英文的读书名言语句（通用7篇）
2) Learning is the eye of the mind。 知识是心灵的慧眼。
3) ignorance is not innocence but sin。无知并非纯真，而是罪恶。
4) The shortest answer is doing。 最简单的回答就是干。
5) once bitten， twice shy。一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。
6) life is short and art is long。 人生短暂，学术无涯。
7) a lazy youth， a lousy age。少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。
8) Only the selfless can be fearless。 无私才能无畏。
9) Two heads are better than one。 三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。
10) a little leak will sink a great ship。千丈之堤溃於蚁穴。
11) Ignorance is not innocence but sin。无知并非纯真，而是罪恶。
12) Time is a bird for ever on the wing。时间是一只永远在飞翔的鸟。
13) The force of the wind tests the strength of the grass。 疾风知劲草。
14) books are the food for the hungry of great mind。书籍是伟大的饥饿的粮食。
When an adjective semantically refers to an object, generally, the adjective occupies the attributive position which follows the predicate verb but in front of the object, such as“排成一个圆圆的圈”.Sometimes, this adjective occupies the adverbial position which before the predicate verb, such as“圆圆的排成一个圈”。
Lv Shuxiang (1979) and Zhu Dexi (1985) have already mentioned this phenomenon long ago, for example“圆圆的排成一个圈”and“酽酽的沏一杯茶”.According to Zhu Dexi, “structurally speaking, ‘圆圆的’and‘酽酽的’are adverbials modifying the following verb, but semantically, the two adverbials are closely related to the objects, such as“圈、茶”.
The phenomenon of object-oriented adverbial clause has drawn linguists’great attention home and abroad.In the 1980s, the mainstream study of this phenomenon include three theories, attribute theory, adverbial theory and movement theory.Pan Xiaodong (1981) regards the object-oriented adverbial adjectives as attribute in terms of meaning.Zhu Dexi (1985) , Dai Haoyi (1982) and Shao Jingmin (1987) insist that the object-oriented adverbial adjectives are adverbials in terms of the syntactic form.Lv Shuxiang (1986) proposes the movement theory, he insists that there is a movement from the deep attribute to the surface adverbial.
Recently, scholars have studied object-oriented adverbial clause in three aspects.Some scholars explored why the attribute and adverbial exchange their position.Zhang Guoxian (2005) attributes this phenomenon to pragmatic factors, while Lu Jian (2003) attributes it to cognitive factors;Many linguists made efforts to probe into the syntactic and semantic restrictions of object-oriented adverbial clause, such as Li Jinrong (2007) ;Few scholars dare to explore this mismatch in the framework of formal linguistics.Up till now, only Xiong Zhongru (2013) and Yang Yongzhong (2014) proposes some solutions to explain this mismatch in formal ways.
2 Event Semantics
In the 1960s and 1970s, the TG grammar (transformational and generative grammar) prevailed in linguistics field while semantics was just a marginal branch of linguistics or a structural layer of TG grammar.In a word, in the past, semantics didn’t have an independent status.At that time, studies on logic expressions only touched on the relationship between meaning and the surface structure.Truth condition, entailment and presupposition are totally excluded.The quantification theory is one of the most important achievements of semantic theories and the latest development is semantics based on events, namely, event semantics.
2.1 Brief Introduction to Event Semantics
Many western linguists have made analyses on situation type, such as Vendler (1967) , Dowty (1979&1982) etc.According to Vendler, situation type includes both stative and event, and event can be sub-divided into activity, accomplishment and achievement event.It is generally acknowledged that the formal approach of event semantics is first proposed by Donald Davidson, American philosopher and logician.Davidson published a book Logic Expressions of Performatives, in which he proposes that a new argument representing event should be added to the logic expressions.Later, this analytic method is well-known as Davidsonian Analysis.
Wu Ping (2009) applied the Neo-Davidsonian analysis into logic expressions to show characteristics of event semantics and the widespread application in Chinese ambiguous sentences.Here, a classic ambiguous sentence as follows.
1) 鸡不吃了。
From the above analyses, it is clear that, in the“eating”event, “chicken”can not only be the“agent”, but also be the“theme”.
