托福写作介绍

托福写作介绍（精选7篇）

托福写作介绍 篇1

托福写作中必须跨越的文化障碍

托福写作过程实际上是一种跨文化交际过程，文化差异必定成为学生写作中获取高分的障碍。托福写作不是要求学生堆砌各类高难词汇或者绞尽脑汁编造长难句的过程，而是要求学生用英文准确描述自己中文思维的过程，达意是托福写作的最高境界。因此，学生必须熟悉中英文在表达方式上的差异，才能做到在考场上的精准转述，进而获得高分。本文以中英文表达法的差异为切入点，进行托福写作中跨文化交际的探讨。

在托福写作教学中，常常会发现：学生的英语似乎被汉语同化，句子中充满了中国式的英语(Chinglish)。其中原因恐怕涉及很多方面，但主要原因在于学生对两种语言的句子表达方式差异不了解。因此在英语写作教学中，应坚持英汉比较原则，让学生理性认识两种语言的异同。正如吕淑湘所说：“对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他们认识英语和汉语的差别，在每一个具体问题-词形、词义、语法范畴、句子结构上，都尽可能用汉语的情况来根英语作比较，让他们通过比较得到更深刻的领会。”

一、英语重形合，汉语重意合

所谓行合指英语句子中各分句之间的联系大多是通过词汇纽带直接体现出来的，并且英语中单个词的变化会体现意义的变化。所谓意合指汉语句子主要通过字词的意义连接起来。

1.英语中的名词单复数变化

一本书 a book

两本书 two books

在汉语中，名词的单复数全靠意合，也就是，”书“这个字不会变化，变的是”书“前面的修饰词;而在英语中名词的复数一定是体现在”book“这一个词上的，一定要把“book”改成“books”。在托福写作中，英语的单复数形式是学生最最容易忽略的一点，也是最容易扣分的一点，那在写作的时候默念名词单复数100遍，保证不犯这种错误。

2.英语中动词的时态变化

我昨天在香港大学做了演讲。

I made a speech in the University of Hong Kong yesterday.

她正在香港大学做演讲。

She is making a speech in the University of Hong Kong.

在汉语中，一件事情发生的时间是“昨天”、“现在”还是“未来”，只要加上“昨天”、“今天”、“明天”这几个词就好了。但是在英文中不行，一定要在“动词”上进行体现。由于这点中西文化差异，时态也是很多学生选择性忽略的一点跨文化常识，明明写的是过去发生的事情，偏偏用现在时态。考试时留几分钟检查语法错误，为自己多争取几分。

3.句子表达

英语句子主干结构突出，即主谓宾结构明显，其他定语、状语、补语成分好似主干上的枝叶，借助各种关联词进行搭建，把句子的子句有机结合起来。而汉语句子没有主谓框架限制。

例如：1)留得青山在，不怕没柴烧

As long as the green mountains are there, one should not worry about firewood.

2)冬天来了，春天还会远吗?

If winter comes, can spring be far behind?

在例句1)的汉语表达中，并没有“只要”这个词，但是在英文中需要写出“as long as”这个短语，也要加上泛指的主语”one“，因为英文句子一定要有基本的”主谓“结构。例句2)中的英文表达中加入了汉语中没有”if“ 这个词，来体现英文的”主谓“结构以及从句结构。

托福备考之写作要注意用词

compare与contrast的误用

我们先从两者的定义入手来看两者的区别。 Compare的定义为：to examine people or things to see how theyare similar or different. Contrast的定义为：to comparetwo or more things to show the difference betweenthem.由定义不难看出前者侧重于找到两个或多个事物的异同，而后者则侧重于它们的不同。

看个例句：

It is interesting to compare their situations to ours./It is interesting to contrast theirsituations to ours.

前一句翻译为：对比一下我们的情况与他们的情况会很有趣。

后一句的翻译为：我们的情况与他们的情况有很大的不同，这很有趣。

再看一个引自OXFORD ADBANCED LEARNER’S DICTIONARY的例子：

There is an obvious contrast between the culture of East and West.

The company lost $7 million in contrast to a profit of $6.2 million a year earlier.

When you look at their new system， ours seems very old-fashioned by contrast.

不难发现，Compare翻译为“与。。。相比”而contrast可译为“明显不同的是。。。”，切记这种翻译方式就不会用错彼此了。

其中最容易有问题的便是介词的使用了，下面来看看几种情况：

1、普通介词的误用

一般表现为固定搭配错误，如常把provide sb with sth用成provide sb sth; be satisfied with用成besatisfied for等等，虽然这样的错误看似无伤大雅，但在考官眼里就是影响顺畅阅读的，根据托福学写作评分标准当然会影响最终成绩。解决的办法简单而古老：把常见的固定搭配牢记于心，问题自然就解决了。

2、“to”作为介词的误用

“to”最常见的用法是以动词不定式符号的形式出现的，所以同学们也已经习惯了“to do”的固定搭配。对于一些如walk to me， to the left等介词to表方向等常见用法一般也不会出现错误。但是对于与动词搭配的介词to就会经常犯错：

如：

More and more students have taken to depend on their parents to make decision for them.

这里的‘take to’ means ‘to begin to do sth as a habit’其中‘to’为介词，所以后面只能接名词或相当于名词的词，如动名词。所以黑体处应改为“depending on”。“take to”的另一个常用用法也需要牢记：

He hasn’t taken to his new school. (这里‘take to’ means ‘to start liking sb or sth’)

Prefer A to B中的“to”也是介词，会有prefer doing sth to doing sth/ prefer sth to sthelse，“prefer to do sth rather than do sth”中的“to”可是真正的不定式符号。

类似的常用用法请同学们牢记：

Be used to doing

Be accustomed to doing

See to doing

Adapt to doing

Adjust to doing

prefer doing sth. to doing sth.

等等，托福写作请注意平时仔细积累。

assume及claim使用不够准确

我们知道， think， assume， claim是议论文中常用引出观点的动词。在实际作文中，同学们往往认为几个词的意思是一样的，完全可以代换，所以拿过来就用。甚至还有同学把consider也拿过来与之混用。我们首先还是从定义来看这几个词的不同：

Think： to have opinion or belief about sth.

