写作英文论文的一些心得

2024-12-26 版权声明 我要投稿

写作英文论文的一些心得(通用8篇)

写作英文论文的一些心得 篇1

写作英文论文的一些心得

作者:兰小欢

对经济学新人来说,不管论文写几十页,除了倒霉的匿名审稿人之外,没人会花超过五分钟去读。那么合理的写作策略就是最大程度的节省读者的阅读时间,最有效的传递信息。具体而言,我力图达到以下目标:

1.如果读者只有十秒钟,他也应该清楚地知道我干了什么,主要结果是什么,用了什么数据,贡献在哪里。

2.如果读者有三十秒,他应该在得知以上信息的基础上,知道我是这么论证的,并且能够快速在三四十页的论文中准确地找到他想读的内容。

3.如果读者有一分钟,他应该能知道80%的论文内容,并且觉得似乎应该多花两分钟再看看。

4.如果读者有三分钟,他应该能准确地知道我在讨论的这件事的来龙去脉,准确地知道我的方法我的假设。如果我是一个推销员的话,我必须做到在三分钟内把最重要的卖点都说清楚了,说好了,至于读者买不买,那是另一回事了。

5.如果读者是匿名审稿人,必须花几十分钟读论文的话,那我要做到最小化他的阅读负担,别把他老人家惹毛了。

如何达到以上目标呢?我总结的心得散见于各位大牛给年轻人的写作建议中,我只是把它们换成我的方式再表达出来。这些建议都宝贵,我读过不少于十遍,写作的时候更是隔三岔五拿出来对照一番,每次都有收获。Mankiew收集的建议在这里,Blattman收集了另一些在这里。

一、如果读者只有十秒,他只会读ABSTRACT.这个东西极端重要,首先它是论文的第一段,读者这时候注意力还集中着,脑子还转着。一般而言,读者在读完三段以后注意力就散的差不多了,所以头三板斧(段)很重要。其次它一般也是论文的最后一段,读者读完这段才决定是不是往下看,大部分时候就不继续看了。所以ABSTRACT要把所有重要的内容表述出来,不能超过150字。对empirical的论文来说,这段要包括研究的问题,使用的数据,identification,和所有重要的估计结果,带数字的。

有一回我把ABSTRACT写到150字了,觉得巨满意,简洁得不行,简直不能再多删一个字。后来去投稿,学报要求必须在100字以内,而且是网络提交,网页的对话框是设定好的,一超过100字就变红字,那是相当吝啬.没办法,再重写。删啊删的,硬是砍掉了50多字,居然也没觉得损失什么内容。可见曾经自鸣得意的简介,如果再使劲儿逼一下,还是有三分之一多的水分。

要投出去的论文,不管是学报也好,JMP也好,应该尽量没有因为写作而造成的水分。

二、如果读者有30秒,他会在看完ABSTRACT之后迅速浏览论文的章节结构,这时候章节的标题怎么写就很重要了。

原则是:章节的标题要传递信息,除了Introduction和Conclusions之外,所有的标题都应该有内容。

比如,如果一个章节叫“Data”,那就没有内容。如果叫“Data: CPS 1990-2000”,这就是有内容。或者删掉“data”这个词,直接用数据名称做标题,别担心,傻子也会知道那是数据名称,干嘛还非得写”DATA”这个词儿呢?

再比如写作估计结果时,如果那部分标题就叫”Results”,那就没内容,或者叫“Effects of X on Y”,也没有内容。有内容的写法大概类似于“Higher X, Higher Y”。就像做slides的标题一样,每个标题都直陈了结果。

标题要用几个字来传递具体的信息,所以浏览一遍标题之后,读者就应该具体的知道更多的信息,并且能够准确的找到他感兴趣的内容在哪里,然后读下去。

如果标题仅仅是“data”,“Specifications”,“Identification”之类的单词,那就没有内容,那就是逼着读者往细了看。没人愿意被逼着往细了看,所以人家干脆不看。

三、如果读者有一分钟,他应该能读完这篇论文每一段的第一句话。每一段的第一句话都要“管用”,如果读者只读第一句话的话,我必须保证他不会错过最重要的内容。具体操作上有三点:1)第一句坚决不是铺垫,然后第二句用什么HOWEVER转回来。又不是玩儿躲猫猫,没什么好转来转去的。第一句就是直接表达本段的意思,本段的其他内容都是细节,没有多于第一句所陈述的内容;2)第一句一定要短,不得不用从句的话,不用多于一个的从句,否则就没意思了;3)单句不成段。论文不是小说,更不是现代诗一路回车。

基本上读者能在一分钟内浏览完了每一个第一句,我论文80%的内容他就应该知道了,想再读的话,去读INTRODUCTION吧。

四、如果读者有三分钟的话,INTRODUCTION就是他要读的全部了。

这个相对简单多了,因为三分钟差不多能读一千字,周旋的余地能大很多。怎么写INTRODUCTION的经验之谈有很多,我不重复。我个人认为重要的方法有:1)不超过三页;2)文献尽量放在脚注中,第一不占地方,第二不阻隔遣词造句,一会儿一个括号一会儿一个人名的,看着和狗皮膏药似的,难看;3)先写要解释的现象本身,再写怎么解释的,最后谈贡献;4)不要出现类似“it is important”的字眼,一件事儿重要与否不取决于你自己说“这是重要的”,直接说事儿,让读者自己判断重要不重要。只有底气不足或者没话可说的人,才隔三岔五就来一句”it is important”,吆喝卖大力丸似的。

五、如果读者是审稿人,真的需要花几十分钟细读的话,写得好点儿,短点儿,短点儿,短点儿,短点儿,再短点儿。

我 不相信这世上有“客观存在的真理”,不管你做的是物理化学还是社会科学,都不过是看问题的角度和论述的技巧。哈佛经济系给研究生的“第二写作定理”就是: 你的论文质量只取决于你是怎么写的。再牛逼的想法,写砸了就是砸了,没救。(“第一写作定理”是:你的论文多半得不了诺贝尔奖。)

最让我受益的写作建议来自Deirdre McCloskey教授:写完每一句之后都紧接着问一个“SO WHAT?!”(那有如何呢?),然后往下接,如果接不下去,刚写完那句根本就没有存在的必要,删掉。

最后一条我觉得非常有用的写论文建议来自David Romer教授,可以用五个短语概括:Just Write!Just Write!Just Write!Just Write!Just Write!