2.2 Event Structures in Object-oriented Adverbial Clauses
The concept of“event”was first mentioned in the analysis of situation type.Shen Jiaxuan (1995) pointed out that, “event sentence states an independent and complete event.The situation tye conveyed by the event has an actual end point, such as“吃了个苹果”.On the contrary, it is a non-event sentence, such as“吃个苹果”and“吃苹果”.Therefore, once a verb combines with an aspect marker“le”, the action indicated by the verb then gets a terminal point.Moreover, once a noun combines with a quantifier, the noun will get a space bound.Therefore, the sentence made up of“V+le+quantified noun”is an event sentence with termination in situation type.
The object-oriented adverbial clause is a typical event sentence.In the pattern of“S+A+V+O”, in most cases, V (verb) is always followed by the perfective aspect marker“le”, only few“V”is followed by the durative aspect“zhe”in some existential sentences.Therefore, in terms of time and space, the object-oriented adverbial clause shows“telicity”and belongs to the event sentence mentioned above.
According to the literature review, there are three kinds of object-oriented adverbial clauses based on the“manufactural, perceptual and presentive”adjectives.Here is a question, what kind of events do they belong to?
Firstly, object-oriented adverbial clauses with manufactural adjectives belong to causative event, such as“他浓浓的泡了一杯咖啡”.In such event, the agent performs an activity with the preset intention and produces a new thing.
Secondly, object-oriented adverbial clauses with perceptual adjectives belong to perceptive event.In such event, no new thing is produced.But the experiencer gets some feelings and evaluations from actively approaching the object.
Thirdly, object-oriented adverbial clauses with presentive adjectives belong to presentive event.If there is an“utterance subject”, then he perceives the objects and then gives his evaluation.
3 Analysis of Object-oriented Adverbial Clauses in the Framework of Event Semantics
From the above analyses, the approach of event semantics shows obvious advantages.It shows syntactic constituents’semantic role clearly.
3.1 Object-oriented Adverbial Clause in“Causative Event”
In terms of object-oriented adverbial clause with manufactural adjectives, it not only include the agent’s activity but also the pre-set intention.Therefore, it belongs to a complex event.
2) 他想喝一杯浓浓的咖啡+他泡了一杯浓浓的咖啡=他浓浓地泡了一杯咖啡
expected eventactivity eventcausative event
Moreover, the expected event“他想喝一杯浓浓的咖啡”also include two events,
a.Behavior event:他想一件事情
b.Not-yet event:他喝一杯浓浓的咖啡
∃e1[想 (e) &AGT (e) =他]
∃e2[喝 (e) &AGT (e) =他&TH (e) =浓浓的咖啡]
∃e[∃e1[∃e2[e=e1&e2&想 (e1) &AGT (e) =他&喝 (e2) &AGT (e) =他&TH (e) =一杯浓浓的咖啡]
∃e3[泡 (e) &AGT (e) =他&TH (e) =浓浓的咖啡]
∃e[∃e1[∃e2[∃3[e={e1&e2}&e3&{想 (e1) &AGT (e) =他&喝 (e2) &AGT (e) =他&TH (e) =
一杯浓浓的咖啡}&泡 (e) &AGT (e) =他&TH (e) =一杯浓浓的咖啡]]]]
From the above logic representations, it can be seen clear that this logic representation include three events:
e1:他想 (某件事情)
e2:他喝一杯浓浓的咖啡
e3:他泡一杯浓浓的咖啡
There are three event arguments in the above event, they are“想”“喝”“泡”.However, according to the chronological order, the first event happens first, then the third event and the second event.Questions then arise how“他浓浓地泡了一杯咖啡”come into being.
As a matter of fact, the causative event of object-oriented adverbial clauses has undergone a process of integration and compression.The analyses are as follows.
In the above three events, there exists an object noun, that is“浓浓的咖啡”.The form of“浓浓的咖啡”seems to be an attributive structure.If“浓浓的咖啡”is put into every specific event, the attributive structure can be regarded as a“resultative event”.Therefore, the above three events can be transformed into the following:
e1’:他想 (某件事情) , 这件事情中, 有一杯咖啡是浓浓的。
e2’:他喝一杯咖啡, 这杯咖啡浓浓的。
e3’:他泡一杯咖啡, 这杯咖啡浓浓的。
Therefore, it is clear that all the three events imply an event:∃e4[浓 (e) &AGT (e) =咖啡].
