新人教版小学英语各年（精选8篇）
说明：* 表示重要；在重音模式标注中，一个“-”代表一个音节。
1. *a- [Latin] 1) see ab-
[Greek] 2) not, without [an- before a vowel]: amoral, anarchy, acentric, asocial, apolitical, anarchism
[English] 3) at, on, in, intensive: aback, afloat, abed, ablaze, aloud, asleep, abreast
2. *ab- away [a- before m, p, v; abs- before c, t]: abdicate, abduct, abjure, abominable, avert, abstract, absorb, abnormal, abuse, abaxial
3. *–ability n. of adj. ending in –able: stability, changeability, adaptability（重音a’bility）/[biliti/
4. *–able [often -ible after t, s]1) that can ~: perishable, changeable, adaptable 2) that can be ~ed: provable, expendable, readable, irresistible 3) full of ~: knowledgeable 4) [added to stems]: capable, probable（通常不影响重音，但’reconcile→irrecon’cilable）
5. *-ably adv. of adj. ending in –able: peaceably, comfortably, suitably (通常不影响重音)
6. *ac- see ad-
7. *–ac 1) characteristic of: elegiac, demoniac 2) of, relating to: cardiac 3) affected by, having: maniac (both adj. and n.) （重音’- - ac）/Ak/
8. –acal =-ac adj. maniacal （重音’- acal）/[k[l/
9. acantho- thorn [acanth- before a vowel]: acanthoid
10. –acea用于动物纲名、目名: Crustacea（重音’acea）/eiFi[/
11. –acean 1) adj. of words ending in –acea or –acea (=aceous) 2) a member of the stated category: Crustacean（重音’acean）/eiFi[n/
12. –aceae 用于植物科名: Pinaceae （重音’aceae）/eisii:/
13. –aceous 1) adj. of words ending in –acea or –acea: Crustaceous 2) adj. [added to stems]: curvaceous, herbaceous （重音’aceous）/eisi[s/
14. –acerb- bitter, violent: acerbic, acerbity, exacerbate
15. aceto- 醋酸 [acet- before a vowel]: acetic, acetate
16. *–acious adj. characterized by, inclined to, full of: tenacious, fallacious, rapacious, sagacious, veracious （重音’acious）/eiFi[s/
17. *–acity n. of words ending in –acious: tenacity, sagacity, rapacity, veracity (重音’acity) /Asiti/
18. *–acle n. thing: spectacle, obstacle, manacle, tentacle, pentacle (不影响重音)
19. acou- listen: acoustic, acouophone
20. acri- sour, sharp: acrimonious, acrimony
21. *acro- 1) pointed: acrocephaly 2) topmost: acronym, acrobat, acrophobia
22. actino- of rays: actinotherapy, actinogram
23. acu-, acut- sharp: acute, acupuncture, acumen
24. *–acy n. [esp. of adj. ending in –ate] quality, position, condition: accuracy, obstinacy, determinacy, privacy, intimacy (不影响重音)
25. *ad- motion towards, addition to, nearness to, intensive
[ab- before b]: abbreviate
[ac- before c, k, qu]: acquit, accept, accustom, account, accredit, accompany
[af- before f]: afforest, affright, affix, affirm
[ag- before g]: aggravate, aggression, aggrandize
[al- before l]: alleviate, allude
[an- before n]: annotate, annex, announce
[ap- before p]: appoint, appropriate, appraise, appease
[ar- before r]: arrest, arrive, arrange, arrear
[as- before s]: assess, assault, assimilate, assure, associate
[at-before t]: attire, attest, attune, attract
[a- before sc, sp, st]: ascend, aspire, astringent
[ad- before h, j, m, v] admonish, adhere, adjacent, advertise, adjust, admixture, adventure
26. –ad [Greek] 1) the name of certain collective numerals: dyad, monad 2) the title of any of certain poems: Iliad 3) any of certain plants: cycad
[Latin] 4) adv. towards, in the direction of: caudad (不影响重音)
27. *–ade 1) the act of ~ing: blockade 2) result or product: arcade 3) participants in an action: brigade 4) drink made from: lemonade （重音: ‘ade）/eid/
28. adeno- gland or glands [aden- before a vowel]: adenoma, adenoid
29. adip- fat: adipose
30. *aer-, aeri-, aero- air: aerate, aerogram, aerospace, aerosphere, airy, aerial, aerodrome, aerolith, aerial, aerify, aerology
31. *af- see ad-
32. *Afro- African: Afro-American
33. *after- coming behind or later: aftertaste, aftermath, aftercare, afterlife
34. *ag- see ad-
35. *–ag-, -ig-, -agit- (frequentative), -act- do, drive, make: agent, agenda, activate, agitate, enact, actual, activism, activity, counteract, exact, exacting, inactive, inaction, interact, react, transact, agency, agile, agility, litigate, navigate
36. *–age n. 1) action, condition, or result of: marriage, cleavage, usage, shrinkage 2) amount or number of: acreage, mileage, percentage 3) cost of: postage, freightage, wharfage 4) place of: steerage, village, anchorage 5) collection of: peerage, package, wrappage 6) home of: hermitage, orphanage 7) loan words from French: savage, voyage (不影响重音)
37. –agog-, -agogue 1) leader: demagogue 2) a substance that induces the secretion of: galactagogue （重音’- agogue）
38. –agon- contend agony, agonize, antagonist, protagonist
39. *agri-, agro- [agr- before a vowel] field: agriculture, agrarian, agrology, agricorporation, agronomy, agrobiology, agro-town, agrestic, agrochemicals
40. –ain n. 1) person: villain, captain, chieftain 2) thing: quatrain (不影响重音)
41. *–aire n. 1) person: millionaire, doctrinaire 2) thing: questionnaire （重音’aire）/Z[/
42. *al- [Arabic] 1) used in words of Arabic origin: algebra, alchemy
[Latin] 2) see ad-
43. *–al 1) adj. of, like, or suitable for: hysterical, theatrical, personal, national, natural, exceptional 2) n. the act or process of: arrival, rehearsal, recital, appraisal, overthrowal 3) 醛: furfural 4) 巴比土酸盐: barbital （重音：一般不影响重音，但如果前面拼写是双辅音或发音是双元音，重音则为’ – al; 另外，若前面为ic，则重音为’ - ical）
44. alacri- quick: alacrity
45. alb- white: albino, album, albumen
46. –algia pain: odontalgia, nostalgia, neuralgia （重音’algia）/AldVi[/
47. ali- another, other: alias, alibi, alien
48. *–ality: n. of adj. ending in –al: mentality, morality, logicality, formality, technicality （重音’ality）/Aliti/
49. *–ally adv. of adj. ending in –al: actually, politically, climaticaaly, heroicaaly, conditionally
50. *-alter- the other: adultery, adulterate, alternate, alternative
51. *–alt- high: altitude, exalt, alto, altar, altimeter, altimetry, altocumulus
52. *–am-, -amor-, -amat- love: amity, amorous, amatory, amour, paramour, amateur, amateurish
53. *ambi- both, around: ambidextrous, ambience
54. *–ambul- walk: ambulance, preamble, somnambulism, ambulant, perambulate, ambulate, noctambulant
55. –amen- as one wishes: amenity, amenable
56. –amic- friend: amicable
57. amphi- two: amphibian, amphitheater
58. –ampl- large: ample, amplify, amplifier
59. amylo- 淀粉: amyloid
60. *an- 1) see a- 2) see ad-
61. *–an n. and adj. 1) (one) belonging to or having some relation to: diocesan 2) (one) born in or living in: Mexican, African, European 3) (one) believing in or following: Lutheran, Mohammedan (通常不影响重音，但’ean /i:[n/)
62. *ana- 1) up, upward: anadromous 2) back, backward: anagram 3) again: Anabaptist 4) throughout: analysis 5) according to, similar to: analogy
63. *–ana sayings, writings, anecdotes, facts, or objects of: Americana, Victoriana （重音’ana）/ana/
64. *–ance n. 1) the act or process of: discontinuance, resistance, attendance, guidance 2) the quality or state of being: forbearance, vigilance 3) a thing that ~s: hindrance 4): a thing that is ~ed: utterance (通常重音’ - - ance，但如果前面拼写是双辅音或发音是双元音，重音则为’- ance)
65. –ancill- maidservant: ancillary
66. *–ancy =ance [but different words may take different endings]: buoyancy, expectancy, occupancy, conservancy, elegancy, militancy (通常重音’ - - ancy，但如果原词末尾发音是双辅音或双元音，重音则为’- ancy)
67. –and see -end
68. *–andr- male, man: polyandry, androgynous, android
69. –androus having the stated number of stamens: monandrous
70. –ane 1) 饱和烃: methane, ethane 2) 某些环状化合物: cyclohexane
71. *–aneity n. of adj. ending in –aneous: spontaneity, spontaneity, contemporaneity （重音’eity）/i:[ti/
72. *–aneous adj. of a certain quality: extraneous, spontaneous, instantaneous, miscellaneous （重音’aneous）/eini[s/
73. angio- blood vessel: angiomatosis
74. *Anglo- Britain: anglophile, Anglophobia, Anglo-American
75. *–anim- 1) spirit, breath, life, mind: animal, animate, inanimate, animism, unanimous, magnanimous, longanimity, exanimate, reanimate, animated 2) hostility: animosity
76. *–ann-, -enn- year: annual, annuity, biannual (twice a year), annals, anniversary, annalist, annuity, annuitant, superannuate, biennial (once very two years), perennial, millennium
77. *-ant [adj. or n. of n. ending in –ance or –ancy] 1) adj. that has, shows or does: defiant, radiant, vigilant, determinant, assistant, repentant 2) n. a person or thing that: occupant, accountant, insurant, informant, coolant, stimulant (通常重音’ - - ant，但如果前面拼写是双辅音或发音是双元音，重音则为’- ant)
78. *ante- before, in front of: anteroom, antecedent, antenatal
79. –anth- flower: anthology, chrysanthemum
80. *-anthrop- humankind: anthropology, philanthropist, paleoanthropology, anthropoid, misanthropy, anthropotomy
81. *anti- [ant- before a vowel] against, the opposite: Antarctica, antibiotic, antihero, antiwar
82. api- bee: apiary
83. apo- [ap- before a vowel or h] away from: apogee, apology, apostasy, aphelion
84. –apt- fit, suitable: aptitude, adapt
85. *–aqua-, -aque- water: aquarium, aqueous, aquatic, aqualung, aqueduct, aquiferous
86. aquil- eagle: aquiline
87. *–ar 1) adj. of, relating to, like, of the nature of: singular, polar，similar, insular, nuclear 2) n. the agent of a particular action =-er: registrar, scholar, beggar, liar, pedlar (不影响重音)
88. –arbitr- judge: arbitrate, arbitrary
89. arc- arch: arcade
90. *arch- chief: archenemy, archbishop
91. *–arch- rule, ruler: monarch, monarchy, anarchy, autarchy, gynarchy, oligarchy, patriarchy, matriarch, plutarchy
92. archaeo-, archeo- ancient: archeology, archeologist
93. -ard-, -ars- burn: ardent, ardor, arson
94. *–ard, -art person or thing [often derog.]: braggart, tankard, drunkard, laggard, Spaniard, coward, wizard (不影响重音)
95. *–arian n. or adj.1) (one) characterized by or having: octogenarian, centenarian 2) (one) believing in: Unitarian, utilitarian, vegetarian 3) (one) associated with: antiquarian, agrairian（重音’arian）/e[ri[n/
96. *–arium place or container: aquarium, planetarium, sanitarium, ovarium （重音’arium）/e[ri[m/
97. *-arm- arms: armament, armistice
98. *-art- art, skill: artifice, artifact, artisan
99. arteri- of artery: arteriosclerosis
100. arthr- of joints: arthritis
101. –articul- joint: articulate, articulation
102. *–ary: 1) adj. relating to, connected with: ordinary, contemporary, military, urinary, imaginary, elementary 2) n. a person or thing connected with: adversary, dictionary, secretary, notary, missionary, dignitary （通常重音British: ‘- - ary, American: ‘- - ‘ary, 但如果前面拼写是双辅音或发音是双元音，重音则为’ - ary）
103. –ase enzyme: amylase /eis/
104. –asper- rough: asperity, exasperate
