经济学论文英文版（通用8篇）
1.If the world price of a product is higher than a country’s domestic price we know that country a.should import that product.b.should no longer produce that product.c.has a comparative advantage in that product.d.could benefit by imposing a tariff on that product.2.Which of the following is NOT a benefit of trade? a.an increased variety of goods b.lower costs through economies of scale c.increased competition d.an ability to control domestic and world prices 3.When a country allows trade and becomes an exporter of a good, domestic producers a.gain and domestic consumers lose.b.lose and domestic consumers gain.c.and domestic consumers both gain.d.and domestic consumers both lose.4.The world price of yo-yo’s is $4.00 each.The pre-trade price of yo-yo’s in Taiwan is $3.50 each.If Taiwan allows trade in yo-yo’s we know that Taiwan will a.import yo-yo’s and the price in Taiwan will be $4.00 each.b.import yo-yo’s and the price in Taiwan will be $3.50 each.c.export yo-yo’s and the price in Taiwan will be $4.00 each.d.export yo-yo’s and the price in Taiwan will be $3.50 each.5.When a country moves from a free trade position and imposes a tariff on imports, this causes a.a decrease in total surplus in the market.b.a decrease in producer surplus in the market.c.an increase in consumer surplus in the market.d.a decrease in revenue to the government.6.A tariff and an import quota will both a.increase the quantity of imports and raise domestic price.b.increase the quantity of imports and lower domestic price.c.reduce the quantity of imports and raise domestic price.d.reduce the quantity of imports and lower domestic price.7.The major difference between tariffs and import quotas is that a.tariffs create deadweight losses, but import quotas do not.b.tariffs help domestic consumers, and import quotas help domestic producers.c.tariffs raise revenue for the government, but import quotas create a surplus for import license holders.d.All of the above are correct.8.According to the graph, consumer surplus in this market before trade would be a.A.b.B + C.c.A + B + D.d.C.9.According to the graph, consumer surplus in this market after trade would be a.A.b.C + B.c.A + B + D.d.B + C + D.10.According to the graph, the change in total surplus in this market because of trade is a.A b.B c.C d.D
参考答案：
1.c
2.d
3.a
4.c
5.a
6.c
7.c
8.a
9.c
10.d
第十章自测题：
1.An externality is the impact of a.society’s decisions on the well-being of society.b.a person’s actions on that person’s well-being.c.one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander.d.society’s decisions on the well-being of one person in the society 2.If education produces positive externalities we would expect a.government to tax education.b.government to subsidize education.c.people to realize the benefits and therefore cause demand for education to increase.d.colleges to relax admission requirements.3.When a negative externality exists in a market the cost to producers a.is greater than the cost to society.b.will be the same as the cost to society.c.will be less than the cost to society.d.and society will be different regardless of whether an externality is present.4.Internalizing an externality refers to making a.buyers and sellers take into account the external effects of their actions.b.certain that all market transaction benefits go to only buyers and sellers.c.certain government does not disrupt the internal workings of the market.d.buyers pay the full price for the products they purchase.5.Technology spillover is one type of a.negative externality.b.positive externality.c.subsidy.d.producer surplus.6.According to the Coase theorem, private markets will solve externality problems and allocate resources efficiently as long as a.private parties can bargain without cost.b.government assigns property rights to the harmed party.c.the externalities that are present are positive and not negative.d.businesses determine an appropriate level of production.7.Pigovian taxes are typically advocated to correct for the effects of a.positive externalities.b.negative externalities.c.regulatory burden.d.All of the above are correct.8.If the government were to limit the release of air-pollution produced by a steel mill to 10,000 units, this policy would be considered a a.regulation.b.Pigovian tax.c.subsidy.d.market-based policy.9.When one firm sells its pollution permit to another firm, which of the following does NOT occur? a.Both firms benefit.b.The total amount of pollution remains the same.c.Social welfare is enhanced.d.Over time, pollution will be eliminated.10.Which of the following policies is government most inclined to use when faced with a positive externality? a.taxation b.permits c.subsidies d.usage fees
参考答案：
1.c
2.b
3.c
4.a
5.b
6.a
7.b
8.a
9.d
10.c
第十一章自测题
1.Goods that are excludable include both a.natural monopolies and public goods.b.public goods and common resources.c.common resources and private goods.d.private goods and natural monopolies.2.Which of the following would be considered a private good? a.national defense b.a public beach c.local cable television service d.a bottle of natural mineral water 3.The government provides public goods because a.private markets are incapable of producing public goods.b.free-riders make it difficult for private markets to supply the socially optimal quantity.c.markets are always better off with some government oversight.d.external benefits will occur to private producers.4.The difference between technological knowledge and general knowledge is that a.general knowledge creation is usually more profitable for the creator.b.technological knowledge is excludable and general knowledge is not.c.general knowledge is excludable and technological knowledge is not.d.general knowledge is rival and technological knowledge is not.5.A lighthouse is typically considered a good example of a public good because a.the owner of the lighthouse is able to exclude beneficiaries from enjoying the lighthouse.b.there is rarely another lighthouse nearby to provide competition.c.a nearby port authority cannot avoid paying fees to the lighthouse owner.d.all passing ships are able to enjoy the benefits of the lighthouse without paying.6.The Tragedy of the Commons results when a good is a.rival and not excludable.b.excludable and not rival.c.both rival and excludable.d.neither rival nor excludable.7.If the use of a common resource is not regulated, a.it cannot be used by anyone.b.the economy will end up with too much of a good thing.c.it becomes a private good.d.it will be overused.8.Government may be able to solve the