For this reason, the event argument in the fourth event is the coffee’s trait.Besides, this event argument has been emphasized in expected event, not-yet event and activity event.Therefore, if this complex event can be transformed into a simple sentence, the coffee’s trait“浓”should be undoubtedly highlighted.Driven by the economic principle and salience principle in pragmatics, this complex event has undergone a process of integration.
If there is only one set of“subject-predicate-object”structure, then one question arises—which event argument is stong enough to remain in the logic representations?Among the four event arguments, “想”is in the expected event, “喝”is in the notyet event, “泡”is in the activity event, “浓”is in the resultative event, only the event argument“泡”plays a role of combining the not-yet event with the actual world.By the activity“泡”, coffee changes from an imaginary thing to an actual object.“泡”is also a premise of drinking coffee and the strong coffee.Therefore, “泡”is the predicate verb of the whole sentence and the event argument of the complex event.The agent of the event is“他”and the changes derived from the event is the newly-produced coffee.Thereby, the third event“他泡咖啡”is the framework.Another question arises, how to express the combination of the first event and the second event (他想喝一杯浓浓的咖啡) without producing a new set of“subject-predicate-object”structure?It lies in the repeatedly-emphasized event argument“浓”.
If the complex sentence is“他泡了一杯浓浓的咖啡”, it only conveys a resultative event and bears no difference with the third event.Therefore, if“浓”substitutes a sentence expressing will, “浓”should undergo two changes.Firstly, in terms of the form, “浓”should not appear in the form of qualitative adjective but the form of state adjective, with the dynamic, descriptive and declarative characters.Secondly, in terms of structure, “浓浓的”should not be in the attributive structure but in the adverbial position.Because in attribute-center structure, “浓浓的”can’t get rid of the limitations of nominalizations.However, when“浓浓的”plays a role of adverbial, it can convey a will and represent a combination of expected event and not-yet event.In chronological order, a constituent before a predicate verb can express an earlier event.Due to the syntactic structure, “浓浓的”changes into“浓浓地”, the dynamic and descriptive characters are emphasized.
From the above analyses, the complex event can be expressed as follows,
∃e[泡 (e) &AGT (e) =他&TH (e) =一杯咖啡&INT (e) =浓浓地]
In this logic representation, the event argument is“泡”, the agent is“他”, the theme is“一杯咖啡”and the intention of this event is“浓浓地”.
3.2 Object-oriented Adverbial Clause in“Perceptive Event”
This part focuses on the object-oriented adverbial clause in perceptive event, which also include three events.Take“她辣辣地吃了一碗担担面”for example,
e1:现实中已经存在一碗担担面, 这碗担担面辣辣的。
e2:她吃了一碗担担面, 这碗担担面辣辣的。
e3:她 (吃完以后) 有辣辣的感觉。
In the framework of event semantics, the logic representations of this complex event are as follows,
∃e[吃 (e) &AGT (e) =她&TH (e) =一碗担担面&TRSM (e) =辣辣的]
In the above logic representations, “吃”is the event argument, “她”is the agent, the theme is“一碗担担面”and the transmitter is“辣辣的 (感觉) ”.Compared with the causative event, the subjective intention declines.Therefore, “她”is not only the agent but also the experiencer in this perceptive event.
3.3 Object-oriented Adverbial Clause in“Presentive Event”
Compared with the perceptive event, the subjective intention of presentive event declines again.Because the“utterance subject”just gives a subjective evaluation.Therefore, presentive event can be regarded as a combination of“objectively-existing event”and“subjectively-evaluating event”.Take“墙壁上方方正正地写着几个大字”for example,
e1:墙壁上已经存在着几个大字, 这些大字方方正正的。
e2:“我”看到了几个大字, 这几个大字方方正正的。
There is one point need to be highlighted, “我”in the second event is marked with double quotation marks, because“我”is only an utterance subject, rather than the agent who wrote those big characters.Moreover, since the sentence“墙壁上方方正正地写着几个大字”is spoken out, someone must have already seen this scene.The person who saw this scene is“我”, therefore, “方方正正”is the evaluation of the“这几个大字”.