105. –ast person (corresponding to words ending in -asm): enthusiast, gymnast（重音’- - ast）
106. *–aster-, -astr- star: asteroid, disaster, astronomer, astrology, astrodog, astronaut, astrophysics, astral, asterisk, asteroid
107. –aster person of the stated kind (derog.): poetaster, medicaster, philosophaster
108. *–ate v. 1) to become: evaporate, maturate 2) to cause to become: invalidate, rejuvenate, differentiate 3) to form or produce: ulcerate 4) to provide or treat with: vaccinate, hypenate 5) to out in the form of, or form by means of: delineate 6) to arrange for: orchestrate 7) to combine, infuse or treat with: oxygenate （通常重音’- - ate /eit/）
109. *–ate adj. 1) of or characteristic of: collegiate, corporate, roseate 2) having or filed with: passionate, proportionate, affectionate 3) roughly corresponding to p.p ending in –ed animate, determinate （通常重音’- - ate /it/）
110. *-ate n. an office, function, agent, official or group of officials: potentate, directorate, advocate, candidate 2) the land, territory, or dominion of: priorate, sultanate 3) a person or thing that is the object of: legate, mandate 4) [in chemistry] slat made from any of certain acides with names ending in –ic: nitrate, carbonate, borate 5) [in chemistry] a result of some process: distillate （通常重音’- - ate /it/）
111. –athlon an sports event or activity for collecting money: decathlon, talkathlon
112. *–atic adj. of n. ending in –ate, -cy, -m or after a root: climatic, ecstatic, aquatic, systematic （重音’atic）/Atik/
113. *–ation n. of v. ending in –ate or –te [action, condition or result]: animation, invitation, variation, quotation, examination （重音’ation）/eiF[n/
114. *–ative adj. of n. ending in –ation: speculative, illustrative （重音与原动词同，但如果前面拼写是双辅音或发音是双元音，重音则为’ - ative）
115. *–ator doer: educator, instigator （重音与原动词同）
116. *-atory 1) adj. of some n. ending in –ation: explanatory, derogatory, preparatory 2) n. place: conservatory, laboratory, lavatory (通常重音英音’ - atory，美音’ – a’tory；英音la’boratory，美音’labora’tory )
117. atmo- air: atmosphere
118. -atroc- cruel: atrocity, atrocious
119. atropho- atrophy: atrophoderma
120. –audac- bold: audacity, audacious
121. *–audi-, -audit-, audio- listen: audio, audit, audition, auditorium, audible, inaudible, auditor, audiometer, audiology, audiovisuals
122. *–aug-, -auct- increase: augment, auction, auctioneer
123. *–augur- sign, herald: augury, inaugurate, augural, inauguration
124. aur- ear: auricle, auricular
125. *Austro- Austrian: Austro-Hungarian
126. *–author- right, author: authoritative, authorship, authority, authorize, unauthorized
127. *auto- [aut- before a vowel] self: autism, autograph, autobiography, autarchy
128. –auxili- help: auxiliary
129. –avi- bird, flight: aviation, aviator, avian, aviary, aviculture
130. –avuncul- uncle: avuncular
131. *back- backward: backslide, backfire, backpedal, backdate
132. bacteri- bacteria: bactericide
133. -barbar- savage: barbarous, barbarism, barbaric
134. baro- pressure: barometer, barometric, baroscope, isobar
135. –bas- low: abase, basement, debase
136. basi-, baso- of the base, of alkalis: basophilia
137. *–bat- beat, strike: battle, combatant, noncombatant, combat, battle
138. bathy- deep, sea: bathysphere
139. *be- 1) treat in the stated way [added to n. and adj.]: befriend, belittle, becalm, befool 2) around: besiege, beset 3) furnish with, cover with: besprinkle, becloud, bedew 4) wearing: bespectacled, bewhiskered 5) completely, thoroughly: bedeck, besmear 6) away: bereave, betake, behead 7) about [added to other verbs, making them into vt.]: bethink, bemoan, befall
140. beat- happy: beatific, beatitude
141. *–bel-, -bell- war, fight: rebel, rebellious, bellicose, belligerent
142. *bene- well, good: benediction, benefactor, benefit, benevolent
143. benzo- 苯: benzene
144. *bi- two: bicycle, binary, bilingual, biweekly
145. *–bi-, -bio- life: biology, biography, amphibian, autobiography, biotic, antibiotic, biosphere, biochemistry, bioclean, bioelectricity
146. bili- of bile: bilirubin
147. *biblio- book: bibliography, bibliophile, bibliomania, Bible
148. blasto- 胚，芽: blastoderm
149. *-bon- [positive] good; -melior- [comparative] better; -optim- [superlative] best: bonus, ameliorate, optimist, optimize
150. *–bound: 1) kept in the stated condition: snowbound 2) moving in the stated direction: westbound （不影响重音）
151. brachy- short: brachydont
152. –brad-, -bras- scrape: abrade, abrasive
153. –brady- slow: bradycardia
154. –brev- short: brief, abbreviate, brevity, debrief, breviary
155. bronch- 气管: bronchitis
156. *by- of less importance: byproduct, bypass, byroad, byname
157. *caco- bad, ugly: cacophony
158. *–cad-, -cid-, -cas- fall: cadence, occasion, accident, incident, decadence, coincide, casual, casualty, occident, incidental, coincidence, deciduous
159. –calci- calcium: calcify, calcine
160. –calcul- calculate: calculation
161. –calor- heat: calorie, calorify, calorific, calorimeter
162. can- dog: canine
163. *–cant-, -cent- song, sing: canto, incantation, decant, accent
164. –cap-, -capac- contain: capable, capacity
165. *–capt-, -cept-, -ceive-, -ceipt-, -ceit-, -cip-, -cipi- take: captive, accept, deceive, deception, recipient, anticipate, conceivable, incipient, receipt, deceit, conceit, interception, incept
166. *–capit- head: capital, decapitate, capitalize
167. –carcer- prison: incarceration
168. *–card-, cardio-, -cardia heart: cardiotonics, carditis, tachycardia, carditis, cardiac, electrocardiogram, tachycardia, epicardium, endocardium
169. *–carn- flesh: carnal, carnivore, incarnate
170. carpo- fruit: carpophagous, carpology
171. *cata- [cat- before a vowel]1) down, downward: catabolism 2) away, completely: catalysis 3) against: catapult 4) throughout: cataphresis 5) backward: cataplasia
172. -caten- chain: concatenate
173. caus- burn: causalgia
174. –caut- careful: cautious, precaution
175. *–ced-, -ceed-, -cess- 1) yield: cede, concede, concession 2) go: proceed, precede, exceed, excessive, supersede, precedent, unprecedented, procedure, process, procession, success, succeed, intercession
176. cel- sky: celestial
177. –cele swelling: hydrocele
178. –celebr- : celebrity, celebrate
179. –celer- fast: accelerate, decelerate, celerity, accelerometer, decelerometer, acceleration
180. celio- abdomen: celiotomy
181. cell- cell: cellular, celluase, cellue, celluate
182. *cent- 100: century
183. *centi 1/100: centimeter
184. –centesis 穿刺术: cardiocentesis （重音cen’tesis）/s[nti:sis/
185. *centri- center: centrifugal, concentric, eccentric
186. cephal- head: cephalalgia
187. cerato- horn or horny: ceratoid
188. -cerebr- brain: cerebration, cerebritis
189. –cern-, -cret- see: discern, secret
190. cero- [cer- before a vowel] wax: ceraceous, cerate
191. *–cert- certain: certify, certificate, ascertain, certitude, certifiable, certification, incertitude
192. –chem-, chemo- chemistry: alchemy, chemophysiology
193. chiro- hand: chirospasm
194. chloro- 绿色，氯气: chlorosis
195. cholo- bile: cholochrome
196. chondr- 软骨: chrondritis
197. *–chrom-, -chromat- color: chromosome, chromatic, monochrome, polychrome, photochrome, homochromous, panchromous
198. *–chron- time: chronology, chronicle, anachronism, chronic, synchronal, synchronize, synchronoscope, chronometer, isochronism
199. chrys- yellow: chrysanthemum
200. *–cid-, -cis- kill, cut: incisive, decide, excision, suicide, decision, concise, precise, incision, incisor, excision, circumcise, insecticide
201. –cinct- gird, surround: cincture
202. cine- of films or the film industry: cinecamara
203. *circum- around: circumlocution, circumspect, circumference, circumfluence, circumaviate
204. *–circ- circle: circular, circus, circulate, encircle, circuitous
205. cirri- [cirr- before a vowel] tendril: cirrose, cirrus
206. cis- on this side of: cisatlantic, cisalpine
207. citr- lemon or orange: citrate, citrus
208. *–civ- citizen: civil, civility, uncivil
209. –civil- of citizens: civilize, civilian, civilization
210. *–clam-, -claim cry, shout: exclaim, exclamation, declaim, reclaim, proclaim, declamatory, clamor, clamorous,acclaim
211. *–clar- clear: clarify, declare, clarity
212. –clim- zone, region: climate, climatic, acclimatize
213. *–clin-, -cliv- slant: acclivity, declivity, recline, decline, inclined, inclination, declension, disincline, isoclinal
214. *–clud-, -clus-, -clos- close [v]: conclude, disclose, seclusion, recluse, occlude, preclusion, exclusive, include
215. *co- see con-
216. cocci-, cocco- 小球状，浆果: coccus
217. –coct- cook, make: decoction
218. *–cogn-, -cogit- cogitate, cognitive, recognize, recognition, cognize, incognizable, precognition
219. *col- see con-
220. –col neck: collar, accolade
221. –colon- farmer: colonial, colonize
222. *com- see con-
223. *con- together, intensive:
[co- before a vowel] co-ed, cooperation
[col- before l] collaborate, collocate
[com- before b, m, p] compose, combine, communicate, commiserate
[cor- before r] correct, corrupt, correlation, corrugate
[otherwise con-] contend, consign, concentric, contemporary
224. –concil- reconcile, conciliatory
225. *contra-, counter- against: contraception, contradiction, counteract, counterbalance, counterattack
226. copi- abundance: copious
227. copro- garbage: coprology, coprolite
228. –copul- link: copulate, copula, copulative
229. *–cord- heart: cordial, accord, concord, discordant, record
230. –coron- crown: coronation
231. *–corp-, -corpor- body: corpus, corporeal, incorporate, corporation, corpulent
232. –cosm- universe: cosmos, cosmic, microcosm, cosmology, acosmism, cosmopolitan, macrocosm
233. –count- tell: account, accountable, recount
234. *–cracy rule: democracy, autocracy, bureaucracy, plutocracy, theocracy, monocracy, mobocracy （重音’ - cracy）
235. *–crat ruler, supporter: democrat, autocrat, bureaucrat, technocrat （重音’- - crat）
236. *-cratic adj. of n. ending in –cracy: technocrat, aristocratic （重音’cratic）
237. *–craft skill: woodcraft, statecraft （不影响重音）
238. cranio- skull: cranial, craniology, craniotomy, cranium
239. –crem-, -cremat- burn: cremate, crematorium
240. –cre- create: creation, creative
241. *–cred- believe: credit, incredible, credulous, creditable, discredit, accredit, credential
242. *–cresc-, -creas-, -cret-, -crue increase: crescent, decrease, concrete, accretion, accrue
243. *cross- across: cross-cultural