翻译为“认为”，通常接宾语从句来表达比较确定的观点。

Assume： to think or accept that sth is true but without having proof of it.

翻译为“假设、假定”，是否有事实依据是不确定的。

Claim： to say sth is true although it has not been proved and other people may not believeit.

翻译为“声称”，用这个词往往意味着不赞同紧跟其后的观点，所以很少用作‘I claim that…

Scientist are claiming a breakthrough in the fight against cancer， but in fact， …。

所以‘It is claimed that’通常翻译为“有报道称。。。”。和‘it is reported that ’的区别在于后者翻译为“据报道”，往往代表着作者赞同报告的内容，

Consider： to think about sth carefully， especially in order to make a decision

翻译为“考虑”，一般不用作引出观点，看个例子：

We are considering buying a new car.

所以，千万不要在托福写作的第一段(观点表达段)就因为用词把握不准而导致对整篇文章的低分印象。

表“建议”的词汇后面忘记用虚拟从句

这是摘自学生托福作文中的一个病句：

I suggest he continues his study instead of working after graduation from high school.

因为‘suggest’翻译为“建议”，所以后面的从句应该用虚拟语气，黑体部分应该改为“(should) continue”

所以考生一定要牢记以下常见表“建议”的托福写作词汇，而且要记住这些词接从句时要用虚拟语气：

Recommend， suggest， advise

such as与for example的混用

我们知道，在表示举例子的时候，such as与like是完全等同的，如：Wild flowers such as/likeorchids and primroses are becoming rare.

但是同学们对于Such as、for example的把握还是不够准确。我们都知道，后者接句子前者接词语表示举例子。于是就有了下面的写法：

There is a similar word in many languages， such as in French and Italian.

这里的such as改为for example为好，因为“in French and Italian”其实是“there is a similar word inFrench and Italian”的简化，所以要用for example来引出例证。再来看个类似的例子：

It is possible to combine computer science with other subjects, for example physics.

托福写作介绍 篇2

近年来, 托福考试被越来越多的人视为检验英语水平能力的权威考试, 许多英语测试专家对托福考试进行了广泛的研究。然而, 随着2006年新托福考试的出现, 以前的研究也反映出了一些不足, 尤其是从语言测试角度进行的研究略显宽泛和笼统。本文主要是从语言测试的一个角度, 即测试的有效性, 对托福写作考试进行研究, 并对新托福写作的变化及其测试有效性进行分析。

2. 测试有效性概述

Bachman和Palmer认为在设计试卷时最重要的考虑就是其有效性, 它是一份试卷最重要的属性。Bachman和Palmer定义测试有效性包含六个方面的内容:测试信度、效度、真实性、互动性、反拨效应和可行性。虽然这六个方面都很重要, 但托福考试设计者认识到想要在一份试卷中同时实现六者的最大化是不可能的。因此本文着重分析托福在信度、效度、真实性、反拨效应四个方面的属性。

3. 托福写作有效性

3.1 写作测试有效性

3.1.1 写作测试信度

Bachman (1996) 把信度定义为“测试的一致性” (consistency of measurement) , 简言之, 就是测试结果的可信度、可靠度。

写作测试的信度由多种因素影响, 其中试题信度至关重要。写作试题包含很多变量:写作主题、文体、刺激材料、修辞及措辞。其中能够保证试题内容效度的因素也会提高试题的信度。托福写作测试委员会设计了细致的题目, 每一道题目都是在专家考虑学术英语写作影响因素的基础上精心设计的。Tedick (1990) 发现, 学生在完成有关自己课程题目的写作时情况要好于完成比较宽泛的题目。也就是说, 应试者更善于处理相对比较熟悉的题目。因此, 试题设计者设计了类似北美高校英语教学环境下的题目, 将其全部编入试题库, 保证了试题内容及文体的确定性, 提高了测试的一致性, 也就是测试信度。

3.1.2 写作测试效度

所谓效度是指“成功地实现测试目的的程度” (Clark, 1979) 。语言测试的效度是指测试是否考查了测试者想要测试的语言方面的内容, 考生所考出的成绩是否合理地说明了该考生的语言能力。

内容效度是测试效度的一个重要指标。它是指试卷的试题内容是否代表了考试内容规范所规定的内容, 主要指试题与所要考查的语言知识、技能或语言能力的相关性、代表性, 以及考生的合适性。TWE测试旨在测试非英语国家学生在给定题目下的英语书面表达能力。题目设计对所有参加托福考试的人秉持公平、合适、可接受的原则。每篇文章都从英语词汇、句法及信息的组织发展角度考量, 参照完整的TWE评分标准打分。

3.1.3 写作测试真实性

根据Bachman (1991) 对真实性给出的定义:语言测试中的真实性是指受试者在测试中使用目的语完成测试任务与其在现实生活中使用语言进行交际活动的相似程度, 也就是语言测试与语言交际的统一程度。然而, TWE在三个方面表现出不足的真实性。首先, 非应试环境下的学术写作通常是基于学生阅读、听课或课堂讨论等形式的源材料作为输入的写作, 学生可以对写作主题及背景知识有一个完整的了解。其次, 除了考试中, 多数学术写作不会限定学生的写作时间。再次, 写作考试的评卷人与考试者互不认识, 而学术写作的阅读者通常就是学生的导师。TWE要求应试者在限定时间内就相对不熟悉的话题进行写作, 其真实性有待进一步研究。

3.1.4 写作测试反拨效应

反拨效应指测试对社会、教育制度以及对处于这个制度内的个人的影响, 前者为宏观层次的影响, 后者为微观层次的影响。

Messick (1996) 认为, 具有积极反驳效应的测试应该包含真实语言交际环境中需要运用的听说读写技能的试题。因此, 旧版托福与TWE的反拨效应通常被认为是消极的。然而, 托福题库的发行被视为具有积极的反拨效应。它使得潜在应试者有机会练习托福考试题型, 可以学习大量的文章, 提高个人的英语水平。

