过去分词详细的用法
beat还可指心脏等有节律的舒张与收缩、跳动或使某物不停地上下动、拍动。
beat作“击打”解时主语一般为人,宾语可为人,也可为物; 作“拍打”解时,主语多为风、雨、海浪等名词。“拍打在…(地方)”则用at, on, against等引起的介词短语。当作“战胜”“胜过”解时,其主语多为team一类的名词,当作“难倒”“使无法解答”解时,其主语则为problem等。beat还可指劈荆斩棘、开辟道路或踏出一条路。
beat可用作不及物动词,也可用作及物动词。用作及物动词时,可接名词或代词作宾语,可用于被动结构。
beat可接以名词、形容词、副词或介词短语充当补足语的复合宾语,意思是“打成…”。
beat的过去分词可以是beat或beaten,但beat现在一般只用于形容词或非正式英语中,意思是“很疲乏”或指五六十年代的“奇装异服的”,其他场合一律用beaten。
beat用作名词的基本意思是“敲打”,也可指“敲打声”,即有节奏地连续击打、敲打或指敲打时发出的声音,还可作“拍子”解,指音乐节奏的拍子。引申可表示“常去之地”,指过去访问过或游览过的地方。
beat还可指“跳动”“悸动”,即心脏、脉搏等的一次跳动。
1. 作定语
1) 持续性动词过去分词和及物动词现在分词的被动式都可以当定语, 但两者在时间关系上是有差别的。如果定语所表示的动作是在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生或者是没有一定的时间性, 一般用过去分词。例如:
This is his written promise.
这是他的书面保证。
I have got a radio made in shanghai.
我买了一台上海的收音机。
如果定语所表示的动作在说话时正在进行或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生, 则一般用现在分词的被动式。例如:
The bike being repaired is mine.
正在修理的那辆自行车是我的。
The problem being discussed is of vital important.
正在讨论的问题极其重要。
2) 现在分词被动式当定语一般只能置于被修饰的名词之后。例如:
Is this book being written?
这是那本正在写着的书吗?
The house being built is our reading-room.
正在修建的房子是我们的阅览室。
3) 短暂性动词的过去分词可以作定语, 短暂性动词的现在分词被动式一般不可作定语。例如:
Right:The book bought yesterday is very interting.
Wrong:The book being boughtyesterday is very interesting.
4) 不及物动词的过去分词可以作定语, 表示主动的、完成的意思。例如:
He is the comrade come from Beijing.
他便是那位北京来的同志。
The escaped prisoners were captured.
那些逃跑的罪犯被抓获了。
2. 作宾语补足语
1) 在使役动词have, get等后一般用过去分词而不用现在分词被动式。例如:
I must have these printed.
我一定得让人把这些东西印好。
Have you had your watch stolen?
你的表被人偷了吗?
2) 在感观动词see, hear, feel, find等后作宾补的分词, 如果表示完成意思的就用过去分词, 如果表示说话时正在进行的动作, 或是与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生, 则用现在分词的被动式。例如:
I find his room cleaned.
我发现他的房间打扫过了。
I heard the song being sung.
我听到有人在唱那支歌。
3. 作状语
过去分词与现在分词的被动式都可以作状语。例如:
Combined with practice, the theory is easy to learn.
理论只有与实践相结合, 才容易学到。
Being combined with practice, th theory is easy to learn.
但是在这种情况下, 过去分词用得较多, 现在分词被动式用得甚少。如果强调这个动作是此刻正在进行的, 或是与谓语表示的动作同时发生的, 我们可以用现在分词的被动式形式。例如:
Being asked to sing af song, she couldn’t very well refuse.
有人请她唱支歌, 她不好拒绝。
Being protected by a tombstone he felt be was quite safe.
有墓碑掩护着, 他感到很安全。
注意:如果这个动作先于谓语动词表示的动作, 可以用完成时的被动式。例如:
Having been experimented several times, this new product wil be put into mass production.