244. –cruci- cross: crucify, excruciating, crucifixion
245. cryo- cold, freeze: cryobiology, cryogen, cryometer, cryophilic, cryosurgery, cryogen, cryogenics, cryoprobe, cryoscope
246. crypto- [crypt- before a vowel]: crypto-Communist, cryptic, cryptogenic, cryptogram, cryptology
247. crystallo- 结晶: crystalline
248. *–cub- lie down: cubicle, incubate, incubation, incubus, concubine, concubinage, decubitus
249. –cus- cause: accusative, excuse, accusation
250. *–cult- till [v]: cultivate, culture, culture, cultural, agriculture, arboriculture, pisciculture, mariculture
251. –cumul- accumulate: cumulative, accumulator
252. cupro- of copper: cupric, cupronickel, cuprous
253. –cupid- greedy: cupidity
254. –cur- care: secure, procure, curator
255. *–cur-, -curs-, -cour-, -course run: precursor, course, discourse, recur, occurrence, discursive, current, currency, excurse, excursion, concourse, succor, cursory, incursion, concur, recur
256. –custod- guard: custody
257. *-cy quality, condition, state, position: infancy, idiocy, captaincy, bankruptcy （不影响重音）
258. cyano- 青紫: cyanuria
259. *–cycl- circle: cyclist, bicycle, tricycle, cyclone, cycloid, hemicycle, autocycle, recycle, cyclotron, recyclable
260. cysti- bag, bladder: cystitis
261. -cyt- empty container, cell: histocyte, cytochemistry
262. –damn-, -demn- condemn: damnabe, indemnity
263. *de- 1) away from, off: debar, derail, deduct, defer, define, detrain, dethrone 2) down: degrade, decline, decadent, depress, devalue 3) wholly, entirely: defunct 4) reverse the action of; undo: defrost, decode, desalt, deforest
264. *deca- decem- ten: decathlon, decagon, decameter
265. *deci- 1/10 decimeter, decimate, deciliter
266. –decor- beauty, grace: decorate, decorous
267. *demi- half: demigod, demi-fixed
268. dendr- trees: dendroid, dendrolite, dentrology
269. –dent- tooth: dentist, dental, dentistry, denture, dentoid, trident, indent, denticle
270. –dens- dense: condense, density
271. deoxy- 脱氧: deoxidize, deoxygenate
272. –derm-, -dermat- skin: dermatosis, dermatitis, dermal, dermatitis, hypoderm, dermatology
273. des- =dis- [medical]: desinfection
274. desmo- 丝带状: desmobacteria
275. –dexter-, -dextr- right hand: ambidextrous, dexterous, dexterity, dextrorotation, dextral
276. *di- 1) see dia- 2) see dis- 3) two: disyllable, dioxide
277. *–di- day: diary, diarist, dial, meridian, antemeridian, postmeridian
278. *dia- [di- before a vowel] across: diagonal, diameter, dialogue
279. *–dic- declare: dedicate, abdicate, indicate
280. *–dict- say: diction, predict, indictment, dictatorship, contradict, contradiction, contradictory, benediction, edict, Dictaphone
281. *dif- see dis-
282. –digit- finger: digital, digitalize
283. -dign- worthy: dignity, dignitary
284. *dis- [in words of Latin origin; di- before b, d, g, l, m, n, r, v; dif- before f] 1) away, apart from: dismiss, disperse, dispel, differ, divulge, digression 2) deprive of, expel from: disbar, disfrock 3) cause to be the opposite: disable 4) fail, cease, refuse to: disallow, disappear, dissatisfy, discontinue, disbelive 5) do the opposite of: disjoint, disintegrate, disarm 6) not [added to adj.]: dishonest 7) opposite off, lack of [added to n.]: disease, disunion, disorder, discomfort
285. –disc- learn: disciple, discipline
286. –dat-, -dit- give: dative, tradition, edit, editor, extradite, extradition
287. –doc-, -doct- teach: doctor, doctrine, doctorate, doctrinism, doctrinaire, indoctrinate, docile, indocile, document, docent, documentary
288. dodeca- twelve: dodecagon, dodecastyle
289. dolich- long: dolichofacial
290. -dolor- pain: dolorous
291. –dom- house: domestic, domesticate, domicile, dome, domicile, domiciliate, domesticity
292. *–dom state, realm, condition: freedom, stardom, martyrdom, wisdom, serfdom, kingdom （不影响重音）
293. *–domin- master: dominate, predominant, domineer
294. –don- give: donate, pardon, donor, donee, condone, condonation
295. –dorm-, -dormit- sleep: dormitory, dormancy, dormitive, dormant
296. dorsi-, dorso- of, on, or long the back: dorsal, dorsum, dorsovelar
297. *down- downwards: downstairs, downpour, downfall
298. –drom- run: aerodrome, motordrome, hippodrome, prodrome, syndrome, dromometer
299. –dub-, -dubit- doubt: dubious, indubitable
300. *–duc-, -duct- lead: conduce, conduct, deduce, induce, seduce, product, educate, educable, introduce, introductory, misconduct, produce, abduct, aqueduct, viaduct, reduction
301. *du- two: duplicate, dual, duality, duel, duad, duplex, duet, duplicity
302. –dur- hard: duration, endure, obduracy
303. *-dyn-, –dynam- power: dynamic, dynamite, aerodynamics, dyne, dynast, dynasty, electrodynamics, hydrodynamics, dynamo, adynamic
304. –dynia pain: gastrodynia
305. dys- bad [medical] dyspepsia, dysuria, dysphonia
306. *e- see ex-
307. *–ean adj. of n. ending in –pe, -re, etc: European, epicurean, Mediterranean （重音’ean）
308. *ec- see ex-
309. eco- of ecology: ecosystem, ecological
310. –ectasis expansion: bronchiectasis （重音’asis）
311. ecto- outer: ectoderm
312. –ectomy cut: appendectomy
313. –ed- eat: edible, edacious, inedible
314. *–ed 1) past participle: stopped 2) provided or characterized by: spectacled, moneyed, gifted, bearded, skilled 3) adj. from verbs, nouns and adj ending in –ate: cultured, liberated, fixed, confirmed, retired （不影响重音）
315. -edi- build: edify, edifice
316. *–ee 1) someone who is ~ed: referee, trustee, addressee，interviewee, employee 2) someone who ~s: absentee, refugee, retiree, devotee 3) person: townee, grandee 4) thing: goatee, settee （重音’ee）/i:/
317. *–eer 1) n. person engineer, auctioneer, pamphleteer, volunteer, mountaineer 2) v. domineer, commandeer, profiteer, electioneer （重音’eer）/i[/
318. *ef- see ex-
319. *–ego- I: ego, egoist, egoistic, egocentric, egomania, egotist
320. *–eity: n. of adj. ending in –eous: spontaneity, homogeneity （重音’eity）
321. *-el n. person or thing: model, runnel, parcel, personnel, sentinel, novel
322. *electro- electricity: electrocute, electromagnet
323. *-em-, -am-, –empt- take, buy: example, exemplar, exemplary, exemplify, sample, sampler, exemption, redeem, exemptible, redeemable, redemption, irredeemable, peremptory, redemption, exempt
324. –emia blood: anemia, leukemia （重音’emia）
325. *–emper-, -imper- command: emperor, empire, emperorship, imperious, imperial, imperative, imperialism
326. –emul- equal: emulate, emulous
327. *en- [em- before b, m, p; sometimes in-]: 1) to put or get into or on: enthrone, enplane, encase, entrap, embody 2) to cover or wrap with: enrobe, embalm, embank 3) to make, make into or like, cause to be with [added to n, and adj.]: empower, enrich, enliven 3) intensive: encourage
328. *–en 1) become or cause to become [added to n. and adj.] v: weaken, whiten, deepen, broaden, soften, quicken 2) adj. made of: wooden, woolen, leaden, waxen, earthen （不影响重音）
329. *-ence act, fact, quality, state, result or degree: conference, excellence, existence, insistence, dependence, confidence, innocence, despondence (通常重音’ - - ence，但如果原词末尾发音是双辅音或双元音，重音则为’- ence)
330. *-ency =-ence (but used with different words): urgency, persistency, frequency, efficiency, emergency, insolvency (通常重音’ - - ency，但如果原词末尾发音是双辅音或双元音，重音则为’- ency)
331. –end: [also -and] n. mostly mathematical terms: dividend, multiplicand, minuend, addend, subtrahend, legend, errand （不影响重音）
332. endo- inner: endocrine, endogamy
333. –enne used in n. denoting female: comedienne, tragedienne （重音’enne）/en/
334. *-ent [adj. or n. of n. ending in –ence or –ency] 1) adj. that has, shows or does: existent, dependent, confident, excellent 2) n. a person or thing that: president, resident, patient, detergent, solvent (通常重音’ - - ent，但如果前面拼写是双辅音或发音是双元音，重音则为’- ent)
335. entero-: intestines: enteritis
336. ento- inner: entoderm
337. entomo- insect: entomology
338. *–eous adj.: homogeneous, courageous, righteous, courteous （重音’- eous）/i[s/
339. *epi- above, beyond, before, after, between: epidemic, epidermis, epitaph, episode
340. –epistol- letter: epistle, epistolary
341. *–equ-, equi- equal: equality, equilibrium, equable, equivalent, equivalence, equate, equation, equidistance, equator, equilibrium, equatorial, equanimity, equivocal, equivocation, equilateral
342. equ- horse: equine, equestrian
343. *–er 1) comparative: bigger, earlier 2) agent of an action, person or thing [also –ar, -or]: reader, washer, lighter, silencer, boiler 3) wind: norther, souther 4) someone related to [-yer after w]: hatter, banker, tinner, lawyer, sawyer 5) resident of some place: New Yorker, Icelander 6) repeated or continuous action: clatter, sputter, stutter, chatter（不影响重音）
344. *–ern 1) adj. of n. of directions: eastern, northern 2) place: cavern, saltern, lectern （不影响重音）
345. –err- wander: error, erratic, errant, aberrant, inerrable, aberration
346. *–ery 1）place: fishery, brewery, tannery, monastery 2) act: bribery, surgery, robbery 3) product or goods: pottery 4) state or condition: slavery, drudgery（不影响重音）
347. erythr- red: erythremia
348. *es- see ex-
349. *–esc- becoming: acquiescent, convalescent, crescent, adolescent
350. *–esence the process of becoming or beginning: obsolescence, adolescence （重音’escence） /es[ns/
351. *–escent: 1) giving off light or showing a color: phosphorescent 2) adj. of n. ending in –escence: convalescent （重音’escent） /es[nt/
352. *–ese n. or adj. f nationality or language: Chinese, Vietnamese, officialese （重音’-ese）/i:z/
353. –esque adj. arabesque, Kafkaesque （重音-esque）/esk/
354. –ess indicating being a female: waitress, poetess, goddess （不影响重音）
355. *–est 1) superlative: biggest 2) old form of 2nd person singular [or -st]: wanderest, dost （不影响重音）
356. *–et n. diminutive: eaglet, packet, circlet（不影响重音）
357. –eth old form of 3rd person singular [or -th]: riseth, doth （不影响重音）
358. *ethno- nationality [ethn- before a vowel]: ethnography, ethnic
359. *–etic adj. of n. ending in –esis or –y: mimetic, pathetic, antipathetic, epileptic, theoretic, energetic （重音’etic）/etik/
360. *–ette female or diminutive: novelette, cigareete, typette（重音’ette）/et/
361. *–ety n. piety, propriety, sobriety, gayety, variety（重音’- ety）/[ti/
362. *eu- good: eulogy, eulogize, euphonious, euphemism, eugenics, euphonious
363. –eur person: amateur, litterateur, saboteur （重音’eur）/[:/
364. *Euro- European: Europarliament
365. *–ev- age, time: primeval, medieval, longevity, coeval
