英语作文中的连接词（精选7篇）
表示罗列增加
First, second, third,First, then / next, after that / next, finally
For one thing … for another…,On(the)one hand…on the other hand,Besides / what’s more / in addition / furthermore / moreover / another / also, especially / In particular
表示时间顺序
now, at present, recently, after, afterwards, after that, after a while, in a few days, at first, in the beginning, to begin with, later, next, finally, immediately, soon, suddenly, all of a sudden, at that moment, as soon as, the moment，form now on, from then on, at the same time, meanwhile, till, not…until, before, after, when, while, as during,表示解释说明
now, in addition, for example, for instance, in this case, moreover，furthermore, in fact, actually
表示转折关系
but, however, while, though, or, otherwise, on the contrary, on the other hand, in contrast, despite, in spite of, even though, except(for), instead, of course, after all,表示并列关系
or, and, also, too, not only … but also, as well as, both… and, either …or, neither…nor
表示因果关系
because, because of, since, now that, as, thanks to…, due to…, therefore, as a result(of), otherwise, so…that, such…that
表示条件关系
as(so)long as, on condition that, if, unless
表示让步关系
though, although, as, even if, even though, whether …or…, however, whoever, whatever, whichever, wherever, whenever, no matter how(who, what, which, where, when, whom)
表示举例
for example, for instance, such as…, take… for example
表示比较
be similar to, similarly, the same as, in contrast, compared with(to)…just like, just as,表示目的for this reason， for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to,表示强调
in deed, in fact, surely, certainly, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously, above all,表示概括归纳
in a word, in short, in brief, on the whole, generally speaking, in my opinion, as far as I know, As we all know, as has been stated, as I have shown, finally, at last, in summary, in conclusion
掌握常用句型：
1.in order to
为了实现他的梦想，他学习非常努力。
He worked very hard in order to realize his dream.2.in order that
她拼命干活以便到六点时把一切都准备就绪。
She worked hard in order that everything would be ready by 6 o’clock..3.so…that
他们太累了，除了伸懒腰什么都做不了了。
They were all so tired that they could do nothing but yawn.4.such…that
天气非常冷，以致于街上一个人都没有。
It was such a cold day that there was nobody on the street.5.would rather do…than do
他宁愿听他人讲而不愿自己说。
He would rather listen to others than talk himself.6.prefer doing to doing
他宁愿在精心准备后去做报告。
He prefers making speeches after careful preparation.7.prefer to do…rather than do
比起女人，男人总是宁可在家睡觉也不愿花那么多时间来购物。
Compared with women, men always prefer to sleep at home rather than spend so much time shopping.8.not only…but also
在短短的三年的时间里她不但完成了所有课程，而且还获得了博士学位。In just three years, she had not only finished all the lessons, but also received her doctor’s degree.9.either…or
如果考试过关，你可以买一个MP3或去云南玩一趟。
You could either buy an MP3 or go to Yunnan for a visit if you pass the exam.10.Neither…nor
他是一个无聊的人，既不爱娱乐，也不爱读书。
He is a boring man.He likes neither entertainment nor reading.11.as well as
他善良又乐于助人。
He was kind as well as helpful.12.…as well
这个小孩活泼又可爱。
The child is active and funny as well.13.One…the other
你看见桌子上有两只笔吗？一支是红色的，另一支是黑色的。
Have you seen two pens on the desk? One is red, the other is black.14.Some…others
每个人都很忙，有些在读书，有些在写作。
Everyone is busy in classroom.Some are reading, others are writing.15.make…+adj /n
我们所做的可以让世界更美丽。
What we do will make the world more beautiful.16.not…until
直到他告诉我发生的事，我才了解真相。
I didn’t know the truth until she told me what happened.17.as if
他夸夸其谈好像什么事都知道。
He talks a lot as if he knows everything.18.It is no use(good)doing…
假装不懂规则是行不通的。
It’s no use pretending that you didn’t know the rules.19.find it + adj to do…
我觉得作听力时有必要作笔记。
I find it necessary to take down notes while listening.20.It is + time since…
我已经有两年没见他了。
It is two years since I last met him.21.It is + time when…
我到电影院时已经八点钟了。
It was 8 o’clock when I got to the cinema.22.It is + time before…
不久我们就会再见面的。
I won’t be long before we can meet again.23.It is…that…
我最珍视的是友谊。
It is friendship that I value most.24.It is + n / adj + that / to do…
每个人都必须懂得如何使用计算机
Our class intended to do a spring outing. Every- one’s opinion differed as for where to spend our spring outing. Some suggested the amusement park while others recommended boating. The rest proposed mountain climbing. After a heated discussion, we reached an agreement: go hiking.