写作英文论文的一些心得 篇2

Irony is a complex linguistic phenomenon both cognitively and psychologically.As a widely used figure of speech,irony has received considerable attention from cognitive psychologists and linguists.Ever since the end of the 18th century,various aspects o irony have been identified and the notion of irony has been much expanded.The article will include a review and discussion of some theories of irony in the second section,such as linguists Grice,My ers Roy,Sperber and Wilson.Then in the third session I shal make comments on a number of questions concerning the teaching of irony,covering aspects such as the different types of irony,why speakers use irony,whether theories should be included in the teaching plan,what materials would be appropriate,what challeng es learners will meet and the advantages of teaching irony.

Generally speaking,The understanding and usage of irony is already very challenging to L2 learners and to tutors whose native language is not English.I shall make the assumptions that cultura differences between native learners and L2 learners constitute an unavoidable problem.My aim is to suggest that age and the level o English should be taken into account in teaching irony to L2 learn ers,and mechanisms and materials should vary according to terms above.

2 A General Review of Various Theories of Irony

2.1 Grice

As one of the most classical theorists of irony,Grice mentioned irony in connection with its classical definition:‘saying something but meaning the opposite’(Logic and Conversation,1975).His research is mainly based on the famous Cooperative Principle(which speakers should observe if they hope to understand each other and avoid various misinterpretations in their conversations)and conversational implicature,especially the subsequent maxim of Quality.Grice argued that irony violated the maxim of Quality:‘Try to make your contribution one that is true’(Grice,1975:27).A classical example is‘You are a fine friend’,where the true implicature is‘You are a terrible friend’.In this example,speaker A makes a statement which‘he does not believe,and the audience knows that A knows that this is obvious to the audience’(Grice,1975:34).

However,I suggest that Grice’s Cooperative Principle(CP)is not appropriate to all situations,because participants in different situations would expect different types of cooperation,and using irony in certain situations may have potentially damaging consequences.In this way,Barbe also comments in his work titled Irony in Context that,on the one hand,irony would violate the Maxim of

CP,since situations exist where irony is expected and accepted’(ibid:53).It seems that the CP is not so convincing in the explanation on irony.Firstly,irony doesn’t always violate the maxim of Quality,sometimes other maxim are also involved in violation,and more examples will be showed later.Secondly,it can not explain why the speakers don’t express their true meanings in a direct way but choose the utterance which is just the opposite of their true meaning.Generally,violating the CP is actually very common in real life’s conversation.

Still,there is one more point that Grice’s theory fails to explain.It seems that the mechanism of his theory is no more than go to the opposite to derive ironical meaning,but a problem immediately arises here because some ironical utterances do not have opposite meanings while some have more than one to arrive at.For example,one asks,‘Did you remember to water the flowers?’(Sperber&Wilson:1981)when he is caught in a thunderstorm.In this case,it is hard to see what would be the opposite of this question according to the definition of‘saying something but meaning the opposite’(Logic and Conversation:1975).The speaker might merely want to ask whether the hearer has watered the flowers,or use this utterance as the start of a conversation.Here is another example:

‘Ruth:How is your blind date?

Sandra:He had nice shoes.’(Ellen,1988:27)

When Sandra is asked about how she feels about the date,she answered with something about shoes but not whether she likes the boy she met.This is violating the maxim of Relevance but not the one of Quality,as I’ve pointed out before.

Next one is the violation of the maxim of Manner,which has a subsequent meaning of being orderly.This suggested a way of being ironic(Cao,2001)by arranging the speaker’s idea in an uncommon sequence,in which way the audience’s attention could be led to specific directions and consequently achieved the goal of irony(ibid).The analysis of the following example illustrates this as well.

For one daughter,his eldest,he(Sir Walter Elliot)would really have given up anything,which he had not been very much tempted to do.

Jane Austen’s Pride&Prejudice

This main clause reveals a meaning that Sir Walter Elliot will give up anything for his eldest daughter,but in the subsequent which-clause a completely contradictory idea is introduced that makes the readers withdraw from the position of the previous statement.In this way,a derisive effect is intended by the writer and interpreted by the reader.This ironic effect is carefully calculated and achieved via an‘anti-climactic organization of information which suggests that the discourse proceeds in a two-step-forward,one-step-back manner’(Cao,2001).

To conclude,good ironical effect can be made both through violating the CP from Grice,but there are several points which still Grice failed to explain.However,it is the fact that a speaker often cannot at the same time be truthful,relevant,informative and polite.

2.2 Myers Roy

Myers Roy’s theory focuses on irony in relation to specific clauses or clause components.Hers is thus a syntactic approach mantic theory of irony.Roy analyzed irony as concerned with clause,and assumed that clauses could be discussed and examined for their irony content in isolation(1978).One reason I’m not in support of this point is that this analysis can yield two different perspectives:the speaker’s perspective and the hearer’s.It is possible that a sentence seems to be ironic in the former perspective whereas is not ironic in the latter.Thus,different perspectives can direct to different results.Another reason is clauses should not be discussed and analyzed for their ironic content in isolation,neglecting the context.Barbe(1995)noted that‘irony is not located in a word,a clause,or a sentence,but rather in the relationship between words,words and sentences,or sentences in a situational context’(1995).In this sense,Roy’s treatment of irony as a syntactic phenomenon is problematic.I argue that context is and should be regarded as a key factor in the interpretation of irony,and I suppose it is better to interpret irony within the context since one ironic utterance can be interpreted differently by different hearers(decoders)depending on the participants’different background knowledge.

Myers Roy suggested that sometimes irony has cues that assist readers or hearers to recognize it,and there must be some cues that assist us to understand‘how the speaker intends us to take what he has just said’(1978:9).These cues can be linguistic or extra-linguistic.Speaker’s intonation is often seen as the most familiar linguistic cues to ironic messages:heavily emphasis,flatness,syllable lengthening(ibid:58).Other cues can be paralinguistic,social,contextual,psychological and syllable lengthening(ibid).Although speakers do not always convey their ironic messages in a special tone of voice,and hearers can understand sarcastic or humorous comments as well without linguistic tone,this did not deny that tone of voice is a way listeners may use to infer ironic meaning(Kreuz,1996).

As has been concerned previously in this paper,Myers Roy researched irony mainly from a semantic point of view.She commented that cues could aid readers and hearers in recognizing irony and was also helpful to language learners,but the function of context in the interpretation is neglected.This lack of knowledge might be remedied by a theory from Sperber and Wilson reviewed in the next section.Generally,Roy stressed too much on clause components,and once Gibbs has commented that,comparing to others,pragmatics is the more appropriate approach to describe irony,because it considers the context a vital factor in understanding.