366. *ex- 1) forth, from, out 2) beyond 3) away from 4) thoroughly 5) upward 6) without, not having
[e- before b, d, g, j, l, m, n, r, v]: egregious, elated, emissary, elongate
[ec- before c, s]: eccentric, ecstasy
[ef- before f]: effect, effeminate, effluence
[es- in words of French origin]: estrange
[otherwise ex-]: expectorate, expect, execute, expose, extract, export
367. *ex- former: ex-president, ex-wife, ex-premier
368. exo- outer: exocardia, exosphere, exogamy
369. *extra- [positive]; extern- [comparative]; extreme- [superlative] out: extraordinary, extralegal, extracurricular, external, extremist
370. *–ey see –y
371. –fabul- speak: fabulous, fable, confabulate, fabulous, effable, confabulation
372. –fac- face: surface, deface, facial
373. *-facil- easy: facility facile, facilitate, difficult
374. *–fact-, -fect-, -fic-, -feat-, -feas-, -fit do, make: factory, benefactor, beneficiary, benefit, feasible, affect, suffice, indefeasible, proficiency, manufacture, malefactor, facsimile, factual
375. *-faction n. of some v. ending in –fy: satisfaction, liquefaction, rarefaction, stupefaction （重音faction）/fAkF[n/
376. *–fall-, -fals- deceive: fallacy, infallible, fallacious, falsify
377. –fam- 1) fame: famous, infamous, infamy 2) hunger: famished, famine
378. *–fashion in the stated manner: Indian-fashion
379. –fatig- tire out: indefatigable, fatigue
380. -febri- fever: febrifuge, febricula
381. *–feder- alliance: federation, federal, confederacy, antifederal, federalize
382. –felic- happy: felicity, felicitation
383. *–femin- woman: feminine, effeminate
384. *–fend-, -fens- strike: offensive, defend, defense
385. *–fer-, -lat- bring, carry: refer, confer, relate, translate, transfer, difference, conference, offer, prefer, preferable, aquiferous, superlative, sublate, collate, collation, ablate, prolate
386. –feroc- fierce: ferocious, ferocity
387. *–ferous that produces: auriferous, carpoferous
388. ferro- iron: ferroheme, ferroalloy, ferromagnetic
389. –ferv- boil, glow: fervid, fervor, perfervid, effervesce, effervescent, fervent
390. –fest- celebration: festival, festivity, festal
391. fibr- fiber: fibrination, fibrosis, fibrous
392. *–fic adj. specific, beatific, pacific, terrific, horrific （重音’- fic）/fik/
393. *–fication n. of v. ending in –ify: signification, intensification, classification, simplification （重音-fi’cation）/fikeiF[n/
394. *–fid- faith: confidence, fidelity, confide, confidant, affidavit, perfidy, perfidious, diffidence, fideism, infidel
395. *–fier agent of an act [of v. ending in -fy]: signifier, amplifier, pacifier（不影响重音）
396. –fil- thread, line: file, defile, filar, filament, profile
397. *–fix- fasten: transfix, fixture, prefix, suffix, affix
398. *–fig-, -fict- shape, make: figure, configuration, disfigure, figurative, fiction, fictive, nonfiction, disfiguration, transfiguration
399. –fili- son: filial, affiliate
400. *–fin- end: final, confine, confinement, definitive, definite, finalist, finis, finale, finish, definite, infinite, infinitive, finitude, infinity, undefined, confinement
401. –firm- firm: confirmation, reaffirm
402. –flamm- flame: inflammable
403. –flat- blow [v]: inflate, inflationary, deflate, inflationary, conflation, reflate, flatus
404. flav- yellow: flavonone, flavescent
405. *–flect-, -flex- bend: reflect, deflect, reflex, reflection, inflection, flex, flexible, flexuous
406. *–flict- strike: inflict, conflict, affliction, inflictive
407. *–flor-, -flour- flower: flora, florist, florid, flourish, efflorescence, floret, deflower, defloration
408. *–flu- flow: affluent, influence, confluence, fluency, influenza, fluid, refluence, defluent, superfluous
409. fluoro- [fluor- before a vowel] 氟，荧光: fluoroscope, fluorite
410. *–fold of the stated number or times: manifold, twofold，fourfold （不影响重音）
411. –foli- leaf: defoliate, foliage
412. *for- 1) apart: forsake, forgive, forgo 2) restrain: forbid
413. *fore- before, in front of: forewarn, forecast, forehead, forearm, foretell, forefather, forerun
414. –form- form: deform, reform
415. *-form of the stated form: gasiform, dentiform, cubiform （不影响重音）
416. foster- adopt: foster-child
417. *–fort- strong: fortify, fortress
418. *-frag-, –fract- break: fraction, refractory, fragile, fragment, fragmentary, fracture, refractor
419. *Franco- French: Francophone
420. *–frater- brother: fraternity, fraternal
421. *–free without: carefree, addictive-free
422. *–friendly convenient for: user-friendly, printer-friendly
423. –frig-, -friger- cold: frigid, refrigerator, fridge, frigidity
424. –fruct- fruit: fructify
425. –frustr- in vain: frustrate
426. *–fug- flee: fugitive, refugee, fugacious, centrifugal, fugacity, insectifuge, febrifuge, lucifugous, subterfuge
427. *–ful 1) adj. full of : beautiful, bashful, shameful, peaceful 2) amount measured by ~: mouthful, spoonful, dishful （不影响重音）
428. –fulmin- thunder, explosion: fulminate
429. *–fus- pour: infuse, transfuse, confusion, refusal, diffuse, interfuse, perfuse, profusion
430. *–funct- perform: function, perfunctory
431. *–fund-, -found- bottom: profound, profundity, found, foundation, fundamental, fundament
432. –furi- rage: furious, infuriate
433. -furt- theft: furtive
434. *–fy cause to become: pacify, beautify, intensify, glorify（不影响重音）
435. galacto- milk: Galaxy, galactic
436. galvano- electricity: galvanize, galvanism
437. *–gamist n. bigamist, polygamist, bigamist, misogamist （重音’- gamist）/g[mist/
438. *–gamous of the stated kind of marriage: polygamous, bigamous, monogamous （重音’ - gamous）/g[m[s/
439. *–gamy: marriage: polygamy, bigamy, monogamy （重音 ‘- gamy）/g[mi/
440. gastr- stomach: gastronomy, gastritis
441. *–gen-, -gener-, -genet- 1) birth: gene, genesis, genetic 2) kind [n]: generic, general, generous
442. *–genarian n. and adj. octogenarian, sexagenarian （重音’arian）
443. –genic producing: ketogenic
444. genito- of the genitals: genitalia, genitourinary
445. *-geo- earth: geology, geography, geometry, geometrician, geopolitics, geothermal
446. *–ger-, -gest- carry: belligerent, congestion, gesture, digestion
447. gero- old people: gerocomia, gerontology
448. *giga- gigant- huge: gigantocyte
449. –glaci- ice: glacial, glaciology, glacier, glaciation, subglacial, preglacial
450. -glob- globe: globular, globalism
451. –glor- glory: glorify, vainglorious
452. –glossia tongue: macroglossia
453. gluc-, glyc- sweet: glucose
454. –glyph- carve out: hieroglyph, anaglyph
455. *–gon- angle: pentagon, diagonal, trigonometry, hexagon, octagon, polygon
456. *–gony birth: cosmogony
457. *-grad- step, go: gradual, graduate, retrograde, degrade, upgradable, downgrade, gradine
458. *–gram, -gramme picture: ideogram, telegram, program, diagram, cryptogram, phonogram, hologram, seismogram （重音’- - gram）/gr[m/
459. *–graph- record, draw: telegraph, photograph, graphics, autograph, biography, monograph, polygraph, micrograph, macrograph, seismograph, barograph, stereograph, cyclograph, holography （重音’- -graph /gr[f/ ）gra’phic /grAfik/ ’ - graphy /gr[fi/）
460. –gran- grain: granary, granivorous, granule, granular
461. *–grat- gratitude: gracious, gratis, ingratiate
462. *–grav- heavy: gravity, aggravate, gravitate, agravic, grave, gravid, gravidity
463. *Graeco- Greco- Greek: Greco-Roman
464. *–greg- flock [v]: segregate, congregate, aggregate, gregarious, egregious, congregation
465. *–gress- go: aggression, aggressive, Congress, transgress, progress, progressive, retrogress, congressional, digress, egress, ingress, regress
466. –gubern- govern: gubernatorial
467. –gust- taste: gusto, disgust
468. *–gyn-, gynae-, gyne-, gynaec-, gynec- woman: gynecology, misogyny, androgynous, monogyny, polygyny, philogynists
469. gyro- circle: gyrate, gyroscope
470. *–habit- live, dwell: inhabit, cohabit, inhabitant, habitat, habitation, conhabitant
471. haem-, hem-, hemat- blood: hemochrome
472. hagio- saint: hagiography
473. –hal- breathe: inhale, inhalant, exhale, inhalator, halitosis, exhalation
474. hamart- wrong: hamrtoplasia
475. –hap- chance, luck: perhaps, happen, happy, mishap, hapless, haply
476. haplo- simple: haplosis, haploid
477. –haust- draw water: exhaust, exhaustive
478. *he- male: he-wolf, he-man
479. –head head, origin: beachhead, springhead
480. *hecto- 100: hectogram, hectometer, hectowatt
481. helio- sun: heliolatry, heliocentric, perihelion, aphelion, heliosis, heliotherapy, heliotropism
482. *Hellen- ancient Greece: Hellenic, Hellenize
483. *hemi- half: hemisphere, hemicycle
484. hepat- liver: hepatitis
485. *hepta- [hept- before a vowel] seven: heptagon, heptode
486. *–her-, -hes- stick, cling: adhere, cohesive, coherence, hesitant, inhere, inherent, cohere
487. *–hered-, -heret- heir: inheritance, heritage, hereditary, heredo-immunity
488. *hetero- different: heterogeneous, heterosexual, heterodox, heteromorphic
489. *hexa- [hex- before a vowel]six: hexagon, hexameter
490. –hibern- winter: hibernate
491. *–hibit- hold: inhibit, prohibit, exhibitionism, exhibit
492. hiero- holy: hieroarchy, hieroglyphic, hieroglyph
493. *–high of the stated height: knee-high
494. –hilar- cheerful: hilarity, exhilarate
495. hippo- horse: hippopotamus
496. *holo- [hol- before a vowel] all: holocaust, holistic, holograph, holophone
497. *homeo-, homo- the same: homophone, homosexual, homophone, homonym
498. *-hood period, condition,state, quality: childhood, likelihood, neighborhood, falsehood（不影响重音）
499. –horr- horror: horrify, abhorrence, abhor, horrific, horrendous
500. –hort- urge [v]: exhort, exhortation
501. –hospit-, -host- guest: hospitable, hospital, hotel, hostage, inhospitable, hospitality, hostile
502. –hum- ground: inhume, exhume, inhumation, humble, humility, humiliate, posthumous
503. *hydro- water, hydrogen: hydropower, hydraulic, hydroplane, hydrosphere, hydrology, hydropathy, hydrophobia, dehydrate, hydrate, hydrolysis, hydrant
504. *hypo-, hyp- below, decrease: hypothermy, hypothesis, hypotension, hypothermia
505. *hyper- extreme: hypersensitive, hypermilitant, hyperslow
506. hypno- sleep: hypnotic, hypnosis, hypnotize, dehypnotize, hypnotist, hypnotherapy
507. hypso- high: hipsotherapy
508. *–i n. or adj. Israeli, Iraqi, Pakistani（重音’- i）/i/
509. *–ia 1) name of countries: India, Liberia 2) name of diseases: pneumonia 3) certain Greek and Latin words: militia, intelligentsia, utopia 4) generic names: reptitia（重音’- ia）/i[/
