高三英语语法优质课(共6篇)
广东省兴宁市兴民中学 刘飞宇
英语教学是一种动态教学,教学过程是交际活动过程。只有从组织教学活动入手,大量地进行语言实践,使英语课堂交际化,才能有效地培养学生运用英语进行交际的能力。本人结合区级研究课题“高中英语任务型课堂教学课题”的实施和本班学生的实际,对高三语法复习课---虚拟语气进行了操作性较强的处理。
一、教材分析:
本课是结合外研社高中英语教材选修6中有关虚拟语气的语法内容,进行高三英语语法---虚拟语气的复习,我在教学中将语法知识的传授和语言基本技能的学习结合到一起,注重复习语法与语言的运用。采用任务型教学法和小组合作探究学习法,从而扩大课堂的语言输入量及学生的语言输出量。
二、学情分析:
在高一和高二两年英语学习的基础上,高三学生已经掌握了基本的语言结构和一定程度的听说读写能力。在高三语法复习的过程中,结合学生原有的知识掌握水平,巩固基础强化正确使用语法知识,提高学生运用语言的深度和难度,为高考和大学的进一步学习研究打下坚实的基础。但大部分学生的基础知识仍然较为薄弱,运用英语进行交际活动的能力较差,主动学习的动力不够,然而他们学习比较认真,好胜心强,渴望在班集体里得到他人的承认,很在乎别人对他们的评价,求知欲旺盛,思维比较活跃。部分学生的基础较好,能主动配合老师,愿意开口讲。他们有着高中生独立、爱表现自我的特点。因此,只有设置使他们感兴趣的活动,因材施教,才能让他们投入到课堂活动中来。
三、教学重点:
1.把握本课复习的重点---语法虚拟语气的句型结构
2.语法虚拟语气的运用
四、教学难点:
1.结合复习的语法知识,以课堂教学为依托,全面训练学生的听、说、读、写能力,加强和提高运用英语的综合能力。
2.虚拟语气在真实的生活语境中的使用。
五、教学目标:
1.知识目标:引导学生准确把握情态动词在虚拟语气之中的使用。根据该语法规律解决实际问
题。重语境,探语义,培养学生通读,分析,理解,综合的能力,教会学生体察语境,结合上下文,附和逻辑推理和合理的想象,依靠语法但不拘泥于语法,结合语法和题干中的语境解决高考题。在运用语言的过程中培养学生的观察力、分析力、想象力和自学能力,帮助学生加强记忆力,提高思维能力和运用英语的综合能力,激发创造能力。
2.能力目标:利用多媒体手段营造积极和谐教学氛围,使学生不自觉地进入情景之中,充分调动学生的思维活动和情感体验,规范学生运用英语知识准确表达的能力,同时,发展学生综合语言运用的能力,着重提高学生获取信息,处理信息,分析问题和解决问题的能力,培养学生自主学习。
六、教学策略:
本课我主要采用教学方法---任务型教学法:任务型教学法是让学生在课堂活动中获得知识。任务完成的过程,就是一个知识转化的过程。它应具备以下特点:(1)以任务为中心,而不是以操练语言形式为目的。(2)任务的设计焦点应该是解决某一具体的贴近学生生活的问题。在任务型语言教学中,教师要从学生“学”的角度来设计教学活动,使学生的学习活动具有明确的目标,并构成一个有梯度的连续活动。在教师精心设计的各种“任务”中,学生能够不断地获得知识并得出结论,从注重语言本身转变为注重语言习得。
七、学习策略:
非测试性评价体现新课程标准的实施效果,评价体系“正确反映外语学习的本质和过程,满足学生发展的需要。” 为了达到这一目标,本课我将各种活动设计成小组活动并开展小组竞赛和填写课堂自我评价表等非测试性评价手段,帮助学生养成自主学习与合作学习的能力,培养创新意识和实践能力,以及具备科学的价值观。
八、教学设计:
1.总体思路
将本节课的主要内容分为 Warming up(热身)Presentation(导入)Revision(语法复习)Consolidation(知识巩固)以及Writing(写作应用)。其中热身及导入部分相结合,由欣赏名篇名句入手,再进行英文诗歌朗诵比赛活动,旨在让学生处于兴奋的状态,是学生通过听、说、读等活动熟悉学习的主题。学习的主体环节由复习、巩固和实际应用三个环节构成,所设计的问题精心挑选,学习活动层层深入,着眼于提高学生对语法知识的运用能力。
2.教学过程
Step1 Warming up(5 minutes)Discuss about the pictures together , and express their ideas freely.Such as, What would you do now, if you lost your vision or other valuable things ? You
wish„„
Step2Presentation(8 minutes)
Hold an English poem recital competition.Task1:Divide the whole class into a number of groups.Each group asks one student to act as the competitor with music
Living life over
If I had my life live over I would have talked less and listened more
I would have invited my friend over to dinner even if the carpet was strained and the sofa faded I would have taken the time to listen to my grandfather ramble about his youth…
I would never have insisted the car windows be rolled up in the summer day because my hair had just been teased and sprayed.I would have burned the pinked candle sculpted like a rose before it melted into storage