Everyone enjoyed the beautiful scenery along the hillside. However, as we reached the top of the moun- tain, we found wastes and rubbish were thrown every- where. We picked up the litters and collected them in plastic bags. We put the sorted trash into the recy- cling and non-recycling bins.
这篇文章几乎没有用到逻辑连接词,缺乏条理,没有美感可言。
加上逻辑连接词后修改如下:
Our class intended to do a spring outing. At the very beginning, everyone’s opinion differed as for where to spend our spring outing. Some suggested the amusement park while others recommended boating. Still, the rest proposed mountain climbing. Then, after a heated discussion, we finally reached an agreement: go hiking.
At first, everyone enjoyed the beautiful scenery along the hillside. However, as we reached the top of the mountain, we found wastes and rubbish were thrown everywhere. Without any hesitation, we picked up the litters and collected them in plastic bags. Af- terwards, we put the sorted trash into the recycling and non-recycling bins at the foot of the mountain.
此篇文章加上了表示时间和地点的逻辑词,文章内容显得紧凑、有美感,且文章更加完整。由此可知,写作时有意识地使用合适的逻辑词,能大幅度提升作文质量。
那么英语写作时有哪些逻辑词和词组可用呢?
1. 表示句意方向相反的词和词组:
转折关系:but, yet, however, while, on the con- trary, on the other hand, nevertheless, otherwise
让步关系:although, though, despite, in spite of
2. 表示句意方向相同的词和词组:
并列关系:and, as well, both...and, as well as, neither...nor, either...or
递进关系:in addition, besides, moreover, further- more, above all, worse still, not only...but also, what’s more / worse / better, to make things worse
因果关系:because, because of, for, so, as, since, now that, in that, as a result, result in, due to, owing to, thanks to, on account of, therefore, derive / stem / result from
解释关系:for example / instance, that is (to say), in other words, such as, namely
总结关系:in a word, in short, in general, on the whole, to summarize, to conclude, in brief
3. 顺序关系词和词组:
时间顺序:at first, first of all, firstly, secondly, thirdly, to begin with, next, then, later, the next mo- ment, after that, since then, shortly after, at last, in the end, finally, eventually
空间关系:on the right, to the left, on one side of, on the other side, in the middle / center of, at the foot / top / end of
除逻辑连接词和词组外,熟练掌握一些逻辑连接句型也十分有必要,能大幅度提升作文的可阅读性。
以下是英语作文中常见的逻辑连接句型。
1. 开头:
When it comes to..., some think...
There is a public debate today that...
... is a common way of..., but is it a wise one?
Recently the problem has been brought into focus.
2. 提出观点:
Now there is a growing awareness that...
It is time we explore the truth of...
Nowhere in history has the issue been more visi- ble.
3. 进一步提出观点:
... but that is only part of the history.
Another equally important aspect is...
... is but one of the many effects. Another is...
Besides, other reasons are...
4. 提出假想例子:
Suppose that...
Just imagine what would be like if...
It is reasonable to expect...
It is not surprising that...
5. 举普通例子:
For example / instance, ...
... such as A, B and C
A good case in point is...
A particular example for this is...
6. 引用:
One of the greatest early writers said...
“...”, such is the remark of...
“...”. That is how sb. comment / criticize / praise.
“...”. How often we hear such words like this.
7. 讲故事:
..., this story is not rare.
..., such delimma we often meet in daily life.
..., the story still has a realistic significance.
8. 提出原因:
There are many reasons for...
Why...., for one thing, ...
The answer to this problem involves many factors.
Any discussion about this problem would inevita- bly involves...
The first reason can be obviously seen.
Most people would agree that...
Some people may neglect that in fact...
Others suggest that...
Part of the explanation is...
9. 进行对比:
Although A enjoys a distinct advantage...
Indeed, A carries much weight than B when sth. is concerned.
A maybe..., but it suffers from the disadvantage that...
A is to B what / as C is to D.
A and B have sth. in common.
A is similar to B.
The same is true of... / The same can be said of...