经过数次试验后, 这种新产品将投入批量生产。
Having been invited to speak, I’ll start marking preparations tomorrow.
由于应邀讲话, 明天我将开始作准备。
如果不强调这个动作的时间性, 可用过去分词。例如:
Confined to bed, he needed to be waited on in everything.
他卧病在床, 什么事都需要伺候。
United as one, they are fighting a battle.
他们团结得象一个人一样进行战斗。
4. 作表语
及物动词和不及物动词的过去分词都可以作表语, 但现在分词被动式不可作表语。如可以说:He is married.而不能说The tree is fallen.可以说:He is being married.而不能说:The tree is being fallen.
一、 过去分词作定语
及物动词的过去分词表示被动、完成；不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成。
1. 单个的过去分词作定语时，如果表示被修饰词某种永久的特点则置于被修饰词前，否则置于被修饰词之后。
例如：Our English teacher is a returned teacher. 我们的英语老师是个归国的老师。
2. 过去分词短语作定语，则放在被修饰的词的后面。
例如： The student dressed in white is our monitor. 穿白色衣服的学生是我们的班长。
3. 过去分词作定语相当于一个定语从句。
例如：This is the book written by Jane. = This is the book that was written by Jane. 这本书是简写的。
4. 过去分词作定语与所修饰词之间存在两种意义关系：及物动词表示被动或完成，不及物动词表示完成。
例如：The question discussed is very important. 被讨论的问题非常重要。
We have seen the risen sun.我们已经看到了升起的太阳。
5. 如果过去分词所修饰的词是every, some, any, nothing, nobody或no one所构成的复合代词或指示代词those等时，即使一个单一的分词做形容词用，也要放在被修饰的词后面。
例如：Is there anything unsolved? 还有没有解决的问题吗？
6. 单个过去分词前加一个名词或副词，常用连词符号将他们连接起来构成一个复合形容词，放在其修饰的名词前，做定语。
例如：That is a state?owned factory. 那是一家国营工厂。
二、 过去分词作表语
1. 过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态，相当于形容词，最常见有：amused, astonished, crowded, delighted, disappointed, discouraged, excited, frightened, interested, married, pleased, puzzled, surprised, shocked, satisfied, terrified，upset等。
例如：Im interested in the speech. 我对这个演讲很感兴趣。
We were excited when we heard the news. 我们听到这个消息时感到很激动。
2. 作定语用的过去分词与做表语用的过去分词往往不同。
例如：drink—drunken (定语), drunk (表语)
light—lighted (定语), lit (表语)
sink—sunken (定语), sunk (表语)
3. 过去分词作表语与过去分词表示被动语态的区别：
（1） 被动结构和系表结构所强调的意义不同。
被动结构强调动作，句子的主语是这一动作所涉及的对象；而系表结构强调主语所处的状态和特点。
例如：The children were dressed and taken out for a walk. 孩子们被穿好衣服后被带出去散步。(被动语态)
The children were beautifully dressed for Childrens Day. 儿童节孩子们穿得很漂亮。(系表结构)
（2） 两者在时态的使用上存在差异。因为被动结构强调的是动作，所以可用于各种时态；而系表结构因为只表示状态，所以，只能跟一般时、将来时和完成时等连用。
例如：The desk was repaired by her last Sunday. 这张课桌是她上周日修的。(一般过去时被动结构)
The desk is repaired very well. 这张课桌修得很好。(一般现在时系表结构)
That building is being built now. 那幢大楼正在施工。(现在进行时被动语态)
The bridge has been built by them. 那座桥已被他们建好了。(现在完成时被动语态)
（3） 两者的形式都是过去分词，但词性却根本不同：被动语态中的过去分词是动词，而系表结构中的过去分词却是形容词。
例如：The composition was written with great care. 这篇作文写得很仔细。(被动结构)
The composition is well written. 这篇作文写得很好。(系表结构)
（4） 两者的修饰语不同。被动结构有自己的状语，而系表结构却没有。
例如：The shop was closed by the police. 这家商店被警察查封了。(被动结构)
The shop is closed. 这家商店关门了。(系表结构)
三、 过去分词作作宾语补足语
过去分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, keep, find, get, have, feel 等动词后与名词(代词)构成复合宾语。