I would have sat on the lawn with my children and not worried about the grass strains
I would have cried and laughed less while watching television---and more while watching life I would have gone to bed when I was sick instead of pretending the earth would go into a holding patter if I were not there for the day.I would never have bought anything just because it was practical would not show soil or was guaranteed to lastlife time.There would have been more “I love you”…… more “I am sorry”……but mostly ,given another shorts at life ,I would seize every minute…look at it and really see it ……live it ……and never give it back.(译文:如果时间倒流,我会少说多听。我会请朋友来家里吃饭,即使地毯脏了,沙发褪色了。我会抽时间听祖父唠叨他的青年时代。我不会因为刚刚把头发梳理定型而要求夏天关上车窗。我会点燃那支雕成玫瑰状的蜡烛,而不会让它在尘封中融化。我会与孩子们坐在草地上,不去担心草地上的污渍。我会把泪水和笑声更多得留给观察人生,而不是看电视。如果生病了,我会卧床休息,而不是自认为没有我,地球就不转了。我不会买那些仅仅是实用或者不显脏或者保证能用一生的东西。我会更多地说,“我爱你”„„ “对不起”„„然而,最重要的是,如果有来生,我会抓住每一秒,看人生„„体验人生„„再也不放手。)Task2:Choose the best group that read the poem with their deepest feeling.Step3 Revision(6 minutes)
Firstly,ask the students to answer the questions in groups to summarize the basic structure of the grammar.And then find out how to use the grammar correctly.1.If there _______(be)no computer, the students _______(learn)much now.2.If there _______(not be)the war, people _______(live)a happier life in the future.3.If you ________(come)yesterday, you _______(see)Jackie Chen.4.If you________(attend)the concert , your oral English ________(become)better now.5.But for the PLA, people _______(suffer)a lot in the earthquake.Step4 Consolidation(5minutes)
Give the students some examples that have been used in the Tianjin College Entrance Examination, which can promote the students to prepare for the examinations from the bottom of their hearts.13.If Newton lived today, he would be surprised by what ______ in science and technology.A.haddiscoveredB.hadbeendiscovered
C.hasdiscoveredD.hasbeendiscovered
15.This printer is of good quality.If it ______ break down within the first year, we would repair it at our expense.A.wouldB.shouldC.couldD.might
15.---John went to the hospital alone.---If he ____ me about it, I would have gone with him.A.should tellB.tellsC.toldD.had told
Step5 Writing(20 minutes)
How to express true feelings with the help of the grammar.And ask the students to say and write down their ideas in English.Task1: Summarize the grammar with the students and write down what they said on the blackboard.(3 minutes)
1.If…did/were , …would/could/should/might do…
2.If …had done , …would/could/should/might have done…
3.If…did/ were to/should do ,…would/could/should/might do…