3.2 新托福写作特点

3.2.1 非单一写作任务

在新托福写作中, 考生被要求完成两项写作任务, 这样做的好处是提高了考试的真实性。在高校学习环境中, 导师布置的写作任务可能是多种多样的, 例如研究论文、课程论文、分析报告等。所以, 对于那些想要在英语国家学习的应试者而言, 掌握多种写作任务的写作技巧是十分有益的。

3.2.2 刺激材料的使用

新托福写作考试中使用了阅读和听力材料作为写作的刺激材料, 要求应试者在理解原材料的基础上完成写作任务, 因此他们必须运用总结、提取、综合、分析等技能对源材料进行加工。这些技能的使用提高了考试的真实性, 因为大学导师可能要求学生阅读某些书目或研究报告后完成文章, 也可能在听完讲座后进行写作。

3.2.3 笔记技巧的运用

笔记技巧的运用被视为新托福考试一项重要的改进。考生在听录音的过程中可以通过做笔记来帮助答题, 这使得考生可以以一种更自然的状态答题, 减少了失常发挥的可能性, 提高了考试效度。而且, 正如学校学习环境中经常使用笔记方法一样, 考试中运用笔记也大大提高了考试的卷面效度。

4. 结语

托福写作测试是测试英语学习者英语写作能力的考试。从Bachman和Palmer的语言测试理论分析, 它是一项具有高信度效度及积极反拨效应的考试。然而, 它仍然具有某些缺点。新托福写作融合了多种技能的应用, 使用了刺激材料并锻炼了考生的笔记技能, 因而具有了更高的信度效度, 是一项更加科学的考试。但是任何考试都不可能是完美的, 这就要求语言研究者对托福考试进行更深层次的研究。

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托福写作备考攻略 篇3

综合写作是一类综合考查考生的英语听、读、写能力的题型，要求考生具有良好的英语综合素质。下面笔者来具体分析这类题型。

命题形式

综合写作的考试时间为20分钟，要求考生先花三分钟的时间在计算机屏幕上阅读一篇230～300词的文章，然后再听一篇时长约为两分钟的讲座录音，该讲座主要是驳斥阅读文章所陈述的观点。在听讲座录音时，阅读文章会隐去。该部分要求考生在阅读与听讲座录音的基础上写一篇150～225词的文章，对讲座录音的要点进行概述，并说明其主要论点与阅读文章中的观点是如何联系的。整体而言，综合写作的成败关键在于对讲座中论点、论据的理解和转述。

命题规律

讲座的总论点与阅读文章的总论点通常相反，两者的分论点和论据也具有针锋相对的关系。虽然综合写作的任务是概述讲座录音的主要要点，但由于录音里的内容与阅读文章的内容针锋相对，因此考生也应认真对待阅读文章。考生在阅读时要做好笔记，记住阅读文章的主题（即论点），以及支撑文章主题的理由（即论据）。通常来说，文章的论点会出现在第一段，而论据则会比较清晰地展现在主体段落。考生在阅读过程中抓住了文章的论点和论据之后，在听录音的过程中会更加有针对性。

在听录音时，笔者建议考生不要忙于做记录，先集中精力听录音内容，把握住录音内容的主要观点和重要细节，避免因做笔记而耽误了听录音。此外，由于录音的前20～30秒的内容主要是阐述自己的观点不同于阅读文章的观点，录音没有进入实质性驳斥阅读文章观点的阶段，因此考生可以在这段时间适当放松，试着进入听力状态即可。20～30秒之后，考生便要集中精力听录音中的重要细节。这就意味着考生只需集中精力听1分30秒至40秒的时间，在听录音的过程中把握重要的分论点和细节，为了避免遗忘，可在录音结束后将这些内容写在稿纸上，然后再在电脑里完成写作。

常出现的问题及其解决方法

考生在解答综合写作时经常遇到的一个问题就是阅读文章的关键词是自己不认识的单词，给考生理解文章的观点带来了障碍。

那考生应该如何解决这个问题呢？根据笔者多年的教学实践，考生要高效地扫除综合写作中阅读部分的生词障碍，可以从以下两方面着手。第一，考生可以先从总结和背诵托福综合写作真题（包括TPO）阅读文章中出现的生词开始，特别是真题中反复出现的单词尤其值得考生重视。据笔者观察，写作真题中出现的核心词汇会反复考查。第二，对于真题中出现的生词或是词组，考生可以按词义对它们进行归类，提高背诵效率。例如，在2010年2月7日综合写作阅读文章中出现的dangerous、detrimental、adverse，在2010年2月21日综合写作阅读文章中出现的negative，在2010年5月8日综合写作阅读文章中出现的drawback，这几个单词有一个共同特征，即都表示事物不好的一面，因此考生可以把它们归为一类来记忆。

独立写作

与综合写作不同，独立写作要求考生就某个观点提出自己的看法，并进行充分的论证。下面笔者来具体分析这一题型。

命题形式

独立写作的命题形式一般为“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement …”（你是否同意下面的论断……），要求考生对题目给出的论断表明自己的观点，然后写出具体的理由和细节来支持自己的观点，写作的字数是300词以上，考试时间为30分钟。题目给出的论断主要涉及以下十大类话题，下面分别举例说明。

①成功类话题：In order to achieve success， we must be more like others than be different from others.

②工作类话题：People should take a secure job immediately when finding it instead of waiting for a job that they find more satisfying.

③金钱类话题：Most businesspeople are motivated by the desire for money.

④科技类话题：The telephone has had a greater effect on people’s lives than TV.

⑤教育类话题：To improve the quality of education， universities should spend more money on professors’ salaries.

⑥朋友类话题：Getting advice from friends who are older than you is better than getting advice from friends who are of the same age as yours.

⑦环境类话题：Most of the environmental issues are too complicated today. Individuals cannot do anything about them.

⑧政府类话题：The most important thing that the government can do in improving health care is to clean the environment.

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⑨媒体类话题：Advertising is a waste of time and money because customers already know what they want.

⑩动物类话题：More and more people are spending money on their pets， even though there can be other good ways to spend money.