The advantages of A are much greater than B.
Compared with B, A has many advantages.
The advantages outweigh the disadvantages.
Wonderful as A is, however, it has its own disad- vantages too.
Although A enjoys considerable advantage over..., it can not compete with B in...
Contrary to widely accepted views, I believe that...
What people fail to consider is that...
It is one thing to insist that..., it is quite anoth- er to show that...
Nothing can rival.
... has drawbacks as well as merits.
A is superior / inferior to B.
... varies from person to person.
A is just the opposite (to B).
A differs from B in that...
... is not the same (as)...
10. 承上启下:
To understand the truth of..., it is also important to see...
A study of... will make this point clear.
11. 让步:
Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as...
I do not deny that A has its own merits.
12. 转折:
But the obvious drawback in their behavior is that...
But the main problem with their argument is that...
But if they adjust their frame of mind a little in the other direction, it is easy to see that...
But in an impartial sense, the public dissatisfac- tion cannot hold every water.
As a result of..., however, things are bound to...
13. 结尾:
From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that...
In summary, it is wiser...
【关键词】英语连接词;显功能;分析
在语言学界中，语言学者已经针对名词、代词、副词、形容词展开了深入的研究，但是却很少有人来研究虚词，尤其是虚词当中的连接词。在汉语中讲究整体行文脉络清晰，连接词的作用不可忽视，西方思维虽然与中方思维不一样，但连接词的作用是一样的。
连接词主要起到连接架构的作用，在不同的内容结构上连接词所发挥的作用不一样，主要体现在：短语，句子，和语篇三个层级上，部分连接词也承担了语义功能，有感叹，修辞等作用，这也是连接词所承担的非常规语义功能。恰当的连接词的使用不仅能够提高语句的连贯性，还能够增加说话者的魅力，实现交际的目的。显功能其实就是社会系统内的参与者所有意识造成的客观作用。潜功能恰恰相反，是系统内的参与者无意识的。同样的，连接词也有显功能和潜功能之分。下面分三种结构，分别是短语、语句、还有语篇。来谈一下英语连接词的作用。
一、短语的作用
短语是构成一篇文章当中的最小单位。有简单的词语也有高级词语。为了表达时达到更加充分更加形象生动的效果，很多词语串联起来，中间用一个连接词，这样就构成了高级短语。比如我们通常能想到come in，be good at（擅长）。所有词组的组合也有不同的方式，有的是相近意思的词组合，有的是反义词组和，只要连接词妙用，那么这个短语就构成的恰当，而且短语的使用可以帮助我们在英语作文中添色不少，这样对于我们英语成绩的提高有极大的帮助。最常用的连接词就是and，you and me，war and peace。当然，用and来连接的词语都是简单词语，还有很多不同的连接词。短语根据起的作用不同可以分为：并列，反复，选择，转折。其中，起到并列作用的短语主要有as well as ，both……and，not only……but also。还有起到反复增强的短语，大多表示比较级：warmer and warmer。还有表示选择的，大多用or表示，比如by bike or by bus，最后一类就是表示转折的，即but。
连接词有非常重要的作用，它不简简单单的是两个词语的相互叠加，而是在中间加上串词之后使两个词语展现出加强或者是与原来截然相反的意思。
二、句子的作用
讲完连接词在短语中的作用，我们来谈一下连接词在句子当中的应用。句子分为简单句和复合句。复合句主要由主句和几个从句构成的。主句和从句之间的连接词有名词连接词，代词连接词，并列连接词。根据从句在主语中担当的角色不同，可以将句子分为名词性从句，定语从句和状语从句。如果没有连接词，两个句子之间也许没有任何关系，但是有了连接词，句子之间就有了各种各样的关系，有了and这类的连接词，就有了并列关系，有了as这类的连接词，句子之间就有了对比关系。还有的连接词起到了加强语气的作用，使两个句子呈现了语气更为强烈的比较级的状态。还有一些句子呈现了递进的关系，可以说正是因为连接词的存在，句子的衔接才更为准确，整篇文章的立意才更加深远。
连接词也是记住这个句子的重要方法，只有连接词记住了，才能够记住这篇文章或这个句子的点睛之笔，才能够更好地记忆和背诵。