Task 2: Discuss the sentences in groups and encourage the students to express their feelings in English as follows(4 minutes):
1.我现在有些后悔把本该用在学习上的时间浪费在玩电脑游戏上了。
I regret wasting the time which I should have spent on my studies playing computer games.2.英语本该是我擅长的学科,但我在上面投入的时间和精力都太少了。
I could have been good at English, but I devoted too little time and energy to it.3.如果我两年前像现在一样用功,现在我的成绩就会令人满意的多。
If I had worked two years ago as hard as I do now, my grades would be much more satisfactory now.Task 3: Broaden their horizon to use the grammar in some other different ways , discuss their ideas and write the answers on the blackboard.(6minutes)
1.我的老师建议我制定学习计划并认真的执行。
(1)My teacher suggests that I should make a study plan and carry it out very seriously.(2)It is suggested that I should make…
(3)My teacher’s suggestion is that I should make…
(4)My teacher has made the suggestion that I should make…
2.现在,我学习起来好像永不疲倦一样。我相信,坚持不懈和决心会助我成功。At present, I am learning as if I were never tired.I believe that my perseverance and determination will lead to my success.Task 4: Encourage the students to collect the main ideas to form a good composition,the students can cooperate to finish the task, as follows(7 minutes):
It will be a few months before we take the College Entrance Examination.And I should be devoted to my studies.Now I regret wasting the time which I should have spent on my studies playing computer games.I could have been good at English, but I devoted too little time and energy to it.In my view, if I had worked two years ago as hard as I do now, my grades would be much more satisfactory now.As a result, My teacher suggests that I should make a study plan and carry it out very seriously.Believe it or not, I got a high mark at the exam, which encourage me a lot.At present, I am learning as if I were never tired.I believe that my perseverance and determination will lead to my success.Step5 Assignment(1 minute)
1.Oral practice---summarize the grammar and talk about where and how we can use it.(口语练习)
2.Ask the students to finish the composition we have talked about or write a composition about your dream that can hardly be realized in your daily life , such as walking in the space , living under the sea , making a journeyin 3000 and so on.Motivate the students to use the grammar “the subjunctive mood” to organize the sentences and form the composition.(写作训练)
本节课我通过不同的任务设置,让学生在小组活动中通过合作和探究来完成各个任务。新教材要求教师改变单纯进行语法教学的方式,将语言的形式与其意义、交际功能有机的结合起来,通过在实际的语言运用中内化语言规则,从而使学生达到能准确运用语言进行有效交际的目的。但是,在农村大多数学生离开课堂之后并没有多少听说英语的练习机会,他们十分缺少环境英语的反复刺激。导致学生的语言基础不扎实,在表达自己的看法和用英语进行讨论时,不时有学生夹杂着汉语,或有的学生不敢大胆说出自己的看法,欲言又止。所以在学生进行小组活动时,应尽量给学生更多的帮助,主动了解学生的语言困难。