2.3 Sperber&Wilson

Sperber&Wilson(1981),concerned with pragmatics,stressed the dimension of shared background knowledge.They noted that most ironic utterances mentioned(or referred to)some utterances or events previously shared.This is called the Mention Theory of Irony(Sperber&Wilson,1981 and 1986;Sperber,1984;Wilson&Sperber,1992).A study from Jorgensen,Miller and Sperber(1984)tested the Mention Theory by means of vignettes.Specifically,they examined the importance of shared information.The result only revealed the importance of background information for the decoding of irony.Thus far,no approach has refuted the centrality of shared information,which forms the basis for Sperber&Wilson’s

‘’

speakers will likely arrive on the one‘correct’interpretation only if they possess similar background knowledge,Sperber&Wilson(1992)contended that there must be only one interpretation‘consistent with the principle of relevance’.However,I prefer to support Barbe’s view(1995),in which not all factors are handled in the same way by participants.For Barbe,the Principle of Relevance was again only applicable to‘the crucial place knowledge takes in interactions in general’,especially to ironic utterances(ibid:47).

According to the importance of shared information in the decoding of irony,it is clear that make learners be aware of English culture can benefit a lot and worth tutors’attention.

3 A Discussion of Teaching Irony

Generally speaking,the stage of practical teaching is very challenging both to native speakers and L2 counterparts.In order to teach,tutors themselves must do well in understanding and using irony,which is the basis of all teaching activities.

The philosopher Kierkegaard once commented that‘no authentic human life is possible without irony’(Kierkegaard,1965:378).A fact is implied in his words that irony exits in every culture and every language.In the following,I will briefly list types of irony and then make comments on a few questions concerning teaching irony.As I am an English teacher from China,and learners there are not native English speakers,special focus will be on the teaching of irony in English to L2 learners,especially in schools.

3.1 The sorts of irony

Many kinds of irony have been identified(Booth,1974;Muecke,1969):dramatic irony,double irony,situational irony,verbal irony,practical irony,rhetorical irony,comic irony,philosophical irony and the irony of fate.

To some extent it is helpful for learners to be aware of different types of irony,but I assume it might be better to consider the knowledge about this in a later stage in the learning or tutoring process.Gaining an ability of understanding and using irony—any type of irony—is a more preferential task.

Three kinds of irony are recommended to be mentioned in teaching process:verbal irony,situational irony and dramatic irony.Verbal and situational ironies are the most frequent ironies that occur in conversations and written works.The former suggests a distinction between reality and expectation,and the latter‘reveals worldly events that are ironic by nature’(Gibbs,1994:363).By applying verbal irony,the speaker employs a technique consciously and intentionally to utter an ironic message.Situational irony arises from situations and is happened to be noticed as ironic.I suppose verbal irony may occur more regularly in written works,while situational irony is perhaps more prevalent in spoken utterances.(ibid:363)The last type is dramatic irony,which I want to mention because almost all comedy contains irony in one form or another(ibid,366).Charlie Chaplin,one of the greatest comedian,was a wonderful ironist with a great number of famous movies.

3.2 Why do speakers use irony?

To discuss the question of‘Why do tutors teach irony?’,firstly it might be better to answer the question‘Why do speakers use

intended meaning cannot be interpreted successfully.In order to reply to this question,Leech propounds the Politeness Principle(PP)as a complement to the CP.Leech argued that the PP has the function of maintaining social relationships(Leech,1983:82),and irony serves this important function by helping people to maintain relationships between friends,family members,neighbors,co-workers,and so on.Furthermore,ironic talk could fulfill multiple communicative goals:to be witty or to save face more effectively(Kreuz,Long,Church,1991).In this sense irony plays such a crucial role in common life that speakers prefer to express meanings in an indirect way even at the cost of perhaps being unsuccessfully understood.

3.3 Should theories be included in teaching?

After reviewing several theories of irony,both traditional and more recent ones,it can be seen that the theory plays an essential role in the decoding process.Nevertheless,should them be added to teaching plan?Thus far few researchers have made remarks on this point but I hold a negative attitude.On the one hand,theories of irony are various and complex to study,especially for beginners.Tutors could introduce theories according to the level of learners and it might be prudent to avoid theories when teaching L2 learners,who usually have more trouble than their native counterparts.On the other hand,to be aware of theories can be helpful to advanced L2 learners.As there are various theories ranging in different perspectives,I believe the theory in pragmatics perspective is the one more appropriate than others and I hold the view that context,participants and shared background information are all crucial elements in decoding irony,which just falls into the area of pragmatics.Supportive evidences can also be found in Sperber&Wilson’s Relevance Principle.

3.4 What materials would be appropriate?

As mentioned previously,this article focuses on teaching ironies in English to Chinese students.Although the content of irony located in both oral and written materials which are easily accessible,appropriate learning materials shall be carefully considered.

Suggested by Sperber and Wilson(1981)and supported by a study from Jorgensen,Miller and Sperber(1984),background information is a key factor in the process of interpreting.Therefore,tutors shall make learners be familiar with the background knowledge and social environment of target culture in which irony occurs.

Generally speaking,an advanced level of English is probably the basic quality,and at fairly advanced levels,multimedia could be applicable,such as situation comedies and TV series that reflect real life conversations of English-speaking countries in which ironic utterances frequently occur to serve the purpose of being polite or witty.Irony is employed in normal life and common conversations,and evidences exist in numerous US TV series,such as Friends,Gossip Girl,and The Big Bang Theory.The conversations between family members and friends could be excellent learning materials.Due to the rapid development of Internet,L2 learner currently have multiple accesses to video resources in English,reflecting real life of English native speakers,which could be greatly helpful.

frequently employed by some writers.Thus learners have a chance to see how to satirize and be humorous with irony.In this sense learners should be encouraged to read English novels.

One of the most famous examples comes from Jonathan Swift who in A Modest Proposal(1729)argued that babies of the starve ling unemployed Catholics should be eaten and sold as goods in or der to ease the economic troubles in Ireland.A strong ironic inten tion is present in this unthinkable,absurd suggestion.However one school in New York State somehow failed to appreciate the iro ny in this article and banned it for classroom use(Gibbs,1994)which highlights the risks in using irony that mocks particular is sues(ibid:362).Consequently,teaching irony that was made to tar get a certain audience becomes a new problem.

Besides,tutors might remind learners to pay attention on this1)Choose appropriate sort of irony according to the purpose of the conversation,2)Take into account who the target audience is and what his/her response is likely to be—namely,whether the individ ual and the speaker are close enough to tease without doing harm to their relationship.