三、语篇的作用
在人们的传统观念中，连接词只能连接词与词，句子与句子，而很少有文章提到连接词的作用。其实连接词在句子、在语篇当中起着重要的作用，比如它可以是整篇文章的时间顺序，可以抓住行文脉络，可以使整体的效果更加连贯。我们自己写英语作文，在段首常用一些连接词用来承上启下，比如first，second。有的连接词还承担一些重要的转折作用，比如这句话：她已经五十岁了，但她看起来很年轻。这个but就体现了转折之后的重点。
还有连接词，比如if，表示一种虚拟语气。要是……就好了，但愿……，表示对未来的希望。有的时候if还能表示加强语气的作用。小小的连接词在整个语篇当中确实发挥了重要的作用，通过连接词我们可以读懂作者的感情走向，可以看出作者的意图，然后能够把握整体的文章脉络。连接词也就成了关键词，在阅读理解当中也经常用到，可以直接把握阅读理解的最后一道题，比如作者的倾向和意图是什么等等。
小小的连接词的作用十分重大，无论是在短语当中还是句子和语篇，当中连接词的作用都不容忽视。我们如果在读文章时一定要注意连接词，把握整体的感情脉络。如果我们写文章时也要巧用连接词，尽量发挥它的显功能。
参考文献：
[1]赵汗青.论语义的明晰性——对语义模糊论的反诘[J].外语学刊.2009（01）
1)showing addition:
and, also, in addition, besides that, furthermore, moreover, another reason, what is more, not only that, on top of that....2)showing results:
so, consequently, hence, then, therefore, thus, as a result, for this/that reason, accordingly, because of, because, since....3)showing opposition:
but, on the contrary, yet, however, nevertheless, on the other hand, in contrast, conversely, otherwise, although, while....4)showing examples:
for example, for instance, such as, one example of this is, as an illustration, take the case of....5)showing similarity:
and, in like manner, in the same way, likewise, similarly....6)showing summary:
in conclusion, to summarize, to conclude, in short....7)showing time:
when, while, before, after, since, until, as, once, ago, anymore, still, yet....8)showing chronological sequence:
first, second, third, then, next, later, finally....9)showing physical relationship:
around, near, next to, beside, on top of, above, in front of, behind, in back of, at the right, at the left, under, beneath....10)showing emphasis:
indeed, in other words, in fact....（1）表示增加、层次的过渡词：also，and，and then，too，in addition，furthermore，moreover，again，on top of that，another，first, second, third，firstly, secondly, thirdly，to begin with, further, in the first place，to start with, still, furthermore，what is more, last, last but not least, next, besides，not，finally等。
（2）表示时间顺序的过渡词：now，then，before，after，afterwards，earlier，lat-r，immediately，soon，next，in a few days，gradually，suddenly，finally等。
（3）表示空间顺序的过渡词：near（to），far（from），in front of，behind，beside，beyond，above，below，to the right left，around，outside等。
（4）表示比较的过渡词：in the same way，just like，just as等。
（5）表示对照、转折的过渡词：but，still，yet，however，on the other hand，in spite of，by contrast，even though，although，though，at the same time，despite，the fact that，even so，in contrast，even though，for all that，on the other hand，otherwise，instead，regardless
