考研常用翻译技巧总结

考研常用翻译技巧总结

考研常用翻译技巧总结 篇1

（一）翻译考察三方面内容：

1、专有名词（如operational research expert）、习惯用法（如depend on）及多义词的翻 译(如school、set 的多义)

2、一般性翻译技巧:包括词义选择，词序调整，词性转换和增词法等等

3、具体句型（定从、状从、主从、宾从、表从、同位从、强调结构、并列、比较、倒装、插入、被动、否定等）

一、常用方法

英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到 很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用 于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练。

1.增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较 多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动 语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言 在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说 到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时 需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子 与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在 汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在翻译时还要注意增补一些原文 中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如：（1）What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？（增译主语和谓语）

（2）If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！（增译主句）(3)Indeed, the reverse is true 实际情况恰好相反。（增译名词）

(4)就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。

Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.（增译物 主代词）

（5）_______只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。

While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps.（增译连词）（6）这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。

This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.（增译介词）（7）在人权领域，中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。

In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.（增译暗含词语）（8）三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。

Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.（增译注 释性词语）

2.省译法：这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表 达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。又如：

(1)You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing.你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店里。（省译物主代词）(2)I hope you will enjoy your stay here.希望您在这儿过得愉快。（省译物主代词）(3)中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。

The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection.(省译名词)3.转换法：指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句 型和语态等进行转换。具体的说，就是在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词；把动词转 换成名词、形容词、副词、介词；把形容词转换成副词和短语。在句子成分方面，把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语；把谓语变成主语、定语、表语；把定语变成状语、主语；把宾语变成主语。在 句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定语从句。在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。如：

(1)我们学院受教委和市政府的双重领导。

Our institute is co-administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government.(名词转动词)（2）Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。(名词转动词)（3）由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。

Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved.(动词转名词)(4)I’m all for you opinion.我完全赞成你的意见。（介词转动词）

（5）The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.改革开放政策受到了全中国人民的拥护。（动词转名词）

（6）In his article the author is critical of man’s negligence toward his environment.作者在文章中，对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评。（形容词转名词）

（7）In some of the European countries, the people are given the biggest social benefits such as medical insurance.在有些欧洲国家里，人民享受最广泛的社会福利，如医疗保险等。（被动语态转主动语态）（8）时间不早了，我们回去吧！

We don’t have much time left.Let’s go back.(句型转换)（9）学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。

All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically.(名词转副词)4.拆句法和合并法：这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个 较短、较简单的句子，通常用于英译汉；合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合，结构较松散，因此简单句较多；英语强调形合，结构较严密，因此长句较多。所以 汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成 长句；而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续 成分与主体的连接处，以及意群结束处将长句切断，译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序，顺译全句，顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。如：

(1)Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States.同中国加强合作，符合美国的利益。（在主谓连接处拆译）

（2）I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界的。（在定语从句前 拆译）

（3）This is particularly true of the countries of the commonwealth, who see Britain’s membership of the Community a guarantee that the policies of the community will take their interests into account 英联邦各国尤其如此，它们认为英国加入欧共体，将能保证欧共体的政策照顾到它们的利益。（在 定语从句前拆译）

（4）中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。

China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses.（合译）

5.正译法和反译法：这两种方法通常用于汉译英，偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译，是指把句子按 照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方 式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果，但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。因 此比较地道。如：

（1）在美国，人人都能买到枪。

In the United States, everyone can buy a gun.(正译)In the United States, guns are available to everyone.(反译)（2）你可以从因特网上获得这一信息。

You can obtain this information on the Internet.（正译）

This information is accessible/available on the Internet.（反译）（3）他突然想到了一个新主意。

Suddenly he had a new idea.(正译)He suddenly thought out a new idea.(正译)A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him.（反译）（4）他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。

He still could not understand me.(正译)Still he failed to understand me.(反译)（5）无论如何，她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。

She can hardly be rated as a bright student.(正译)She is anything but a bright student.(反译)（6）Please withhold the document for the time being.请暂时扣下这份文件。（正译）请暂时不要发这份文件。（反译）

二、被动语态译法

英语中被动语态的使用范围极为广泛, 尤其是在科技英语中, 被动语态几乎随处可见, 凡是在不 必、不愿说出或不知道主动者的情况下均可使用被动语态, 因此, 掌握被动语态的翻译方法, 对于 MBA 入学考试的复习与应考是极为重要的, 因为在MBA 入学考试中，英译汉文章的内容多以科 普文章为主。在汉语中, 也有被动语态, 通常通过“把”或“被”等词体现出来, 但它的使用范围远远 小于英语中被动语态的使用范围, 因此英语中的被动语态在很多情况下都翻译成主动结构。对于 英语原文的被动结构, 我们一般采取下列的方法: 1.翻译成汉语的主动句。英语原文的被动结构翻译成汉语的主动结构又可以进一步分为几种不同 的情况。

(1)英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。在采用此方法时, 我们往往在译文中使用了“加以”, “经过”, “用……来”等词来体现原文中的被动含义。例如: 例1.Other questions will be discussed briefly.其它问题将简单地加以讨论。

例2.In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us.换言之, 矿物就是存在于地球上, 但须经过挖掘、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。例3.Nuclear power’s danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.核能对健康、安全, 甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词—辐射来概括。

(2)将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语, 同时增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语。例如: 例1.It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real.可能有人会指出, 无线电广播同样也能做到这一点, 但还是电视屏幕上的节目要生动、真实得多。例2.Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series ofprogrammes which are both instructive and entertaining.(85 年考题)人们常说, 电视使人了解时事, 熟悉政治领域的最新发展变化, 并能源源不断地为观众提供各种 既有教育意义又有趣的节目。

例3.It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality.人们普遍认为，孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他们的性格及其未来的人品。另外, 下列的结构也可以通过这一手段翻译: It is asserted that … 有人主张…… It is believed that … 有人认为……