3.5 What challenges would learners meet?

It is tough for anyone to understand irony who studies a lan guage outside its native cultural context.A very similar rule can be applied to L2 students.Given the students’blindness to English culture(including its literature,politics and economics),sometimes it could be very difficult for them to interpret ironic conversation between native speakers or even to find a true equivalent in anoth er language.One possible solution would be to familiarize them with the cultural surroundings in English countries,in other words the‘shared information’with native English speakers.

To find better solution,some signals of irony can aid recogni tion.As has been mentioned in previous section,speaker’s intona tion could be seen as the most familiar clue to ironic messages(Roy,1978:58).Other cues include exaggeration and occasionally a slowing down of the speaking rate for certain phrases.One diffi culty with this is that it seems that there is no single pattern of into nation cues when people speak ironically(Gibbs,2000),but still this can benefit the process of decoding according to different con texts and background knowledge.

3.6 Teaching learners according to age and level of English

Thus far the theories have been discussed again and again and numerous problems concerned in teaching irony are men tioned.While making the teaching plan,I will argue that two terms shall be considered,one is age,and the other one is Learner’s Eng lish level.As it is almost impossible for a child to understand irony in a language other than his/her mother language.Thus both age and basic level of English is required.

Also,using irony could create humorous class atmosphere and stimulate students’motivation and concentration during class hours,especially when the content of class is in some extent boring and complex.As lots of irony frequently rested on cultural con cepts,to promote children’s gradual understanding of cultural con cepts and native’s thinking pattern becomes essential.

4 Conclusion

This paper generally reviewed three essential types of theories of irony,in both semantic and pragmatic perspectives,and then discussed some detailed questions which need tutors’attention when teaching irony to L2 learners.Special attention was paid to Chinese learners based on my personal experiences.

Although many theories have been claimed and discussed again and again,the area of how to teach it still remains blank,not even to L2 learners.I argued that age and Learner’s English level should be taken into consideration while making the teaching plan.As using irony could help create a good class atmosphere,and increases the students’motivation and concentration during class hours,I considered irony as an important tool in achieving good teaching efforts and it is necessary to learn and teach it.

摘要:在日常英语教学中使用反讽能够创造一种幽默的氛围,帮助激发学生的学习动机,取得更好的教学效果,此外还能使学生深入了解英语国家的文化。该文首先简要介绍了语言学家Grice,Myers Roy,Sperber和Wilson关于反讽的研究理论,然后集中讨论了在反讽教学中涉及到的几个问题。讨论表明,反讽教学中教师应根据学习者的语言水平和年龄慎重选择教学素材,最终使学生有能力在不同的语言情景下合理地运用不同类型的讽刺。

给学生一些写作的“内功心法” 篇3

一、如何结构作文

写好开头很关键,中间注意多分段。过渡一定要自然,结尾呼应更绚烂。

在写作的时候要先从“头”做起,写好开头,这是写好文章的第一步,务必思之、慎之。有人说,阅卷老师有时只看作文的开头和结尾,此话虽有些片面,却也透露出开头在全文中所占的重要地位。第二是分段,初学写作的同学,为了方便省事,总喜欢“一气呵成”,或开头一段,中间一段,结尾一段,这种“三段论”难以在较短的时间内发现一些精彩的地方,还暴露出自己在作文经验方面的幼稚。第三是过渡,学生写作时从一件事转到另一件事,经常会忘记了过渡,这样会给人以唐突之感,读来不够顺畅,疙疙瘩瘩。第四是呼应,即我们所说的点题,虽不是什么大事,然而洋洋洒洒的大幅文字,到了最后,如果加以呼应一下,会让人觉得你一直不偏中心。

二、如何写好记叙文

真情实感语言美,抒情议论来相配。细节描写不可少,详略得当很重要。

以上口诀从情感、语言、表达方式、细节描写、详略得当五个方面指出了写好记叙文的方法。第一是要有真情实感,目的是端正文风。第二是加入抒情和议论。我常常将写记叙文比喻成做菜,而议论和抒情恰似油盐酱醋,缺了它们整篇文章如一锅水煮的“白”菜,观之无色,食之无味。第三是描写,尤其是细节描写,我认为是绝对“不可少”,用一个镜头进行精雕细刻,往往胜过千万空洞的概括。

三、如何文采飞扬

修辞能使语言美,动形成语要必备。句式长短来搭配,古诗名句有韵味。

修辞手法是使语言优美的第一条途径,也是方便经济的做法,这样才能使你的语句富有美感,给人以美的享受。第二是词语的运用,这里重点讲三类好词,即动词、形容词、四字成语。动词的作用不言而喻,有人称其为“词类的灵魂”,相信每一个读过朱自请《背影》的人,多少年后回想起,仍然能够记住父亲那个感人的背影:“我看见他戴着黑布小帽,穿着黑布大马褂,深青色棉袍,蹒跚地走到铁道,慢慢地探身下去,尚不大难。可是他穿过铁道,要爬上那边月台,就不容易了。他两手攀着上面,两脚再向上缩;他肥胖的的身子向左微倾,显出努力的样子。”这里的几个准确无比的动词曾让多少读过这篇文章的人感动得热泪盈眶。形容词往往能将一个事物修饰得恰如其分或是营造出一些优美的意境,这两类词可以说是最富有表现力的。四字成语———这些老祖先留下来的约定俗成的东西,应该说是汉语言的瑰宝,往往用一个成语即表现得淋漓尽致。第三是句式的搭配。长短搭配,句式灵活,就会富有气势。第四是古诗名句的运用。恰当地运用一些古代的诗词名句,会使你的文章读起来让人如含英咀华,余味不绝。

四、如何培养作文习惯

观察生活是源头,阅读作品加加油。勤于练笔是朋友,勇于创新争一流。

第一,生活是我们写作的源头,要善于观察,多观察生活中细致入微的地方,为自己的作文积累更多的素材。第二,阅读作品,在阅读后,在老师的讲解后,除了识字学词,写作手法的学习也是必要的。一方面,课本中的文章多是大家名家的代表作,里面的写作技巧值得我们学习,另一方面,课外的读物,主要是要开阔眼界用的,见多识广能够在山穷水尽时豁然开朗。第三,勤于练笔。

口诀,第一是记忆起来十分简单,第二是具有使用方便快捷的特点,第三是将抽象理论简单化,增强学生写作信心,激发学生写作的兴趣。写作的信心找到了,写作的兴趣也空前的高涨。几个平时作文很少得到优秀的学生,居然在一次表现亲情的作文中将几处细节写得极为精彩,在我问他们的时候,他们的回答惊人地相似:老师不是说过“细节描写不可少”吗?这句话让我感到非常的欣慰,看来这种“雕虫小技”还真给学生写作水平的提高搭建了一个平台,虽然花的工夫不多,但收到的效果还是不错的。希望每个教师都能在自己的教学实践中总结出更多的、符合实际的法子,将学生的成材之路照得更亮。

一些蔬菜和水果的英文 篇4

我买一些蔬菜水果及肉类。

Lili: I prefer some light foods like vegetables and fruits.