命题规律

既然托福独立写作题目允许考生选择“同意”或是“不同意”，也就意味着写作题目通常具有“争议性”这一基本特征，考生可以决定自己的立场，然后对自己的立场进行论证。此外，有些独立写作题目有很显著的特征，笔者总结了以下三类，并为这三类考题提供一点写作小技巧。

第一，某些独立写作题目会含有“should/should not”这一关键词，对于这一类题目，考生既可以选择“同意”，也可以选择“不同意”。2010年8月14日的题目就是如此：“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement？ Students should not take part-time jobs while they are studying in university.”对于此类题目，考生写作时可以以句式“Whether or not … has been a controversial issue”开头。例如，针对上面这道题目，考生可以在开头写道：“Whether or not students should take part-time jobs while they are studying in university has been a controversial issue.”

第二，有些独立写作题目含有all、most、best这类表示绝对语气的词，对于这些含有绝对语气的词的题目，笔者建议考生还是选择“不同意”为好。理由很简单，这些题目从逻辑上讲无一例外都夸大了某一个要素的重要性，否认了其他要素的影响，看问题只见树木不见森林。例如，2010年5月8日的独立写作题目为：“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement？ The best way for parents to teach children responsibility is to have them care for animals.”对于此类题目，考生可以在开头段或结尾部分以这样的句式亮明自己的观点：“This argument exaggerates the importance of A and denies the significance of other factors such as B， C， and D which can also contribute to sth./sb.”

第三，还有一类题目则是将事物A和事物B作比较，含有“… better/more … than …”等词。例如，2010年6月13日的题目：“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement？ It’s better to spend money on pleasant things such as vacations than to save money for the future.”对于这一类题目，笔者通常建议考生以这样的方式开头：“Although A/B has some benefits for …， I still believe that B/A will exert more significant influence on …”

常出现的问题及其解决方法

托福独立写作与综合写作最大的区别就在于，独立写作需要考生自己解决写什么的问题。很多考生看到独立写作题目的时候，脑袋会一片空白，没有写作思路，不知道该写什么。解决这个问题最好的办法就是把历年独立写作真题的题目进行分类，总结出各类话题通用的论据。

例如，我们来看以下三个题目：“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement？ People are now easier to become educated than in the past.”“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement？ Nowadays it’s easier to maintain health than the past.”“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement？ It is easier for parents to raise their children than 50 years ago.”在这三个题目当中，考生如果同意题目中的观点，我们一方面可以采用“意识的提高”作为通用论据，具体到题目中分别是教育意识的提高、健康意识的提高和家长参与意识的提高；另一方面，考生也可以将“经济的发展和收入的增加”作为这类题目的通用论据。虽然托福独立写作题目众多，但其命题内容无外乎教育、朋友、金钱、工作、成功等几个与大学生相关的重要话题。考生在备考过程中只要善于总结，勤于思考，找出话题之间的内在联系，然后再总结各类话题的写作思路，便能解决“写什么”的问题。

总结

对于综合写作与独立写作，笔者还想给考生提供以下两点建议。

第一，考生在备考时不要把综合写作和独立写作割裂开来复习，可以结合起来学习，达到相互促进的作用。例如，独立写作的文章结构是可以完全依照综合写作阅读文章的结构来写，即为“总（总论点）—分（论据+扩展句）—总（结论）”。此外，考生还可以从综合写作的阅读文章和听力材料中学到很多地道的表达方式，考生利用得好的话，可以为独立写作的遣词造句增加亮点。

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其次，考生在应对综合写作和独立写作的过程中，必须严格参照评分标准和体系进行写作，避免只按自己的意愿进行写作。综合写作的5分标准为：“A response at this level successfully selects the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately presents this information in relation to the relevant information presented in the reading. The response is well organized， and occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections …”这段文字突出强调了考生在写作时要选择与概括听力的主要信息，并且能够很好地与阅读的相关信息联系起来，即考查考生的归纳和总结能力。独立写作的5分评分标准为：“… well organized and well developed， using clearly appropriate explanations， exemplifications， and/or details. Displays consistent facility in the use of language， demonstrating syntactic variety， appropriate word choice.”在这段评分标准有三个显著的要求。第一个是well organized，即要求文章要有清晰的逻辑，对于独立写作而言，笔者认为清晰的逻辑结构应该是一个树状结构：树干是总论点，树枝是论据，树叶是扩展句，树枝不管往哪个方向生长，必须依附于树干，树叶不管是多或少，必须在树枝上，树干、树枝和树叶构成了一个完整统一的整体，独立写作文章的结构也应如此。第二个显著要求为well developed，即要求文章的主体段要充分展开论证，毫无疑问，有说服力的事实和例子是实现这个目标的最好手段，考生可以列举切题的名人和个人的事例。第三个显著要求为syntactic variety，即要求考生具有良好的语言转换能力。考生在写作时可以利用近义词以及变换句式等方法来增加语言的多样性。要想提高语言表达能力，笔者建议考生做托福阅读时可以积累文章中的精彩句式，并加以模仿和运用。

托福写作介绍 篇4

托福写作词句华丽不等于功底深厚

不知是否因为受习惯上“人靠衣装，马靠鞍”的说法，大多数中国考生在完成英文作文时把重心都投入到文章用词用句的“奢侈华丽”上了，以为只有用了高级复杂的句式或是长单词才能给考官传达“英文功底深厚”的信号。长此以往，慢慢被自己卷进复杂冗长的句子中去，“并列句中套有定语从句，外加一个伴随”等等不难找到，但事实上，在这个“陷阱”里，真正失利的却正是考生。而相反的，如果能在英文写作时注意句子长短相结合搭配，不仅有清爽的感觉，反倒还更抑扬顿挫，令考官的批阅由“纠结”变成为“享受”，如此一来，想不高分都难。

因此，建议各位考生在备考时不要忘记养成习惯，多阅读英文原版的书籍或期刊，多积累地道的语句以便考试适用。相同道理下，各位考生在备考时也不用一定勉强自己背诵那些7-8个字母或以上组成的单词，反倒可以多准备些“简单但不失得体”的词汇，如：weaken， taste， enjoy， ease等大家耳熟能详的简易词汇，分别可以适用于weaken one’s eyesight(视力下降)，taste the foreign culture(品尝外国文化)，enjoy a moderate rise(…缓慢上升)以及ease one’s burden(减轻压力)等适用频率较高的搭配上，如此一来效果更佳!