510. *-ial [variant of -al]: presidential, spatial, managerial, adverbial, palatial, differential （重音’ – ial, -tial /F[l/, -erial /i[ril/, -orial /o:ril/ ）
511. *–ian [variant of -an] n. or adj. Canadian, Romanian, grammarian, theologian （重音’ - ian）/i[n/
512. –iasis disease: urolithiasis （重音’iasis）/ieisis/
513. –iatr- medical: iatrotechnique, psychiatrist
514. *–ibility: n. of adj. ending in –ible: combustibility, irresistibility （重音i’bility）/ibiliti/
515. *–ible [variant of -able]: combustible, irresistible, extensible, sensible
516. *–ic 1) adj. of, having to do with: volcanic, organic, metallic 2) like, having the nature of: angelic, basic, specific, idyllic 3) produced by, caused by: anaerobic 4) producing, causing: analgesic 5) consiting of, containing: dactylic 6) showing, affected by: lethargic, allergic 7) adhering to: Gnostic 8) science: rhetoric, arithmetic, logic 9) n. person: critic, sceptic, heretic, mechanic（重音’ – ic /ik/，但是’Catholic, ‘lunatic, a’rithmetic, ‘heretic）
517. *–ical adj. =-ic: logical, economical （重音’ - ical）/ik[l/
518. *–ice 1) quality, act or condition. avarice, caprice, service, malice, edifice 2) person: novice, apprentice （通常重音’- - ice /is/，但ap’prentice）
519. ichthyo- fish: ichthyology, ichthyoid, ichthyphagous
520. *–ician n. person: logician, musician, physician, magician （重音’ician）/iF[n/
521. *–icious adj. of n. ending in –ice: avaricious, capricious, malicious （重音’icious）/iF[s/
522. *–icity n. of adj. ending in –ic: specificity, lucidity, specificity（重音’icity）/isiti/
523. *–ics study, discipline: economics, physics, mathematics （重音’- ics）/iks/
524. *–id adj. of Latin origin: languid, placid, livid, fervid, frigid （通常重音’- id）
525. *–ide 化合物: oxide（不影响重音）
526. *–idity n. of adj. ending in –id: frigidity （重音’idity）/iditi/
527. *ideo- thought, idea: ideology, ideogram, ideal, ideality, idealistic, ideate
528. idio- of oneself: idioglossia, idiom, idiosyncrasy, idiosyncratic, idiomatic, idiopathy, idiograph
529. *–ie, -y name of endearment: doggie, birdie, lassie（不影响重音）
530. –ier n. person or thing: cashier, brazier, dossier, glazier, frontier （通常’ – ier /i[/，但ca’shier）
531. *ig- see in-
532. –igni- [-ign- before a vowel] fire: ignite, ignition, igneous, ignitable, preignition
533. *il- see in-
534. *–ile 1) adj. agile, hostile, fragile, juvenile, senile 2) n. missile, projectile （通常重音’- - ile 英音/ail/， 美音/[l/）
535. *–ility n. of adj. ending in –ile: agility, fragility, servility, mobility（重音’ility）/iliti/
536. *im- see in-
537. *in- 1) [into, onto, towards, intensive] v. 2) [not] adj. of Latin origin
[ig- before n] ignoble
[il- before l] illustrate, illegal, illogical, illiterate
[im- before b, m, p] imperil, imbibe, impossible, immoral, impassive, impotent
[ir- before r] irrigate, irritate, irresistible, irregular, irruption
[otherwise in-] indict, invade, inhuman, incorrect, incapable, inject, inhuman
538. *–in, -ine some special substance: insulin, vitamin, penicillin, morphine（通常重音’ - - in/ine）/in/
539. *Indo- Indian: Indo-European
540. *–ine 1) see –in 2) adj. alkaline, clandestine, canine 3) abstract nouns: doctrine, medicine, famine, discipline 4) person, usually denoting female: heroine, libertine, concubine (通常重音’ - - ine) /ain/ or /in/
541. *infra- [positive] below; inferior- [comparative] ; infern- [superlative]: infrastructure, infrared, infrasound, inferiority, infernal
542. *–ing 1) present participle: stopping 2) material: bedding, wrapping, flooring, clothing 3) occupation: banking, accounting, printing 4) thing: holding, footing, carving, building 5) adj. surprising, exciting （不影响重音）
543. *–insul- island: insular, insulin, insulate, peninsula, insularism
544. *–integr- whole: integrity, integrate, disintegration, integral, integer
545. *inter- [positive] between, mutual; interior- [comparative]; intim- [superlative]: international, intercontinental, interject, interpersonal, interchange, interact, intermix, interior, intimacy
546. *intra- within: intradepartmental
547. *intro- inward: introduction, introspection, introvert
548. *–ion 1) n. of certain v.: communion, opinion, union, election 2) thing: medallion, accordion, cushion（重音’- ion）/i[n/
549. *–ious [variant of -ous]: spacious, laborious, contagious, curious （重音’- ious）/Fi[s/
550. –ir- anger: ire, irate
551. *–isation, ization n. of v. ending in –ise or –ize: modernization （重音i’sation）/aizeiFn/
552. *–ise, -ize cause to become: modernize, institutionalize （不影响重音）/aiz/
553. *-ish 1) of or belonging to a nation or people: Spanish, Irish 2) like or characteristic of [usually derog.]: devilish, boyish, womanish, knavish 3) somewhat: blusih, grayish 4) about [colloq.]: eightish 5) v.: vanish, punish, establish （不影响重音）/iF/
554. *–ism doctrine, state, practice: alcoholism, naturalism, Maxism （不影响重音）/iz[m/
555. *iso- the same in every part: isotherm, isobar, isomagnetic, isotope, isogon
556. *–ist 1) person (corresponding to words ending in -ism): pessimist, modernist; 2) adj. characteristic of: impressionist （不影响重音）/ist/
557. *–istic adj. of n. ending in –ism: optimistic, simplistic （重音’istic）/istic/
558. *–it- go: committee, exit, obit, obituary, visit, initial, ambition, initiate, initiative, transit, transitory, circuit
559. *Italo- Italian: Italo-French
560. *–ite 1) n. stalagmite, appetite 2) adj. 3） v. ignite
561. –iter- repeat: reiterate
562. –itiner- journey: itinerary, itinerant
563. *–ition n. of v. ending in –ite or –ete: competition, ignition, recognition （重音’ition）/iFn/
564. *–itive adj. or n. of n. ending in –ition: cognitive, addictive （重音同原动词）/itiv/
565. *–itis: infection: bronchitis, hepatitis, nephritis （重音’itis）/aitis/
566. *–itor doer [of v. ending in –ite or –ete]: competitor （重音同原动词）/it[/
567. *–itude, -tude n. of Latin origin: magnitude, latitude, attitude （重音’ - itude）/tju:d/
568. *–itudinal, -tudinal adj. of n. ending in –itude or –tude: attitudinal, latitudinal （重音’tudinal）/tju:dinl/
569. *–ity, -ty quality: reality, verity, longevity, sincerity （重音’- ity）/iti/
570. *–ive adj. or n. of n. ending in –ion: permissive, active （重音同原动词）/iv/
571. *–ivity n. of adj. ending in –ive: activity，productivity, relativity （重音’ivity）/iviti/
572. *–ization see -isation
573. *–ize see –ise
574. *–jac- lie at a certain place: adjacent
575. *–ject- throw: abject, deject, reject, eject, projection, projector, projectile, inject, injection, interject, subject, object
576. –joc- jest: jocose, joke
577. –jubil- wild shout: jubilee, jubilation
578. *–judic- judge: adjudicate, judiciary
579. –jug- yoke: conjugal
580. *–junct- connect: adjunct, conjunction, injunction, disjunction, disjunctive
581. *–jur-, -juris- right, law: jurisdiction, juror, abjure
582. *–just- just, fair: justice, adjust, injustice
583. *–juven- [postive] young; minor-, minus [comparative]; minim- [superlative]: juvenile, rejuvenate, minority, minimize
584. juxta- near: juxtaposition
585. karyo- core: karyokinesis
586. *kata- =cata-: katabolism
587. kera-, kerat- 角: keratitis
588. keto- 酮: ketogenic
589. *kilo- 1,000: kilogram, kilowatt, kilocalorie, kilometer
590. *–kin n. diminutive: lambkin，manikin, napkin （不影响重音）
591. *–labor- labor: laborious, collaborate
592. –lacrym- tear: lachrymal, lachrymose
593. –lact-, -galact- milk: ablactation, lactic, lactary, lactate, lactifuge, galaxy, galactic, agalactia
594. –langu- weak: languid, languor
595. –lapid- stone: dilapidate, lapidary
596. *–laps- fall: lapse, collapsible, relapse
597. laryng- throat: laryngology
598. *–lat- 1) wide: latitude 2) see –fer-
599. –later- side: bilateral, lateral, multilateral
600. –latrous of worship: idolatrous
601. –latry: worship: idolatry
602. –laud-, -laus- praise: laudable, laudatory
603. –lavat-, -lot- wash: lavatory, lotion
604. –lax- loose: relax, laxity
605. *-le 1) v. denoting repeated action, esp. of a small or trivial kind: winkle, twinkle, wriggle 2) n. usually diminutive: shuttle, handle, girdle 3) adj. from verb stems: brittle 4) onomatopoeia: sizzle, gurgle （不影响重音）
606. *–led taking ~ as the leading force: export-led （不影响重音）
607. *–leg- 1) [also –legis-] law: legal, legitimate, legislature, legislation, legislate, extralegal, legality, legalist, illegakize 2) appoint: delegate, relegate 3) choose, read, gather [also –lig-, -lect-]: legible, intelligence, select, eligible, elect, elitism, intellect, intellectual, collect, collection, elegant, neglect, neglectful, negligence, lecture, dialect, idiolect, legendary
608. *–lence n. of adj. ending in –lent: turbulence, fraudulence （重音’ - - lence）/l[ns/
609. –leni- mild: lenity, lenient
610. *–lent full of: virulent, fraudulent, turbulent （重音’ - - lent）/l[nt/
611. lepto- small, thin: leptosome, leptocephalic
612. *–less without: selfless, homeless (不影响重音) /l[s/
613. *–let diminutive: riverlet, bracelet (不影响重音) /lit/
614. leuc-, leuk- white: leukemia
615. *–lev-, -lieve, -lief lift: elevate, alleviate, relieve, lever, elevator, levitate
616. levo- left: levorotation
617. *–liber- free: liberal, liberate, libertine
618. –libr- book: library, librarian
619. –lid-, -lis- bump: collide, collision
620. –lig- bind: oblige, obligation
621. lign- wood: ligneous
622. *–like like, suitable for: gentlemanlike, womanlike (不影响重音)
623. –limin- threshold: eliminate, preliminary
624. *–ling diminutive: duckling, underling, yearling，weakling (不影响重音)
625. *–lingu- language: bilingual, linguist, linguistic, multilingual
626. –liqu- liquid: liquor, liquidate
627. *–liter- letter: literary, literal, literate, literacy, illiteracy, anti-illiteracy, transliterate, obliterate
628. –lith-, -lite stone: monolith, lithography, aerolith, aerolithology, Paleolithic, Neolithic, megalith, lithic, lithiasis, zoolite
629. *–loc- place: collocate, allocate, local, location, localize, locomotive, relocate, dislocate
630. *–log-, -logue word, logic, discipline: logical, monologue, sociology, dialogue, eulogy, eulogize, apology, prologue, epilogue, neologism, philology （重音’- - logue /l[g/, ‘- logy /l[dVi/）
631. *–loger n. of certain n. ending in –logy: astrologer （重音’ - loger）/l[dV[/
632. *–logian n. of certain n. ending in –logy: theologian （重音’logian）/lCdVi[n/
633. *–logic, –logical adj. of n. ending in –logy: geologic, geological, anthropologic （重音’logic, ‘logical）/lCdVik/, /l[dVikl/
634. *–logist: n. of most n. ending in –logy: Sinologist, biologist （重音’- logist）
635. *–long- long: longevity, longitude