例如：My mother found the cup broken by my brother yesterday. 我妈妈昨天发现我弟弟把杯子打坏了。
Hes going to have his hair cut. 他准备去理发。
I must get my bike repaired. 我必须请人修理自行车。
四、 作状语
过去分词短语常用作状语，修饰谓语，说明动作发生的背景或情况。这类状语大多数放在句子前部(主语前面)，也有少数可以放在句子后部(谓语后面)，或者插在中间(主语后面)。
例如：The professor came in, followed by a group of young people. 教授走进来，后面跟着一群年轻人。
Mr. Green, deeply moved, thanked us again and again. 格林先生深为感动，一再向我们表示感谢。
一个单独的过去分词也可以这样用作状语。
例如：Heated, water changes into steam. 水加热时就会变成水蒸气。
过去分词短语作状语可以表示：
（1） 相当于一个原因状语从句。
例如：Inspired by her example, the League members worked even harder. 在她的榜样鼓舞下，共青团们干得更起劲了。
（2） 相当于一个时间状语从句。
例如：Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful. 从山上看这个公园非常漂亮。
（3） 假设的情况，相当于一个条件状语从句。
例如：United, we stand; divided, we fall. 团结则存，分裂则亡。(此句也可表示时间)
Given more time, we could do it much better. 多给点时间，我们会做得更好些。
（4） 相当于一个让步状语从句。
例如：Beaten by the opposite team, the players were not discouraged and practiced even harder. 虽然被对方打败，但队员们没有泄气，更加刻苦训练。
这类状语多数放在句子前面，个别放在主谓之间。
（5） 伴随情况(这种用法没有与之相当的状语从句可以代替)。
例如：He came back, utterly exhausted. 他回来时，疲惫不堪。
注意：过去分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般必须与句子的主语一致。但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立(主格)结构。多数情况下它表示一种伴随动作或情况。
例如：The boy rushed into the classroom, his face covered with sweat. 那男孩跑进教室，满脸是汗。
[练一练]
用所给动词的适当形式填空：
1. If you wish anything ________(change), please say so.
2. ________(warn) several times, they became more careful in doing the work.
3. Ive never heard the word ________ (use) in spoken English.
4. ________(encourage) by the teacher, Tom did the experiment again.
5. They often saw the little boy ________(beat) by his hard father.
6. Where did you get your watch ________(repair)?
7. ________(try) to make himself ________(hear), he shouted at the top of his voice.
8. I found the windows ________(shut) and the doors ________(lock).
9. ________(cook) in the kitchen, I heard my name ________(call).
10. Ill have the book ________（bring）over to you.
付出了很大的生命代价。
And again, we must think of the cost.
再说，我们必须考虑成本。
Just out of interest, how much did it cost?
我只是好奇问问，这个花了你多少钱?
How much will it cost, more or less?
这个大概得花多少钱?
The total cost to you is 3 000.
meet的基本意思是“遇见，碰见”，指来自不同方向的.人或物汇集到一起;也可指为了某人或某事的到来而做好欢迎准备，即“迎接”; 还可指通过某人或某事把两个原本不相识的人联系到一起，即“结识”。引申可指“集会”“答复”“满足”“面临”等。
meet可用作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词。用作及物动词时，后接名词或代词作宾语。当meet作“遇见，碰见”解时，还可接以现在分词充当补足语的复合宾语。可用于被动结构。
I chanced to meet an old friend in the park today.
1、They bore the oblong hardwood box into the kitchen and put it on the table.
他们把那个长方形的硬木箱抬进厨房，放到桌上。
2、The ice was not thick enough to bear the weight of marching men.
冰不够厚，承载不了行军队伍的重量。
3、The houses bear the marks of bullet holes.