Moreover, when performing the activity of“写”, the real agent of“这几个大字”must have a subjective intention of“方方正正”.Then, it conforms to the object-oriented adverbial clause in causative event.Therefore, in terms of presentive event with an implied agent, the utterance subject corresponds to the spokesman of the agent.Besides, as for sentences like“山脚下乱七八糟地堆着一些石头”, if the activity of“堆”only influenced by the natural force rather than human beings’activities, then the utterance subject is only an evaluator.
In the framework of event semantics, this complex event can be represented in the following logic representations,
∃e[写 (e) &TH (e) =几个大字&OPIN (e) =方方正正的]
Among the logic representation, the event argument is“写”, the agent is not mentioned and the theme is“几个大字”.Besides the event, there exists an utterance subject, namely the evaluator of this event.At the sight of“几个大字”, the evaluator this event gives the opinion of“方方正正的”.
4 Conclusion
This thesis provides a new perspective for studying the objectoriented adverbial clauses.In the framework of event semantics, according to the classification of object-oriented adverbial clause with manufactural, perceptual and presentive adjectives, this thesis classifies them into three kinds of event:causative event, perceptual event and presentive event with varied subjective degree.
参考文献
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[8]沈家煊.“有界”与“无界”[J].中国语文, 1995 (5) .
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智慧就是懂得该忽略什么的技巧。
isn’t it a happy thing if you review what you have learned on time.
学而时习之，不亦乐乎?
classic a book which people praise and don’t read。
“经典之作”是人人皆称赞却不愿去读的书。
a good book is the best of friends， the same today and forever。
一本好书，相伴一生。
knowlegde can change your fate and english can accomplish your future。
知识改变命运，英语成就未来。
the best preparation for tomorrow is doing your best today。
对明天做好的准备就是今天做到最好。
the shortest way to do many things is to only one thing at a time。
做许多事情的捷径就是一次只做一件一件事
a man dies still if he has done nothing， as one who has done much。
既然无所事事亦难逃一死，何不奋斗终生。
too great an eagerneto discharge on obligation is a species of ingratitude。
急于逃避履行义务是一种忘恩负义的行为。
the greatest test of courage on earth is to bear defeat without losing heart。
世界上对勇气的最大考验是忍受失败而不丧失信心。
learning without thinking leads to confusion; thinking without studying results in tardiness。
学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。
reading make a full man， conference a ready man， and writing an exact man。
阅读使人充实，交谈使人机智，写作使人精确。
too great an eagerness to discharge on obligation is a species of ingratitude。
急于逃避履行义务是一种忘恩负义的行为。
books are treasure banks storing wisdom passed down from generation to generation。
书籍是贮存人类代代相传的智慧的宝库。
learning without thinking leads to confusion; thinking without studying results in tardiness。
学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。
if a man empties his purse into his head， no one can take it from him。
如果一个人倾其所有以求学问，那么这些学问是没有人能拿走的。
A man dies still if he has done nothing, as one who has done much.既然无所事事亦难逃一死，何不奋斗终生。
After you have read more than ten thousand volumes, you will find it easy to write as if God were there helping you.读书破万卷，下笔如有神。
All books are divisible into two classes: the books of the hour, and the books of all time.一切书籍都可以分为二类：即：一时之书与永久之书。
Books are the food for the hungry of great mind.书籍是伟大的饥饿的粮食。
Books are to mankind what memory is to the individuanl. 书之于人类，犹如记忆于之个人。
Books are treasure banks storing wisdom passed down from generation to generation.书籍是贮存人类代代相传的智慧的宝库。
Classic A book which people praise and don’t read. “经典之作”是人人皆称赞却不愿去读的书。
2) A little neglect may breed great mischief.小不忍则乱大谋。
3) A little spark kindles a great fire.星星之火，可以燎原。
4) A little wind kindles, much puts out the fire.适可而止，过犹不及。
5) All covet, all lose.贪多必失。
6) All is fair in war.兵不厌诈。
7) All is not gold that glitters. 闪光的东西并不都是黄金。
8) All roads lead to Rome.条条道路通罗马。
9) All shall be well, Jack shall have Jill.有情人终成眷属。
10) All the treasures of the earth would not bring back one lost moment.机会失去不再来，千贯万贯难赎回。
11) All things are easy that are done willingly.做事乐意，诸事容易。
12) All things are obedient to money.有钱能使鬼推磨。
13) A maiden with many wooers often chooses the worst.少女有了许多求婚者往往选中了最差的一个
14) A man apt to promise is apt to forget.轻诺者易忘。
15) A man can not spin and reel at the same time.一心不能二用。
16) A man has two ears and one mouth that he may hear much and speak little.人有两只耳朵一张嘴，就是为了多听少说话。
17) A man knows his companion in a long journey and a little inn.路遥知马力，日久见人心。
18) A man may dig his grave with his teeth.祸从口出。
19) A man may lead a horse to the water, but he cannot make him drink.牵马到河易，强马饮水难。
2) God helps those who help themselves. 天助自助者。
3) Great hopes make great man. 伟大的理想造就伟大的人。
4) Growth in wisdom may be exactlyi measured by decrease in bitterness. 智慧的增长可用痛苦的减少来精确衡量。
5) If you don’t learn to think when you are young, you may never learn. 如果你年轻时没有学会思考，那就永远学不会思考。
6) if you want to be happy, make yourself useful.让自己做一个有用的人,这样才能获得幸福.