丽丽:吃些清淡的食物,尽量多吃蔬菜和水果。

The book is the fruit of years of research.

这本书是多年研究的`成果。

Bad weather forced the price of fruit upwards.

恶劣的天气迫使水果价格上涨。

Mix the fruit into the rest of the mixture.

一些关于恐怖主义的英文词汇范文 篇5

5.AL-Qaeda-linked group 跟基地有联系的组织

6.be blamed for 因„„而受到谴责 7.impending 即将发生 8.wanted 通缉 9.identity 认定 10.offer a reward of 悬赏 11.be credited with 因„„而有功 12.is claiming responsibility for 声称

对„„负责 13.take responsibility for 对„„负责 14.suicide bomber 人体炸弹

15.be targeted in the attacks 被定为攻击的目标

16.detonate 引爆

17.the general prosecutor 总检察官

18.be charged with 被指控(犯有)„„ 19.prior to 在„„之前 20.repression 压制 21.pound猛烈轰击 22.barbarity 野蛮

23.deployment 调度

24.shooting spree 连环射杀

25.month of Ramadan 斋月

26.face a major military onslaught 面临一

次重大的军事攻击 27.interim 临时

28.radicals 激进份子

29.conspiring with 与„„同谋

30.an inverted-pyramid style 倒金字塔型的模式

31.beheading 斩首

32.launch preemptive strikes

against

对„„发动先发制人的打击

33.bounty for 悬赏给

34.nationwide manhunt 全国范围搜捕 35.vice presidential 副总统 36.the acting Prime Minister 代总理 37.the hostage takers 人质劫持者 38.set fire to 放火烧„„ 39.disperse驱散

40.ransack 洗劫

41.reaffirm one’s absolute solidarity with 重申与„„绝对团结 42.reiterate 重申

43.pay a condolence visit to 去„„吊唁 44.“lethal” attacks 致命打击 45.whereabouts 行踪 46.fugitive 逃犯

47.a brief firefight 短暂的交火 48.never get far 难逍遥法外 49.explosives 爆炸

50.mastermind 幕后操纵者

51.committed supporter 坚定的支持者 52.sentence sb in prison 判某人监禁 53.be found guilty of 因„„而被判有罪 54.gas leak 煤气泄漏 55.resorts 旅游胜地

写作英文论文的一些心得 篇6

2.什么是 LDO

3.什么是ESR

4.什么是TTL

5.什么是MOS、NMOS、PMOS、CMOS

6.什么是OC、OD

7.什么是线或逻辑与线与逻辑

8.什么是推挽结构

9.什么是MCU、RISC、CISC、DSP

10.什么是FPGA和ASIC

11.FPGA 与 CPLD 的异同点

1.BOM(BillOfMaterial),是制造业管理的重点之一,简单的定义就是“记载产品组成所需使用材料的表”。以一个新产品的诞生来看:首先是创意与可行性研究的初期过程,接下来的过程就是初步的工程技术分析与原型产品的设计,等到原型产品比较稳定后,经过自制或外购分析(MakeorBuyAnalysisandDecision)后就会产生第一版的工程料表(EBOM,EngineeringBOM)。到正式量产之前,第一版的生产料表(PBOM,ProductionBOM)必须要先完成,以便企业内的相关部门有所遵循。在此之后,就进入了正常的例行维护阶段。

2.什么是 LDO(低压降)稳压器?

LDO 是一种线性稳压器。线性稳压器使用在其线性区域内运行的晶体管或 FET,从应用的输入电压中减去超额的电压,产生经过调节的输出电压。所谓压降电压,是指稳压器将输出电压维持在其额定值上下 100mV 之内所需的输入电压与输出电压差额的最小值。正输出电压的LDO(低压降)稳压器通常使用功率晶体管(也称为传递设备)作为 PNP。这种晶体管允许饱和,所以稳压器可以有一个非常低的压降电压,通常为 200mV 左右;与之相比,使用 NPN 复合电源晶体管的传统线性稳压器的压降为 2V 左右。负输出 LDO 使用 NPN 作为它的传递设备,其运行模式与正输出 LDO 的 PNP设备类似。更新的发展使用 CMOS 功率晶体管,它能够提供最低的压降电压。使用 CMOS,通过稳压器的唯一电压压降是电源设备负载电流的 ON 电阻造成的。如果负载较小,这种方式产生的压降只有几十毫伏。

3.什么是ESR

电容的等效串联电阻,越低的话Q值越小。

4.什么是TTL

Transistor-Transistor Logic晶体管-晶体管逻辑电路(双极性型电路,指包含电子和空穴两种极性的载流子)

5.什么是MOS、NMOS、PMOS、CMOS

MOS(Metal-OxideSemiconductor 金属-氧化物半导体场效应管,单极性)有增强型和耗尽型两种,主要是以下三类

P沟道增强型管构成的PMOS电路

N沟道增强型管构成的NMOS电路

PMOS和NMOS构成的CMOS(互补MOS,Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor

Transistor 互补型金属氧化物半导体)电路

6.什么是OC、OD

集电极开路门(集电极开路 OC 或源极开路 OD)

open-drain是漏极开路输出的意思,相当于集电极开路(open-collector)输出,即ttl中的集电极开路(oc)输出。一般用于线或、线与,也有的用于电流驱动。

open-drain是对mos管而言,open-collector是对双极型管而言,在用法上没啥区别。开漏形式的电路有以下几个特点:

a.利用外部电路的驱动能力,减少IC内部的驱动。或驱动比芯片电源电压高的负载.b.可以将多个开漏输出的Pin,连接到一条线上。通过一只上拉电阻,在不增加任何器件的情况下,形成“与逻辑”关系。这也是I2C,SMBus等总线判断总线占用状态的原理。如果作为图腾输出必须接上拉电阻。接容性负载时,下降延是芯片内的晶体管,是有源驱动,速度较快;上升延是无源的外接电阻,速度慢。如果要求速度高电阻选择要小,功耗会大。所以负载电阻的选择要兼顾功耗和速度。