problem of overuse of a common resource by doing each of the following EXCEPT a.regulating the use or consumption of the common resource.b.taxing the use or consumption of the common resource.c.selling the common resource to a private entity.d.allowing individuals to voluntarily reduce their use of the resource.9.Why do elephants face the threat of extinction while cows do not? a.Cattle are a valuable source of income for many people and elephants have no market value.b.There is a high demand for products that come only from the cow.c.There are still lots of cattle that roam free, while most elephants are in zoos.d.Cattle are owned by ranchers, while elephants are owned by no one.10.Excessive fishing occurs because a.each individual fisherman has little incentive to maintain the species for the next year.b.fishermen rely on government managers to worry about fish populations.c.fishermen are concerned about the population dynamics of fish biomass, not current harvest rates.d.fishermen have other marketable skills and do not fear exploitation of fish reserves.参考答案：
1.d
2.d
3.b
4.b
5.d
6.a
7.d
8.d
9.d
10.a
第十二章自测题
1.Which of the following is an implicit cost?(i)the owner of a firm forgoing an opportunity to earn a large salary working for a Wall Street brokerage firm(ii)interest paid on the firm’s debt
(iii)rent paid by the firm to lease office space a.(ii)and(iii)b.(i)and(iii)c.(i)only d.All of the above are correct.2.John owns a shoe-shine business.His accountant most likely includes which of the following costs on his financial statements? a.wages John could earn washing windows b.dividends John’s money was earning in the stock market before John sold his stock and bought a shoe-shine booth c.the cost of shoe polish d.All of the above are correct.3.Economic profit a.will never exceed accounting profit.b.is most often equal to accounting profit.c.is always at least as large as accounting profit.d.is a less complete measure of profitability than accounting profit.4.Zach took $500,000 out of the bank and used it to start his new cookie business.The bank account pays 4 percent interest per year.During the first year of his business, Zach sold 12,000 boxes of cookies for $3 per box.Also, during the first year, the cookie business incurred costs that required outlays of money amounting to $14,000.Zach’s economic profit for the year was a.$–478,000.b.$–56,000.c.$2,000.d.$22,000.5.The marginal product of labor is equal to the a.incremental cost associated with a one unit increase in labor.b.incremental profit associated with a one unit increase in labor.c.increase in labor necessary to generate a one unit increase in output.d.increase in output obtained from a one unit increase in labor.6.Suppose Jan is starting up a small lemonade stand business.Variable costs for Jan’s lemonade stand would include the cost of a.building the lemonade stand.b.hiring an artist to design a logo for her sign.c.lemonade mix.d.All of the above are correct.7.Variable cost divided by quantity produced is a.average total cost.b.marginal cost.c.profit.d.None of the above are correct.8.The average fixed cost curve a.always declines with increased levels of output.b.always rises with increased levels of output.c.declines as long as it is above marginal cost.d.declines as long as it is below marginal cost.9.The efficient scale of the firm is the quantity of output that a.maximizes marginal product.b.maximizes profit.c.minimizes average total cost.d.minimizes average variable cost.10.Average total cost is increasing whenever a.total cost is increasing.b.marginal cost is increasing.c.marginal cost is less than average total cost.d.marginal cost is greater than average total cost.11.Which of the following expressions is correct? a.marginal cost =(change in quantity of output)/(change in total cost).b.average total cost = total cost/quantity of output.c.total cost = variable cost + marginal cost.d.All of the above are correct.12.Which of the following must always be true as the quantity of output increases? a.Marginal cost must rise.b.Average total cost must rise.c.Average variable cost must rise.d.Average fixed cost must fall.13.In the long run, a.inputs that were fixed in the short run remain fixed.b.inputs that were fixed in the short run become variable.c.inputs that were variable in the short run become fixed.d.variable inputs are rarely used.14.The length of the short run a.is different for different types of firms.b.can never exceed 3 years.c.can never exceed 1 year.d.is always less than 6 months.15.Economies of scale occur when a.long-run average total costs rise as output increases.b.long-run average total costs fall as output increases.c.average fixed costs are falling.d.average fixed costs are constant.16.Long-run average total cost curves are often U-shaped a.for the same reasons that average total cost curves are often U-shaped.b.because of constant returns to scale.c.because of increasing coordination problems at low levels of production and increasing specialization of workers at high levels of production.d.because of increasing specialization of workers at low levels of production and increasing coordination problems at high levels of production.参考答案：
1.c 2.c 3.a 4.c 5.d 6.c 7.d 8.a 9.c 10.d 11.b 12.d 13.b 14.a 15.b 16.d
第十三章自测题：
1.For a firm in a perfectly competitive market, the price of the good is always a.equal to marginal revenue.b.equal to total revenue.c.greater than average revenue.d.All of the above are correct.2.Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a perfectly competitive market? a.Firms are price takers.b.Firms have difficulty entering the market.c.There are many sellers in the market.d.Goods offered for sale are largely the same.3.When a competitive firm triples the amount of output it sells, a.its total revenue triples.b.its average revenue triples.c.its marginal revenue triples.d.All of the above are correct.4.When a profit-maximizing firm in a competitive market has zero economic profit, accounting profit a.is negative(accounting losses).b.is positive.c.is also zero.d.could be positive, negative or zero.5.For a competitive firm, a.Total revenue = Average revenue.b.Total revenue = Marginal revenue.c.Total cost = Marginal revenue.d.Average revenue = Marginal revenue.6.If marginal cost exceeds marginal revenue, the firm a.is most likely to be at a profit-maximizing level of output.b.should increase the level of production to maximize its profit.c.must be experiencing losses.d.may still be earning a profit.7.When price is greater than marginal cost for a firm in a competitive