636. *–loqu-, -locut- speak: loquacious, eloquent, grandiloquent, eloquence, soliloquy, obloquy, loquacity
637. *–luc- light [n]: lucid, elucidate, translucent, lucent, elucidate, noctilucent
638. *–lud-, -lus- play: delude, allude, illusory, elusive, collude
639. *–lumin- light, lamp: luminous, illuminate, illuminance, luminary, luminosity, relumine
640. *–lun- moon: lunar, sublunary, lunatic, lunacy, sublunary
641. –lup- wolf: lupine
642. –lustr- light up: illustrate, illustrious
643. *–ly 1）n → adj. friendly, brotherly 2) adj. → adv. slowly, helpfully（不影响重音）/li/
644. –lysis dissolution, relaxation: analysis, catalysis, paralysis
645. –lyst analyst, catalyst
646. –lytic, -lytical adj. of n. ending in –lysis: analytic, analytical （重音’lytic, ‘lytical）
647. –machin-, -mechan- machine: machinery, mechanism
648. *macro- big: macrocosmic, macroeconomics, macroworld, macroscale
649. –macul- stain: immaculate
650. *–magn- [positive] big; major- [comparative]; maxim- [superlative]: magnify, magnifier, magnitude, magnanimous, magnificent, magnate, majority, maximum
651. *mal-, male- [positive] bad or badly; pejor- [comparative]; pessim- [superlative]: maltreat, malcontent, malpractice, malnutrition, malfunction, malediction, pejorative, pessimist, pessimism
652. –malacia 软化: cerebromalacia （重音’lacia）
653. *–man-, -mans- stay, dwell: remain, mansion, immanent, manor, permanence, remanent
654. –mancip- slave: emancipate
655. *–mand-, -mandat- command: demand, mandate, mandatory, countermand
656. *mani-, manu- hand: manicure, manuscript, manufacture, manacle, maintain
657. *–mania craziness: monomania, megalomania （重音’mania）
658. *–maniac person suffering from mania: monomaniac （重音’maniac）
659. *–maniacal of mania or a maniac: megalomaniacal （重音ma’niacal）
660. *–manship qualities associated with a profession: sportsmanship, craftsmanship
661. *–mar-, -mer- sea: marine, submarine, mermaid, mariner, antisubmarine, maritime
662. –marit- husband: marital
663. *–mascul- man: masculine
664. *–mater-, -matr- mother: maternity, matricide, matron, matriarchal, maternal
665. –materi- mater: material, materialize
666. –matur- ripe: maturity, immature
667. *–medi- middle: mediate, medium, intermediate, immediate, mediator, medieval, Mediterranean, median
668. *-medic- physician: medical, medicine, medication, medicinal, medicable, medico, medico-legal, Medicaid
669. *mega- million, large: megabyte, megacity, megaphone, megatanker, megahertz, megaton
670. megalo- huge: megalomania
671. mela-, melan- black: melancholy
672. –memor- mindful: memorize, immemorial, memorial, commemorate, commemorative
673. –mens- 1) month: menses, menstruate 2) measure: immense, immensity, mensuration, commensurate, mensural
674. *–ment- mind: mental, mentality, mention, mentionable, comment, commentary, commentator, amentia, demented
675. *–ment: v. → n.: government, instrument, development （不影响重音）
676. –merc- trade: commercial, mercantile
677. *–merg-, -mers- dip, sink: emerge, submerge, immerse, emergence, immerge, immersion, submergible
678. meso- middle: mesoderm
679. *meta- [met- before a vowel]1) change in position or form, alteration, transposition =trans-: metathesis, metasomatism 2) after [in medical terms =post-]: metaphysical 3) behind, at the back of [in anatomical terms, =dorso- ] metanephros 4) going beyond or higher, transcending: metalinguistics, metahistory, metacriticism 5) between: metope 6) in chemical terms: metaprotein
680. *–meter, -metr- measuring, or instrument or science for measuring: geometrical, symmetry, barometer, speedometer, trigonometry, thermometer, metrology, seismometer, photometer, optometer, audiometer, diameter, perimeter, gasometer, spirometer
681. *meteoro- meteor or climate: meteoroid, meteorology, meteorite
682. metho- 甲基: methane
683. *–metry: measurement: geometry
684. *micro- 1) small: microphone, microscope, microprint, microsystem 2) 1/1,000,000 micrometer
685. *mid- middle: midsummer, midlife, midnight
686. *–migr- move: migration, immigrant, emigrant, transmigration, migrant, intermigration
687. *–milit- army: militant, military, militia, militarism, militarize
688. *mill- 1,000: millennium
689. *milli- 1/1,000 millimeter, milliliter, milligram
690. *–min- hang: imminent, prominent, eminent, preeminent
691. *mini- small: minibus, miniskirt, minister, minify, minim, minimum, miniature, diminish
692. -ministr- servant: miniter, administer
693. *–minut- small: minute, diminutive, minutiae
694. *–mir- wonderful, strange: mirror, miracle, admire, mirage, miraculous
695. *mis- bad, wrong: mistake, misunderstanding, misconception, misuse, misprint, misspelling, misfortune, misrule, misremember
696. *–misc-, -mixt- mix: miscellaneous, promiscuous, mixture, miscible, immiscible, promiscuity
697. –miser- unfortunate: miserable, commiserate
698. miso- [mis- before a vowel] hate: misogyny, misanthropy
699. *–mit-, -mitt-, -miss- send: remit, remittance, admission, missile, dismiss, dismissal, dismissive, transmit, transmission, promise, missionary, intermit, intermittent, intermission, emit, emission, emissary
700. *–mob-, -mot-, -mov- move: mobile, motion, remote, remove, movement, demobilize, demote, promote, motive, motivation, motor, mob, immobile, mobilize
701. *mock- imitation: mock-trial
702. –mod-, -moder- measure, way: modal, mode, modulate, moderate
703. –molli- tender: mollify
704. *–mon-, -monit- warn: admonish, premonition, monument, monitor, admonition
705. *mono- [mon- before a vowel] single: monologue, monarch, monotone, monoplane
706. –monstr- show: demonstrate, demonstrative
707. *–mony event or state: hegemony, matrimony, patrimony, ceremony
708. –morb- sick: morbid, morbidity
709. –morph- shape: amorphous, morphology, geomorphic, anthropomorphous, homomorphic
710. –mors- bite: remorse
711. *–mort- die: immortal, mortuary, postmortem, mortician, mortal, mortality
712. *–most most: northernmost, utmost （不影响重音）
713. *multi- many: multitude, multinational, multidirectional, multiracial, multiparty
714. –mur- wall: mural, muralist, extramural, intramural, intermural, immure, immurement
715. *–mut- change: mutable, mutability, mutual, mutant, mutation, permutation, commutation, commute, commuter, transmute
716. myco- fungus: mycology
717. myria- 10,000, many: myriad, myriapod
718. myrmeco- any: myrmecology
719. myxo- 粘液: myxoderma
720. mytho- myth: mythology, mythopoeic
721. narco-, narcot- numb: narcolepsy, narcotic, narcosis
722. –narr- tell: narrative, narrate
723. *–nasc-, -naiss-, -nat- birth: natural, nation, prenatal, renascent, renaissance, native, nativity, neonate, natal, prenatal, postnatal, connate, cognate
724. -naut- sailor: astronaut, nautical, aeronautics
725. *–nav- ship: navy, naval, navigate, circumnavigate
726. –navig- steer: navigation, circumnavigate
727. –nebul- fog: nebulous, nebula
728. *necro- death: necromancer, necrophobia
729. –necrosis death: angionecrosis （重音ne’crosis）/nikr[usis/
730. –necrotic adj. of n. ending in –necrosis
731. –neg-, -negat- say no: negate, abnegation
732. –negoti- business: negotiate
733. -negr-, -nigr- black: Negro, denigrate, Negroid, negrophile, nigrify, nigritude
734. *neo- new: neoclassic, neonatal, neogamist, neocolonialism, neorealism
735. nephr- kidney: nephritis
736. –nerv- sinew: nervous, unnerve
737. *–ness adj. → n.: selfishness, coldness，bitterness （不影响重音）
738. *neuro- [neur- before a vowel] nerves: neurology, neurosis, neural, neuritis, neurasthenia, neuroma, neuropathy
739. –neutr- neither: neuter, neutral
740. *–nex-, -nect- link: annex, connect, disconnect, annexation
741. –nik person keen on something: beatnik, peacenik （不影响重音）
742. *–nihil- nothing: nihilist, annihilate, nil, nihility
743. *–noc- injure: innocent, innocuous, noxious, nocent
744. nocti- [noct- before a vowel] night: noctambulism, noctiphobia, noctiflorous
745. **-nomic adj. of n. ending in –nomy: astronomic, economic
746. *–nomin- name: nominate, nominal, nomination, nominee, ignominy, ignominious
747. –nomy a field of study: astronomy, economy, autonomy, agronomy
748. *non- 1) not: nonsense, nonexistence, nonsmoker, nonconductor, nonstop 2) nine: nonet
749. –norm-, -nom- normal: abnormal, paranormal, anomaly, enormous, normalize, subnormal, supernormal
750. *–not- mark: notice, notable, annotate
751. *–nov- new: novelty, innovate, renovation, novice
752. nucleo- nuclear: nucleogenesis, nucleonic
753. –nupt- wedding: nuptial
754. –nud- naked: nudity, denude
755. –null- not any: nullify
756. *–numer- number: numeral, enumerate, numeric, numerable, innumerable
757. –nunc-, -nounc- announce: pronunciation, denounce, renunciation
758. –nutri- nourish: nutrition, nutrient, nutritional, innutrition, nutriology, nutriment, nutrimental
随着《基础教育课程改革纲要 (试行) 》的实施和外语教学的发展, 越来越多的外语教材涌入市场。大家为百花齐放的教材局面感到欣慰, 为教材的新鲜内容与形式感到激动, 但同时也为不能得心应手地使用教材而感到困惑和担忧。面对多样化的教材, 对其评估显得十分重要。《普通高中课程标准实验教科书英语》 (New Senior English For China) 就是这众多教材中的一种。广东省从2003年秋季开始推广使用这套教材, 到2006年全套教材替换完毕。作为在全国使用面最广的高中英语教材之一, 对其进行评价是一个很有意义的课题。
因此, 我们课题组于2011年9月开始设计问卷, 并进行了“新版 (人教版) 高中英语教材适用性研究”的问卷调查。我们选择了来自不同城市和县区的8所学校, 分别有:广州大学附属中学、东莞光明中学、广州英豪中学、龙川一中、惠州市一中、惠州实验中学、博罗中学、博罗华侨中学。发放问卷800份, 共收回有效问卷790份;其中, 广州大学附属中学回收87份, 东莞光明中学回收99份, 广州英豪中学回收61份, 龙川一中回收116份, 惠州市一中回收122份, 惠州市实验中学回收99份, 博罗中学回收104份, 博罗华侨中学回收102份。得到了第一手的数据资料后, 我们课题组认真对问卷进行了分析。为了更精确地得到数据, 我们采取了以下三种分析方法:
1.分别对8所学校进行分析;
2.按区域经济发展情况进行分组分析, 大城市 (广州大学附属中学、广州英豪中学、东莞光明中学) ;中等城市 (惠州市一中、惠州市实验中学) ;县城学校 (龙川一中、博罗中学、博罗华侨中学) ;
3.整合数据, 8所学校统一分析然后得出总表。经过初步分析、进行数据比对后, 发现三种分析方法得出的数据基本一致。
现将总表的统计数据和数据分析分述如下:
关于教材是否有吸引力, 认为有吸引力的只有19%, 认为没有吸引力的有46%, 说不清的有36%。调查表明, 这套教材在整体上没有很好地使学生产生兴趣。
关于教材难度, 37%认为教材难度符合他们的实际英语水平, 认为教材难度不符合实际英语水平的有32%, 说不清的有32%。
关于语篇内容, 28%认为是有趣生动的, 而43%认为语篇材料不够有趣, 说不清的有29%。调查表明, 课文中穿插了许多与话题相关的图片, 色彩鲜明, 有助于学生理解每个单元的主题;但是部分语篇内容太过于无趣, 甚至是与现状脱节。
关于语篇素材, 52%认为素材真实, 贴近实际生活, 24%认为语篇素材不是那么地贴近生活。说不清的有27%。调查表明, 教材所选的文章可读性较强, 但是部分语篇内容不实际, 致使学生阅读兴趣不高。
关于语篇体裁, 50%认为体裁形式多样化, 22%持否定意见, 说不清的有29%。
62%认为通过学习本教材能够了解西方的文化, 24%持否定意见, 说不清的有17%。
小结:经研究, 本套教材选用的课文都是专家们精挑细选的, 有一定的可读性。话题内容广泛且贴近现实生活, 很有时代气息。例如:Computers和Music这两单元, 对较熟悉和感兴趣的主题, 学生往往比较投入, 上课效果也较好。每个单元都有相对应的情感目标和德育渗透。例如:Cultural Relics Wildlife protection涉及到保护文化遗产和野生动物, Nelson Mandela则教育学生如何做个受人尊敬的人。但是, 仍有一些课文选用得不甚理想, 最大问题是洋味不足, 选用的不是英美人士写的原版文章。比如, 模块三Unit 2 Healthy Eating的阅读文章是Come and Eat Here, 应该是为话题而编写的虚假故事。王鹏的故事分成三个部分呈现在学生用书之中:第一部分是主阅读文章, 王鹏和雍慧为吸引客源展开竞争, 用菜肴的功效来做宣传;第二部分是听力短文, 王鹏为研究膳食平衡, 向专家请教;第三部分也是阅读短文, 王鹏和雍慧合作, 共同为顾客提供均衡的健康饮食, 最后他俩喜结良缘。这样的故事能引人入胜吗?这样的情节叫趣味盎然?事实上, 故事乏味得很, 太幼稚了。最后还竟然像童话故事一般来个大团圆:从此他们过上了幸福的生活 (课文原句:Finally they got married and lived happily ever after.) 。无论是对于阅读能力的培养还是英语知识的增长, 这样的文章根本起不到什么作用。