一、高三英语语法复习应尽量做到分散围歼, 集中突破
在高三复习备考中, 我将语法教学应与其它类型的教学形式穿插进行, 这样既让学生有消化、领悟、记忆的时间, 也避免了长时间语法教学的枯燥性, 但到高考前应就重点语法, 如时态、语态;非谓语;情态动词;从句;倒装;主谓一致;强调句型等以完成句子以形式编印30~50道试题, 集中强化训练, 达到集中突破的效果。
二、语法复习要有针对性
所谓针对性是指两个方面:一要针对学生的薄弱环节、学生的困惑点、疑难点。如时态讲解时, 学生往往对现在完成时难以理解, 不能区分过去时与现在完成时;过去时与过去完成时。而对进行时和将来时掌握得较好;二是要针对历年高考的常考点, 在练习后去感悟与反思, 体察做对和做错的原因, 做到有的放矢。因此, 教师在复习归纳时不宜面面俱到, 应有所侧重, 更不应该把时间精力浪费在偏题、怪题上。
三、注重练习, 讲究方法, 重在运用和反馈
语法教学绝不能让学生仅仅能发现、归纳出语言形式和规则就到此止步, 教师还必须向前迈出两步, 那就是认真设计巩固操练和实际运用两个环节的教学活动。任何语言形式只有通过实践才能加深理解, 只有通过实际运用, 特别要通过在实际交际或者仿实际交际活动中去运用才能内化其规则、才能真正掌握。
1.句型变换法
就是把有些复合句、被动句、倒装句、强调句等转化成便于理解的简单句、主动句、陈述句等。对于有些题来说, 若找准关键的提示词 (如but, and, otherwise, before等) 就会迎刃而解。
这种题型能让学生扩大知识面, 增加运用英语的能力和提高他们自身的语法水平。在教学中, 我们常常发现有的同学对句型不能深刻理解, 灵活掌握, 生搬硬套, 死记硬背。如:It is said; It is believed;It is reported;It is known中, 后面应跟that从句, 而it没有实际意义, 是形式主语。而当it的位置是真实的主语时, 后面应该是不定式的各种体态。可改写为, SB is said to do /to have done结构。例如, He is considered to have broken the window.
2.结构分析法
句子结构复杂, 迷惑性大, 这时需要仔细分析, 弄清句子结构, 为了快捷、准确地理解题意, 去掉插入语或附加成分, 就会迅速找出答案, 有时为了使语言生动、自然、简洁, 英语句子经常采用省略形式。答题时要尽可能把省略部分补全分析。
例如:__do you think will win the race?
其中, do you think是插入成分, 去掉。句子缺少主语, 故应填Who。
四、学会归纳语法项目, 使之条理化
帮助学生把多年所学的零散、孤立的知识有机地结合起来, 构建知识网络, 形成较为完整的知识体系, 并引导学生一起总结带有规律性的东西, 与此同时, 有针对性的练习要跟上。
五、学会运用类比, 掌握易混点、易错点
在复习一项语法时, 要帮助学生把孤立的、零散的知识串联起来, 同中求异, 异中求同, 克服易混点、易错点, 让学生从纷繁复杂的语言现象中轻松愉快的接受知识, 掌握科学的学习方法, 收到事半功倍效果。学生采用类比学习策略, 还可以为自己学好英语, 甚至为自己未来的学习和成功奠定基础。例如, 在分别学习完宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句和同位语从句后, 可用以下一组句子对名词性从句进行结构对比:
We don't know when Tom will come back.
The question is when Tom will come back.
When Tom will come back is not known yet.
We have no idea when Tom will come back.
然后, 将名词性从句的词序特征, 以及四大类连接词:that, if/whether, wh-, 及关系代词型what的使用加以对比、归纳、总结。让学生对整个名词性从句的全貌有所了解, 进而达到能正确运用好名词性从句的目的。
六、了解其语言文化和语言发展变化, 避免汉语式错误
有的学生对于文化知识或是自身缺少了解, 知识面不够广博, 或是以为文化知识对学习语言, 对提高考试成绩无多大关系, 因此往往一带而过, 甚至干脆置之一旁。这种做法的弊端是显而易见的。绝大部分学生脑袋中也装满了单词和短语, 可惜无法说出一个完整的句子, 学到的仍然是“哑巴英语”。由于以上种种原因, 虽然平时注意听、说训练, 学习者能够运用所学的词汇进行简单交流, 但由于对语言差异问题缺乏了解, 以至于词汇使用不当。我们的学生在写作中最大的毛病是Chinglish (汉语式英语) , 既糟蹋了英语, 又曲解了汉语。一个简单句中出现两个主要谓语动词等比比皆是。
七、记忆佳句格言
就是精选一些包含某些语法结构的典型句子, 让学生通过记忆和运用这些句子而起到既能背诵一些经典句子, 又能熟悉运用某项语法形式的作用, 达到一箭双雕、双重获益的效果。
总之, 在英语教学过程中, 我们充分调动学生学习的积极性, 使其以积极的态度, 最大限度地参与到课堂活动中来。在复习过程中, 每复习一个教学内容, 要尽量放手让学生在课堂上“自我表现”, 让他们从传统地听课、记笔记、背诵、考试的模式中解脱出来, 自觉地进行归纳总结, 找出重点、难点, 整理出词组和句型, 自己去思考。让学生从分析、思考、对比、归纳、总结、合作交流中感悟和提高。“English can’t be taught. It must be learned.”英语语法也是如此。
参考文献
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[3]熊川武.说反思性教学的理论与实践.上海教育科研, 2002, (6) .