It is generally considered that … 大家(一般人)认为 It is well known that … 大家知道(众所周知)…… It will be said … 有人会说…… It was told that … 有人曾经说……

(3)将英语原文中的by, in, for 等做状语的介词短语翻译成译文的主语, 在此情况下, 英语原文 中的主语一般被翻译成宾语。例如: 例1.A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor.原子反应堆需要一种合适的燃料。

例2.By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives.大战结束时, 这个组织拯救了八百人, 但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价的。

例3.And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.许多人认为, 普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比, 而且认为这些思维过程必须 经过某种专门的训练才能掌握。(4)翻译成汉语的无主句。例如: 例1.Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.应该尽最大努力告?nbsp| 年轻人吸烟的危害, 特别是吸上烟瘾后的可怕后果。

例2.By this procedure, different honeys have been found to vary widely in the sensitivity of their inhibit to heat.通过这种方法分析发现不同种类的蜂蜜的抗菌活动对热的敏感程度也极为不同。

例4.Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.在我们这个世纪内研制了许多新奇的交通工具, 其中最奇特的也许就是气垫船了。例5.New source of energy must be found, and this will take time….必须找到新的能源，这需要时间……

另外, 下列结构也可以通过这一手段翻译: It is hoped that … 希望……

It is reported that … 据报道…… It is said that … 据说……

It is supposed that … 据推测…… It may be said without fear of exaggeration that … 可以毫不夸张地说…… It must be admitted that … 必须承认…… It must be pointed out that … 必须指出…… It will be seen from this that … 由此可见……(5)翻译成带表语的主动句。例如: 例1.The decision to attack was not taken lightly.进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。

例2.On the whole such an conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.总的来说, 得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的, 但必须具备两个条件: 能够假定这个孩子对测试 的态度和与他比较的另一个孩子的态度相同;他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被 扣分。

(注意上述翻译技巧在该句翻译中的综合运用。)2.译成汉语的被动语态。英语中的许多被动句可以翻译成汉语的被动句。常用“被”, “给”, “遭”, “挨”, “为……所”, “使”, “由…”, “受到”等表示。例如: 例1.Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature, not by Man.地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的。

例2.These signals are produced by colliding stars or nuclear reactions in outer space.这些讯号是由外层空间的星球碰撞或者核反应所造成的。

例3.Natural light or “white” light is actually made up of many colours.自然光或者“白光”实际上是由许多种颜色组成的。

例4.The behaviour of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors, including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped.流体在管道中流动的情况, 受到诸如流体粘度、泵送速度等各种因素的影响。

例5.They may have been a source of part of the atmosphere of the terrestrial planets, and they are believed to have been the planetesimal-like building blocks for some of the outer planets and their satellites.它们可能一直是地球行星的一部分大气的来源。它们还被认为是构成外部行星以及其卫星的一种类 似微星的基础材料。

例6.Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.工具 和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。

例7.Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa(反之)often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.政府是以减少技术的经费投入来增加纯理论科学的经费投入, 还是相反, 这往往取决于把哪一方 看作是驱动的力量。

例8.The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.石油的供应可能随时会被中断；不管怎样，以目前的这种消费速度，只需30 年左右，所有的油井 都会枯竭。

MBA 英语常用翻译技巧总结

（二）三、形容词译法

英语和汉语语言结构和表达习惯有很多差异之处，翻译时往往能死扣原文逐词逐句译出。下面拟谈谈形容 词的翻译问题。

（一）、一些原义并无否定意思的形容词和别的词搭配，有时可译成否定句。1.These goods are in short supply.这些货物供应不足。

2.This equation is far from being complicated.这个方程一定也不复杂。

（二）、为了使译文自然流畅，读起来顺口，在一些形容词前可根据上下文内容加上副词“很”、“最”等字。1.It was as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.这是我度过最愉快的一天。

2.It is easy to compress a gas.气体很容易压缩。

（三）、有时可将英语的“形容词+名词短语”译成汉语的主谓结构。1.She spoke in a high voice.她讲话声音很尖。

2.This engine develops a high torque.这台发动机产生的转矩很大。

（四）、如果一个名词前有几个形容词修饰，英译时应根据汉语习惯决定其顺序。1.a large brick conference hall 一个用砖砌的大会议厅

2.a plastic garden chair 一把在花园里用的塑料椅子

（五）、英语中一些表示知觉、情感、欲望等心理状态的形容词，同连系动词构成复合谓语时，翻译时可 将形容词译成动词。

1.You are ignorant of the duties you undertake in marrying.你完全不懂你在婚姻方面承担的责任。

2.Such criticisms have become familiar in his later commentaries on America.类似的批评在他后来写的评论美国的文章中屡见不鲜。

3.He is truly sorry for his past, and he has undertaken to give up motorcars entirely and for ever.他诚恳地忏悔过去，并保证永远不再玩汽车。

（六）、由于语言习惯不同，英语里的形容词有时译成汉语副词。1.I am going to be good and sweet and kind to every body.我要对每一个人都亲切、温顺、和善。

2.He asked me for a full account of myself and family.他详尽地问起我自己和我家里的情况。

3.Another war will be the absolute end of our country.再来一次战争将彻底毁灭我们这个国家。

从以上几个方面可以看出，译好形容词是使译文通顺、流畅的一个环节

四、举例before 和good 具体译法

（一）连词before 的含义是“在……以前”(previous to the time when)。在句法上，它引导状语从句。可见它的词义颇为单纯，功能比较专一。然而，由于汉英表达习惯的不同，在将before 汉译时，其译法却 多种多样。常见的有以下几种：

1，直译成“（在）……（以或之）前”。这时主句与before 从句中的两个动作按时间先后依次发生。Before I enter on the subject I have something to say.在讨论这一问题之前，我有些话要说。

