的是实际温度值获取、温度误差补偿的设计，其中采用的主要方法是分段线性化和线性标度变换相结合的方
法。为满足PSoC与计算机的通信加入了基于Modbus的通信协议，采用RS485接口标准来完成两者之间的数据发送和接收，在PSoC内部配置了全双工通信UART的各个参数，采用CRC循环冗余的校验方式。最后对系统进行调试，以测试工程的运行情况，首先使用PSoC的专用下载工具PSoC MiniProg对系统进行下载烧写接口调试，通过Visual Basic进行通信测试，然后通过电阻箱模拟铂电阻温度测试。最后对本文的的工作进行了总结，同时对其作出进一步展望。
关键词：温度检测；PSoC；
；通信PT1000 Modbus
Abstract
1.由。。。合成了……
……was synthesised from。。。
……has been synthesised starting from the。。。in +steps and inoverall yield.2.考察了。。。对****反应的影响
The effect of。。。on****was(were)examined.3.最佳反应条件为：
The optimium reaction condition were(found)as follow:
反应时间reaction time
温度temperature
真空度vacuum dree
4.以。。。为催化剂
With。。。as catalyst.5.收率高达？%
The reaction yield was up to ？%
6.产物结构经红外光谱证实。
The structure of product was identified by IR….The product was charavterized by IR and 1H NMR.7.。。。and ……的关系曲线
Relation Curve betweenand
8.。。对…..的影响
Thus, we can not blindly consume a large amount of capital to maintain or improve its quality and yield. This paper makes an attempt to explores and optimize the development of the titanium industry, through inside and outside observation and association. In this paper, flotation tests are conducted to compare the original pulp titanium ore with Polyacrylamide and that without on the concentrate grade yield of titanium concentrates.
In this process, the consumption of drugs, the recovery rate of , equipment utilization, the amount and cost of polyacrylamide (PAM) are all considered to determine whether it is a ptimization program to add Polyacrylamide to the original flotation pulp of titanium ore.
Finally, we reach a conclusion through relevant data .In the experimental process, in principle,
we do not change the original flotation process and the relevant parameters.
作者姓名：毛建猛
论文题目：Pushover分析方法的改进研究
作者简介：毛建猛，男，1983年10月出生，2005年8月师从于中国地震局工程力学研究所谢礼立教授，于2008年8月获博士学位。
中文摘要
如何选择合适的工程结构抗震分析和设计方法一直是地震工程领域引人关注的重要问题。随着基于性态抗震设计思想的提出和发展，作为一种简化的实现性态设计分析的方法，Pushover方法引起了广大学者和工程人员的兴趣，并得到了广泛的研究。本文针对以往Pushover方法的研究中存在的缺点和不足，对Pushover方法进行了改进，主要包括对模态Pushover方法的改进、对钢筋混凝土框架结构Pushover位移反应的修正、Pushover荷载模式与结构性态指标相关性的探讨、基于模态Pushover分析方法确定结构滞回耗能计算四个方面的问题。本论文主要研究内容和成果包括以下几个方面：
1.模态Pushover分析方法的一个重要假定是，结构在强震作用下进入非线性状态时，作用于结构的Pushover荷载模式保持不变；可是众所周知，结构发生屈服后，结构的动力特性会发生改变，结构遭受的地震荷载也会发生变化，因此各阶振型采用固定不变荷载模式的模态Pushover方法存在不足。本文提出将结构的第一振型荷载模式改进为两阶段加载模式，高阶振型荷载模式保持固定不变，对结构进行改进的模态Pushover分析。
2.建议了一种计算钢筋混凝土框架结构动力弹塑性位移反应的简便方法。通过对5个不同高度的钢筋混凝土框架结构在四类场地上80条地震动作用下的动力和静力弹塑性位移反应进行统计分析，给出了结构由静力弹塑性方法得到的目标位移估计动力时程方法得到的目标位移的修正公式。结果表明：场地条件对钢筋混凝土框架结构静力弹塑性位移反应和动力时程位移反应之间的关系影响显著；对于II类和III类场地，可以直接采用结构的静力弹塑性方法计算结果替代动力时程计算结果；对于I类场地和IV类场地，须采用修正公式对结构的静力弹塑性结果进行修正。
3.通过对4个不同高度的钢筋混凝土结构，分别进行了中等硬度场地上15条地震动作用下的非线性动力时程分析和不同荷载模式下的静力弹塑性分析，求解了结构的几个重要反应指标，包括能力曲线、顶端位移角及层间位移角、以及塑性铰分布，探讨了不同荷载模式对钢筋混凝土低层和高层结构反应指标的影响程度，建议了适用于钢筋混凝土低层和高层结构的Pushover荷载模式。
4.提出基于模态Pushover分析的结构滞回耗能计算方法。首先采用模态
Pushover分析计算结构各阶模态单自由度体系的特征参数，然后计算结构各阶模态单自由度体系对应的滞回耗能，并将其进行线性组合进而确定结构的滞回耗能，并与结构通过动力时程分析计算得到的滞回耗能进行比较，从而给出一种物理概念简单、计算操作方便的确定结构滞回耗能的方法。另外，为了便于计算结构各阶模态单自由度体系的滞回耗能，本文选取了国内外四类场地土上总计320条强震记录作为地震记录数据库，在统计分析的基础上，给出了对应于不同场地土和不同烈度区的单自由度体系等强度滞回耗能设计谱。
关键词：Pushover方法；能力谱方法；模态Pushover分析；水
平荷载模式；滞回耗能
Improvements on Pushover Analysis Procedure
Mao Jianmeng
ABSTRACT