一、现在分词和过去分词作定语的用法
单个的分词放在所修饰的名词前（少数动词除外），分词短语放在所修饰的名词后。作定语的现在分词和过去分词的区别在于：现在分词与被修饰的名词在逻辑上是主动关系，现在分词表示动作正在发生或与谓语同时发生；过去分词与被修饰的名词在逻辑上是被动关系，过去分词的动作发生在谓语之前或没有时间性。有一点要指出的是：现在分词的被动式既表进行，又表被动。
1. 前置定语
（1）现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成。二者都表主动。
the rising sun正在升起的太阳
the risen sun已经升起的太阳
developing countries发展中国家
developed countries发达国家
the boiling water正在沸腾的水
the boiled water已经烧开的水
（2）现在分词表主动或进行，过去分词表被动。
remaining money 剩下的钱
working people劳动人民
a sleeping child一个睡着的孩子
written English书面英语
a man-made satellite人造卫星
a newly-built school新修的学校
the exciting news令人激动的消息
the excited people感到激动的人们
a puzzling problem令人迷惑的问题
a puzzled look感到迷惑的表情
2.后置定语
（1）现在分词的主动式表主动或进行；过去分词在语态上表被动，在时间上或表过去发生，或表没有时间性。
There are 20 people working for the project. 有20人参与这个项目。
The man standing there is our teacher. 站在那里的那个人是我们的老师。
There are some more events added to the Olympics. 有新的项目已被加到奥运会上。
I don’t like the composition written in pencil. 我不喜欢铅笔写的作文。（没有时间性）
（2）现在分词的被动式既表进行，又表被动。
The library being built in the east of the city will be put into use next year. 正在城东修建的图书馆将于明年交付使用。
比较：
The library built in the east of the city last year attracts many readers. 去年城东修建的图书馆吸引了很多读者。
二、实例分析
例1 The flowers sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.
A. to smell B. smelling
C. smelt D. to be smelt
解析 答案选B。“发出香味”与“吸引游客”是同时发生的，排除表示将来的不定式，即A和D；又因为the flowers与smell （发出……味）是主动关系，所以用现在分词短语作定语。
例2 Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV； there are pictures in your mind instead of before your eyes.
A. to form B. form
C. forming D. having formed
解析 答案选C。form作“出现、产生”解，是不及物动词，pictures与form是主动关系，用现在分词作定语，表示“图画出现”与“有”同时发生。注意：这与表示“有……要……”的不定式不同。
例3 The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the .
A. 20 dollars remained B. 20 dollars to remain
C. remained 20 dollars D. remaining 20 dollars
解析 答案选D。remain 是不及物动词，其过去分词无被动含义，用remaining （剩下的）作定语，修饰20 dollars。remaining 20 dollars =20 dollars left
例4 Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company， as 3M.
A. knowing B. known
C. being known D. to be known
解析 答案选B。因为the ... company与know是被动关系，所以用过去分词短语作定语，known as 3M = which was known as 3M。
例5 The picture on the wall is painted by my nephew.
A. having hung B. hanging
C. hangs D. being hung
解析 答案选B。hang作“某物悬挂 / 吊在某处”解，是不及物动词，the picture与hang是主动关系，用hanging作定语。
例6 The disc， digitally in the studio， sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recorded B. recording
C. to be recorded D. having recorded
解析 答案选A。the disc与record是被动关系，且record发生在谓语sounded之前，而不是之后，所以不用不定式，而用过去分词作定语。
例7 The first textbooks for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16 th century.
A. having written B. to be written
C. being written D. written
解析 答案选D。textbooks与write是被动关系，且write发生在谓语came out（出版）之前，而不是之后，所以不用不定式，而要用过去分词作定语。
1. The old farmer， the badly-injured and wounded soldier， came out of the burning house， for help.
A. supporting； calling
B. supported by； called
C. being supported by； called
D. being supporting； called
2. — Oh， it’s already a quarter past six. What shall we do at the meeting this evening？
— We’ll go on with the matter this afternoon.