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1.情态动词shall
A 用在第一,三人称表请求或征询他人建议
例:You are sweating with that huge suitcase. ___ I give you a hand?
A. shallB. shouldC. willD. would
B用在第二,三人称表警告,命令,建议;说话者意图;相关法规,命令
例:China has warned America that it ____ be responsible for its arms sale to Taiwan.
A. canB. mayC. willD. shall
2.情态动词must
A必须
B一定是must be+n./adj./doing(肯定)/can’t be+n./adj./doing(否定)
一定已经 must have done sth. (肯定)/couldn’t have done sth.(否定)
(常在反意疑问句和虚拟语气中有所涉及)
例:1) She must be a teacher, isn’t she?
2)They must have passed the exam, haven’t they?试比较:
They must have passed the exam yesterday, didn’t they?
C 偏要
例:“May I smoke here?” “If you ____, do it in the smoking section.”
A. canB. must C. will D. shall
3.情态动词should
A 应该
例:“I wonder if I can board the plane with this return ticket.” “There ____ be no problem. Your ticket is valid until the end of this month.”(2011, 南京二模,25题)
A. must B. shallC. should D. might
B 竟然
例:She just couldn’t believe that her husband, to whom she had been loyal for many years, ____ desert her after he became rich. (2009 陕西师大附中二模)
A. might B. shouldC. shall D. must
C 万一
例:The iPod is of good quality. If it ____ break down within the first year, we would repair it at our expense. (2011, 扬州三模,31题)
A. would B. should C. could D. might
D 聯想:虚拟语气中含should的句式
1)suggest(建议)/insist/order/command/require/request/demand that sb. (should) do sth.
4.情态动词+have done结构
1)must have done 2)may/might have done 3)can/could have done 4)should/ought to have done 5)needn’t have done 6)would like to have done 7)had better have done 8)would rather have done
例:“John is really expert at fighting cybercrime!” “Yes, but he ____ his potential if it had not been for his desire to meet the new challenge.” (2011, 南通一模25题)
A. never realized
B. would never realize
C. would never have realized
D. had never realized
5.从句省略
if, unless引导的条件状语从句;although; though引导的让步状语从句;when, while引导的时间状语从句,如果这三类从句的主语和主句的主语一致,可将这三类从句中的主语和be动词省略。
例:Alcohol is classified as a downer, and although it is legal, it can damage the liver and and do great harm if ____ in large quantities.
A. consume B. to consume
C. consumedD. consuming
6.倒装句
A 完全倒装
例:For a moment nothing happened, then ____ all shouting together. (2009福建)
A. voices had comeB. came voices
C. voices would comeD. did voices come
Ba.部分倒装(not until…)
例: Not until all the fish died in the river ____ how serious pollution was.
A. did the villagers realize
B. the villagers realized
C. the villagers did realize
D. didn’t the villagers realize
句型归纳:They didn’t have dinner until their father came home last night.
It was not until his father came home last night that they had dinner.