market, a.marginal cost must be falling.b.the firm must be minimizing its losses.c.there are opportunities to increase profit by increasing production.d.the firm should decrease output to maximize profit.8.When fixed costs are ignored because they are irrelevant to a business’s production decision, they are called a.explicit costs.b.implicit costs.c.sunk costs.d.opportunity costs.9.When a firm makes a short-run decision not to produce anything during a specified period of time because of current market conditions, the firm is said to a.shut down.b.exit.c.withdraw.d.leave the industry.10.Profit-maximizing firms enter a competitive market when, for existing firms in that market, a.total revenue exceeds fixed costs.b.total revenue exceeds total variable costs.c.average total cost exceeds average revenue.d.price exceeds average total cost.11.A firm’s short-run supply curve is part of which of the following curves? a.marginal revenue b.average variable cost c.average total cost d.marginal cost 12.Suppose you bought a ticket to a football game for $30, and that you place a $35 value on seeing the game.If you lose the ticket, then what is the maximum price you should pay for another ticket? a.$30 b.$35 c.$60 d.$65 13.When new firms have an incentive to enter a competitive market, their entry will a.increase the price of the product.b.drive down profits of existing firms in the market.c.shift the market supply curve to the left.d.All of the above are correct.14.In a perfectly competitive market, the process of entry and exit will end when, for firms in the market, a.price is equal to average variable cost.b.marginal revenue is equal to average variable cost.c.economic profits are zero.d.All of the above are correct.15.In a competitive market that is characterized by free entry and exit, a.all firms will operate at efficient scale in the short run.b.all firms will operate at efficient scale in the long run.c.the price of the product will differ across firms.d.the number of sellers in the market will steadily decrease over time.16.The assumption of a fixed number of firms is appropriate for analysis of a.the short run, but not the long run.b.the long run, but not the short run.c.both the short run and the long run.d.neither the short run nor the long run.参考答案：
1.a 2.b 3.a 4.b 5.d
6.d 7.c 8.c 9.a 10.d
11.d 12.b 13.b 14.c 15.b 16.a
第十四章自测题：
1.Which of the following statements is correct? a.A competitive firm is a price maker and a monopoly is a price taker.b.A competitive firm is a price taker and a monopoly is a price maker.c.Both competitive firms and monopolies are price takers.d.Both competitive firms and monopolies are price makers.2.Which of the following is an example of a barrier to entry?(i)A key resource is owned by a single firm.(ii)The costs of production make a single producer more efficient than a large number of producers.(iii)The government has given the existing monopoly the exclusive right to produce the good.a.(i)and(ii)b.(ii)and(iii)c.(i)only d.All of the above are correct.3.The defining characteristic of a natural monopoly is a.constant marginal cost over the relevant range of output.b.economies of scale over the relevant range of output.c.constant returns to scale over the relevant range of output.d.diseconomies of scale over the relevant range of output.4.Patent and copyright laws are major sources of a.natural monopolies.b.government-created monopolies.c.resource monopolies.d.None of the above are correct.5.The De Beers diamond monopoly is a classic example of a monopoly that a.is government-created.b.arises from the ownership of a key resource.c.results in very little advertising of the product that the monopolist produces.d.was broken up by the government a long time ago.6.In order to sell more of its product, a monopolist must a.sell to the government.b.sell in international markets.c.lower its price.d.use its market power to force up the price of complementary products.7.For a profit-maximizing monopolist, a.P＞MR = MC.b.P = MR = MC.c.P ＞ MR ＞ MC.d.MR ＜ MC ＜ P.8.For a monopoly, the supply curve is a portion of its a.marginal revenue curve.b.marginal cost curve.c.average total cost curve.d.none of the above;a monopoly does not have a supply curve.9.What is the monopolist’s profit under the following conditions? The profit-maximizing price charged for goods produced is $16.The intersection of the marginal revenue and marginal cost curves occurs where output is 10 units and marginal cost is $8.Average total cost for 10 units of output is $6.a.$20 b.$80 c.$100 d.$160 10.Antitrust laws allow the government to a.prevent mergers.b.break up companies.c.promote competition.d.All of the above are correct.参考答案：
1.b
2.d
3.b
4.b
5.b
6.c
7.a
8.d
9.c
Challenges are also along with opportunities.Culture shock, isolations, those ethical and social factors indirectly affects and damages the country's economy.
To maximize the opportunities and minimize the challenges, the Singaporean government has to set out suitable and practical policies to lead the country's economy into right track as well as to place immigrant workers into right positions.
An increasing number of immigrant demands is due to the insufficiency labor force present in market.Low birth rate gradually diminishes the amount of workforce; it causes vacancies and therefore, the national economic growth will be lower in future years.Immigrants hence can fill the gaps in this period.
However, the goods about immigrants are not as simple as filling the blanks, those people are trained and educated in their own countries, they are specialized in their own areas regardless the level of their skills.Immigrant workers are generally more professional and productive than locals because of their origins and cultural immersions.The businesses then will be able to enjoy the profits brought by division of labor and the accumulation of the higher profits eventually will lift upSingapore's economy.Adam Smith pointed out that specialization could improve productivityin his Wealth of nations; Immigration Checkpoint Authority (ICA) has also noticed this point to enact Professionals/technical personnel and skilled workers scheme for immigration.
Besides enhancing productivities, skilled immigrants themselves are economically valuable toSingapore, the country could enjoy contributions made by immigrants without provide or invest social welfare and education grants before they arrive in the country.Saving in these public expenditures indirectly means higher growth of GDP, and is also an alternative to develop more economic programmes with this saving.