托福写作要注意逻辑思维递进

准备新托福独立写作除了注重语句词汇方面的扎实，还更应该把握好逻辑思维的递进。中国考生在写英文作文时大多是进行“翻译”，而并非是“写作”。在这种情况下，不可避免的就出现了许多中式化语言，更会融入不该出现的中式化的思维逻辑，看似十分的“跳跃，随性”但并不适合新托福写作要求的“层次，递进”。多注重自己“美式思维”的训练，尽可能地在写作时向“Native Speaker”的思维靠近。只有抓紧训练好自己的逻辑思维能力，才能更好地在新托福写作中取得25分以上的高分。而在训练过程中，大家注意“形连”和“意连”两者相结合。所谓的“形连”即全文段与段之间体现层次逻辑的连接词的合理运用;“意连”则更侧重全文思路内容及逻辑上的真正连贯，不可“行不散却神散”。新托福独立写作也考察大家对细节的把握，列出观点后如何开展更多的论证，因此各位考生在备考时一定要注重细节论证，完全可以结合进生活化的经验和例子作为论证的好帮手，而无须将每个论点过于形式化，理论化，甚至空洞化。

托福写作范文：要不要尝试新事物

一些人 like to do only what they already do well. Other people prefer to 尝试新事物 and take risks. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to 支撑你的选择.

The choice between continuing to do only those things in which one is proficient and striking out into new, unfamiliar territory is difficult. There is comfort in remaining within familiar parameters, but growth happens only when we exceed those boundaries. Faced with the choice between only doing things that I know I do well and taking risks, I prefer taking risks for several reasons.

First, taking risks expands my range of knowledge and affords me the wisdom that comes through comparison. For instance, although I was born and raised in the United States until I was twenty years old, I have had the opportunity to live in three different countries since that time: Germany, China, and Great Britain. Had I decided to remain in the United States without taking the risk and challenge of adapting to different cultures and languages, my life would have been easier. However, the experience of living in varied countries with differing social morals and worldviews has enhanced my knowledge through comparison. Without living in other countries, I would not have the knowledge to critically examine my American upbringing, holding onto some values while discarding others. Furthermore, taking the risk of living in other countries has allowed me to gain a sense of empathy and understanding for cultures vastly different than my own.

Another reason that I prefer taking risks is that risks force me to grow. It is true that simply doing tasks that I do well would be a safe, prudent way to live life. However, taking risks compels me to expand my abilities. For example, although I was not a vocal player, my basketball coach asked me to be team captain for my final season in high school. I could have declined the offer, and remained in the background, but I chose to take the risk to lead the team. Through this experience, I learned valuable lessons in leadership, motivation, and discipline. More importantly, leading the team brought me closer to each individual player, many of whom I still count as my friends. Had I not accepted my coach’s call to captain the basketball team that season, I would have never learned these valuable lessons and developed these deeper friendships.

Taking risks has also taught me resilience in the face of failure. When I was entering graduate school, I needed money to finance my education. Consequently, I applied for several scholarships. Unfortunately, I was denied for almost all of them. However, by sticking my neck out, and applying for scholarship even when I was a long-shot candidate, I learned that scholarship committees were not rejecting me, but my application. This understanding that rejection of my scholarship applications was not a personal event enabled me to continue to apply to other scholarships without losing faith that eventually I would be successful. And, eventually, I was.

In conclusion, I prefer taking risks because doing so allows me to gain knowledge through comparison, forces me to grow, and has taught me to be diligent even if I fail at first. Taking risks is part of living. Without risks we would not be living.

托福写作/口语素材：迈阿密

Here we give you the top 5 reasons to make it to Miami.

1

Beaches

The beach tops the list. Miami is a tropical city, making the beach an ideal destination. Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park on Key Biscayne is a favorite spot that ranks among the top beaches in the entire United States.

2

Shopping

It’s shop til you drop in Miami. Collins Avenue has a range of stores to satisfy all your shopping needs. Lincoln Road on South Beach has a farmers market held here on Sundays. Design District, in particular, comes alive after 5pm. In Bal Harbour, shop at the super brand stores which are located in the middle of a tropical garden.

3

Party all-night

It is recognized as a favorite destination of celebrities. The bars on Ocean Drive are popular, and there they serve mojitos in king-sized glasses. If you fancy somewhere more exclusive, head to the roof of the Gansevoort, French Tuesdays and the Delano.

4

Animal life

You’re in for zoo treats in Miami. The Wings of Asia Aviary is a haven for bird lovers. Jungle Island, on one hand, is a theme park where you meet parrots and other exotic birds, plus crocodiles and other nature creatures.

5

The Florida Keys

The Florida Keys allows you to see coral islands from the scenic route that all tourists arriving in Miami take – amazing! It cuts across 40 bridges from Key Largo to the legendary Key West.

Lastly, don’t forget to take in most beautiful sunset views when in Miami.

摘抄：

tropical city：热带城市

ideal destination：理想的目的地

ranks among the top beaches in the entire United States：在整个美国排名靠前的海滩

It’s shop til you drop ：购物购到手软

has a range of stores to satisfy all your shopping needs：有很多商店来满足您的购物需求

farmers market：农贸市场

the super brand stores：超级品牌商店

tropical garden：热带花园

a favorite destination of celebrities：一个名人最喜欢的目的地

serve mojitos in king-sized glasses：用超级大杯提供莫吉托

You’re in for zoo treats：你喜欢动物园带来的款待。

is a haven for bird lovers：是鸟类爱好者的天堂

theme park：主题公园

parrots and other exotic birds：鹦鹉和其他奇特的鸟类

crocodiles and other nature creatures：鳄鱼和其他自然生物

The Florida Keys：弗罗里达岛礁

see coral islands from the scenic route：从风景优美的路线观看珊瑚群岛

It cuts across 40 bridges from Key Largo to the legendary Key West.