Not until their father came home last night did they have dinner.
Bb.部分倒装(so/such位于句首)
例: “It’s raining cats and dogs.” “____.”
A. So it isB. So is it
C. Neither it isD. Neither is it
Bc.部分倒装(as引导让步状语从句)
Child as he is, he knows a lot about the history of our country.
7.强调句常考题型
A 强调句的疑问句式
Can you tell me ____ makes LiuXiang so successful?
A. what is it thatB. why it is that
C. what it is thatD. what it is which
B 复杂句型中的强调句
It was just in the room ____ he was born ____ he died.
A. where; whichB. that; that
C. where; that D. which; that
8. with复合结构
1.He came in with a book in his hand.
2.In summer, people like to sleep with window open.
3.With work done, he left the office and went home.
4.With winter coming, many birds fly to the south.
5.With a lot of work to do, we have to stay up late tonight.
9.非谓语动词
A have
have sb. do/doing sth.
have sth. done
have sth. to do/have sth. to be done
have trouble/difficulty/problem/pleasure/a difficult time in doing sth.
B remain
例:With the ____ ten dollars, I can only buy some bread.
A. remined B. remains
C. remainD. remaining
C 考查主從句主语是否一致
例:To be qualified for the job, ____.
A. practical skills in electronics are needed
B. it is reported that one has practical skills in electronics
C. one needs to acquire practical skills in electronics
D. practical skills in electronics are important
10.句型sb. be said(reported, believed, thought…) to be+n./adj./doing
sb. be said (reported, believed, thought…) to do
sb. be said(reported, believed, thought…) to have done sth.
sb. be said(reported, believed, thought…) to have been doing
11. 倍数表达
1. My room is three times the size of that one.
2. I have twice as many books as you do.
3. The building is twice higher than that one.
4. The length of the railway is three times what it was ten years ago.
12. before在……之前;还没来得及……就……
例:The doctors said it would be months ____ he was fit for work.
A. thatB. whenC. onceD. before
以上选取的习题均是近三年在高三英语语法复习阶段的考题。通过重新编排与组合,希望能给学生们带来一些帮助。习题无限,但通过老师们的思考和探索,完全可以将学生们从题海中解放出来,达到最好的复习效果。
参考文献:
1.《完胜——新高考英语一轮优化讲练》
2.2008-2009全国各地高考试题
复合不定代词
由some,any,no,every加上-body,-one,-thing构成的不定代词,叫做复合不定代词。
1)复合不定代词有
a) somebody 某人 someone某人
something某物,某事
b) anybody 任何人 anyone 任何人
anything任何事物
c) nobody 无一人no one无一人
nothing [5nQWiN]无一物
d)everybody,everyone每人,大家,人人
everything每一个事物,一切
2)复合不定代词的用法
a)复合不定代词只相当于名词,在句中用作主语、宾语和表语。如:
Everything is made of elements.任何东西都是元素构成的。(作主语)
I have got nothing to say.我没有什么话要说。(作宾语)
something和anything的区别与some和any的.区别一样,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件状语从句中。如:
Have you anything to say about this question? -No, I havent anything to say. (或I have nothing to say.)(或Yes, I have something to say.) 关于这个问题,你有什么话要讲吗?--我没有什么话要讲。(我有话要说。)
例1:He did not done_____his father had asked him to do.
审题可知,横线所在为宾语从句的引导词,此引导词在从旬中充当宾语,且指物,所以是what。
例2:Those_____want to go to the village must sign here.
经过观察可以判断横线所在为定语从句的引导词,进一步观察可知先行词为those,且指人,所以只能填入who,在定语从句中做主语。
高中英语语法填空第九招:短语动词结构。
短语动词是以动词为中心的两个或多个词构成的短语,此类短语中往往是动词与介词或副词连用的多些。这种会有许多固定搭配,需要多多积累一些使用频率较高的短语动词搭配。
例1:The us consists____fifty states.