They led a miserable life before their hometown was liberated.他们家乡解放前生活很苦。

2，译成“（后）……才”。副词“才”在汉语中表示某事发生得晚或慢。如果在含有before 从句的复合句中，强调从句动作发生得晚或慢时，就可以应用这种译法。这里又有两种情况，一种是主句主语为名词或代词，另一种是主语与非人称it。

The train had left before he got to the station.火车开了他才到车站。

It seemed a long time before my turn came.似乎过了好大一会儿才轮到我。

3，连词before 与barely，scarcely, hardly 连用时还可译成“刚……就”。在汉语中，“就”强调事情发生 得早或快。如果原文突出主句与从句的动作一前一后紧接着或几乎同时发生，即可用此译法。We had barely sat down before we heard bicycles outside.我们刚坐下就听到外边有自行车的声音。

We had scarcely left our school before it began to rain.我们刚离开学校天就下起雨来。

4，如果原文主句中谓语动词是否定形式则可译成“就”、“便”、或“快”。这又分主句主语为名（代）词和it 两种情况。

I had not waited long before she came.我没等多久她就来了。

It was not long before he got to know it.不久他就知道了。

5，假使原文目的在于渲染从句动作发生之前，主句动作业已发生，可译成“未……就”或“还没有（来得及）…… 就”。

The day began to break before we got to the hilltop.我们还没有到达山顶天就开始亮了。

Before I could say a single word, he ran away.我连一句话也没来得及说他就跑了。

另外，像before he knew it 一类习惯说法，则可译成“不……（就）”。The boy fell down from the ladder bvefore he knew it.那个男孩不知怎么一来就从梯子上摔了下来。

6，译为“趁（着）”，或用反说，译成“不然会”、“要不就”、“没”、“不”等。Study hard before it is too late.趁早努力学习。

I’ll do it now before I forget.趁着还没忘记，我现在就做。

She arrived before I expected.我没料到她来的这么早。

7，某些习语中的连词before 可译成“先……然后”、“先……再”或“而后”等。One must sow before one can reap.先有播种后有收获。Look before you leap.三思而后行。

有些习语中的before 也可译成“未……先”。

Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched.鸡蛋未孵，勿先数雏。

此外，连词before 还作“与其……（宁愿）”（rather than)讲，通常可以为“宁可……也不（肯）”、“宁愿…… 决不”等。例如：

We will die before we give in.我们宁死不屈。He would die before he lied.他宁死也不肯说谎。

以上罗列了连词before 的几种常见的译法。英汉表达方式很不相同，具体译法，须根据具体情况而定

（二）Good 一词，在英语中该算是最熟悉、最常用的了。它的搭配能力很强，而且也常见于科技文章中。一看到good,我们便自然而然得会想到“好的”这一词义。然而，在一些场合，good 的译法却是颇费踌躇 的。

1，可译为“好的”，但概念模糊：如good fish（好鱼），是指品种，大小还是新鲜程度呢？

2，勉强可译为“好的”，但不搭配：如Good fire 若译为“很好的炉火”是可以理解的，但不如译为“旺盛的 炉火”。

3，译成“好的”反而错了：如good hard work 不是指“一项好的但却艰巨的工作”，而是指“一项十分艰巨 的工作”。

为什么这样普通的词在翻译时却难处理呢？其原因有二： 第一，只知其一，不知其二、三

有的词有一个义项，有的词有两个或两个以上义项。good 一词，在《现代高级英汉双解辞典》中就有十 八项释义，如不能全面地掌握这些义项，翻译时就会遇到困难。第二，不善举一反三，触类旁通

从语言的发展来看，一个词总会有一个最原始的或最基本的词义（叫做本义），而其他的词义是由这个词 发展或引申而来的（叫做引申义）。引申，就是由原义产生新义。选择词义难就难在这个“新”字上。一是 英语单词本身已有引申义。这就要勤查字典，从诸多词义中去挑选最合适的词义。二是词典中所有词义都 不贴切，要根据汉译的需要去创造新义，而新义又必须与本义相关联。如good 一词在英语中已有引申义 “strong，vigorous（强健的，有力的）”。因此，His eyesight is still good.一句应译为“他的视力仍 然很强。”（good 由“好的”引申为“强的”）。而在下面的例句中，good 可引申为“高度的”。To produce strong X-rays the tube had to be made a very good vacuum.管子要产生强的射线，就必须制成高度的真空。而“高度的”这一词义，在《现代高级英汉双解辞典》、《远 东英汉大辞典》等的汉语释义中都是没有的，因而可算是新创的。现在，让我们以《现代高级英汉双解辞 典》为据，列举good 一词的几个义项来观察它在汉译时是如何引申和再引申的。为了节省篇幅，只探讨 作为形容词用的而且常用于科技文章中的几个义项的译法，不涉及用于生活、口语和文学时的译法，也不 涉及用于问候语、客气的称呼、赞扬之词以及片语和复合词的用法。为了方便，在此不再引用其英语的释 义而用其对应的汉语译义，每一词义只举一例。（1）、美好的；良好的；令人满意的 a good knife 一把好刀 a good conductor 良导体 汉译时引申：

1，a good soil 肥沃的土壤 2，good oil 提纯了的油

3，a good money 真的货币 4，a good river 畅通的河道 5，good English 规范的英语

6，Good switches move quickly.优质开关动作灵活。（good 引申为“优质的”）7，That engine sounds good.那台发动机听起来很正常。（good 引申译为“正常”）8，the rocket travels better through vacuum than it des through the air.火箭穿过真空比穿过空气容易。（good 引申译为“容易”）

9，A good example of a case where electricity is changed to power is the electric streetcar.电变为动力的典型例子是电车。（good example 引申译为“典型的例子”）10，In the absence of an outdoor aerial this telescopic aerial will give a good picture if the transmitter signal is sufficiently strong.在无室外天线时，若发射机的信号很 强，这种拉杆天线可产生清晰的图象（good picture 引申译为“清晰的图象”）