A. be discussed B. being discussing
C. discussed D. which discussed
3. The brave man died， his young wife nothing but a cottage.
A. left； breaking B. leaving； broken
C. left； broken D. to leave； breaking
4. Linda can’t attend the party at Tom’s house at present because she is preparing a speech for the party at Marie’s house tomorrow.
A. being held； to be held
B. to be held； held
C. held； being held
D. to be held； to be held
5. The situation made everyone feel about what to do next.
A. puzzled； puzzled B. puzzling； puzzling
C. puzzling； puzzledD. puzzled； puzzling
6. I’d like to apply for the job as a sales manger of your company in China Daily dated August 8.
A. advertising B. advertised
你年纪轻，今后的日子还长着呢。
The fish lay thousands of eggs at one time.
这种鱼一次产卵数千个。
It hurt me to think that he would lie to me.
一想到他竟然对我说谎，我就很伤心。
This subject lies beyond the scope of our investigation.
这一问题超出了我们的考察范围。
The whole story is nothing but a pack of lies.
一、作表语时的区分方法
根据这两类形容词的基本意思来区分
ing分词表示主语所具有的特征，有“令人……’’之意，ed分词表示主语本身所处的状态，有“某人感到……”之意。如：
The result is very disappointing, for we lost the game.
结果很让人失望，我们输掉了比赛。
We are all very disappointed because we lost the game.
因为输掉了比赛，我们都非常失望
二、作定语时的区分方法
1、如果所修饰的名词是人或物，可根据ing分词和ed分词的基本意思来区分
She is an annoying women.(She made us annoyed)
她是一个令人气愤的女人
We are annoyed by her behaviour.
对她的行为我们感到很恼怒
2、如果所修饰的名词是look,expression等时，我们需要根据上下文的意思来判断到底应该用哪种形式
There was a disappointed look on David’s face when he knew he didn’t pass the driving test.
1. 作时间状语
Hearing the exciting news, the boy jumped for joy.
When the boy heard the news, the boy jumped for joy.
听着令人激动的消息，小男孩高兴地跳了起来。
Having turned off the TV set, he began to go over his lessons.
After turning off the TV set, he began to go over his lessons.
关掉电视机以后，他便开始复习功课。
2. 作原因状语
Not knowing her address, I might as well telephone her to come over.
As I didn’t know her address, I might as well telephone her to come over.
不知道她的地址，我只好打电话通知她来。
Being an engineer, he know how to repair the machine.
As he is an engineer , he knows how to repair the machine.
由于是一名工程师，他懂得如何修理这机器。
3．作条件状语
Working hard at your lessons, you are to succeed.
If you work hard at your lessons, you are to succeed.
如果你努力学习，就一定能成功。
Turning to the right, you’ll find the shop.
If you turn to the right, you’ll find the shop.
如果你向右转，你就会找到那家商店。
4. 作方式状语或伴随状语
He walked down the river, singing softly to himself.
He walked down the river and sang softly to himself.
他沿着河流一边走，一边轻轻地唱。
He came running back to pass on the news to us.
他跑回来把消息传递给我们。
5. 作结果状语
The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable.
大火持续了近一个月，几乎没剩下什么东西。
The guard fired, killing one of the prisoners.
警卫开枪了，打死了一名罪犯。
6. 作让步状语
Though working all through the year, they didn’t complete the project.
Though they worked all through the year , they didn’t complete the project.
尽管工作了一年，他们还是没有完成这个项目。
Now and then he thought of his sick mother, though sitting in the classroom.
Now and then he thought of his sick mother, though he was sitting in the classroom.
尽管坐在教室里，他还是不时地想起他生病的母亲。
【注意】
1. 如果动词-ing形式表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生， 则用其一般式（doing）; 如果先于谓语动词的动作发生，则用其完成式（having done）。
Seeing nothing at home, he decided to leave them a note.
由于没有看见家人，他决定给他们留下一张便条。
Having finished his homework, he went fishing.