（6）表示结果和原因的过渡 词：because，because of，since，so，as a result，therefore，thus，otherwise，consequently，for the reason，due to，owing to，accordingly，thanks to，on this/that account ,since as，in this way ,as a result, as a consequence
（7）表示目的的过渡词：for this reason，for this purpose，so that等。
（8）表示强调的过渡词：in fact，indeed，surely，necessarily，certainly，truly，to repeat，above all，most important等。
（9）表示解释说明（举例）的过渡词：for example，in fact，in this case，for actually，for instance for one thing that is，as a matter，frankly speaking，in other words等。
（10）表让步：still, nevertheless, concession, granted ,naturally
in spite of, all the same ,of course, despite ,even so ,after all 等。
对于书面表达，尽量不能出现拼写错误，同时，字迹应该尽量工整，毕竟中考阅卷老师一天阅卷数目灰常之大，所以好的字迹必定会给老师留下深刻印象，也就会毫不吝啬的给你个高分。在没有基本的拼写语法错误的基础之上，你可以看看下面我给你总结的一些作文用语。（红色部分为比较常用的）
1.表文章结构顺序：First of all, Firstly/First, Secondly/Second…next …And then, Finally/In the end/ At last
2.表并列补充关系的(递进关系)：What’s more（甚至）/ What’s worse（更糟糕的是）, even（甚至），Especially（特别是）
Besides（除此之外）, Moreover（甚至）, Furthermore, In addition（除此之外还有）,not only …but also 不但…而且，at the same time 同时
3.表转折对比关系的：However, On the contrary, but,Although+clause（从句）,（不与but连用）Despite/In spite of+n/doing尽管…但是…
4.用来陈述正反方的不同观点（一般用于议论文章中）：On the one hand… On the other hand…一方面，又一方面；Some…, while others…一些人认为…而另一些人认为…Everything has two sides…(食物都具有两面性)some people hold the view that …while the others prefer the view that …（一些人坚持这种观点，而另一些人更喜欢另一种观点）
5.表因果关系的：Because（不与so连用）, As（由于，因为），So, Therefore（因此）, As a result(结果)，thanks to（多亏）,because of/as a result of（由于）, without, with the help of...（在…的帮助下）,6.表进行举例说明：For example+句子（意思是：例如）可以用于句中，句首，句尾； such as…and so on
7.表陈述事实：In fact事实上
8.表达自己观点：As far as I know / as far as I am concerned;In my opinion /for my apart，to tell the truth 说实话；to be honest 诚实地说，generally speaking 通常来说这些短语一般都用于最后一段的开头，用来陈述自己的观点。
9.表总结：In short（总之）、In a word（总之）.一般也用于最后一段表示总结。
10.as is known to（us）all，as we know.（据我所知），It is said /reported that + 句子 据说/报道…
recently 最近用于作文开头，其后一般用现在完成时态
with the development of the（economy）随着（经济）的发展等连接词或者短语（一般用于句首，用于陈述事实）
11.……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。
例如：……has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.12．连接各类从句的连接词：
时间状语从句：when, not…until, as soon as
目的状语从句：so that+clause;to do（为了）
结果状语从句：so…that+clause, too…to do（太……以至于……）条件状语从句：if, unless（除非）, as long as（只要）
让步状语从句：though（尽管，不与but连用）, although（尽管，不与but连用）, even though(即使), even if（即使）no matter what/when/where/who/which/how（无论…）
比较：as…as…, not so…as…, than
13.用来提建议的句型：
I suggest / advice that you should do 我建议你做…
If I were you, I would do…(虚拟句型)我要是你的话，我会做…It’s best to do 最好做…
You had better(not)do 最好(不)做
how about / what about doing …怎么样?