11，Laser possesses a series of remarkable properties, which make it a better light source in a number of cases.激光有许多显著的特性，这些特性使它在许多情况下成为一种更理 想的光源。（good 引申译为“理想的”）（2）、有益的

Milk is good food for children.牛奶对小孩是有益的。汉译时引申： 1，good gradient平缓的坡度

2，It is no good heating the material to such a temperature.把材料加热到这样的温度是不恰当 的。（good 引申为“恰当的”）

（3）、能胜任的；有能力的；能干的 汉译时引申：

1，a good chess player 高明的棋手

2，A good human translator can do perhaps 2000 to 3000 words a day.一个熟练的翻译人员一 天也许能翻译两千到三千个词。（good 引申译为“熟练的”）（4）、彻底的；完全的

The workers gave the machine a good checking.工人们对机器进行了彻底的检查。汉译时引申： 1，have a good drink 喝个痛快

2，It has been thought of making good use of the sun"s energy to serve the well-being of the people.我们早就设想过充分利用太阳能来为自己造福。（good 引申译为“充分”）3，This set consumes so little power that a good 12 volt car battery can still start your car after you have been watching TV for 10 hours.本机耗电极少，因而具有12 伏足电的汽车蓄电池在你看电视十小时后仍能用于开车。（good 引申为“充足的”）

4，Rivers provide good sources of hydropower.河流具有丰富的水力资源。（good 引申译为“丰富 的”）

5，The CE circuit is widely favored since it can be designed for good voltage and current gains.CE 电路得到广泛的使用，因为它能获得高电压增益和高电流增益。（good...gains 引申译为“高……增益”）

（5）、可靠的；安全的；确实的

考研常用翻译技巧总结 篇2

Concerning translation techniques, the present author tends toassume the following attitude.It is quite different from the onewhich is inclined to ignore translation methods or dismiss themlightly as something inconsequential.On the other hand, it is alsodistant from the one which is prone to exaggerate the importance of“translation methods”, or to look upon them as“panacea”.In termsof concrete techniques of translation, there exist too many that mer-it our attention and are to be applied to translation practice.Here, the present author is going to illustrate several commonly-usedtechniques in translating fuzzy language of some American andBritish literary works:diction, extension, explanation, amplifica-tion, and conversion.

1 Commonly-used Translation Techniques of Fu-zzy Language in Literary Works

1.1 Diction

Diction means proper choice of words and phrases availablein the dictionary on the basis of accurate comprehension of the orig-inal.“There is no single, correct diction in the English language;instead, you choose different words or phrases for different con-texts.”[5]As Jonathan Swift noted, “proper words in proper placesmake the true definition.”It is evident that without proper words inproper places, there would be no translation which could functionas a reliable and unambiguous vehicle of intercourse between peo-ple speaking different languages.Nor would translation be pro-claimed as a science or a skill.

It is a hard nut to crack for translators to master the art of us-ing proper words in proper places.Furthermore, owing to the inher-ent characteristics of fuzzy language, the translation of fuzzy lan-guage is a much more difficult task to undertake.Accordingly, translators should weigh and consider every fuzzy word or expres-sion conscientiously in the light of the context before setting theirpen to translation.The following are involved in the translators’choice of expressions from the dictionary on the basis of propercomprehension:

So that Lieutenant Osborne, when coming to Russel Square onthe day of the Vaux hall party, said to the ladies, “Mrs.Sedley, Ma’am, I hope you have room;I’ve asked Dobbin of ours to comeand dine here, and go with us to Vaux hall.He’s almost as modestas Joe.”

到游乐场去的那一天, 奥斯本中尉到了勒塞尔广场, 就对太太小姐说:“赛特笠太太, 我希望您这儿有空位子。我请了我们的都宾来吃饭, 然后一块儿上游乐场。他跟乔伊斯差不多一样怕羞。[6]

As to the fuzzy word“modest”, Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary (Extended Fourth Edition) gives thefollowing meanings:

1. (a) not large in amount, size, etc;moderate (b) not showy orsplendid in appearance;not expensive

2. (a) having or showing a not too high opinion of one’s abili-ties, qualities, etc;not vain or boastful (b) rather shy;not puttingoneself forward;bashful

3. (esp.of women or their appearance or behavior) having orshowing respect for conventional ideas of decency and purity

For what reason has Yang Bi decided meaning (a) of item 2 asher choice?Certainly, it is based on the context that she made thechoice.As a matter of fact, the above excerpt is from chapter 5 ofthe novel.At the end of the third chapter of the novel, the followingsentence let fall a hint of Joe’s character:Poor Joe, why will he beso shy?In addition, in the latter half of chapter 5, another sentencecan serve as another clue:He had arrived with a knock so very tim-id and quiet.Hence, both the evidences have justified Yang’s prop-er diction of“modest”.

1.2 Extension

As already noted, a Chinese dictionary does not necessarilysupply a proper meaning of the fuzzy language to be rendered.Then the technique of extension can be made the best of.It is evi-dent that the goal of adjustment and extension is not to seek the for-mal equivalence but to transfer the real connotation of the sourcelanguage.

It is a practice that translators will turn to a dictionary for theexact meaning of a perplexing word or expression so as to hunt for acounterpart in meaning in the target language to fit in the transla-tion.However, seldom can a dictionary provide a suitable version.For instance:

His eyes were warm and fierce and bright and his moustachewas thin and coarse.[7]

In rendering the above sentence, Wu Ningkun and Fan Zhon-gying have presented distinct Chinese versions.Wu’s renderingis:他的眼睛热情, 凶猛又明亮, 胡子又稀又粗.Fang’s render-ing is as follows:他的眼睛热情、锐利、炯炯有神, 胡子稀疏粗硬.Comparing the two versions, readers will notice their key differencejust lies in the rendering of the fuzzy word“fierce”.Without a fixedcontext, both the renderings, from the present author’s viewpoint, can be acceptable.However, being the protagonist of the novel, Ki-no is depicted as a positive figure.He is rustic, brave, and honest.Therefore, it is not fitting and proper to modify such a positive im-age using such a derogatory term as“凶猛”.In this sense, Fan’srendering“锐利”turns out to be more suitable and faithful.