另外, 趣味性也不足。比如, 模块三第一单元Using Language部分, 有一篇文章是A Sad Lov Story, 编者认为这是一个发生在情人节的伤心爱情故事。这个故事乍一读起来还挺有趣味, 但读完后学生都不买账了。这样的内容根本跟不上时代的发展, 一个电话、一条短信不就可以联系到对方了吗?还要白白等这么久, 引起不必要的误会?实践证明, 学生并不是很喜欢这样的文章, 这不能激发他们的兴趣。此外, 我们普遍认为新教材内容太杂, 最直接的问题是英语教材单元教学内容容量大, 教学任务重, 而课时又少, 不足以完成教材所给定的任务, 从而造成教学困惑甚至焦虑, 特别是在对教材的取舍上心里没底。因此, 我们建议当教材内容不适合学生的实际情况或不易操作时, 教师可以对其作必要的删减。
还有些内容没有及时更新。比如, 模块三第二单元中的The Olympic Games一文, 课文“Interview”中有一句话:“The 2008 Olympics will be held in Beijing, China.”信息过时, 没有与时俱进。
关于语法项目, 认为安排系统合理的有34%, 认为安排系统不合理的有30%, 说不清的有35%。调查表明, 各单元语法概括得过于简单, 给出的例子不多, 学生很难进行总结找规律, 且课后练习题形式过于单一。
关于整套教材的词汇量, 认为适中的有45%, 认为不适中的有33%, 说不清的有24%。
认为词汇与实际生活联系密切的有41%, 联系不密切的有33%, 说不清的有26%。调查表明, 科普文生词太多, 不方便学生理解。
关于阅读文章的长度, 认为适中的有50%, 认为篇幅长的有38%, 认为篇幅短的有7%, 说不清的有4%。调查表明, 阅读文章篇幅较大, 使学生难以静下心来读完全篇文章。
关于阅读文章的生词量, 认为适中的有48%, 认为多的有33%, 认为少的有11%, 说不清的有6%。
关于练习的作文题目, 认为有吸引力的有14%, 认为没有吸引力的有58%, 说不清的有29%。
小结:本套教材中语言知识和技能训练循序渐进, 反复渗透, 符合学生的认知规律。例如:Learning about language对单词的英语释义有助于学生用英语思维, 语法项目相对集中;模块1和2用了四个单元来练习定语从句, 而且由简单到复杂, 学生容易接受。新单词采用的是课文和单词注释分开的方式, 各单元生词表作为附录一起放在课本后面。这种注释方式使得学生查看极为不便, 要不停地前后翻阅, 耽误不少时间。学生读课文的时候往往不能顺利地正确发音, 因而要往后翻书查阅。有些学生干脆就把单词表给剪裁下来, 方便记单词。如果英语课本像语文的古文那样采用脚注或者旁注的方式, 那就更好了, 这样更方便学生阅读记忆;也许有专家认为这不利于培养学生的猜词能力。本课题组认为猜词能力可以通过做正规的阅读练习来培养, 所以改成脚注或旁注的好处是广大学生都喜欢的。像广受欢迎的《新概念英语》也是这样编排的, 希望这个小小的变革能够得到编辑专家的认可从而得以达成。教材中不可避免地会出现超纲词汇, 在使用人教版现行高中英语教材的过程中, 我们发现每单元的词汇选取有两个方面的不足:一是课文中生词严重超纲。高比例的超纲词汇影响学生记忆单词的效率和积极性。如果不记忆, 课文难以理解;如果用心记, 无疑加大了学生的学习负担, 从而打击他们学习英语的热情与兴趣。所以, 本课题组认为现行人教版的教材中纲外词汇过多, 应该适当减少。每一篇文章、每一个单元都应该进行严格的统计, 控制在一定的比例中。二是课文中生词的复现率极低。由于每个单元的阅读文章相对独立, 文章题材内容不同, 所出现的词汇也不一样。有的生词在这个单元出现后, 要到几个单元之后才有可能出现一次;有的单词在这个单元出现后, 教材后面的各单元都可能见不着, 从而造成词汇复现率极低, 甚至几乎为零。这样, 很不利于学生对词汇的识记和掌握。
关于听力练习, 认为经常进行训练的有31%, 认为偶尔才做练习的有50%, 认为从来没有进行过练习的有19%。调查表明, 学生进行听力练习较少。
关于听力内容的篇幅, 认为适中的有41%, 认为篇幅大的有19%, 认为篇幅小的有27%, 说不清的有11%。
关于听力练习材料的语速, 认为适中的有42%, 认为语速快的有33%, 认为语速慢的有13%, 说不清的有11%。调查表明, 听力语速过快, 学生跟不上。
关于口语话题, 认为有趣的有18%, 认为不够有趣的有52%, 说不清的有29%。
小结:听力太难。新教材中的听力材料比较真实, 语速、连读、吞音都接近native speaker的正常说话水平, 上using language部分的时候教材较难处理, 听力的台阶很难放到学生的水平上。虽然听力部分形式丰富, 有填空、对或错、排列顺序等, 但材料那么难, 对学生要求太高。“说” (Speaking) 在新版教材中其实安排得不少, 有三个地方都有“说的任务” (Speaking Task) , 在Using language部分有一处, 在Workbook中有两个地方有Speaking任务。但是, 现在的教材虽然有不少“说的任务”, 但是一些情景不是很容易激发学生的兴趣, 或者说他们无话可说。而且, 课本中基本上没有提供一个对话的范例 (教参里才有) 。学生即使练习也只能是乱说一气, 极可能不符合真正的英语表达习惯。教材所提倡的探究式的学习方式对学生学习策略的培养有一定帮助, 但普通高中相当一部分的英语活动需要课前准备, 当堂完成很难达到预期效果, 口语教学推进得很慢。
关于练习材料, 认为对英语学习有帮助的有37%, 认为对英语学习没有帮助的有32%, 说不清的有31%。调查表明, 教材练习量较大, 但是大部分的练习用不上, 导致资源浪费。
认为练习材料有趣并与实际生活相联系的有24%, 认为不够有趣且与实际生活联系不密切的有42%, 说不清的有35%。
认为练习材料结合了听、说、读、写能力的有35%, 认为没有结合听、说、读、写能力的有33%, 说不清的有33%。
关于平时考试或者测验, 认为测试内容与教材相匹配的有38%, 认为跟教材不相匹配的有35%, 说不清的有27%。
关于教学设施, 认为跟教材相匹配的有44%, 认为不相匹配的有27%, 说不清的有29%。
关于学生对教材的喜爱情况, 喜欢这套教材的有46%, 不喜欢这套教材的有47%, 说不清的有7%。
小结:单元中的听、说、读、写都以话题为核心, 以结构功能为主线, 并在Using language和Workbook中都让学生得以锻炼。教材后面附带的专项练习、阅读文章等, 内容多、时间紧, 往往利用率不高;而且有些练习又过于简单、形式单一。
【关键词】研读 小学数学教材 应用
一、对教材内容的研读
（一）新人教版教材内容安排合理
新人教版教材在课堂内容安排上更注重对学生解决问题能力的培养，把课堂内容与现实生活紧密结合在一起，使学生通过具体的情境、鲜活的场景，掌握实际应用知识的能力。课堂教学上，也摒弃了老旧的教学思想，把探索数学奥秘作为课堂教学的根本目的，从根本上提高了学生的学习兴趣，让学生有机会、有条件地参与到课堂教学活动中去，积极获取新知识，在探索新知识的过程中，提高了学生解决问题的能力。在整个课堂实践过程中，学生通过自己寻找问题、分析问题、解决问题的过程，增强了主观能动性以及对知识的求知欲。
（二）新人教版教材内容更加丰富，形式更加多变
新人教版数学教材专门针对小学生的特点，选择适合小学生生活背景的课堂要素，有利于激发小学生的学习兴趣，联系生活中的实际情况，提高数学知识的应用能力。很多教学内容是来源于生活的，通过具体的生活场景，联系实际，让小学生充分认识到数学在日常生活中的重要性，从而提高了小学生学习数学的积极性，更有利于提高课堂效率。
（三）新人教版教材注重学生个性的培养
新人教版教材注重发展学生的创造力，鼓励学生灵活地运用所学知识，采用不同的方法达到学习目的。鼓励学生能够独立思考，采用不同的计算方法，在解题思路中展示自己的个性，尊重学生个性的发展。学生对数学的观点越独特、越充分、越深刻，也就越容易发挥自己的开放性思维，这样，有利于从小培养小学生对数学的探索精神，为未来的数学学习打下坚实的基础。
（四）新人教版教材提供了选择性资源
在新人教版教材中，我们可以看到很多自由阅读栏目可供学生和老师选择性地学习，还有小实验、课外调查研究、动脑筋活动等新的教育模式，有利于激发学生的个性化思维能力的发展。选择性更多，对教师而言，课堂的授课方法也就可以更加灵活多变，给教师提供了充分的发挥空间，有利于营造一个和谐的课堂氛围，提高学习的时效性。
二、对教材的合理应用
首先，作为小学数学教师，必须要系统地把握教材内容。教师在授课的时候必须充分尊重教材内容，不能将大胆的创新发挥到更改教材顺序的程度。对于不同年级的学生要求掌握的知识点也是不同的，教师一定要做到心中有数，知道哪个知识点属于哪个年级，认真把相关的知识串联起来，对教材总体把握，从而更好地利用教材。例如，小学数学教材第三册中学习了直角，要求学生判断哪些角比直角大，哪些比直角小，但是在第四册才给出了锐角和钝角的概念，这就要求教师统筹整理，在符合小学生认知规律的前提下，可以适当地对顺序进行调整。
其次，教师应该正确解读教材内容。教师能够正确地解读教材，将教材上的知识点转化成自己的知识，用自己的理解方法讲给学生听，让学生更容易掌握书中知识的内涵和本质，这样就可以提高学生的学习效率。教师选择出能够适合本班学生的教学方法，学生也就更容易掌握课堂所学。
第三，教师在学会尊重教材的过程中也不要忘记适当地超越教材。对教材的应用不能刻板死性，要活用教材，在教材的使用过程中加入自己的思路和设计，对教材内容进行巩固和延伸，是教师在授课过程中所必须重视的。例如，在小学六年级上册的教材中，在讲解《比的意义》的时候，书中所选的配图是神舟五号顺利完成升空任务，杨利伟展示的中华人民共和国国旗以及联合国国旗，用国旗的边长引出比的含义。但是，书本上没有考虑到学生对于2003年发生的事情可能没有任何概念，也提不起兴趣，这就要求教师对教材进行加工，做到与时俱进，用学生经历过的事情来举例，更能激发学生的学习兴趣。所以，教师将课件上的图片改为2013年神舟十号载人飞船将要升空时三位宇航员背后的国旗作为引导实例。同样是以国旗作为参照，但是前者是10多年前发生的，那时候学生还小，后者更加符合这个年龄段学生的认识。加工、整合、重组后的教材，更能开拓学生的视野，把很多蕴含在教材中的背景知识和文化底蕴都充分挖掘出来，展示在学生面前，对教材内容是一个补充。能够挖掘教材的深层次含义、拓展教材的广度的数学教师，才是一个好的数学教师。这样，学生在课堂上学习到的知识才有机会无限延伸。
第四，教师要注意开发教材中的习题资源。教材中的习题有教育、评价的功能，在教学中，要求教师能够充分对这些习题资源进行整合，以达到灵活运用这些习题功能的目的。资源的整合有利于学生在学习过程中对数学实用性价值的体会，有利于学生对数学产生浓厚的学习兴趣，为学生未来的数学学习道路做好铺垫。
三、总结
综上所述，教材是教师组织课堂教学的重要资料，要不断地深入和完善对教材的理解，充分体会和认识教材中所蕴含的深层含义。教师应当注意端正自己对待教材的态度，做到研读教材、活用教材，不脱离教材的本体，又能有自己合理的创新和发挥。只有这样，课堂教学才能更加深入得当，有利于高质量高效率地完成数学课堂教学。
【参考文献】
[1]20世纪中国中小学课程标准·教学大纲汇编（数学卷）[M].北京：人民教育出版社，2001.
[2]曹飞羽，李润泉.小学数学教育改革文集[M].北京：人民教育出版社，1996.
One day, I see some students. They plant trees. They grow flowers, too. I like the trees and the flowers .They are very beautiful .Then there are some trees and flowers. There are many fish in the river. The air is cleaner, the clouds are whiter . Many birds come. I am happy.
( )1. In the passage(短文)，“Who am I ? ”
A. bird B. tree C. flower
( )2. Where is the tree?
A. On the river. B. Over the river. C. Near the river.
( )3. Are there any fish in the river at first(原来)?
A. Yes, there is. B. Yes, there are. C. No, there aren’t.
( )4. Who plants the trees and flowers?
A. Some students. B. Some birds. C. Some fish.
( )5. After reading this passage , what should you do ?
A. Cook the meals. B. Water the flowers and trees.
一、指导思想：
坚持“教书育人，为人师表”的教育宗旨，关心每一位学生的发展，爱岗敬业，以身作则.使学生了解英语在当今社会重要性，增强学生世界观和人生观，使学生初步形成健全合格的中的学生，做一个对社会有用的人。
二、学生情况分析：
我所教的本届七年级新生基础很差，由于在小学英语课并未受到足够重视，学生在写的技能方面基本上没有得到过训练，连音标没讲过，甚至有一半的学生26个字母的拼读都没有掌握好。经过上学期我和学生的不懈努力，他们的基础知识得到了加强，学习态度也有所好转。部分学生有了主动学习的动力，但是整体的惰性还是很强，我要积极主动帮助他们重新建立学习兴趣。
另外，学生在学习策略方面还存在很多需要进一步体会掌握的地方。很多学生不能明确学习英语目的，没有真正认识到学习英语的目的在于交流；有些同学在学习中缺乏小组合作意识，不愿和其他学生交流，不能共同完成学习任务；大多数同学不能做好课前预习和课后复习，学习没有计划性，完全在老师的指挥棒之下学习，没能力做到总结语言规律和知识巩固、积累。这些都是我和学生要长期作战艰苦努力才能解决的问题。我会慢慢给学生们信心去完成这些任务的，急是没有用的。让学生们乐于接受我的教学指导，并找到自成体系的办法才是解决问题的关键。
三、教材分析：
本册书主要介绍了日常生活的交际用语以及一些西方国家的文化背景和风俗习惯，教材通俗易懂，旨在使七年级学生基本能用英语进行简单的交流。本册书由两部分组成，即预备篇(3个单元)和正式篇(9个单元)。本书除提供语言材料外，还配有大量插图和原声录音磁带。
四、教学目标：
通过努力，力求每一位学生能开口讲英语，能用英语进行简单的会话。通过努力使大部分学生继续保持学英语的兴趣。能保持浓厚的学习英语兴趣和积极主动参与实践，以点带面，力争达学校教学质量的要求。
五、教学措施和方法
措施：
1、培养学习兴趣，引导学生掌握正确的学习方法和策略，提高学习效率；
2、发挥学生主体和教师主导作用：
3、用良好的师生关系，协调课堂气氛，培养学生开口说英语的勇气和信心；
4、引导学生实现语言的迁移，加强日常生活中英语口语的运用；
5、鼓励学生自主探索，合用探究，共同提高。
6、加强听力训练。
方法：
任务型教学：教师提出指令，学生规范操作。听说领先，读写跟上。综合训练，扎实双基。
六、教学进度：
第一周： Starter Unit 1(Good morning!)
第二周 ：Starter Unit 2(What’s this in English?)
第三周 ：Starter Unit 3(What color is it ?)
第四周 ：Unit 1(My name’s Gina.)
第五周 ： 国庆节放假。
第六周 ： Unit 2(This is my sister.)
第七周 ： Unit 3(Is this your pencil ?)
第八周 ： Review unit1-3
第九周 ： Unit 4(Where’s my schoolbag ?)
第十周 ： Unit 5(Do you have soccer ball ?)
第十一周 ：复习前半学期所学内容，举行期中考试并进行总结分析。
第十二周 ： Unit 6(Do you like bananas ?)
第十三周 ： Unit 7(How much are these socks ?)
第十四周 ：Review Unit 6-Unit 7
第十五周 ： Unit 8(When is your birthday ?)
第十六周 ： Unit 9(My favorite subject is science.)
第十七周 ：Review Unit 8-Unit9
第十八——十九周 ：复习本册书内容。
My day
Hello, my name is Amy.I get up at 6:30.I often eat breakfast at 7:00.I go to school at 7:15.In the morning ,I have 3 classes.At 11: 00, I eat lunch at home.I have 3classes in the afternoon.At 4:30, I play sports with my friends.I go home at 5:00.I watch TV with my family at 7:00 , then I do my homework.I often go to bed at 9:00.This is my day.2.以 ”My favourite season “为题，描写你最喜欢的季节和喜欢的理由。
My favourite season There are four seasons in a year.There are spring , summer , autumn , and winter.I like summer best.In summer , the weather is hot , I can eat ice-cream.I can go swimming with my family , too.It’s so cool ,so I like summer very much.3.写一写你的生日在什么时候，你的生日是怎么过的。
My birthday
Hi, I’m Mike.I’m 11.My birthday is on June 1st, Children’s Day.On my birthday , I often have a birthday party.My mother cooks noodles for me.We eat birthday cake.Then we sing and dance.We are very happy.4.用不少于五句话介绍你自己，包括姓名，年龄，生日，喜欢的季节及原因，周末经常干什么和现在正在干什么。
Hello, my name is Sarah.I’m 10 years old.My birthday is on May 1st.I like spring best，because I can go on a picnic in spring.I often read a book on the weekend.Now I am singing with my family.This is me.5.请以Summer Vocation 为题，写一写你和家人的暑假计划吧。
Summer Vacation
Summer vacation is coming.I will have many things to do.I will go shopping with my mother.I will go swimming with my father.I will buy some books, too.I will read many books.I will have a good time on summer vacation.6.这是Mike的照片，请描述一下他们各自在干嘛。
瑕疵一:知识体系安排不合理
七年级上册的新教材第11 页, 安排的是“1.2.4 绝对值”, 它写到由绝对值的定义可知:
一个正数的绝对值是它本身;一个负数的绝对值是它的相反数;0 的绝对值是0.
即
(1) 如果a>0, 那么|a|=a;
(2) 如果a=0, 那么|a|=0;
(3) 如果a<0, 那么|a|=-a.
新教材的这个说法应该是正确的, 但问题是, 新教材在此之前并没有明确告之学生:“a > 0, 意思就是‘a是正数’;a< 0, 就是 ‘a是负数 ’了呢? ”笔者特地仔细翻看了新教材的前10 页, 并没有找到.新教材既然在此之前并没有指出, 一般学生又怎么会知道呢? 我们再翻过一页, 到第12、13 页, 发现新教材接下来才介绍有关有理数大小的规定同[2]:“ (1) 正数大于0, 0 大于负数, 正数大于负数; (2) 两个负数, 绝对值大的反而小.”以及有理数的有关性质和方法, 包括如何运用绝对值的知识来比较有理数的大小. 所以笔者认为新教材知识体系安排不够合理, 使学生会在构建知识体系上产生先后顺序混乱的困惑, 笔者建议编写这本新教材的专家对这一问题有所考虑.
瑕疵二:数学数据不合乎常识
我们先来看一下前一段时间在网上广为流传的一个帖子:
一道小学数学题目:“一辆汽车从甲地开往乙地, 每小时行驶165 千米, 已经行驶了12 小时, 离乙地还有380 千米.问:甲地到乙地共有多少千米? ”
这只是一道普通的数学题目, 然而小学4 年级“阿仔”给出的答案不是数字, 而是一句话:“此车超速并疲劳驾驶, 违反交通法规.”阿仔的妈妈cacahua将题和答案贴上了微博.
小孩是纯真无瑕的, 有什么说什么, 看到这样看似趣怪的答案, 我们数学老师估计要生气, 并暗自惊叹:“吓死宝宝了! ”然而这个答案当时却获得了广州交警的肯定:完全正确.很明显, 这道题给出的数据违反常识, 令人意想不到的是新教材也出现了类似的错误.请看七年级上册的新教材第99 页第6 题同[2]:
两辆汽车从相距298 km的两地同时出发相向而行, 甲车的速度比乙车速度的2 倍还快20 km / h, 半小时后两车相遇, 两车的速度各是多少?
笔者在讲解这题时, 已临近下课.笔者在学生的众目睽睽下开始解答, 以乙车速度为未知数x的方程里, 解出x = 192时, 笔者当时下意识地叫道:“糟了, 肯定是我做错了, 不是方程列错了, 就是方程解错了.”笔者的学生, 有的暗自得意, 等着看老师的笑话, 大概心里这样想:“哈哈, 老师出错了”;有的则表现出惊讶的表情:“老师怎么一下子就意识到自己出错了呢? ”可能是这样想的.
笔者当时是这样给学生解释的———
“在生活中, 你们谁见过这辆汽车的速度? 世界上的所有上高速的汽车, 哪有跑那么快的? 慢车车速就达到192 千米/时了, 那另一辆快车的车速又是多少呢? ”
学生很快算出是404 千米/ 时.这时, 学生也开始怀疑了.因为大家知道 《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法实施条例》中有规定:“高速公路应当标明车道的行驶速度, 最高车速不得超过每小时120 公里, 最低车速不得低于每小时60 公里.”所以笔者认定这道数学题目的答案数据是违反常识的, 所幸的是教材已经发现了这个问题并做了相应的修改.