c.可以利用改变上拉电源的电压,改变传输电平。例如加上上拉电阻就可以提供TTL/CMOS电平输出等。

d.开漏Pin不连接外部的上拉电阻,则只能输出低电平。一般来说,开漏是用来连接不同电平的器件,匹配电平用的。

正常的CMOS输出级是上、下两个管子,把上面的管子去掉就是OPEN-DRAIN了。这种输出的主要目的有两个:电平转换和线与。

由于漏级开路,所以后级电路必须接一上拉电阻,上拉电阻的电源电压就可以决定输出电平。这样你就可以进行任意电平的转换了。

线与功能主要用于有多个电路对同一信号进行拉低操作的场合,如果本电路不想拉低,就输出高电平,因为OPEN-DRAIN上面的管子被拿掉,高电平是靠外接的上拉电阻实现的。(而正常的CMOS输出级,如果出现一个输出为高另外一个为低时,等于电源短路。)

OPEN-DRAIN提供了灵活的输出方式,但是也有其弱点,就是带来上升沿的延时。因为上升沿是通过外接上拉无源电阻对负载充电,所以当电阻选择小时延时就小,但功耗大;反之延时大功耗小。所以如果对延时有要求,则建议用下降沿输出。

7.什么是线或逻辑与线与逻辑?

在一个结点(线)上, 连接一个上拉电阻到电源 VCC 或 VDD 和 n 个 NPN 或 NMOS 晶体管的集电极 C 或漏极 D, 这些晶体管的发射极 E 或源极 S 都接到地线上, 只要有一个晶体管饱和, 这个结点(线)就被拉到地线电平上.因为这些晶体管的基极注入电流(NPN)或栅极加上高电平(NMOS), 晶体管就会饱和, 所以这些基极或栅极对这个结点(线)的关系是或非 NOR 逻辑.如果这个结点后面加一个反相器, 就是或 OR 逻辑.如果用下拉电阻和 PNP 或 PMOS 管就可以构成与非 NAND 逻辑, 或用负逻辑关系转换与/或逻辑.这些晶体管常常是一些逻辑电路的集电极开路 OC 或源极开路 OD 输出端.这种逻辑通常称为线与/线或逻辑, 当你看到一些芯片的 OC 或 OD 输出端连在一起, 而有一个上拉电阻时, 这就是线或/线与了, 但有时上拉电阻做在芯片的输入端内.顺便提示如果不是 OC 或 OD 芯片的输出端是不可以连在一起的, 总线 BUS 上的双向输出端连在一起是有管理的, 同时只能有一个作输出, 而其他是高阻态只能输入.8.什么是推挽结构

一般是指两个三极管分别受两互补信号的控制,总是在一个三极管导通的时候另一个截止.要实现线与需要用OC(open collector)门电路.如果输出级的有两个三极管,始终处于一个导通、一个截止的状态,也就是两个三级管推挽相连,这样的电路结构称为推拉式电路或图腾柱(Totem-pole)输出电路(可惜,图无法贴上)。当输出低电平时,也就是下级负载门输入低电平时,输出端的电流将是下级门灌入T4;当输出高电平时,也就是下级负载门输入高电平时,输出端的电流将是下级门从本级电源经 T3、D1 拉出。这样一来,输出高低电平时,T3 一路和 T4 一路将交替工作,从而减低了功耗,提高了每个管的承受能力。又由于不论走哪一路,管子导通电阻都很小,使RC常数很小,转变速度很快。因此,推拉式输出级既提高电路的负载能力,又提高开关速度。供你参考。

是两个参数相同的三极管或MOSFET,以推挽方式存在于电路中,各负责正负半周的波形放大任务,电路工作时,两只对称的功率开关管每次只有一个导通,所以导通损耗小 效率高。输出既可以向负载灌电流,也可以从负载抽取电流。

推挽电路是两不同极性晶体管输出电路无输出变压器(有OTL、OCL等)。

是兩個參數相同的三極管或MOSFET,以退晚方式存在於電路中,各負責正負半周的波形放大任務

9.什么是MCU、RISC、CISC、DSP

MCU(Micro Controller Unit),又称单片微型计算机(Single Chip Microcomputer),简称单片机,是指随着大规模集成电路的出现及其发展,将计算机的CPU、RAM、ROM、定时数器和多种I/O接口集成在一片芯片上,形成芯片级的计算机。MCU按其存储器类型可分为MASK(掩模)ROM、OTP(一次性可编程)ROM、FLASH ROM等类型。MASK ROM的MCU价格便宜,但程序在出厂时已经固化,适合程序固定不变的应用场合;FALSH ROM的MCU程序可以反复擦写,灵活性很强,但价格较高,适合对价格不敏感的应用场合或做开发用途;OTP ROM的MCU价格介于前两者之间,同时又拥有一次性可编程能力,适合既要求一定灵活性,又要求低成本的应用场合,尤其是功能不断翻新、需要迅速量产的电子产品。

RISC,精简指令集计算机,指的是CPU指令集的一种。RISC指令集的每条指令简单,执行的动作更少,但整体的时钟速度可以很高,通常可以提高CPU性能。

CISC,复杂指令集计算机,指的是另一种CPU指令集。CISC指令集的每条指令复杂,功能丰富,相对于RISC指令集,执行同一个功能所需的指令更少,而执行每条指令的时间会更长。

DSP(digital singnal processor)是一种独特的微处理器,是以数字信号来处理大量信息的器件。其工作原理是接收模拟信号,转换为0或1的数字信号,再对数字信号进行修改、删除、强化,并在其他系统芯片中把数字数据解译回模拟数据或实际环境格式。

DSP芯片,也称数字信号处理器,是一种特别适合于进行数字信号处理运算的微处理器具,其主机应用是实时快速地实现各种数字信号处理算法。根据数字信号处理的要求,DSP芯片一般具有如下主要特点:

(1)在一个指令周期内可完成一次乘法和一次加法;

(2)程序和数据空间分开,可以同时访问指令和数据;

(3)片内具有快速RAM,通常可通过独立的数据总线在两块中同时访问;

(4)具有低开销或无开销循环及跳转的硬件支持;

(5)快速的中断处理和硬件I/O支持;

(6)具有在单周期内操作的多个硬件地址产生器;

(7)可以并行执行多个操作;