1.3 Explanation

The technique of explanation is employed when there does notexist some corresponding Chinese expression or the above-men-tioned techniques fail to make sense.

The following instance is also quoted from Pearl, written byJohn Steinbeck:

Slowly he put his suppliant hat on his head.[8]

Wu Ningkun puts this sentence into Chinese as follows:慢吞吞地, 他把他那求情的帽子戴在头上.It is most likely that read-ers will be bewildered by the translation of“suppliant”:how the in-animate cap can possess the ability of“求情”?When looking it upin the dictionary, readers will find that it seems reasonable to ren-der it this way, for it means“to ask for or pray for help from some-one in power or from God”according to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. (English version) .Nevertheless, in such asetting, translators should flexibly consider the diction of such afuzzy word.To lucidly elaborate the meaning of this word, FanZhongying logically extends its original meaning and explains it as“为了表示谦卑而脱下的”.In this respect, readers have such afaithful and smooth translation of the above sentence:“他慢慢地把刚才为了表示谦卑而脱下的帽子又重新戴上”.[9]

In fact, none of the outstanding translators will inflexibly clingto the interpretations of the English-Chinese dictionary.They areexpert at working out a proper rendering based on their keen per-cipience and comprehension.Another instance worth noting is fromYang Bi’s translation of Vanity Fair:

He spoke of the honor of the family:the unsullied reputationof the Crawleys;expressed himself in indignant tones about her re-ceiving those young Frenchmen—those wild young men of fashion, my Lord Steyne himself, whose carriage was always at her door, who passed hours daily in her company, and whose constant pres-ence made the world talk about her.[10]

In translating the underlined part“those wild young men offashion”, Yang has illustrated the meaning by converting from theabstract to the concrete and put it as“他们全是花花公子, 行为不检点”.Provided that it was translated into Chinese as“他们全是追逐时尚的粗野男人”, hardly would such a rendering give read-ers a clear and lifelike image.Only when the translator has graspedthe author’s creative purpose and profoundly comprehend the artis-tic world, can he reproduce the style of the original.

1.4 Amplification

Amplification, also called addition, means supplying neces-sary words in the translation on the basis of an accurate comprehen-sion of the original.[11]On the whole, as a rule, a translator is notsupposed to add any meaning or subtract any meaning from theoriginal work at random.However, this does not mean that a trans-lator should refrain from supplying the necessary words in order toconvey the original meaning accurately or faithfully.It rests uponthe fact that both the English and the Chinese languages are two en-tirely different languages and each has its own historical and cultur-al background.Accordingly, many ideas that are easily compre-hended in the country of their origin can hardly make sense to peo-ple speaking a different language.Owing to the features of fuzzylanguage, the translation of fuzzy language is a much more typicalcase.As a result, it is necessary for translators to adopt the tech-nique of amplification or omission in coping with the rendering offuzzy language.As the present author has observed, nevertheless, omission is much less employed in translating fuzzy language.Thus, amplification will be elaborated in particular by citing the fol-lowing examples:

What scrubbing, baking, errand-running, and nursing therehad been to do she did.擦地板, 烤面包, 跑差使, 喂孩子, 哪一样都是她的事。[12]

In rendering the above underlined fuzzy expressions, Fu Dong-hua, a translator of considerable repute of last century, adds respec-tively four objects“地板”, “面包”“差事”and“孩子”after thefour verbs.By this means, the meaning the original means to con-vey becomes complete.Such a rendering, in the meantime, alsoconforms to the convention of Chinese expression.

The above sentence is specifically fuzzy.For the purpose ofrhetoric or coherence, and hence making the translation expressive-ly convey the original, the translator adds the underlined parts inthe Chinese version.It seems as if the amplification was overem-phasized, but the translation is still confined to and thus faithful tothe source text.

It is sometimes possible to make clear to the target languagereaders the original meaning by adding further information of thefuzzy image, as in the following example:

Phoebe Anna was thin and black, a very umbrella of a woman. (Driesel) 安娜是一个又瘦又黑的女人, 上身粗大, 下身细长。简直像一把雨伞。[13]

For the native reader, the analogy of comparing a woman’sbody to an umbrella is both vivid and humorous.Without the under-lined amplified words, however, probably most Chinese readerswill feel completely at sea.It is the proper addition that further ex-plains the analogy and hence adds to the vividness and beauty.

It is evident that to add some words or expressions, for theskilled translators, does not mean random addition.The applicationof addition should ensure that any meaning will not be subtractedor distorted.Certainly the above examples have achieved this aim.

1.5 Conversion

By conversion, it means in the present thesis the change ofparts of speech or various elements of a sentence in translation.Itis a technique required essentially by the syntactical differencesbetween Chinese and English.As a matter of fact, a word, which be-longs to a certain part of speech in one language, has to be convert-ed into another part of speech to coincide with usage of the lan-guage to be translated into.For this reason, translators are sup-posed to observe with great care the shift and change of parts ofspeech between the two languages.Accordingly, the technique ofconversion is called for.As one of the commonly adopted transla-tion techniques, this technique is widely employed in the transla-speech takes a host of forms, for instance, conversion into verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.The conversion of verbs will behighlighted in particular in this part.