瑕疵三:知识表述不是很严密
2012 年最新版数学新教材七年级 ( 上) 第79 页里, 先是通过三个问题列出了这样三个方程:
(1) 4x = 24;
(2) 1700 + 150x = 2450;
(3) 0.52x - (1 - 0.52) x = 80.
再由这三个例子得出一元一次方程的定义同:上面各方程都只含有一个未知数 (元) , 未知数的次数都是1, 等号两边都是整式, 这样的方程叫做一元一次方程. 而老教材七年级 (上) 中对一元一次方程的定义是 “只含有一个未知数 ( 元) , 未知数的次数都是1, 这样的方程叫做一元一次方程.”比较一下新老教材, 我们可以发现新版里新增了“等号两边都是整式”, 笔者认为新教材的定义比老教材要好一些.在2012 年最新版数学新教材七年级 (下) 第88 页里对二元一次方程的定义[4]却是这样的:“每个方程都含有两个未知数 (和) , 并且含有未知数的项的次数都是1, 像这样的方程叫做二元一次方程.” 在同一套数学教材中对一元一次方程的定义中有“等号两边都是整式”这一句话, 而对二元一次方程的定义中却没有“等号两边都是整式”这一句话, 笔者认为教材在知识的表述上不够严密, 甚至有前后矛盾之嫌.还有教材中这样定义一元一次方程的概念, 笔者仍然认为不够严密.
为了更好地阐明笔者的观点, 让我们先来看一下下面这个例子:
(1) 4x + 3 = 5x - (x - 2) .
这个式子是等式吗? 答案是肯定的.因为它有等号, 表示的是相等关系, 因此是等式;
它是一元一次方程吗? 按照教材的定义当然是, 因为它是含有未知数x, 并且未知数的次数是1, 等号两边都是整式, 所以是一元一次方程.但如果我们换个角度来看它, 这个等式 (方程) 实际上就是:
(2) 4x + 3 = 4x + 2.
很明显, 无论取何值, 这个方程的左右两边的值都不可能相等, 也就是说无论取何值, 方程都是不成立的.当然, 我们要给学生讲清楚, 这里所指的“方程不成立”, 是指方程左右两边的值不相等, 方程还是方程.也就是说“方程不成立”与“某等式不是方程”意思是不一样的.同样, “方程成立”和 “某等式是方程”意思也是不同的.也就是说, 上面所举的这两个方程无解.但无解的方程也是方程, 尽管仔细辨析, 这个方程实际上是一个“矛盾等式”, 是矛盾方程.如果我们拿新教材上一元一次方程的定义去对照的话, 这两个方程完全符合该定义的, 也就是说, 按照新教材的说法, 它就应该是一元一次方程.但是, 所有的初中数学教师都应该知道的, 方程可以分为恒等方程、矛盾方程和条件方程, 而我们初中所学的方程一般都是条件方程, 如一元一次方程、一元二次方程等都是条件方程.所以这两个是矛盾方程, 但确实不是一元一次方程.
我们再来看一个恒等方程的例子:
(3) 4x + 3 = 4x + 3.
这个例子中只含有一个未知数, 并且未知数的次数都等于1, 等号两边都是整式, 对吧?所以, 按照新教材中的一元一次方程的定义, 就是一元一次方程.同样, 所有的初中数学教师都应该知道的, 这确实不是一元一次方程, 它是个恒等式, 是恒等方程.x取任何数, 都能使该方程左右两边的值相等, 这个方程的解有无数个.
对于条件方程, 我们都知道在复数范围内, 整式方程解的个数等于方程的次数.
综上所述, 笔者认为一元一次方程的概念应该这样定义:
形如ax + b = 0 (a, b是常数, 且a ≠ 0) 的方程, 叫做关于x的一元一次方程, x是未知数.
既然说到了这里, 笔者顺便提一下:我们去年开始使用的人教版新教材, 既然在介绍“解一元一次方程的包括移项、去括号、去分母、合并同类项、系数化为1 等一般步骤方法”在后, 而“建构一元一次方程的概念”在前, 那就应该在教学完一元一次方程的解法之后, 按建构学问之构想, 也应该及时的归纳概括一下.譬如可以作这样归纳:“在本书中, 到现在为止, 我们所解过的方程有一个共同的特点, 它们或者不含分母, 或者分母中不含未知数, 将它们经过去分母、去括号、移项、 合并同类项等变形后, 都能化为最简形式ax = b (a、b是常数, 且a ≠ 0) .它只含有一个未知数x, 并且未知数的次数是1, 系数不等于0. 我们把这样的方程叫做一元一次方程.”岂不是更好.
这是笔者在使用《义务教育教科书数学 (七年级上册) 》 (2012 年版) 的教学过程中遇到的三点瑕疵. 当然, 这只是笔者的个人观点, 希望能起到抛砖引玉的作用, 请各位初中数学教育同仁和专家不吝赐教.
参考文献
[1]中华人民共和国教育部.义务教育数学课程标准 (2011年版) .北京:北京师范大学出版社, 2012年1月第1版.
[2]人民教育出版社、课程教材研究所、中学数学课程研究开发中心.义务教育教科书数学 (七年级上册) .北京:人民教育出版社, 2012年6月第1版.
[3]课程教材研究室、中学数学课程研究开发中心.义务教育课程标准实验教科书数学 (七年级上册) .北京:人民教育出版社, 2007年3月第3版.
关键词 通路 绕线电阻 电功符号 插图 载重量 修订
自2012年、2013年新人教版八年级、九年级物理教材相继出版以来，部分教师断断续续指出了教材中存在的错误，在2013年、2014年的后续印刷中，教材中的部分错误已经得到了修改。在使用人教版初中物理教材的过程中，笔者发现了六个亟待修订的“问题”，这六个“问题”如果不尽快纠正，不仅会影响到教学，还会阻碍教师提升学生的科学素养。
一、教材对通路的定义欠妥
九年级全一册第39页讲到通路时，这样定义通路：“人们把正常接通的电路，即用电器能够工作的电路叫做通路。”
实际上，电路处于通路状态，如果用电器的实际功率太小，用电器是不会工作的。学生在学同一册教材第69页的“用滑动变阻器控制灯泡亮度”时，他们通过实验可以观察到：滑动变阻器阻值最大时，电流表有微弱的示数，表明有电流流过电路，但是灯泡却没有发光。在学同一册教材第91—95页的“电功率”内容时，学生会明白，用电器能否正常工作，或者能不能工作，取决于用电器的实际功率。这些后续内容与通路的概念是矛盾的，会引起学生的思维混乱。如果教师在处理通路的概念时照本宣科，通路的错误概念被教师和教材强化后，会根深蒂固地存在于学生脑海中。这不仅不利于后续的教和学，并且也会影响学生的考试成绩，因为在各种试题中学生会遇到“通路时用电器是否工作”的题目。例如2014年云南省曲靖市中考物理试卷第8题和2014年湖北省武汉市中考物理试卷第25题。（由于试题题目过长，限于篇幅，此处不列出这两道原题。）
从逻辑学的角度看，在给物理概念下定义时，定义项的外延与被定义项的外延必须相同，把通路定义为“用电器能够工作的电路”，定义项的外延小于被定义项的外延，犯了“定义过窄”的逻辑错误。
为了给学生传递一个正确的科学概念，建议教材将通路概念修改为：“人们把正常接通的电路，即有电流通过用电器的电路叫做通路。”
二、这个插图中使用绕线电阻不合适
九年级全一册第58页有一个“想想议议”，原文：“如图16.1-6，电压表已与被测电阻并联。如果要把这三个串联着的电阻与电源连接，哪端应该接电源的正极？哪端应该接电源的负极？请在图上标出电流的方向。”图1是原图16.1-6的截图。
这一部分编写内容不存在错误，但是内容超前。使用人教版初中物理教材的教师都知道，同一册教材要到第63页—67页才会讲到电阻。尽管教材在开始学习电路的第38页给出的几种常用元件及其符号的插图中已经出现了电阻，但是学生在学习第55-59页电压的内容时还不知道电阻的概念，也不知道绕线电阻是电阻器的一种，而教师又不便提前介绍。
为了不给学生造成学习上的困扰，建议将图1原图中的绕线电阻替换成小灯泡。
三、电功的符号“W”在印刷品中应用斜体
九年级全一册第90页，在讲到电功的定义时，原文是这样叙述的：“研究表明，当电路两端的电压为U，电路中的电流为I，通电时间为t时，电功W（或者说消耗的电能）为W=UIt。”从中可以看出“电功W”中“W”是正体，公式“W=UIt”中的“W”是斜体。很明显，这是编辑排版时的失误造成的。
在印刷品中，物理量的字母应该用斜体表示，单位的字母用正体表示。为了更加规范，建议原文“电功W”中的正体“W”改为斜体“W”。
四、总功率过大容易引起火灾的插图妥当吗
九年级全一册第109页，在讲到用电器的总功率过大是家庭电路中电流过大的原因之一时，原文写道：“电路中同时使用的用电器不能太多，否则容易引起线路故障，甚至发生火灾（图19.2-1）”。原文插图19.2-1如图2所示。
三脚插头，垂直于插片的截面通常是圆形或五边形；两脚插头，垂直于插片的截面是长方形。仔细观察图2中的6种用电器，不难发现，只有电饭锅和洗衣机的插头是三脚插头，其余四个用电器冰箱、微波炉、电视机、电熨斗的插头都是两脚插头。我们知道，凡是带有金属外壳的用电器，使用时为了安全都必须接地，因此电冰箱、微波炉、电熨斗的插头必须是三角插头——我们只要观察一下家里这几种用电器就可以发现。
课本早在同一册的第107页提到：为了防止触电，洗衣机、电冰箱等有金属外壳的用电器的插头是三脚插头。图2中的电冰箱插头是两脚插头，与课本前边的描述也是矛盾的。
为了让课本更接近真实生活，为了向家庭中没有电冰箱、微波炉、电熨斗这三种电器的孩子普及常识，也为了让教材的前后内容统一，建议教材重新绘制图3，把电冰箱、微波炉、电熨斗的插头绘制成三角插头。
五、电生磁的插图不准确
九年级全一册第124页有一个验证电生磁的“想想做做”。原文提到：“如图20.2-1所示，将一枚转动灵活的小磁针置于桌面上，在小磁针旁放一条直导线，使导线与电池触接，看看电路连通瞬间小磁针有什么变化。”图3为原文中图20.2-1的一部分截图。
从图3可以看出，虽然图中标有“触接”两字，但实际上导线只接触了电池的正极并未接触电池的负极。由于不构成闭合回路，因此电路中不可能形成电流，但是图3却标出了电流方向。图3的原图还有乙、丙两个图，丙图存在的问题和甲图一样，只是丙图的电流方向是逆时针。如果图3中的“触接”这个词表达的是一个将来的状态，意图告诉学生，放置好实验器材，接下来应该将导线与电池接触；图3中的电流方向，意图告诉学生，电路接通后电流是顺时针流动的。这是完全没有必要的，因为学生已经学习了一段时间的电学知识，已经知道电路闭合后，在电池外部电流从正极流出，流回负极。
为了使图片更严谨，传达出的信息更准确，建议将课文原图中的甲、丙两个图的电流方向删去，或者将甲、丙两个图的导线与电池负极相连。
六、“载重量”一词的使用不符合规范
八年级下册第68页，课本在解释交通部门为什么在同样的道路上，对不同车型设定不一样的最高行驶速度时，这样写道：“车型不同，车的载重量就不同，也就是说，车的质量有大有小。如果车的行驶速度相同，质量大的，动能大，行驶时危险性就大。因此，在同样的道路上，交通管理部门会对不同的车型设定不同的最高行驶速度。这段文字里的“载重量”一词使用不规范。
大家都知道，质量和重量是两个不同的量，但是由于历史原因，这两个量长期混用。这就导致我们国家早些年的专业书刊以及实际应用中，普遍使用“载重量”表示交通工具的最大装载质量。现如今，“载重量”一词已经被标准的“载质量”一词代替。查阅《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》、《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法实施条例》、《机动车驾驶证申领和使用规定》（公安部令第123号）等法律法规文件，我们找不到“载重量”一词，只能找到“载质量”一词。查看货车或载货汽车的机动车行驶证，可以看到一个专有名词“核定载质量”。直接观察货车或载货汽车的车身，可以看到货车或载货汽车的“载质量”是多少千克。图4是笔者拍摄的一辆皮卡车的车身照片，可以看到这辆皮卡车的“载质量”是500kg。
为了让学生掌握正确的科学名词，也为了让物理与真实生活紧密相联，人教社有义务在教材中认真贯彻执行法定计量单位和《量和单位》（93年版）国家标准。建议将课文中的“载重量”一词替换为“载质量”。
物理是一门科学，作为传递科学知识的载体，物理教材的编写既要紧跟时代的步伐，使教材的编写内容贴近学生的真实生活，又要严谨、正确、规范、科学。人教社的初中物理教材是我国使用最为广泛的一套教材，为了让教材向学生传播准确、实用的科学知识，建议人教社初中物理教材的编者对本文指出的六个“问题”进行修订。
参考文献
[1] 人民教育出版社课程教材研究所，物理课程教材研究开发中心编著.物理——九年级全一册[M].北京：人民教育出版社，2013.
[2] 人民教育出版社课程教材研究所，物理课程教材研究开发中心编著.物理——八年级下册[M].北京：人民教育出版社，2012.
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