从基拉到传说中的西礁岛它跨越40个桥梁。

most beautiful sunset views：最美丽的日落

托福写作素材：种树(保护环境)

1.While you probably think about planting trees for Arbor Day, you may not know just how much of an impact tree planting can have on your lawn and energy consumption as well as the environment.

Trees can provide shade for your home and lawn as well as a barrier against cold winter winds. They also filter water and air to reduce soil erosion and greenhouse gases. And did you know that trees have also been shown to reduce stress? Many urban residents find themselves calmer and happier when they are around trees.

2

Energy-saving benefits of planting trees

According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, a young, healthy tree can provide a net cooling effect equivalent to ten room-sized air conditioners operating for 20 hours a day! While it will take a few years for a newly planted sapling to reach the point where it can cast shade on your home, it’s a relatively low-cost investment, and you’ll find it’s worth the wait.

Dr. E. Greg McPherson of the Center for Urban Forest Research says that a new tree planted on the western side of your home will reduce your energy bill by about three percent in five years and by close to 12 percent in 15 years. Plus, shade isn’t the only way planting trees can reduce your family’s energy consumption. Trees located on the north and northwest sides of your home can block frigid winter winds and lower your heating bill.

3

Benefit of trees on the environment

While planting trees can certainly have a positive impact on your energy bill, sustainable gardening can also positively impact the environment. Trees absorb greenhouse gases like nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. They also convert carbon dioxide to oxygen through photosynthesis. Wondering how that relates to you? Just one tree can clean about 330 pounds of carbon dioxide from the air each year, according to the U.S. Forest Service, which provides enough oxygen for a family of four!

One of the reasons planting new trees is seen as sustainable gardening is because they act as air and water filters. In a study conducted by the USDA, it was found that trees were able to remove more than 1,800 metric tons of air pollution from New York City. The roots filter groundwater and control run off and erosion by holding soil in place. They also cool down the air, and not just with shade. The transpiration process they go through releases moisture into the air, producing a cooling effect.

4

Maintaining your trees and lawn

Trees are beneficial to the aesthetics of your lawn, your home’s energy bill, and your family’s overall health. For all these reasons, it’s important to properly maintain your trees and the soil they grow in. You don’t want to over-shape new trees or prune too much when you first plant them, but you will have a much healthier tree if you trim back dead branches over the years. There are several options when it comes to outdoor power equipment to maintain the trees you’ve planted. Chainsaws and pole saws are great choices for cutting down large limbs. They also work well for pruning, whether you need to allow for new growth or prevent branches from hitting obstacles like houses or power lines. There are even battery-operated, cordless saws available to reduce your carbon footprint even further.

The shade from the trees you’ve planted will help improve water conservation, so you’ll maintain a lush and green lawn with very little maintenance. However, you should still mow high and often, to avoid roots and promote new grass growth, being especially careful around the base of your trees. You may even want to spread mulch and compost to the drip line and maintain the edge with a string trimmer.

摘抄：

how much of an impact tree planting can have on your lawn and energy consumption：

植树多大程度上影响你的草坪和能源消耗

provide shade for ：提供阴凉

a barrier against cold winter winds：对寒冷的冬天风来说就是个屏障

also filter water and air to reduce soil erosion and greenhouse gases：同时过滤水和空气减少土壤侵蚀和温室气体

urban residents find themselves calmer and happier when they are around trees.

城市居民发现自己平静快乐的时候周围的树木。

healthy tree can provide a net cooling effect ：

健康的树可以提供净冷却效果

low-cost investment：

低成本投资

it’s worth the wait. 等待是值得的

Center for Urban Forest Research ：城市森林研究中心

reduce your energy bill ：减少你的能源账单

can reduce your family’s energy consumption：可以减少你的家庭的能源消耗

block frigid winter winds：阻挡寒冷的冬季风

lower your heating bill. 降低你的取暖费用。

While planting trees can certainly have a positive impact on your energy bill, sustainable gardening can also positively impact the environment. Trees absorb greenhouse gases like nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. They also convert carbon dioxide to oxygen through photosynthesis.

虽然植树肯定对你的能源账单有正向的影响, 响可持续园艺也可以积极影响环境。树木吸收温室气体如二氧化氮、二氧化硫、臭氧、二氧化碳和一氧化碳。他们还通过光合作用将二氧化碳转化为氧气。

act as air and water filters：作为空气和水过滤器

The roots filter groundwater and control run off and erosion by holding soil in place.

根过滤地下水、通过保持土壤来控制流失和侵蚀。

cool down the air： 冷却空气

The transpiration process they go through releases moisture into the air, producing a cooling effect.

蒸腾过程中,他们通过向空中释放水分,产生冷却效果。

are beneficial to the aesthetics of： 美学是有益的

to properly maintain your trees and the soil they grow in：妥善维护你的树木和它们成长的土壤

maintain a lush and green lawn with very little maintenance：用很少的成本维持一个郁郁葱葱的绿色草坪

improve water conservation：有助于节约用水

Citation:

life.gaiam.com/article/plant-future-benefits-planting-trees-your-yard

适用题目：

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Though modern agricultural practices damage the 环境, feeding the world’s growing population is 更重要 than protecting against environmental damage.

托福写作介绍 篇5

范文：

TV set was invented about less than a century ago, and it takes a few decades to become a major part of mass leisure. Usually, audiences watch TV programs to relax and to kill time. However, with the emerging of more well-designed programs with educational functions, it is beneficial for people to watch for knowledge but not simply for cheap entertainment.

Admittedly, there is every reason for people to entertain themselves with TV programs. After whole day work or study under heavy pressure, people need an effective way to release stress. Thanks to the funny story, humorous conversation, or exaggerated facial expression and body language, people burst into a belly laugh in a relaxing atmosphere while lying on the sofa with beverage and snacks at hand. This is exactly why cartoon movies are popular among both children and adults, such as Pleasant Sheep. However, there are actually many other programs that can both help people relax and acquire knowledge. They deserve more attention from audiences.