It is widely believed that one of the most remarkable differenc-es between English and Chinese syntax is the use of the verb.Aclose study of the English sentence, especially when comparedwith the Chinese version, will reveal that an English sentence con-tains no more than one predicate verb, while in Chinese it is not un-usual to have clusters of verbs in a simple sentence.Take the fol-lowing sentences for example:

“By Jove, she has taste!Exclaimed Henry Lynn.”

“嗬, 她还挑肥拣瘦呢!”亨利·利恩嚷道。[14]

In search for a fitting and proper Chinese rendering of thefuzzy word“taste”, Zhu Qingying has put the fuzzy noun“taste”in-to Chinese as a verbal phrase“挑肥拣瘦”.It is meant for the con-text that Rochester, the protagonist, who disguised himself as anold woman fortuneteller, only works for nobody except young la-dies.Another instance:

The furnishings of the room were heavy and dark and gloomy.[15][16]

屋里摆着深色的笨重家具, 给人一种忧郁之感。[16]

The above sentence is the depiction of the setting of a wickedquacksalver in the story.In terms of conversion of parts of speech, among other things, the adjective“gloomy”is converted into thenoun phrase“忧郁之感”.From the perspective of conversion of el-ements of a sentence, the translator Fan Zhongying converts in thetranslation of the underlined part from the predicative to the attribu-tive“深色的笨重”and objective”忧郁之感”.It is certain thatsuch a rendering has achieved the translator’s aim of readingsmoothly as well as faithfully.However, as for the translation of“gloomy”, the present author holds that it is appropriate to put it in-to Chinese as“阴森之感”, for this term can accurately convey themeaning that the place where the quacksalver dwells is like a dev-il’s den.

2 Conclusion

考研英语翻译八大技巧 篇3

技巧一:随语境选词义

汉语词汇的意义相对稳定,而英语词汇往往一词多义。英语词汇的最大特点就是词汇意义随上下文的语境不断变化,因此,在做考研英语翻译题目时,考生切忌随意照搬英文词典上的释义,而要根据上下文重新确定某些单词的意义。

例1:Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. (2003年考研英语第61题)

译文:而且,人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境,从而让所有其他形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。

解析:很多考生将该句中的other life forms译为“其他生活方式”。而life一词在词典上既有“生命”的意思,也有“生活”的意思,本句上下文讲的是人类和其他生命形式的对比,因此life在这里只能翻译为“生命”。

技巧二:理清句子结构

英语是形合式语言,讲究形式逻辑的配合;汉语是意合式语言,讲究意义逻辑的配合。理解英语句子首先要分析其语法结构,然后才能了解其意义;理解汉语句子则主要依赖各词语间意义的配合。考研英语的翻译题目基本上都是长句,若考生理不清句子的内在形式逻辑——语法结构,便无法理解句子的意义。

例2:Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. (1994年考研英语第75题)

译文:政府究竟是以减少对技术经费的投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入,还是恰好相反,这常常取决于人们把哪个看做驱动力。

解析:原文中变色部分的结构是介宾结构,of是介词,which引导的是宾语从句。大多数考生知道动词可以接宾语从句,但容易忽略介词也可以接宾语从句,因此很多考生将此结构错看成定语从句,认为which是关系代词,指代the issue,从而导致该句理解错误。

因此,考生在考前务必做到对基本的英语语法心中有数。建议考生对长句分析进行专项训练,可以把往年的真题作为训练的素材,反复练习,解读长句的能力就会不断提高。

技巧三:化长句为短句

英语多长句,汉语多短句。一方面,这是因为英语连词功能强大,可以将数个简单句连为一个复杂句;而汉语中的分句主要依靠标点符号(主要是逗号)连为复句。另一方面,英语中的短语和短句有明显的形式之分,有谓语动词存在即为句子,反之即为短语,短语只能是句子的组成部分;而汉语的短语和短句有时界限模糊,可以将短语当短句使用,如“社会和谐”既可以说是一个“主语+谓语”的短句,也可以视为主谓短语。这样,在英译汉时常常需要将英语长句截分为汉语短句,而截分点一般就是连词和短语。如果句中有标点符号,标点符号也可以视为天然的截分点。

例3:①He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage ②of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence ③and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. (2008年考研英语第46题)

译文:①他相信这种困难或许可以扬长避短,②能迫使他长时间专注地思考每一个句子,③也因而使他能在推理和自己的观察中发现缺点。

解析:该句是典型的长句,可根据句意,按截分点将其分为三部分译出,这样易于理解,译文也显得比较通顺。

技巧四:化被动为主动

英语中的被动式明显多于汉语。中国人讲究“天人合一”,强调人和自然的和谐相处,不强调改造自然,因此在说话的时候喜欢把人作为主体,其表现就是常常使用主动句。西方人恰恰相反,讲究“物我分离”,强调人和自然并非一体,自然可以为人类所改造,因此在说话时常将被改造对象作为主体,多用被动句。所以,英语被动语态的翻译原则之一就是化被动为主动。

例4:But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. (2006年考研英语第49题)

译文:但是他的主要任务不是思考约束他活动的道德准则,正像不能指望一个商人把他的精力用来探讨商业经营准则一样。

解析:该句中的变色部分如果译为“一个商人(不)被指望”明显不符合汉语表达习惯,因此要化被动为主动。然而,并非所有的英语被动式都一定要化为汉语的主动式,汉语中也有“被”字句。但中国人使用“被”字句多表示贬义或逆境,“被”字的很多替代词都体现出这种用法,如“遭到”“受到”“遭受”等。因此,若英文句中的动词有贬义含义,翻译成中文时常常使用“被”字句,如下例:

例5:Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. (1994年考研英语第73题)

译文:多年来,工具和技术本身作为最根本的创新源泉,在很大程度上被历史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。