根据常识可知,美国由50个州组成,故横线处与前一词组合,表示“由......组成”,所以答案是of。
例2:Mrs Baker was ill,so her daughter had to ask for
leave to take_____of her.
生病需要人照顾,所以答案是care,与前后词构成take care of。
高中英语语法填空第十招:短语介词结构。
短语介词即多个词的组合。起介词作用的短语,如:except for,due to等。这种词语结构都是固定的,也是需要重点记忆的。
例1:Mr Smith took a plane to London____of taking a train.
此题中说到两种交通工具,所以可以理解此句有“坐……而不是坐……”的意思,故答案为instead,以构成介词短语instead of。
例2:Just then,he saw a blackboard in_____of him.
一、落实因材施教, 实施分层教学
“因材施教”对于语法复习课来说, 尤其有它的重要性和必要性。语法复习如果只是单纯地将语法重点再重新归纳总结演示一遍, 基础好的学生会因为学不到新的东西而失去兴趣;基础不好的学生仍然是听不懂;而本来对分散的语法点稍有了解的学生可能会因为知识点的整合和归纳而混淆, 出现“你不讲我还明白, 你越讲我越糊涂”的现象。所以, 在复习的最初就一定要注意因人而异, 给不同程度的学生确定不同的目标。评价方式也应该各有不同。只有在一开始就确定分层的评价制度, 我们的教学才能更有针对性。因此, 在复习前, 建议对不同程度的学生做出不同的具体要求, 对优等生少讲多练, 使之有时间自主学习, 注重培养其综合运用知识的能力和解题技巧;对中等生实施“双基”教学, 注重课本中的原句和习题的处理, 在掌握基础知识和提高基本技能上下功夫;对基础差的学生应以考点为主, 使其掌握语法的基本概念, 掌握必要的基本知识和解题技能。课堂上运用以好带差的方式, 让学生相互之间帮助解决一些基本问题。平时的练习题分为基础题、综合题和提高题, 分别对应三组学生, 让他们在各自的基础上都有提高。
二、紧扣高考大纲, 把握复习难度
对于高考备考而言, 语法复习掌控在怎样的一个范围之内是需要慎重权衡的。复习中任何的拔高或降低都会误导学生, 或使其沉溺于语法练习, 效率低下, 劳而无功;反之, 若复习中轻视语法这一环节, 一带而过, 将无所收获。比如, 在语法复习课上, 教师费力地讲解非谓语动词的逻辑主语问题, 实际上只要教会学生辨析其与所修饰的词或句子主语间的语态 (主被动关系) 即可, 因为高考大纲对此并未作过多的要求。再如, 复习中教师常强调冠词的一些特殊用法, 忽略其最基本的、表泛指或特指的用法;可是在近年高考真题中多是对此用法的考查。因此把握语法复习的难度务必紧扣考纲要求, 高考考查什么, 我们就复习什么、训练什么, 竭力避免反复的无效劳动。在充分考虑学情的前提下, 无论是语法知识的拓宽与延深, 课堂的设计与操控, 还是练习的难度与数量, 终极目标都要落在高考大纲考点上, 用这把尺子去衡量和把握复习的难度, 一定能达到事半功倍的成效。
三、掌握基础语法, 侧重高频考点