Traditional stereotype for immigrants is that they come to the country to occupy the working places belong to natives, the truth is, instead of “seizing” jobs, foreign workers actually create more occupations in local market.This phenomenon takes place in economies with both high-skilled and low-skilled workers.Less educated immigrant workers are willing to take up jobs that are eschewed by locals.For example, when there is significant number of maids in country, locals can use their own advantages such as knowledge of the business environment to set up maid service companies.Hence, foreign workers satisfy their own needs as well as locals’ desires.
Another relationship between foreign workers and economic growth can be inferred from Julian Simon's points of the effect of population on economies scales.In simple words, it states that larger population implies larger total demand goods; larger total demand goods present larger job opportunities.With increasing number of immigrants, more goods would be consumed; more opportunities there are for people to specialize in particular tasks and professions.Larger divisions of labours provide more chances for people to perform in their specialized areas, thus it offers suitable jobs for natives, at the same time, raises productivity per worker, increase the country's GDP.
While opportunities appear, challenges present.Firstly, culture shocks cause less productivity of foreign workers.There is a period when people have to fit in a new environment, during this time, even highly-specialized workers are low productive due to external factors and the distraction to overcome those factors.Secondly, even worse than less productivities, high rate of foreign labor turnover triggered by culture shock and social integration damaged the performance of businesses, hence, decreases the economic growth rate.Foreigners are experiencing different level of isolation inSingapore.They are called as “incorporated but isolated”, the continuous feeling of excluded hinders foreign workers to stay and work in Singapore in long-term, though foreign talents can help to achieve economic growth, their emotions stop them to help Singapore more to achieve permanent economic growth.For individuals, the wealth indicator is not defined as the number of GDP, but GDP per capita.Immigrant workers may boost up the country's economy as a whole, but not always good for individual natives.
【关键词】经济学 术语 翻译策略 教科书
一、引言
1.经济学术语的概念界定。随着世界不断向前发展，关于经济学的概念的理解也在不断地改变着。就当前来看，大多数国家普遍对经济学的理解主要是基于美国经济学家萨缪尔森1948年在《经济学》一书中所给的定义，即经济学是一种用来研究人和社会选择的科学，并在将来把商品分配给各类成员的一种科学。根据该定义，我们发现经济学是一门研究如何对稀缺资源生产产品和提供服务进行利用，同时研究分配和消费的科学。
2. 经济学术语的主要特点。 经济学术语除有专业性、单义性这些术语通性之外，还具有以下特点：
（1）专名命名。经济学首先是源自于西方，然后从西方引入我国的，所以大多数经济学的教科书采用的仍然是西方经济学教材汉译本。而中国的大多数译本仍然是以西方作品中国化为根本的发展途径，所以作品大多数是改编而成的。考虑到很多经济学概念都是通过西方学者提出的，所以相关术语在进行翻译时，很可能就是直接使用提出者的名字进行命名。
（2）对义性。词语的对义性主要是指词语的意义的互相矛盾、互相对立，也就是在词语的表达概念在逻辑上具有一种矛盾或对立的关系。”在经济学中，经常会使用一组矛盾、对立的事物或对立的行为来表达相应的经济关系，所以术语往往是成对出现的。比如：law of demand（需求定理）与law of supply（供给定理）、explicit cost（显性成本）与implicit cost（隐性成本）、loses of exporting countries（出口国损失）与loses of importing countries（进口国损失），这些术语意思都相反或相对。
（3）系列性。一个新词进入经济学术语之后，发生连锁反应，产生了一些列与该中心词相关的词。如marginal（边际）一产生，带出了一系列经济学术语，Marginal benefit（边际利益）、marginal changes（边际变动）、marginal cost curve（边际成本曲线）、marginal product（边际产量）。
二、不规范现象归类分析
1.字面翻译。经济学术语不同于普通的词语的翻译，它们总是经济学领域中的许多概念的称谓。译者在翻译时，如果不考虑到词语的真正含义，而是根据词典的表面意思来一个字一个字地翻译，就会出现错译。如lump-sum tax，曼昆中译本译为“定额税”，萨缪尔斯中译本译为“一次性总付税收”。 income distribution，曼昆中译本译为“收入分配”、而萨缪尔斯中译本译为“收入分布”。而具体地，可以根据文本来定，例如下面的实例：
Suppose the government imposes a tax of $4，000 on everyone. That is， everyone owes the same amount， regardless of earnings or any actions that a person might take. Such a tax is called a lump-sum tax.