(8)支持流水线操作,使取指、译码和执行等操作可以重叠执行。

当然,与通用微处理器相比,DSP芯片的其他通用功能相对较弱些。

10.什么是FPGA和ASIC

FPGA是可编程ASIC。

ASIC:专用集成电路,它是面向专门用途的电路,专门为一个用户设计和制造的。

根据一个用户的特定要求,能以低研制成本,短、交货周期供货的全定制,半定制集成电路。与门阵列等其它ASIC(Application Specific IC)相比,它们又具有设计开发周期短、设计制造成本低、开发工具先进、标准产品无需测试、质量稳定以及可实时在线检验等优点。

11.FPGA 与 CPLD 的异同点

a.逻辑单元的粒度不一样,设计灵活性不同。FPGA逻辑单元的粒度比CPLD小,因此设计更为灵活。

浅谈党政机关公文写作的一些体会 篇7

一、吃透上头, 摸清下面

上头, 通常是指上级领导机关, 本级领导机关, 特别是直接授予任务的领导;下面, 是指基层的有关情况特别是干部职工的意见和建议。吃透上头, 就是要弄清上级领导的想法, 一般来说, 领导对国家的方针和政策理解多些、透些, 对全局大局性的问题观察分析思考也比较多、比较深, 他们的意见应当是更接近党的方针政策, 作者动笔前需要正确理解领会领导的意图, 搞清他们对文件理解角度和对一些问题的想法, 把握住他们的意图实质。摸清下面, 就是要把基层下面的情况摸清楚, 基层干部职工直接接触实际, 应当充分听取他们的一些具体看法, 这里也包括我们平时了解掌握的大量第一手资料。这样使写出来的公文更具现实指导性意义, 能更有针对性地解决现实问题。通常领导和基层的想法是不相同的, 因为他们的层次不同, 看问题的高度和角度都不一样。这时候作者就应该主动反复沟通讨论, 使思想相互碰撞, 运用科学理论武器, 认真比较分析问题, 把两者很好地结合起来, 使之产生火花, 上下结合, 集思广益, 这样才能写出有政治思想高度, 有针对性、可操作性、前瞻性的好公文。

二、做好材料、观点、思路写作前的准备

(一) 材料准备。材料, 是指公文作者为了表现公文主题, 从现实的工作和生活中选取能写入公文中的内容的统称, 包括情况背景、写作目的和根据、解决问题的办法和措施、对事情的意见和规定、执行的时间等等的统称。是提炼公文主题的根据。材料是公文写作的根据, 没有材料就是“巧妇难为无米之炊”, 公文写作就无从下笔, 材料的准备, 包括材料收集、核对和挑选。要尽可能多地掌握材料, 全方位的材料都要搜集。搜集得越多越好, 能更好地提炼出可靠实在的观点。下笔时, 可选择的材料越多, 写得越顺手。但有些作者在收集材料时, 对一些简单零碎素材容易忽视。如通知, 在时间的落实上, 如果不注意问清领导的时间, 在写作时可能要重新去询问, 费时费力。在收集材料时, 要注意核对证实, 要边收集边核对, 即使是已被公认或众口流传的事实或者资料等, 都要尽可能核对证实一下, 绝不能想当然, 尤其是细节, 要搞清楚, 不然细节上出问题与事实不符, 就会造成失误。写作过程中, 还要注意材料的变化, 不断补充和核实。材料完备后, 要精心选择, 挑选出典型的, 能充分说明主旨的事例, 到动笔时就不必重新查找典型的事例。

(二) 观点准备。观点是与收集和挑选材料同时进行的, 首先要明确写作的目的, 一般在各种不同的观点之间进行比较, 然后确定。如写简报前, 必须明确知道这篇简报的目的和作用, 一是向领导机关反映情况;二是为上级提供参考, 成为制定方针政策的依据;三是通报某个典型事例来推动工作;或者仅提供情况。运用材料阐述问题时要根据不同的目的和使用范围选择材料。只有目的明确, 在主题提炼和材料的使用方面, 写起来才不走或少走弯路;如果目的不明确或偏离写作主旨, 就出现写完后重新再写的后果。有些文件, 如写调查报告, 动笔前, 应该回过头重新审视调查的目的。因调查目的只是调查前的想法, 在调查过程中想法可能变化。所以下笔前, 再审视下调查报告的目的是必要的。确定公文主旨的依据, 是它要肯定什么或否定什么, 针对什么问题, 解决什么问题。肯定与否定的理据是否充分, 是否不明确等等, 都需要全面深入地分析研究, 只有主旨明确了, 观点才鲜明, 才能在安排公文的结构, 挑选材料时取舍有据, 详略适当, 写作才更顺手。

(三) 思路准备。有材料, 又有明确的主旨, 就要进行布局谋篇了。要有一个清晰的思路, 文章有几个层次有几个小观点, 怎样突出重点, 主次内容分明、详略得当、前后连贯等等, 好构思, 要谋略, 最好列个提纲, 就像盖房子, 要有设计图纸, 做到动笔时能掌控文章全局, 避免小观点的丢失或前后重复, 这样既会提高公文质量, 又提高写作速度。不同文体的写作提纲, 也有粗细之分, 如大型的工作报告、总结报告或调查报告等, 因为文章较长, 观点比较多, 所以应有较详尽的提纲, 有全篇的格局、层次, 然后每个层次所用的材料都要列出来;短小的公文, 如工作计划和会议纪要, 提纲可简略些 ; 还有些要求急、容量小的公文, 如简报或通知等, 一般就不会列提纲了。提纲怎样写, 没有固定模式, 可按文章长短需要和个人写作习惯、写作观点材料的熟练程度等等而定。

材料、观点和思路的准备是相互关联、缺一不可的, 往往是同时进行, 整理材料、选择典型素材的过程, 也是提炼主题的过程。这些工作完成, 腹稿或提纲也基本成型。

三、把握公文的特点 : 实用、严格、准确、简练

(一) 实用。

公文与小说、诗歌、散文等文艺作品相比较, 公文是以实用为目的, 是用事实和道理表明观点, 不像文学作品, 用形象来表明观点。公文为解决实际问题而存在, 是逻辑思维的活动。公文的内容必须反映公务中的情况, 是对工作情况表明态度, 对工作问题提出解决的方针原则、措施和办法。如上行文, 向上级反映工作中的新情况、问题和经验, 让领导机关了解或定夺。平行文, 是就某一或某些工作问题相互知照或协商。现在各级机关一再强调要克服“文电多”的问题, 本人感到注重实用, 在实用上把关就能解决问题, 一个文能解决的问题就不要多重发文, 没有用处的文就不要发。