To begin with, when people are able to kill two bird with one stone, why not choose to spend time more meaningfully with programs that convey knowledge in an interesting way. To attract eyeballs and increase audience rating, even educational TV programs directors and producers will spare no efforts to make their program interesting, so as to make more profits. Consequently, they usually add many elements to entertain audience, such as jokes, funny tones, or celebrities. For example, an interesting cartoon play for young children in China, called Haier Brothers, teaches audiences knowledge about natural science through two little brothers’ traveling around the world. Their traveling stories explain why there are mountains and rivers on earth, how rains form and why there are four seasons, etc. The vivid pictures and interesting narration never fail to attract little audiences.

Secondly, it is also worth watching programs of serious topics, in order to equip ourselves with necessary knowledge and expand outlook. Living in an ear featuring information explosion, people need the ability to collect information and knowledge that may be crucial in work or life. Sometimes, when there is too much information that is overwhelming, confusing or even disorienting, people should be able to discern with a clear and critical mind. An effective solution is to watch some talk shows about political and social issues. The discussion between the cynical host and distinguished guests will give us a clue on how to view events happening around us. Take the most important political issue in US, namely presidential election, as an example. The speeches of various candidates usually contain too much information that is sometimes misleading or even demagogic. As to have a better understanding of candidates’ political views and their possible future behaviors, we need to draw opinions from professional and objective sources from those political talk shows.

To sum up, it is highly necessary and recommended that audiences today spend more time on TV programs that are educational and enlightening.

Agree or disagree with the following statement people should spend more time watching programs that provide knowledge and spend less time watching programs which provide entertainment only?

娱乐节目：

1)打发时间

2)放松压力

教育节目：

1)很多教育性质的节目其实也很有趣，可以放松压力的状态下学到东西

2)一些节目虽然比较严肃，但是人们可以获取很多有用的知识与信息，也是值得看的

作者:Cindy

托福写作介绍 篇6

The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission. First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is nonbroadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.

Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses. We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists today. During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment.

透视托福综合写作常见误区 篇7

题型及评分标准

托福写作共分为两部分：综合写作和独立写作。综合写作的考查形式相对复杂：考生先要用三分钟的时间看一篇200～300词的阅读材料，然后再听一段与阅读材料相关的时长为两分钟的录音，最后结合二者的内容写一篇文章。综合写作看似很复杂，但其实并不难。考生只要听力过关，把握好综合写作的评分标准和考核要求，还是很有可能在这一单项上拿到满分的。下面笔者就来介绍一下综合写作的评分标准。

《新托福考试官方指南》（The Official Guide to the New TOEFL iBT，后文简称“OG”）对托福综合写作给出的5分评分标准如下：“A response at this level successfully selects the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately presents this information in relation to the relevant information presented in the reading. The response is well organized， and occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connection.”从字面上看，此标准提出了两个要求：①考生在写作时要完整阐述阅读材料及录音中的内容；②文章结构要完整，可以偶尔出现一些语言上的小错误，但不能影响句意及逻辑的表达。

很多考生在综合写作上失分，原因就在于没有仔细研究评分标准，没弄清楚这一单项的考核要求。由此一来，考生犯了很多不该犯的错误，其原有的水平发挥不出来，自然得不到理想的分数。

常见误区剖析

为了帮助考生获得高分，下面笔者就重点分析一下考生在托福综合写作应考中经常出现的一些误区。

1.记笔记=逐词听记

很多考生在做综合写作时都有一个疑惑：录音部分的笔记到底要记什么？大多数考生在听录音时，总想把每个词都记下来，唯恐漏掉一个。但其实，任何人都无法在这么短的时间里把每一个词都记下来。此外，过于注重单个单词的记录反而会令考生漏掉一些关键信息，甚至搞不清录音材料的逻辑，进而导致失分。

其实，关于笔记要记什么，OG上已有明确的表述：“A response at this level successfully selects the important information …”这句话里用的是“important”而非“all”，说明考生只需记主要信息，而无需“词词俱到”。有的考生会问：“是不是我只要记录音的主要观点就可以了？”答案同样是“非也”。OG的4分评分标准中有这么一句：“… but it may have minor omission， inaccuracy， vagueness， or imprecision of some content from the lecture or in connection to points made in the reading …”这句话表明，除points以外，考生还要记一些content，即说话人是怎么论证/驳斥阅读材料中的观点的，举了什么例子等。如果这些内容没能体现在考生的写作中，就算观点都写全了，考生最多也只能得4分。对应新托福的评分标准，失掉的这1分原始分相当于最终成绩的6分。

因此，根据OG中5分和4分的评分标准，考生可以清晰地看到ETS （美国教育考试服务中心）对记笔记的要求，即记录主要观点、论证方式和例证。至于那些细枝末节，有了当然更好，没有也不至于失分。不过，考生在记笔记时，也不能只是记个大方向而已，还要尽力记全那些关键的细节。

2.综合写作是小作文，不必在意语言质量

托福综合写作中，ETS对纯语言的考查要求明显低于独立写作，考生通过对比两者的评分标准即可见端倪。独立写作的评分标准对于答案的词、句、段、结构都有详细的要求，而在综合写作的评分标准中，关于语言的要求只有一条，即well-organized。这是因为综合写作重点考核的并非语言能力，而是考生抓取信息的能力。其实，综合写作的考查形式很接近美国大学真正的上课模式，即在课前阅读大量的材料，然后去听老师讲课的内容，回来后自己消化吸收，最后通过写课程论文来呈现自己的学习成果。“消化吸收”才是学习的主要目的，而“写作”的形式其实没那么重要。

正因为如此，很多考生会将综合写作视为“小作文”，答题时不重视这部分的语言质量。殊不知，很多考生都曾因综合写作的语言不过关而失分。为此，考生在答题时，务必要注意以下两点。

①大量的、影响考官理解的语言错误一定会被扣分。OG的4分评分标准中有这么一句：“A response is also scored at this level if it has more frequent or noticeable minor language errors， as long as such usage and grammatical structures do not result in anything more than an occasional lapse of clarity or in the connection of ideas.”这句话表明，如果考生的答案中频繁出现一些小的语言错误，影响考官对写作内容的理解，考生会因此而失掉1分。