可以翻译成：假如政府向每个人征收4 000美元税。这也就意味着无论收入多少，也无论每个人将要采取怎样的行为，每个人都要交纳等量的税。所以把这种税称为定额税（lump-sum tax）。
2.选词不严谨。术语和概念唇齿相依，在科学研究中很多术语都是由概念而来，反过来术语又用在传播科学。有时，译者理解原文意思，但在选择译词时，没有斟酌词语的细微差别，从而导致译名不准确。如：rent control， 分别翻译成“租金控制”与“租金管制”；medicaid分别翻译成“医疗援助”与“医疗补助”。
3.语言欠简练。翻译科学术语，不仅要从科学概念体系出发，又要采用精炼的语言来描述，达到简单明了的目的。术语翻译时，要对语言进行锤炼，从而保证术语译名简洁。然而在经典教科书汉译本中还是会出现不简洁现象。
三、经济学术语汉译名不规范的原因
1.译者缺乏术语意识。术语意识是以对术语的性质与功能的认识而形成的严谨、科学地对待本专业术语，小心慎重地对待其他专业术语的自觉性。如果术语对人类认识客观世界的作用而不够了解，就很难可能会对术语产生一种严谨甚至敬畏的科学态度，而取而代之的是草率、随意。具备术语意识，才有可能去遵守术语翻译的相关规范，再依据术语定名规则翻译。
2.译者缺乏经济学知识。每一次出现了一个新的概念，就要定义一个新术语来表达这一概念，经济学是一门有较强的专业性的学科，如果只是知道语言知识，而缺乏经济学知识，往往很难准确地进行翻译。例如：business cycle有些经济学教科书译成“商业循环”，这是根据普通词语字面意思来翻译的，在微观经济学著作中显然是不准确的。在经济学中，business cycle应该译为“经济周期”，是指经济活动的波动，而不是指商业活动的循环进行，要准确翻译该词，就要全面了解经济学的概念。
3.译者缺乏严谨态度。经济学家考虑到教科书的特殊性，通常会通过例子、定义、图标等各种方式来说明术语的含义。译者翻译时，结合上下文通常可以理解术语含义，但在选择词义时，没有区分词语的细微差别，而造成选词不当的问题。
四、经济学术语的汉译有效性策略
1.专名命名法。经济学中很多术语的译名直接以概念创造者的名字命名。在翻译时，笔者也直接使用经济学家姓名作为术语译名的一部分。举例如下：
nlc202309012034
Pigouvian subsidy 庇古补贴
1a. A Pigouvian subsidy is a payment designed to encourage activities that yield external benefits. （Krugman 2010）
1b. 庇古补贴是用来鼓励产出外部效益行为的支付补偿。
分析：庇古是英国著名经济学家，剑桥学派的主要代表之一。词典中收录的以庇古命名的术语分别有“庇古税”、“庇古均衡”、“庇古效应”。在翻译此新术语时，也以该经济学家名字命名，翻译成“庇古行为”。
2.习惯表达法。术语翻译过程中，词语表达尽量选择符合交际语言习惯的词。举例如下：
depository bank 储蓄银行
2a. The Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 separated banks into two categories， commercial banks， depository banks that accepted deposits and were covered by deposit insurance. （Krugman 2010）
2b.1933年的《格拉斯-斯蒂格尔法案》将银行分成两类：商业银行和储蓄银行。储蓄银行接收存款，并购买储蓄保险。
分析：翻译成“存款银行”，意思也清楚，但不符合日常语言表达习惯，所以译成储蓄银行。
3.逆序翻译法。中文与英文尽管在语序上有所不同，中文通常将修饰语置于中心词前面。而英文，当修饰语较长时，就会把一部分修饰语变成介词短语、不定式置于中心词后面。就算英语修饰语全部前置，有时还要对其进行重新排列，符合中文的习惯。
4.类比借用法。经济学在发展的过程中，大量新概念通常使用日常词语表达，且部分词语在其它的领域还有类似的意义。这时，可以采用类比借用的方法来命名，由此得出的术语易于传播，且不失专业性的特点。
5.信息补偿法。“翻译是指在接受语再现原语信息并实现最近似的自然等值”， 所以翻译主要作用就是传递信息，实现源语功能。术语翻译的信息补偿是指术语翻译过程中，译者有意识的运用某些译语手段或符合译语规范或规约的其他语言手段补偿损失信息，将信息的损失最小化。在简短的术语中，尽量地把术语的含义表达出来。举例如下：
the arc method 弧段正切法
3a. The Arc Method of Calculating the Slope An arc of a curve is some piece or segment of that curve. For example， panel （a） of Figure 2A-4 shows an arc consisting of the segment of the curve between points A and B. To calculate the slope along a nonlinear curve using the arc method， you draw a straight line between the two end-points of the arc. The slope of that straight line is a measure of the average slope of the curve between those two end-points.
3b. 弧段正切法测斜率 弧段就是曲线上一部分或一段。比如：图2A-4中（a）板块显示的弧段是由曲线A点与B点之间的部分组成。沿着曲线使用弧段正切法测量斜率，可以在弧段的端点画一条直线。直线的斜率是就是两端点之间曲线的平均斜率。
五、结束语
关于经济类术语的翻译，我们仅仅要掌握好翻译的通用原则，更为重要的是对储备大量的经济学术语和尽可能地学习一些基本的经济学知识。只有了解了经济学知识以后，我们才能够根据自身已有的英文知识，翻译出更加精准的译文，从而达到不仅准确，而且流畅的翻译效果。
参考文献：
[1]王少爽.翻译专业学生术语能力培养：经验、现状与建议[J]. 外语界.2013（05）.
[2]冷冰冰.浅探术语教学走进翻译硕士课程体系[J].中国科技术语.2012（06）.
[3]王少爽.面向翻译的术语能力：理念、构成与培养[J].外语界. 2011（05）.