做完作业后，他就去钓鱼了。
2. 使用现在分词的主动式还是被动式，这主要取决于现在分词和句子主语之间的关系。逻辑主语与现在分词构成主谓关系，则用主动式，构成动宾关系，则用被动式。
Having been shown around the factory, they were happy. (现在分词的被动式)
Having finished his homework, he went to bed. (现在分词的主动式)
3. 动词-ing 形式的独立主格结构： 句子主语不一定要与逻辑主语一致，有时可以有独立的主语，它可以表示时间、条件、原因等。
Spring coming on, the trees turned green.
春天来了， 树都绿了。
Weather permitting, we’ll have an outing next week.
天气允许的话，我们下周要去郊游。
John being away, Tom had to do the work.
约翰不在，只好由汤姆来做这项工作。
4. 固定结构：generally speaking(总的说来), jumping from/by（从……来判断）, taking everything into consideration（总的说来）
Generally speaking, adults know more than teenagers.
一般说来，成年人比十几岁的孩子懂得多。
5. 动词-ing 形式的否定是在动词-ing之前加not.
Not having received his reply, I rang him up again.
没得到他的回应，我再次给他打了个电话。
[【练习】]
1. The student sat there,_______what to do.
A. doesn’t know
B. didn’t know
C. not know
D. not knowing
2. Dina,_______ for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at local advertising agency.
A. StrugglingB. struggled
C. having struggledD. to struggle
3.“what a day! It’s raining again.”said the farmer,_______(望着窗外). （look）
4. Not_______(完成了) the program, they will have to stay there for another two weeks.(complete)
5. _______(告诉了) many times, he managed to walk out the problem by himself.(tell)
6. It has rained heavily for over one week,_______(引起了洪灾) in Hainan province.(cause)
[【参考答案】]
1. D
2. C
3. looking out of the window
4. having completing
5. having been told
1.Two children were rescued from the burning car.
两名儿童从燃烧着的.车中被救了出来。
2. The smell of burning rubber filled the air.
空气中弥漫着橡胶燃烧的气味。
3. Our eyes were burning from the chemicals in the air.
空气中弥漫的化学物质熏得我们的眼睛火辣辣地痛。
4. The clothing on his back got burnt away in the fire.
他的衣服后背在大火中烧掉了。
5. There was a smell of burning in the air.
[过去分词作定语的含义]
总的来说，过去分词作定语表示被动状态及已发生的动作。
1. 及物动词的过去分词作定语表示被动和已完成的含义，因此过去分词作定语时表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。
There is a note pinned to the door saying when the shop will open again.
在门上钉着的那个便条的内容是这家商店何时再开张。
The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras returned to our shop for quality problems.
生产商定期来回收那些因为质量问题被退回我们商店的照相机。
They might just have a place left on the writing course.
他们的写作课或许还有一个空余的名额。
例1 （2016·全国卷Ⅰ） I was the first Western TV reporter 66 （permit） to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
解析 permitted。句意：我是第一个得到允许的西方国家的电视台记者，能够拍摄一个特殊的单位，这个单位专门照料从野外抢救回来的快被饿死的大熊猫。本空在句中作定语修饰名词reported，与名词之间是逻辑上的被动关系，表示被动和已经发生的动作，因此用提示动词的过去分词形式作定语。
2. 不及物动词的过去分词形式作定语不表示被动，只表示该动作已经发生或完成。
A notice was put up in order to remind the students of the changed lecture time.
张贴了一张通告，以提醒学生讲座时间的变化。
The nurses want a pay increase， and reduced hours as well.