(二) 程式化。公文是格式。与文艺作品不同, 公文的目的性很强, 带有任务式, 同时有相对文种、格式和行文方式。例如该写请示就不能写成报告, 是应该写通知的不能写成通报, 不同的文种, 有不同的格式要求, 开头、结尾都是不同的。这种固定的格式和行文方式是机关公文法定权威和鲜明的政治性的体现, 也给我们工作人员提出了对公文态度的要求。

(三) 确保准确。

公文有固定的使用范围、对象和任务, 这就决定它无论内容还是文字都必须真实反映客观事物, 内容实事求是, 不允许想象和虚构。写文艺作品, 编写什么是作者的事, 而公文要求的真实是绝对的真实。公文的语言必须朴实贴切、准确。要注意不能有概念的外延交叉, 如:“号召广大的党员、干部、教职工向某某同志学习”, 这里“党员”“干部”“教职工”三个概念的外延交叉, 不够明确。把“领导干部”写成“党员干部”缩小概念等等。概念使用是前后一致, 推理要周密, 要防止把现象当作本质, 把偶然发生的事当作普遍存在的现象。如“财经纪律大检查对贯彻落实国家关于财会制度、财经纪律是十分重要的, 特别是在实行经营承包的情况下, 更要严肃财经纪律。”前后两个“财经纪律”虽然有一定的联系, 但概念的内涵是不同的, 所以这样写就不准确了。公文是领导机关的语言, 涉及面广, 影响面大, 切不可追求华丽而失实, 造成思想混乱, 使工作遭受损失。

写作英文论文的一些心得 篇8

【关键词】高中英语写作;教学方法;教学效果

语言,是人类思维的载体。英语,对于我们绝大多数的人而言,并不陌生。根据有关数据统计表明,现今全球范围内以英语作为母语的人口数量十分庞大,同时作为联合国的工作语言之一,英语有着极其广泛的适用范围,业已成为一种准国际语言。随着计算机技术的迅速发展,以及互联网的广泛使用,英语的出现更为普遍了。我国接触英语有着一段不长但也不算短的历史,国人学习英语的历史亦是如此。在日常生活中,我们可以轻而易举地说出“OK”、“Bye-bye”等,但是在使用纯英语交流的时候我们大多说的结结巴巴。这不得不让我们反思我们的英语教学,英语的教学想要收到良好的教学效果,必须要有适当的教学方法进行辅助。

一、明确定位,找准目标

时代在变,而英语课本也与时俱进,有着各种新时代的特点,更加的人性化,也更具有应用性,符合现代化的教育理念。牛津高中英语课本,根据课标的要求,其模块设计更加的科学、合理,相较以前的教程编排来看,具有更强的整体性及更高的可塑性。《牛津高中英语》共有11个模块,从基础知识部分到选修部分,再到能力提高部分,11个模块环环相扣,循序渐进。课文题材也渐渐丰富,结合了学生经验、学科知识和社会发展三个方面的内容。教材内容以英式英语为主,语言自然真实,为学生们营造了一个很好的氛围,同时传递出大量的信息。而其精心设计的目标是,让学生们学会学习(learn how to learn),在做中学英语(do to learn),更加的注重锻炼学生们的英语应用能力。提到应用,最能检验学生们的英语应用能力的莫过于英语写作。经历了初中阶段,学生们已经积累了一定量的英语相关的词汇、句型,以及语法知识,而写作则需要学生们根据一定的要求运用自己所学的知识。

二、各个击破,汇零成整

语言是由词汇到句子,再到多个句子的组合,即我们所说的文章。反之,我们可以将一篇文章大致的概括成由词汇、句型、语法按照一定的规律组合而成的。要想写好一篇英语文章,必须具备上述三方面的知识。

平时出现的翻译错误不仅在于对于单词的了解不够,还有我们的思维模式在作怪。在某些研究文献中曾提到过,中国人是“农民思维”,英国人是“渔民思维”,一个是螺旋形思维,一个是直线型思维。在英语的学习过程中,是要将我们的螺旋形思维适应直线型思维。在以前的初中英语教学过程当中,教师会为学生点出中英两种语言思维的差异,例如 In the classroom have a girl.(在教室里有个女孩。)这种句子中国人都能看懂,但是对英国人而言,估计就只能自我领悟了,恰如我们之前举的那个例子,“交通繁忙”我们会翻译成“busy(繁忙)”而很少想到“heavy(繁重)”。学生们必须树立这样的一种思维,或是准备两套思维,一套是母语汉语的专用思维,另一套就是英语的思维。英语思维的树立有利于提升学生们对英语语句的组织能力,减少Chinese English的出现。树立这样一种思维模式不仅仅是通过教师的帮助而进行,还需要学生们积极主动地参与,实现课程目标中的do to learn。除了思维模式的确立,句型和语法的学习也能够有效帮助我们进行正确的英语语句表达。

语法中的难点莫过于时态和语态。语态一般分主动语态和被动语态,而时态的变化则要多一些,例如现在进行时用be + V.-ing的形式来表示;现在完成时用have/has + p.p来表示;一般将来时用shall/will/be going to + V.来表示等等。句型是一篇文章的骨架,有优美的骨架才能填充出漂亮的外表,英语有三大基本句型:一个是“主 + 系 + 表”;另一个是“there be”;还有一个是“主 + 谓 + 宾”。英语并非我们的母语,所以在应用的时候总是会代入汉语的语言习惯,对句型的掌握,可以有效阻止这类错误的发生。

三、千锤百炼,得心应手

上述分析了高中英语写作的重要性以及一些写作时需要注意的因素。我们知道这些之后,同时也要做好“辅助工作”。一定要强调积累和动笔的重要作用。例如让学生们诵读文章增强语感、积累词汇和句型。写作不是一蹴而就的,平时也需要进行英语写作的相关训练,例如让学生们缩写或是改写课文、做阅读题、写命题小作文之类的。只有反复地练习之后,使用起来才会得心应手。

总而言之,英语写作不论是对学生的考试,还是将来的应用都有着深远的影响。高中英语写作教学需要学生们的主动参与,在做中学,需要教师的从旁指导,教导并纠错。要想收到良好的写作教学效果,必须结合实际情况,根据上述诸因素,制定适合的教学方案,提高学生和教师的参与程度。

【参考文献】

[1]曹文华.高中英语写作能力培养之我见[J],青海教育,2011(06).

[2]徐礼苏.在中文语言环境下指导学生写好英语作文[J],读与写(教育教学刊),2011(11).

[3]杨发祥.如何提高高中学生的英语写作能力[J],新课程(教研),2011(11).

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