How to select the adequate procedure for seismic analysis and design of structures is an essential problem in earthquake engineering field.With the development of Performance-based Seismic Design, Pushover Analysis procedure has attracted many scientists’ and engineers’ attentions and been widely used for its conceptual simplicity and computational attractiveness.To overcome the limitation of Pushover Analysis procedure, some improvements on this procedure were performed in this paper, including the improvement on Modal Pushover Analysis, the revision of target displacement from the pushover analysis for reinforced concrete frame, the correlation of structural response parameters with different lateral load patterns, and the computation of the structural hysteretic energy based on Modal Pushover Analysis etc.The main contents of this dissertation are as follows.1.There is an important assumption that the pushover load patterns keep unchanged even after the structure yields in Modal Pushover Analysis procedure.Recognized the adoption of invariable lateral force distributions in the Modal Pushover Analysis procedure, an improved modal pushover analysis procedure is presented in this paper to estimate the seismic demands of structures, considering the redistribution of inertia forces.It is suggested that after establishing the idealized bilinear curve, a pushover analysis is once again conducted for the first mode in two phases: before and after the structure yields.For the two phases, the structural elastic natural mode and the floor displacement vector at the initial yielding point are used as the displacement shape vector, respectively.2.The approximately estimating method of displacement of reinforced concrete(RC)frame from static pushover analysis(POA)is developed with that from non-linear response history analysis(RHA).Based on the statistic analyses of the RHA and POA results for five RC frames with different height under 80 ground motions recorded at four site conditions, the revised formula of displacements from POA is presented from RHA.The results show that the site soil condition has an important effect on the relation between RHA and POA response results.And the POA results for I and IV site condition should be revised with the formula given in this study while the POA results for II and III site condition can be approximately considered as same to the RHA results.3.The RHA under 15 ground motions recorded on the medium site condition and POA with different lateral load patterns are performed for four RC structures with different height.Several important response quantities are obtained from the RHA and POA, including capacity curves, top displacement ratios and story drift ratios, and location of plastic hinges.The influence of different load patterns on the structural performance demands is discussed for the low-and the high-wise structures.And the rational load patterns for the low-and the high-wise structures are also suggested.4.A simple procedure is presented in this paper for estimating hysteretic energy demands of MDOF systems based on the modal pushover analysis(MPA).Firstly, the characteristic parameters of the modal SDOF systems of structures are computed, and the hysteretic energy is calculated for the modal SDOF systems, then the hysteretic energy demand of structures is obtained by combining these modal demands.In addition, with statistic results of nonlinear analysis of SDOF for 320 ground motions recorded at four site conditions, the equal-strength hysteretic energy design spectra are presented for different site condition and intensity regions.Key words: pushover analysis procedure, capacity spectrum method, the
modal pushover analysis, lateral load patterns, hysteretic
ABSTRACT
Glucosinolates-myrosinase is an important defence system in brassica of cruciferous vegetables, also referred to as “the mustard oil bomb”。The myrosinase genes in 49 Brassica parachinensis Bailey、Brassica oleracea L. Var. capitata (L.) and Brassica aboglabra Baily were cloned and analyzed in this paper.