解析:该句中变色部分用的是被动语态,其动词ignore (忽略)是贬义词,译成汉语时保留被动,仍符合汉语的表达习惯。

技巧五:前重心向后移

西方人说话一般重心靠前,先表态,后说事实;中国人说话刚好相反,重心后置,先说事实,后表态。如英语中的问候语“Nice to meet you!”,其中nice是表态,to meet you 是事实;汉语一般会说“见到你很高兴!”,其中“见到你”是事实,“很高兴”是表态。在翻译英语长句时,我们要注意将表示作者态度或观点的词放到句子后半部分翻译。

例6:①There is no agreement ②whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. (1999年考研英语第74题)

译文:②所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中特有的概念,还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段,①人们对此意见不一。

解析:原文中①是表态,②是事实,汉语译文则要逆序翻译。

技巧六:化代词为名词

考研英语翻译中常常涉及人称代词指代对象的翻译。英语和汉语都有代词,但却有所区别,英语习惯用代词指代,而汉语习惯重复名词。英译汉时常常需要找到英文原文中代词指代的对象,并将其以名词形式译出,否则,汉语译文会让人感到费解。

例7:There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. (2001年考研英语第71题)

译文:届时,将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监测器的汽车,一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规),监测器就会使其停驶。

解析:原文中的they如果直接译为“它们”,译文就会指代不明,因此最好找到其指代对象cars,将其译为“这些汽车”。

技巧七:化抽象为具体

英语重抽象,汉语重具体。例如在“It is a near miss.”这句话中,a near miss就是一个抽象表达,汉语中很难找到对应说法,可将其译为“这真是九死一生。”。汉语中的“九”和“一”是具体的数字,却表示抽象的概念。考研英语的翻译题目中常常会出现一些很难在汉语中找到其对应说法的抽象英语名词。这些抽象名词往往有一个特点,就是带有抽象化词尾,如-tion、-sion、-ture、-sure、-ty、-cy、-ce、-bility、-ism等。将这些抽象名词译成汉语时,通常可以采用增加范畴词的方法将其具体化,常见的范畴词包括“情况”“问题”“样子”“态度”“姿态”“性”“化”“度”“论”“品”等。例如,arrogance可以译为“傲慢态度”。

例8:Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. (2004年考研英语第65题)

译文:沃夫进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点,其极端的说法是:语言禁锢思维,语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。

解析:很多考生在平时复习时从未见过determinism这个单词,以至于考场上无法准确翻译。如果知道英译汉中“化抽象为具体”的规则,就很容易看出该词是以-ism为词尾的抽象名词,因此,可增加范畴词“论”将其译出。

技巧八:化静态为动态

英语的核心句型是“SVO”,即“主语+谓语+宾语”的简单句模式,一个简单句只能有一个动词存在,其他词均是静态,英语属静态化语言。汉语的句子允许连动,即两个或多个动词同时出现,如“我拿起书包走向教室”这句话,其中“拿”和“走”都是动词,汉语属动态化语言。在英译汉时,常常需要将英语静态表达转化为汉语动态表达。一个常见的转译规律是,将英语中动词派生来的名词和形容词等转译为汉语中的动词。

例9:They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. (2002年考研英语第64题)

译文:它们(自由和尊严)是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的,是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而获得肯定的必不可少的前提。

考研翻译答案写作技巧 篇4

特制模板已订11份，剩19份，还需要的文友同学们请速速回复关键词：预订。先订先得，截止时间：11月10号。

要做好翻译，拿到一个英文句子后，首先要“动手写”中文意思，写的前提是没有任何外界帮助下，模拟自己在考场。

以以下句子为例：

Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed, and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in recent events in Europe.( 年 46 题)

这句话显然是考研的一个长难句，首先就是要看生词，只有 convey 这个单词较难，是传递的意思。然后看意思，先看前半句，Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed，很多考生可能被 means 难住，后面 by which 是一个定语从句，不难理解，于是，会有很多考生翻译为: 电视是一种方式，通过这种方式，这些感情被创造和传递。

我们看这个翻译结果是有问题的，在英语中看被动句子时， 一般尽量不要在翻译的时候带“被”字，于是我们可以改一改，如: 电视是一种方式，通过这种方式，创造和传递这些感情。然而，明白定语从句翻译的人应该明白，可以修饰一下“电视”，所以可以改一改刚刚的翻译，变为: 电视是一种创造和传递这些感情的方式。但是这句话依然有瑕疵，感情不是创造出来的，因此还可以改一改: 电视是一种激发和传递这些感情的方式。

如果你能做到这一步，说明你的翻译水平已经很不错了。但是可以再想下是使用“感情”还是“感受”好呢?很显然“感受”更合适：电视是一种激发和传递这些感受的方式。就是通过这一步一步的修改，才得到一个好的答案。如果不动手写，你是不能体会到这种微妙的变化的，而只有亲自动手写，才能体验到这种变化。

再看后半句：and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in recent events in Europe.。我们先看每一个单词，很多单词都有不止一个意思，那用哪一个意思更合适呢?只有通过写对应的中文词，自己去体会，才能确定选用哪一个意思恰当。比如 perhaps never before，我们这样生硬地翻译就是“也许从来没有以前”，但是看着不对，于是稍微变一下，变成“也许以前从来没有”，这样就基本正确了。has it 这里有一个倒装，是因为 never 前置。it代词表指代。served 有“服务”的意思，但是电视服务也不合适，只能是”起作用”;so much是“如此多”，但是“电视起作用如此多”不合适，于是改成“电视器起如此大的作用”。peoples加了复数，是“民族”的意思，这属于基本功，即“联系不同民族和国家”。最后as in recent events in Europe翻译为“像在最近的欧洲事件中”。 有了这几点，接下来就是连接成句的问题，怎样才能构成通顺的完整句。如果像以往一样读完英语就去看答案，觉得看懂了，其实你根本没有掌握怎幺做翻译。上述连成句为：在联系不同民族和国家方面，电视也许以前从来没有像在最近欧洲事件中起如此大的作用。(电视的作用之大，前所未有)