护士们需要涨工资，同时还希望减少工作时间。
3. 使役动词的过去分词作定语表示状态。使役动词（如interest， bore， worry， frighten， surprise等）通常用系表结构表示状态，因此它的过去分词作定语表示的是状态而不是被动含义。它的过去分词大多已转化为形容词。
Did you notice the girl seated in the front and dressed in red？
你注意到坐在前排穿着红衣服的那个女孩了吗？
使役动词的过去分词作定语通常修饰人，现在分词作定语修饰事物。如：
a surprising result 一个令人吃惊的结果
the surprised boy 那个感到惊讶的男孩
the disappointing news 令人失望的消息
the disappointed audience 失望的观众
但是要注意“转换修饰”：有时我们不直接说某人觉得困惑或惊讶，而说某人的表情或话语等表明某人很困惑或惊讶，这属于转换修饰。此时中心词多为look， voice， expression等名词。如：
the confused look on her face 她脸上困惑的表情
his annoyed look 他恼火的神情
his surprised voice 她感到惊讶的声音
his hurried footsteps 他匆忙的脚步声
例2 （2014·上海卷） Over time， the high cost of living became a little burden on my already 28 （exhaust） shoulder.
解析 exhausted。句意：慢慢地，高消费的生活成为我已然十分疲惫的肩头的一个小负担。本空的提示动词exhaust是使役动词，表示“使疲惫”，exhausted意为“感到疲惫的”，这里用过去分词转化的形容词exhausted作定语表示状态，修饰中心词shoulder。这里属于前面所说的“转换修饰”。
[过去分词作定语的位置]
1. 单个的过去分词作定语通常放在名词前面，如：
Jack， I’d like to have your opinions about my written report.
杰克，我想听听你对我这个书面报告的意见。
When the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.
被延误的航班什么时候起飞要看天气情况。
有些过去分词要后置，比如given，left等单个分词作定语习惯后置，单个分词修饰something等不定代词时也必须后置。
After completing and signing it， please return the form to us in the envelope provided.
nlc202309082324
填完表格并且签名之后，请把表格放入我们提供的信封内送回。
Jim sold most of his things. He has hardly anything left in the house.
Jim卖了他的大部分东西。他没剩什么在房子里了。
2. 过去分词短语作定语，或者过去分词的动词接了介词短语等其他成分一起作定语时必须后置。
The players selected from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game.
从全国选拔出来的运动员将会在这次夏季的比赛中给我们带来荣誉。
The island， joined to the mainland by a bridge， is easy to go to.
那个岛通过一座桥梁与大陆连接，很容易到达。
[在作文如何用好过去分词作定语]
在书面表达中正确使用过去分词，能使文章结构更加紧凑，提高文章的得分档次。在书面表达中使用过去分词作定语时要注意表达的地道、准确。
例1 （2016·全国卷Ⅰ） 请她帮你修改所附材料的文字和格式（format）。
解析 I wonder if you could spare some time to look into the material attached to the letter， just to see if it’s the right format.
要表达汉语提示信息中的“所附材料”，可以用动词attach的过去分词短语作定语：the material attached to the letter。
2. （2016·全国卷Ⅲ） 假定你是李华，与留学生朋友Bob约好一起去书店，因故不能赴约。
解析 Unfortunately， something unexpected came up， thus making it impossible for me to make it to the bookstore at the appointed time.
提示信息的“赴约”我们可以用make it表示“赶上，成功地做某事”；“约定的时间”用at the appointed time，这里用动词appoint（约定）的过去分词形式作定语；“因故”我们可以表达为“发生了预料之外的事情”，用something unexpected happened，过去分词unexpected作定语表示“预料之外的”。
例3 （2016·浙江卷） Planning is good， but doing is better是一句英国名言……简述你对这句名言的理解。
解析 I know that success comes from good planning and better doing combined.
阐述这句话的含义时可以用过去分词作定语，用A and B combined表示“A和B相结合”。
例4 （2015·全国卷Ⅰ） 你校英文报“外国文化”栏目拟刊登介绍美国节日风俗和中学生生活的短文。
解析 It regularly publishes articles written by foreign friends and focused on/related to foreign cultures.
表达“介绍美国节日风俗和中学生生活的短文”这个要点时可以用articles related to/focused on foreign cultures；表示“外国友人写的文章”可以用articles written by foreign friends。
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