如上所述, 语法专题复习要从考纲要求的方面来把握。在实际复习中, 教师应逐一对照考纲要求对基础语法进行整合梳理, 精心选择, 构建脉络清晰和简练实用的语法知识体系。高考测试的基础语法包括动词时态、语态、情态动词、非谓语动词、名词、形容词、副词、连词、冠词、代词、介词、复合句、强调句、感叹句、倒装句、反意疑问句、省略句和it的用法等;教师应在语法复习中, 在对基础语法进行简化归类、加以取舍的同时, 不能放过历年高考的高频考点。在这些测试项目中, 动词及非谓语动词形式又是重点中的测试重点。从这几年语法测试题看, 动词的比例占有率相当大。如在2011年试卷中, 单选部分对于动词的考查达到了前所未有的比例。考查方向包括:1.动词短语。对于动词短语的考查是放在特定的场景之下、作为交际用语, 所以教师要指导学生在理解句意的基础上, 辨析词义, 进行选择。2.动词时态。众所周知, 英语和汉语存在着诸多区别, 其中时态是最大差别之一。中文中对于时态的表意十分模糊, 没有固定的规范, 而英文则不同, 五花八门的时态各司其职, 时态成为了高考语法的高频考点。3.情态动词。自初中起, 我们便开始接触到了形形色色的情态动词, 作为传情表意的好方法, 高考同样不会放过情态动词的考查。与中考等低年级考试不同的是, 高考中的情态动词考法通常会与时态等多个知识点相结合。因此, 在复习过程中, 教师指导学生首先要弄清楚各个情态动词的基本含义和用法, 再次要重点关注一些特殊用法, 如“情态动词+have done sth.”表示推测意义等;最后, 则同样是要结合上下文加以准确判断。
四、研读高考真题, 注重语境突破
语法复习备考时, 应多多研究高考真题, 注重从语境作为解题突破口, 结合高考的命题思路, 指导学生有效地复习。近几年的高考单项填空题不再考查“纯语法”或“纯词汇”, 而是在特定语境中考查考生综合运用语言的能力。但是单项填空题涉及面广, 试题设计灵活多变, 因此, 要求考生对每一道题都不能掉以轻心, 必须认真审题和解题, 细致观察, 灵活运用掌握的语言知识技巧进行答题。例如, 考查动词时态, 不给出明确时间状语, 重点放在对每一时态最基本含义的理解方面。因为近年高考有关时态的考题多以语境化形式出现, 很少有语法书中强调的明显的时间状语。如果概念不清, 不懂语境和语用, 是无法解答高考题的。如2011年高考江苏卷第1题:…I hear you___in a pub.What’s it like?……Well, it’s very hard work and I’m always tired, but I don’t mind. (A.are working B.will work C.were working D.will be working) 此题没有标志性的时间, 我们就要根据语义来合理地推测语境中的时态。对话中, 第二句说“这是一份困难的工作, 而且我经常很累, 但是我不介意”, 整个语境都用的一般现在时, 说明这是描述目前的情况, 所以选择A选项, 用现在进行时描述现阶段长期重复的一个动作。这一特性通过语境体现得淋漓尽致。这种测试形式在高考单项填空题中非常有效地考查考生是否能灵活运用所学语法知识的能力, 因此要指导考生学会认真分析上下文语境, 以语境为切入点, 对测试题进行思考、分析、甄别和抉择。
五、精选精讲精练, 提高复习效率
高考英语二轮复习时间短、任务重, 要在一个月左右的时间完成语法专题, 只能在“精”字上做文章。教者除了按考纲考点编排知识体系、抓能力训练以外, 一定要对各种资源细心甄别, 大胆取舍。特别是对良莠不齐的资料应精选精练, 切不可使学生陷入题海, 因低效重复而疲于奔命。在教学方法上应该精讲, 讲关键内容。例如, 一位教师在讲授非谓语动词的主被动用法时, 所列举的5道例题中有3道反映的却是though, unless等连词引导的状语从句的省略这一语法。尽管有主被动关系, 但本质属于谓语动词的省略现象, 和非谓语动词的主被动用法是不同性质的问题。这样容易导致学生在谓语和非谓语这一根本问题上概念不清, 产生混淆。其实如果精心甄别取舍, 完全可以避免此类问题。究竟如何才能做到对现有资源的有效整合、提高复习效率呢?正如前所述, 最有效的依据就是考纲考点。学生应该练什么、怎么练, 只要对照考纲就会一清二楚。