7) It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do. 不能爱哪行才干哪行，要干哪行爱哪行。
8) It takes a lot of thought and effort and downright determination to be agreeable. 要做到与人融洽相处，需要仔细地思考，认真地努力和痛下决心。
9) Learning any language takes a lot of effort. but don’t give up. 学习任何语言都是需要花费很多努力，但不要放弃。
10) Learning is the eye of the mind. 知识是心灵的慧眼.
11) No success in life merely happens. 人生中没有什么成功是纯粹偶然得来的。
12) Nothing is impossible for a willing heart. 心之所愿，无所不成。
13) Only the selfless can be fearless. 无私才能无畏.
14) Other people’s interruptions of your work are relatively insignificant compared with the countless times you interrupt yourself. 别人对你工作的干扰与你自己无数次地打断自己相比，微不足道。
To keep someone around you is not love; love is to let the one u love go freely.
不是把对方留在自己身边才叫爱，能放手让所爱的人离开，也是爱的一种。
things do not change.we change
物是人非。
Some love can not insist we can only give up chic
有些爱 不能坚持 即使不舍 也只能够潇洒放弃。
Some habits, however, was to change.
有些习惯，无论如何都改不了。
Side to give up, while love you.
一边放弃、一边爱你。
RuoLi green, green SuoYi XieFengXiYu, not return.
青箬笠，绿蓑衣，斜风细雨不须归。
Promises are often like the butterfly, which disappear after beautiful hover.
承诺常常很像蝴蝶,美丽的`飞盘旋然后不见
You are the greatest adventure of my life.
你就是我生命中最大的冒险。
When every love comes to the end, if u look back, u will find flowers and sorrows, but its always beautiful.
每段爱情在走向终结时，倒带回去，一路上或花草鲜美，或落英缤纷，而最初总是倾心的。
what a loveiy world it well be with you away.
没有了你.这个世界多么寂寞。
We cease loving ourselves if no one loves us.
如果没有人爱我们，我们也就不会再爱自己了。
To see a world in a grain of sand. And a heaven in a wild flower.
正月 lunar January;the first month by lunar calendar
除夕 New Years Eve;eve of lunar New Year
初一 the beginning of New Year
元宵节 The Lantern Festival
Customs:
过年 Guo-nian;have the Spring Festival
对联 poetic couplet: two successive rhyming lines in poetry
春联 Spring Festival couplets
剪纸 paper-cuts
年画 New Year paintings
买年货 special purchases for the Spring Festival;do Spring Festival shopping
敬酒 propose a toast
灯笼 lantern: a portable light
烟花 fireworks
爆竹 firecrackers(people scare off evil spirits and ghosts with the loud pop.)
红包 red packets(cash wrapped up in red paper, symbolize fortune and wealth in the coming year.)
舞狮 lion dance(The lion is believed to be able to dispel evil and bring good luck.)
舞龙 dragon dance(to expect good weather and good harvests)
戏曲 traditional opera
杂耍 variety show;vaudeville
灯谜 riddles written on lanterns
灯会 exhibit of lanterns
守岁 staying-up
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