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②逻辑连接词非常重要。尽管OG五档评分标准的内容都不相同，但每一档评分标准的最后都特别提到了connection of ideas。这就说明考官需要的是一篇文章，而非观点和事实的堆砌。考生需要利用逻辑连接词，将阅读和录音材料中的观点及事实连成一篇文章。考生要切记：综合写作的辞藻不必太华丽，但要尽量避免语言错误，文章的逻辑关系一定要清楚。

综合写作中常用的逻辑连接词有以下几种。

驳斥：refute、disagree with、cast doubt on、challenge、oppose、conflict with、deny the statement of、contradict等；

支持：support、enhance、uphold等；

转折：in contrast、however、on the other hand、on the contrary、while等；

列举：first、second、third、first of all、secondly、also、finally、in the first place、furthermore、moreover等。

解答综合写作时，考生若能巧妙运用这些逻辑连接词，将所看和所听到的内容融为一体，写就一篇逻辑清晰、内容完整、“有血有肉”的文章，那在综合写作部分拿到满分就成了轻而易举之事。下面请看托福模考软件TPO第12套题的一篇例文，体会逻辑连接词的作用。

The speaker challenges the passage on the topic of the portrait of Jane Austen， offering contradictory evidence concerning whether the subject of this professional painting is Jane Austen herself.

First of all， the family members of Austen did not know for certain if the portrait was Austen or not. Despite the content from the author that Austen’s family gave permission to use the portrait as an illustration in an edition of her letters， the speaker， however， brings forward the alternative proof that Jane Austen had been dead for almost 70 years when the portrait was authorized for use in the 1882 publication of letters and none of the members of Austen’s family had seen the portrait in person before.

Contrary to the writer’s statement that the face in the portrait clearly resembles the one in Cassandra’s sketch which we know depicts Austen， the narrator argues that the painting could be one of Austen’s. Moreover， the Austen family is large. Many of the female cousins of Jane Austen were teenagers. Some of these teenage girls could resemble Jane Austen， and meanwhile many experts believed that the true subject of the portrait was one of these relatives.

Another argument raised in the lecture is that there is other evidence pointing out that this painting is of a later date， and this directly contradicts what is stated in the passage. The lecturer explains that the stamp on the back of the picture indicates that the material of this painting was canvas which started to sell in London when Jane Austen was 27 years old. Consequently， the canvas was used for painting at the time when Austen was clearly older than the girl in the portrait.

So， the contents in the passage are contradicted by the lecturer and the lecturer has totally different ideas on the points made in the passage.

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3.综合写作= summary

部分考生误以为综合写作就是一篇summary，只要总结了阅读和录音材料中的观点就够了，其实不然。综合写作要求考生写的是一篇分析类的文章，这就更需要考生表达清楚文章的逻辑，特别是阅读和录音材料之间的关系。考生可以通过下面这篇TPO第22套题的例文中的划线部分来体会怎样清楚地表达二者之间的关系。

The speaker and the passage have contradictory opinions concerning the usage of ethanol fuel. Three pieces of evidence offered by the speaker have effectively questioned the related reasons held in the passage. （首先清楚表明阅读和录音材料之间是统一还是矛盾的关系）

First of all， although one disadvantage from the passage is （后文是对阅读材料观点的详尽阐述） that burning ethanol fuel releases carbon dioxide， which is a kind of greenhouse gas， into the atmosphere， the speaker， however， challenges this information by alternative proof （后文是对录音观点及关键细节的描述） that the growing of plants such as corn may absolutely counteract the greenhouse gas by absorbing most of it for its own survival. The amount of carbon dioxide released is less than the amount absorbed， so that there is no need to be afraid that ethanol fuel will aggravate global warming.

Besides， according to the speaker （后文继续补充录音中的重要内容）， using corn to produce ethanol fuel will not risk reducing the food sources for animals because through using advanced technology， we can obtain a kind of plant which can be used to make the ethanol fuel and， at the same time， animals do not eat it. This totally casts doubt on the point in the passage （再次阐明录音材料与阅读材料之间的关系） that since most of the corn is used to produce ethanol fuel， there will not be sufficient food for animals.

Finally， despite the proof of the passage （补充阅读材料中的例证） that the price of the ethanol fuel will be higher than common fuel in the future when the government stops their support， the speaker effectively weakens the validity of this view by stating the fact （补充录音材料中的例证） that the more consumers buy ethanol fuel， the more is produced and， as a result of the help of the government， the lower and more affordable its price will be in the future.

通过上述例文考生会发现，仅仅通过一些简单的逻辑连接词将阅读和录音材料的观点结合起来，突显出二者之间的统一或矛盾关系，这是远远不够的。结合OG评分标准考生不难发现，除了总结阅读和录音材料之间的关系，考生还要写出很多具体的论证细节，这对考生的总结能力提出了更高的要求。由此可见，综合写作绝不是简单的summary。

OG的重要性

根据上述内容考生可以看出，尽管OG的评分标准看上去都是一些貌似无关痛痒的话，但其实深究下去，ETS的考官们早已把考试要求写在了字里行间。这就需要考生细细研读，仔细钻研，揣摩考官的用意，对症下药，同时搞清楚得分点在哪里，如此方能轻松应对。

考生若想知道考官到底想考什么，也只能依靠OG，因为这是仅有的一本应考“圣经”。以前曾有很多考生将OG粗粗看一遍，然后扔在一边，觉得自己了解了题型就可以了，反正上面的题目也不会再考，看了也没用。而事实上，OG的作用绝不仅仅是告知题型这么简单，它同时还给出了备考的思路和方向。考生如果不重视OG，花再多的时间啃书、做题也是事倍功半。由此可见，正确、细致地解读评分标准还是相当重要的。

综上所述，考生备考托福综合写作的确不是容易的事。综合写作是要求很高的一个单项，不仅考查考生的阅读能力和听力水平，同时又以写作的形式来考查考生的逻辑、总结概括能力以及写作能力。不过，考生想要达到满分的目标也并非难如登天。考生只要踏实、努力、坚持不懈，按照评分标准的指向认真备考，多做练习，就能在综合写作上取得佳绩。最后，祝愿各位考生早日获得托福高分，叩开美国留学的大门。