经济担保书英文翻译
financial support statement 我愿做__________国（地区）学生______________在南京大学学习期间的经济担保人，保证该生按时缴纳各种费用，该生不能支付有关费用时，由我负责支付。i am willing to be the financial supporter of mr./ms._________________________, a citizen of_____________________, during his /her stay at nanjing university as a student.i will make sure that he /she pay all the fees on time, and i will pay all the fees which he /she would fail to pay.姓名/name:_______________ 国籍/nationality:_______________ 证件号码/identification number:____________________ 与申请人关系
/relationship with the application:_______________________ 住址/address:____________________________________________________ 单位 /name of employer:_______________________________________________ 电话(住宅)/telephone number(home):__________________(单位/office):_________________ 担保人签字/signature:__________________________ 日期/date:_______________________篇三：中英文担保书
担 保 书
美利坚合众国驻 领事馆：
我们的孩子，男/女，出生于 年 月 日，护照号
码：，就读于 学校。参加 活动。我们保证他/她遵守一切规定，听从领队老师的命令，不私自离队，不单独行动，按时回国，他/她在美期间的一切费用由我们承担，如出现滞留不归的现象，我们愿意承担由此引起的一切经济后果和法律责任。
父亲签字：
母亲签字：
日期： 年 月 日 letter of guarantee signed by father: singed by mother: date:篇四：证件翻译之经济担保书英译样本
证件翻译之经济担保书英译样本
北京福瑞传翻译有限公司 提交于:2008-7-18 证件翻译之经济担保书英译样本
经济担保书是经济担保人为了对他人在国外留学期间所需要的费用进行担保而出具的一份带有声明性质的函件。取得合格的经济担保书,首先要确定有经济能力且自愿为申请人进行担保的合理的人选(如亲朋好友等), 其次必须由担保人出具经济担保的正式函件(包括自愿提供申请人在国外学习期间的学费、生活费等一切相关的费用)并签字, 三是须由担保人提供其本人的银行存款证明、收入证明或纳税证明等。对于经济担保证明书, 一般由担保人本人签字即可, 但最好经过其所在国家或地区的公证机关公证。经济担保书英文翻译（样本）financial support statement 我愿做__________国（地区）学生______________在南京大学学习期间的经济担保人，保证该生按时缴纳各种费用，该生不能支付有关费用时，由我负责支付。i am willing to be the financial supporter of mr./ms._________________________, a citizen of_____________________, during his /her stay at nanjing university as a student.i will make sure that he /she pay all the fees on time, and i will pay all the fees which he /she would fail to pay.姓名/name:_______________ 国籍/nationality:_______________ 证件号码/identification number:____________________ 与申请人关系/relationship with the application:_______________________ 住址/address:____________________________________________________
单位/name of employer:_______________________________________________ 电话(住宅)/telephone number(home):__________________(单位/office):_________________ 担保人签字/signature:__________________________ 日期/date:_______________________ 证件翻译之经济担保书英译样本
Name: Amanda
Gender: Female
Race: Han
Date of Birth:November7, 1991
Political Affiliation: LeagueMember
Address:Yantai in ShanDong province
Telephone: ***
Hobbies: watching movies
Education:
2003—2007HaoBin middle school
2007---2010No.1 Senior School, Shandong Province
2010---2014Changchun University of Technology
Major: international economics and trade
Language:
Chinese and English(both fluent in Listening, speaking, reading and writing)
Main Courses:
Extensive Reading, Spoken English， English Writing, Translation, advanced mathematics, international trade, basic accountancy
Awards and Scholarships:
2007The national physical orsay third prize
2010Four scholarship
Other Training:To participate in volunteer activities
Qualifications:The university English four levels of tests qualification certificate
Professional Experience:
Gender:**
Objective：To exercise work in company .06―now Studying Thai language in Bansomdejchaopraya Rajabhat University.Personal: Nationalities: Chinese
Age: **
Address: **********
Tel: *************
E-mail:*************
Language: Thai Language: Excellence English: well
Computer: Window2000/xp, Window Office2003, Photoshop CS etc.Activities:
Writing, reading ,photographing;
liking play football, tennis, ping-pong etc;
Be interested in research and survey, had ever organized a team and gone to several villages to survey about the Building a new socialist countryside twice in Wuming County, Guangxi Province. Experience:
.09-.07 I was a director of the Club of Computer and Internet, was an excellence reporter in university, and had ever published more than 40 pieces of news and other articles thought websites and newspapers of Guangxi University for Nationalities;
2006.07-2006.09 Once organized a team went to several villages twice in summer holiday and awarded “Provincial Excellent Person” of “culture, science and sanity” summer social practice sponsored by junior and senior college students in Guangxi Province ;
2006.03-2007.03 Once was the chief of the reporter team in Commercial College of Guangxi University for Nationalities;
刊名:Track Coach期号:2012年第199期
篇名 (作者) :
1.Interview With Kevin Tyler-UKA Head Of Coaching (By Russ Ebbets)
文摘:Canadian coach Kevin Tyler has been a major administrator of UK Athletics for the past three years, as the Brits point toward track & field success at the 2012 Olympics. In this interview with TC editor Russ Ebbets, he provides insight into the British system and their buildup to the Games.
2.The Takeoff Point In Fiberglass Vaulting (By David Bussabarger)
文摘:After looking at the available evidence, the author concludes that, although the so-called “free” takeoff in the pole vault is possible, it is unlikely that a vaulter can use a “free” takeoff without seriously impairing his/her takeoff mechanics. Consequently it's not likely that a vaulter using this takeoff model could achieve world class heights. This piece goes into why he has come to this conclusion, along with thoughts on “under” and “out” takeoffs.
3.Peak Performance and the Vegetarian Diet: Mortal Enemies or Peaceful Partners? (By Matthew Buns)
文摘:Any vegetarian athletes on your team? Here's a commonsense brief guide to advising them on their athletic nutritional needs.
4.Use Of The Olympic Lifts In Track & Field (By John M. Cissik)
文摘:Cissik has written numerous articles on strength training for this publication and many others. It is rare to have a strength expert talk so specifically about the benefits and challenges of such exercises for track & field athletes.
刊名:Track & Field New期号:2012年第2期
1.10 Big Things That Shaped 2011
文摘:This issue is dedicated to telling you about all the great things that the world's best athletes did in their running/jumping/throwing exploits during the pre-Olympic year.