I think you should do 我认为你应该…
Why not do / why don’t you do…? 为什么不…Only in this way can we do it well(这句话一般用于所提出的建议之后，意思为：只有通过这种办法,我们才能把它做好.注意: 该句型用倒装语序，用得好的话肯定会成为该篇作文的亮点);
关键词：二元关系,性质,蕴含连接词,关系图
离散数学是数学学科的一个分支,主要以离散结构和离散数量为研究对象,是计算机专业的重要基础课程。通过对离散数学的学习,不仅有助于培养和锻炼学生的逻辑及抽象思维能力,更是为学习计算机专业课程打下坚实的基础。
在离散数学中,二元关系是非常重要的内容,对其性质的理解至关重要。二元关系的性质主要包括五个方面:自反性、反自反性、对称性、反对称性及传递性,对二元关系性质的判定是离散数学教学中的难点。本文从二元关系性质的概念入手,通过蕴含连接词对各种性质加以分析,得出了判定二元关系性质的有效方法。
1 二元关系性质的定义
二元关系有五个方面的性质,分别描述了一个对象、二个对象和三个对象之间可能存在的不同关系。设R是定义在集合A上的二元关系:
1)自反性:若对每个x∈A都有xRx,则称R是自反的。
2)反自反性:若对每个x∈A都有x Rx,则称R是反自反的。
3)对称性:对任意x,y∈A,若xRy,则yRx,就称R是对称的。
4)反对称性:对任意x,y∈A,若xRy且yRx,则x=y,就称R是反对称的。
或者:对任意x,y∈A,若
5)传递性:对任意x,y,z∈A,若xRy且yRz,则x Rz,就称R是传递的。
2 蕴含连接词及对关系性质的定义
2.1 蕴含连接词的定义
设p,q是命题,复合命题“如果p,则q”称为p蕴涵q。称p为条件,q为结论。规定p→q为假当且仅当p为真而q为假。
其真值表如表1。
2.2 蕴含连接词对关系性质的定义
1)自反性:∀x∈A→
2)反自反性:∀x∈A→
3)对称性:∀x,y∈A∧
4)反对称性:∀x,y∈A∧
5)传递性:∀x,y,z∈A∧
通过上表可以判定:
如果集合A上三个对象之间,不存在有序对,关系图上没有有向边,则满足传递性;
如果集合A上三个对象之间,只存在一个有序对,关系图上只有一个有向边,则满足传递性;
如果集合A上三个对象之间,存在
如果集合A上三个对象之间,存在两个有序对,只要不存在第一顶点到第二顶点和第二顶点到第三顶点的方向一致的有向边,则满足传递性;
如果集合A上三个对象之间,存在第一顶点到第二顶点和第二顶点到第三顶点方向一致的有向边,但是不存在第一顶点到第三顶点的方向一致的有向边,则不满足传递性。
总合起来,传递性只有
几种二元关系的性质,都反映在蕴含表达式的求值上,蕴含表达式的值为真,该性质就成立,为假则该性质就不成立。
3 通过蕴含连接词对关系性质的理解与应用
例1,判断下图中各二元关系的性质,并说明理由。
解:
1)该关系是对称的,因为无单向边。它不是自反的也不是反自反的。因为有的顶点有环,有的顶点无环。它不是反对称的,因为图中有双向边。它也不是传递的,因为图中有边<3,1>和<1,3>,但没有从3到3的边,即通过3的环。
2)该关系是反自反的但不是自反的,因为每个顶点都没有环。它是反对称的但不是对称的,因为图中只有单向边。它也是传递的,因为不存在顶点x,y,z,使得x到y有边,y到z有边,但x到z没有边,其中x,y,z∈{1,2,3}。
3)该关系是自反的但不是反自反的,因为每个顶点都有环。它是反对称的但不是对称的,因为图中只有单向边。但他不是传递的,因为2到1有边,1到3有边,但2到3没有边。
例2,设A={1,2,3,4,5},R={<1,1>,<1,2>,<3,2>,<1,4>,<5,4>,<5,1>},判断二元关系R的性质。
解:画出该关系的关系图R如下:
1)考察自反性和反自反性:由于图中只有一个顶点上有环,2、3、4、5上面都没有环,因此该关系不满足自反性,也不满足反自反性;
2)考察对称性和反对称性:考察由于该关系中,不同元素之间最多只有单向的有序对,图中不同顶点之间最多只有一条单向边,因此该关系不满足对称性,但是满足反对称性;
3)考察传递性:
对于A中元素1,<1,1>∈R∧<1,2>∈R→<1,2>∈R,满足传递性的条件,属于表2中编号(8)的情况;<1,1>∈R∧<1,4>∈R→<14>∈R,满足传递性的条件,属于表2中编号(8)的情况;
对于A中元素2,4,由于不存在2开始的有序对,,满足传递性的条件,属于表2中编号(1)的情况;
对于A中元素3,<3,2>∈R,满足传递性的条件,属于表2中编号(2)(3)(5)的情况;
对于A中元素5,<5,1>∈R∧<1,2>∈R→<5,2>∉R,不满足传递性条件,属于表2中编号(7)的情况;
根据定义,并不是所有元素都满足传递性的条件,因此不满足传递性。
结论:该关系不是自反的,也不是反自反的,不是对称的,是反对称的,不是传递的。
4 总结
在离散数学的二元关系中,关于二元关系性质的判定既是重点,也是一个难点。,通过蕴含连接词在二元关系定义中的作用,对关系性质加以判定,能较好地对抽象概念和性质加以具体化分析和描述,解决在理解和应用中的模糊概念和误区,为后期学习关系的闭包与合成打下良好的基础。
参考文献
[1]耿素云,屈婉玲,王捍贫.离散数学教程[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2002.
[2]耿素云,屈婉玲,张立昂.离散数学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2008.
[3]匡能晖.二元关系的性质的进一步研究[J].延边大学学报(自然科学版),2009(3).
[4]郭键,赵明茹.判定二元关系传递性的几种方法[J].大庆师范学院学报,2008(5).
[5]陈光喜,古天龙“.离散数学”精品课程教学改革实践[J].桂林电子科技大学学报,2007(4).
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