考研英语翻译答题技巧 篇5

一、理解英语原文，拆分语法结构

由于英语语言具有“形合”的特点，也就是说，英语句子无论多么复杂，都是通过一些语法手段和逻辑手段连接起来的“像葡萄藤一样”的结构。如果搞不清楚句子的语法结构，考生是很难做出正确的翻译的。因此在翻译句子之前，必须先通读全句，一边读一边拆分句子的语法结构，这是正式动笔翻译之前的一项重要准备工作。

怎么拆分呢?具体来讲，考生可以寻找下面一些“信号词”来对英语句子进行拆分，进而更加有效地理解英语原文。

1.基本原则：

把主句和从句拆分出来，把主干部分和修饰部分拆分出来。

2.连词：

如and, or, but, yet, for等并列连词连接着并列句;还有连接状语从句的连接词，如：when, as, since, until, before, after, where, because, since, thought, although, so that, ......等等;它们是考生要寻找的第一大拆分点。

3.关系词：

如连接名词性从句的who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever等关系代词和when, where, how, why等关系副词;还有连接定语从句的关系代词，如who, which, that, whom, whose等等;它们是第二大拆分点。

4.标点符号：

标点符号常常断开句子的主干和修饰部分，也是一个明显的拆分点。

5. 除此之外，介词on, in, with, at, of, to等引导的介词短语，不定式符号to，分词结构也可以作为拆分点。

例如：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.(35词，62题)

拆分本句的信号词有：which, in, that。注意本句出现的两个and连接的是几个词汇，并非句子，所以不用作为拆分点。因此这个句子可以拆分成四个片段。拆分后句子的总结构是：

(1)主干Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry;

(2)定语从句which seeks to study humans and their endeavors;

(3)方式状语in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner;

(4)定语从句that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena，

二、运用翻译策略，组合汉语译文

正确理解原文后，接下来就是翻译。翻译时，关键是综合运用各种翻译方法将英文的原意忠实地表达出来。主要有如下翻译技巧。

1.词汇的增减转

由于英汉两种语言的差异，在英文看上去比较正常的句子，译成汉语时，如果不或增或减一些词可能无法把英文的原意表达出来，这样就需要适当地运用添减词法。词本无意，意由境生，翻译时考生需要注意词性的转化，经常碰到将名词转化成动词翻译，将具体名词转化成抽象名词进行翻译的情况。

2.代词的译法

代词一般需要转译成名词，即把其所指代的意义译出。

3.人名地名的.译法，知道的可以译出来，不知道可以音译，再将英语原词抄写一遍，用括号括起来，比如Whorf可以处理为：沃尔夫(Whorf)

4.很多被动语态如果机械的翻成被动语态，可能会让人看了觉得别扭，因此需要转为主动语态。可以增加万能逻辑主语人们，可以选取中文特有的表示被动的词汇，比如“得以”，“使得”，“将”等，英文中出现by，可将by后面的名词作为主语翻译。

5.定语从句的译法

第一种译法，当从句结构和意义比较简单，不会对主句部分造成理解上的困难，此时可以前置法，把它翻译成“…的”的定语词组，并放在被修饰词的前面。将英语的复合句翻译成汉语的简单句。第二种译法，当从句结构较为复杂，意义较为繁琐，意思表达不清时，选择用后置法，此时把定语从句单独翻译成一个句子，放在原来它所修饰的词的后面，关系代词可以翻译为先行词，或者与先行词相对应的代词。第三种译法，一些定语从句，不仅只是起到一个定语的修饰作用，而且在逻辑上与主句有状语关系，用来解释原因、条件、结果、让步等。此时，我们尽量从意义上发现这些逻辑上的关系，然后翻译成汉语中相对应的逻辑关系，把定语从句翻译为状语从句。

6.状语从句的译法

状语从句较为简单，考生需重点关注如下引导词：since, howerve, while, for, as，根据具体的句际逻辑关系来确定其语境意义。

7.对于特殊结构，比如倒装结构，分隔结构，应对策略在于调整原文的顺序，找到成分搭配关系。

三、校核、调整、成文

组合成中文之后，考生一定要再检查一遍，做出相应的调整，最终成文。校核主要有三个方面：一是检查译文是否忠实于原文。通过把译文和原文对照比较往往能发现问题;二是检查译文本身是否通顺或表达清楚。把译文通读一遍，如果觉得读起来很别扭或者有歧义，那很有可能是翻译不通或表达不清楚，适当增减词或调整语序通常能解决这一问题;三是检查译文是否有笔误，是否有漏洞，是否有代词未转译，时态是否译出，数字、日期是否译错，标点符号是否用错等。

考研英语翻译题技巧揭秘 篇6

考研英语翻译题技巧揭秘

考场上时间不充裕时，在整体理解全文意思的基础上，重点分析划线部分的结构和意义。首先，划线部分的句子结构一般来说都比较复杂，如果搞不清楚它的语法结构，代词和所指代的意义。另外，还要特别注意句子中包含的短语和固定结构，因为这往往是考点。要在平时锻炼自己很难正确翻译。在分析划线部分的句子结构时，要注意分清哪是主句，哪是从句;哪是句子的主干，哪是枝叶。其次，还要特别注意句子中的抓考点的能力，只认真翻译考点即可，其余单词的翻译不用苛求意思的精准。

翻译的`技巧是综合运用各种翻译方法将英文的原意忠实地表达出来。但却存在着两种方法，有直译和意译两种方法，只是我们很多人都没有理解直译和意译的区别。不可能存在绝对的直译，因为毕竟两种语言相差太大，任何直译都是经过一定变通之后的直译，但有的人以为这便是意译，其实这是错误的，意译一般在文学翻译中才会出现。所以呢，在应试翻译中，能直译出来的就直译，有能力的就再调整下语序，没有能力的直译出来如果翻译对了考点的话，还是给分的。