2.Unlocking Bolt (a book review)
文摘:The book is Usain Bolt: The Story of the World's Fastest Man written by Steven Downes. The book is a fine read for any fan of the sport. It includes a statistical appendix listing Bolt's races and marks since 2001, 100-400m, showing WR progressions in the 100 and 200 and 4×100 since 1912, Olympic and World Champions, etc..
刊名:Runner's World期号:2012年第2期
Alternate Sides (By Matthew Kadey)
文摘:These unsung vegetables fortify your workouts-without boring your taste buds.
刊名:Modern Athlete & Coach期号:2012年第2期
1.Call Room Procedures
2.Psychology -Dealing With Injuries (Anthony Klarica)
3.Acupuncture-What Does It Do and What Injuries Can It Treat? (Howard Arbuthnot)
4.The Concept of Graded Exercises (Peter Lawler OAM)
5.Rotational Shot Put-A Comparison of Technique: Dylan Armstrong and Reese Hoffa (Don Babbitt)
6.A New Way to Improve Core Strength (Mepi Faoagali)
游泳 (Swimming)
刊名:Swimming World期号:2012年第2期
1.Olympic Flashback (By Jeff Commings with special contributions by Steve Johnson) (连载)
文摘:Each month from January through July, Swimming World will chronicle the history of swimming at the Olympic Games from Athens in 1896 through Beijing in 2008. This month: 1920-1936.
2.How They Train: Kayla Scott (By Michael J. Stott)
3.American Relay (By Judy Jacob)
体操 (Gymnastics)
刊名:World of Gymnastics期号:2012年第6期
Report: 23rd Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships in Lake Buena Vista, Florida (USA)
足球 (Soccer)
刊名:Success in Soccer期号:2012年第2期
1.Training a better double six (By Ralf Peter, Amateur Adult, Technical/Tactical Training)
2.The next match is always the hardest! (By Peter Feddern, team handball coach and coaching expert)
文摘:Tips on making the most of your pregame preparations
3.The concept of triangles (By Sam Snow, Youth Training, Technical/Tactical Training)
摔跤 (Wrestling)
刊名:Wrestling USA期号:2012年第2期
1.Where are They Now 1963 NCAAs Jim Nance: History-Making Heavyweight for Syracuse with wrestling historian Ed Ewoldt (By Mark Palmer)
2.Tough & Aggressive -Not be a Ruthless Angry Brute (Advice From a Champion, by Olympic Champion Ben Peterson)
运动心理 (Sport Psychology)
刊名:International Journal of Sport Psychology
期号:2012年第2期
1.Examining the motivation-performance relationship in competitive sport: A cluster-analytic approach
2.Associations of leisure, work-related and domestic physical activity with cognitive impairment in older adults
3.Examining the mediating role of cohesion between athlete leadership and athlete satisfaction in youth sport
4.Motor expertise influences strike and ball judgements in baseball
5.Chinese translation of the Flow-State SCale-2 and the Dispositional Flow Scale-2: Examination of factorial validity and reliability
刊名:Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport (RQES)
期号:2012年第2期
1.The Interaction of Functional and Dysfunctional Emotions During Balance Beam Performance
2.The Nature, Occurring Contexts, and Psychological Implications of Weight-Related Teasing in Urban Physical Education Programs
3.Motivation and Exercise Dependence: A Study Based on Self-Determination Theory
运动营养 (Sport Nutrition)
刊名:International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism期号:2012年第2期
1.The Effects of Acute Exercise Bouts on Hepcidin in Women
2.Methods of Body-Mass Reduction by Combat Sport Athletes
3.Restoration of Menses With Nonpharmacologic Therapy in College Athletes With Menstrual Disturbances: A 5-Year Retrospective Study
4.Acute Effects of a Caffeine-Taurine Energy Drink on Repeated Sprint Performance of American College Football Players
5.Energy Expenditure Estimate by Heart-Rate Monitor and a Portable Electromagnetic-Coil System
6.Energy Deficiency, Menstrual Disturbances, and Low Bone Mass: What Do Exercising Australian Women Know About the Female Athlete Triad?
7.Dietary Supplements for Improving Body Composition and Reducing Body Weight: Where Is the Evidence?
刊名:Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport (RQES)
期号:2012年第2期
Effects of Different Exercise Intensities With Isoenergetic Expenditures on C-Reactive Protein and Blood Lipid Levels
运动训练 (Sport Training)
刊名:Journal of Athletic Training期号:2012年第2期
1.A Methodologic Approach for Normalizing Angular Work and Velocity During Isotonic and Isokinetic Eccentric Training
2.Orthotic Intervention and Postural Stability in Participants With Functional Ankle Instability After an Accommodation Period
3.Discriminating Between Copers and People With Chronic Ankle Instability
4.Sex Differences, Hormone Fluctuations, Ankle Stability, and Dynamic Postural Control
5.Risk Factors Associated With Shoulder Pain and Disability Across the Lifespan of Competitive Swimmers
6.Identifying Multiplanar Knee Laxity Profiles and Associated Physical Characteristics
7.Skinfold Thickness at 8 Common Cryotherapy Sites in Various Athletic Populations
8.Limb Blood Flow After Class 4 Laser Therapy
9.Heat Stress and Cardiovascular, Hormonal, and Heat Shock Proteins in Humans
10.Injuries in Portuguese Youth Soccer Players During Training and Match Play
11.Epidemiology of Overuse and Acute Injuries Among Competitive Collegiate Athletes
12.Sports Nutrition Knowledge Among Collegiate Athletes, Coaches, Athletic Trainers, and Strength and Conditioning Specialists
13.Perceived Frequency of Peer-Assisted Learning in the Laboratory and Collegiate Clinical Settings
14.Psychometric Properties of Self-Report Concussion Scales and Checklists
15.Left Ventricle Fibrosis Associated With Nonsustained Ventricular Tachycardia in an Elite Athlete: Is Exercise Responsible? A Case Report
16.Exertional Rhabdomyolysis in a Collegiate American Football Player After Preventive Cold-Water Immersion: A Case Report
刊名:Strength and Conditioning Journal期号:2012年第2期
1.Maximum Speed: Misconceptions of Sprinting
2.Diversity of Strength Training Methods: A Theoretical Approach
3.Strength and Conditioning for Brazilian Jiu-jitsu
4.Injury Prevention for Throwing Athletes PartⅠ: Baseball Bat Training to Enhance Medial Elbow Dynamic Stability
5.Task Complexity and Jump Landings in Injury Prevention for Basketball Players
体育产业 (Sport Industry)
刊名:Sport Marketing Quarterly (SMQ) 期号:2012年第2期
1.An Antecedent Model of Team Identification in the Context of Professional Soccer
2.Differentiation of Social Marketing and Cause-Related Marketing in US Professional Sport
3.An Empirical Examination of University Intercollegiate Athletic Expenditures
4.The Robin Center: Is Less More? (Case Study)
5.The Ongoing Fight for the Fighting Sioux (Sport Marketing and the Law)
刊名:SportBusiness International期号:2012年第3期
The Top 10 Deals
文摘:Dan Horlock looks at the most valuable sports rights deals since Sportel Monaco 2011.