Three methods of RNA extraction were compared and the results showed that the methods of Phenol-Chloroform and Trizol were better than the method of UNIQ-10. The abundance of RNA in cruciferous vegetable was also related to the attacks from different insects.
Specific primers based on the the conservative domain of myrosinasewere designed to clone myrosinase genes in 49 Brassica parachinensis Bailey, Brassica oleracea L. Var. capitata (L.) and Brassica aboglabra Baily by RT-PCR.
One nucleotide acid fragment (350bp) was obtained in Brassica parachinensis Bailey and Brassica oleracea L. Var. capitata (L.) respectively, but two fragments (350bp and 466bp) in Brassica aboglabra Baily.
It was found that that the fragments of 350bp were highly homologous with the cloned myrosinase genes in Genbank. Therefore, these fragments of 350bp were part of myrosinase genes in these plants. The fragment of 466bp in Brassica aboglabra Baily had an additional nucleotide acid between 310 and 426 compared with myrosinase genes in Genbank. Amino acid sequences were deduced from these fragments and analyzed.
Primers for RACE were designed based on the nucleotide acid sequences of the fragment that has been cloned in Brassica parachinensis Bailey to gain the full gene of myrosinase (full cDNA). The full myrosinase gene is of 1841bp with an open reading frame of 1647bp. The secondary structure of myrosinase mRNA was predicted with 83 loops that affect the stability of mRNA and the least structure energyof -33.61kcal.
The protein sequence of 548 amino acids was deduced from this gene. This protein was predicted to be a hydrophilic and dissoluble protein according to the hydrophobicity analyse.
The secondary structure of the protein was predicted to have 149 amino acids (27.2%)as alpha helixes (Hh), 79 amino acids (14.4%) as beta sheets (Ee), 281 amino acids (51.3%) as random coils (Cc), and 39 amino acids (7.1%) with unknown stuctures(?)。
The myrosinases in Brassica parachinensis Bailey、Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata (L.) and Brassica aboglabra Baily were found to have a very close relationship through the cluster analyses based on the amino acid sequences.
《喜福会》是华裔作家谭恩美于20世纪80年代末创作的，小说讲述了四位中国移民母亲与他们在美国成长的女儿们的故事。本文主要研究米切尔的女性理论在作品《喜福会》中的体现，以女性在家庭和社会中的地位为切入点，深入分析了女性所承受的压迫。本文从三个方面进行描写，米切尔的“妇女的领地”理论，《喜福会》中的女性地位及增强的自我意识感在喜福会中的体现。得出女性在家庭中承受男性给予的压迫是不可避免的，而且只有女性自己才能解放自己的结论。
关键词：女性；家庭；压迫；米切尔“妇女的领地”
Abstract
【英文摘要关键词格式】推荐阅读：
英文摘要10-27
期刊论文英文摘要05-30
英文摘要及翻译06-25
科技论文英文摘要写作06-19
毕业论文写作英文摘要怎么写12-14
科技论文的中英文摘要写作规范07-28
如何写好学术论文和中英文摘要11-05
摘要格式10-18
论文摘要 论文摘要的写作方法和12-01
健康讲座摘要06-19