刊名:Club Business International (CBI) 期号:2012年第2期
1.Fitness Capital of the World (By Patricia Amend)
文摘:IHRSA's 31st Annual International Convention and Trade Show
2.The 2011 Profiles of Success (By Patricia Amend)
文摘:It is the excerpt from IHRSA's annual report IHRSA's Profiles of Success: The Annual Industry Data Survey of the Health and Fitness Club Industry (IHRSA: International Health, Racquet & Sportsclub Association) .
3.Creating Connections and Credibility (By Julie King)
文摘:Online directories of fitness trainers are helping to increase industry professionalism
体育教育 (Sport Pedagogy)
刊名:Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport (RQES)
期号:2012年第2期
1.Exergaming Impact on Physical Activity and Interest in Elementary School Children
2.An Accomplished Teacher's Use of Scaffolding During a Second-Grade Unit on Designing Games
3.College Students' Perspectives, Goals, and Strategies in Sport Education
4.Physical Education “in All Sorts of Corners:” Student Activists Transgressing Formal Physical Education Curricular Boundaries
综合 (General)
刊名:Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport (RQES)
期号:2012年第2期
1.Expert Anticipatory Skill in Striking Sports: A Review and a Model
2.Quiet Eye Duration Is Responsive to Variability of Practice and to the Axis of Target Changes
书目 (Books)
1.A Contemporary History of Women's Sport (Routledge Research in Sports History) 《当代妇女运动史》, By Jean Williams, Pub: Routledge
ISBN: 9780415886017, 年代:2012, 页数:240
2.Research and Practice in Physical Education 《体育教学研究与实践》By Deborah Tannehill; Ann MacPhail (ed.) , Pub: Routledge
“真皮标志”英文版标牌主要供企业在出口产品时配挂，其规格尺寸、图案色彩等外观上与中文版保持一致，区别在于使用文字为英文。英文版内涵沿袭其中文版内容，同时加入了“环保、诚信、品质、时尚”等新鲜元素。此举是为了应对日益常态化的国际贸易摩擦。
中国皮革协会12日正式启用“真皮标志”英文版标牌。为了配合标牌的使用，“真皮标志”英文版证书、“真皮标志生態皮革”英文版证书也同时启用。
“真皮标志”是中国皮革协会1994年注册的证明商标，是中国证明商标的首例试点。“真皮标志”是中国皮革工业协会以第三方的身份向社会承诺，保证真皮产品质量的一种认证标志。佩挂该标志的产品必须是由天然皮革制作而成，产品应符合有关行业标准和国家标准，并达到真皮标志技术手册的有关规定，而且产品还必须有良好的售后服务。每个佩挂真皮标志的产品生产企业有一个专用编号，编号为8位数，其中包括产品类型、生产企业、行政区域分布、商标、生产年度等参数，是真皮产品的凭证。
目前，“真皮标志”已在14个国家进行了国际注册。截至2006年底，配挂“真皮标志”的产品已达450多个，涵盖了鞋、皮革服装、毛皮服装和箱包等产品。“真皮标志”英文版标牌主要供企业在出口产品时配挂，其规格尺寸、图案色彩等外观上与中文版保持一致，区别在于使用文字为英文。英文版内涵沿袭其中文版内容，同时加入了“环保、诚信、品质、时尚”等新鲜元素。目前欧盟对中国皮鞋征收反倾销税的大局已定，今后两年皮革协会将一方面通过在更多国家注册“真皮标志”，加快中国皮革行业品牌国际化进程；另一方面将及时向企业提供欧盟动态和复审条件等信息，引导企业规避未来可能遭遇的贸易摩擦。
据中国皮革协会2007年1月12日公布的数据显示，2006年前11个月中国鞋类产品出口总额为190．8亿美元，同比增长14．8％，增幅比上年同期降低12个百分点。
同期，中国共出口各类鞋69．7亿双，同比增长11％，增幅降低7个百分点。“欧盟对皮面皮鞋反倾销是导致鞋类产品出口增速大幅回落的主要原因”，中国皮革协会秘书长苏超英在表示。他同时指出，受生皮加工贸易取消、出口退税下调、人民币升值等多种因素影响，去年中国皮革行业整体增长速度明显放缓。
