中学英语语法精典总结（推荐6篇）
（I）说明原因型 模块
（一）Nowadays, there are more and more XX in some big cities.It is estimated that(1).Why have there been so many XX? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows.The first one is that(2).Besides,(3).The third reason is(4).To sum up, the main cause of XX is due to(5).It is high time that something were done upon it.For one thing,(6).On the other hand,(7).All these measures will certainly reduce the number of XX.注释：
（1）用具体数据说明XX现象（2）原因一（3）原因二（4）原因三
（5）指出主要原因（6）解决建议一（7）解决建议二
Generation gap between parents and children Nowadays, there are more and more misunderstanding between parents and children which is so-called generation gap.It is estimated that(75 percentages of parents often complain their children’s unreasonable behavior while children usually think their parents too old fashioned).Why have there been so much misunderstanding between parents and children? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows.The first one is that(the two generations, having grown up at different times, have different likes and dislikes, thus the disagreement often rises between them).Besides(due to having little in common to talk about, they are not willing to sit face to face).The third reason is(with the pace of modern life becoming faster and faster , both of them are so busy with their work or study that they don’t spare enough time to exchange ideas).To sum up ,the main cause of XX is due to(lake of communication and understanding each other).It is high time that something were done upon it.For one thing(children should respect their parents).On the other hand ,(parents also should show solicitue for their children).All these measures will certainly bridge the generation gap.模块（2）
（I）说明原因型
In recent years , xx has caused a heated debate on(1).The factors for(2).First of all ,(3).Then , there comes a case that(4).Moreover,(5).Especially when(6).Indeed, these unique points can be collected theo remind people that(7).In this way ,we should behave just like(8).The impact of Television In recent years, with the development of science and technology, 80 percent of all homes in China have satellite TV , offering as many as 50 channels.It has caused a heated debate on(the impact of television on children).Many parents are worried about the impact of so much television on children.The factors for(parents＇ worry is that children are indulge in television and spend too much time on it.).First of all,(with so many programs to choose from , children are not getting as much exercise as they should).Then , there comes a case that(some studies have show that excessive watching of television by millions of children has lowered their ability to achieve in school).Moreover ,(the effect on children/＇s minds are more serious than the effect on children/＇s bodies).Especially when(the children are too small to judge what programs are suit to them).Indeed, these unique points can be connected to remind parents that(they should pay close attention to and responsibilities for supervising their children/＇s TV viewing).In this way ,children will not be influenced too deeply.模块（3）
（I）说明原因型
Currently, XX has been the order of the day.This does demonstrate the theory---nothing is more valuable than XX.It is clear that(1).If you(2), as a result , your dreams will come true.On the contrary, if you(3).Failure will be following with you.It turns out that all your plan falls through.No one can deny another fact that(4).You don＇t have to look very far to find out the truth , in respect that we all know(5).It will exert a profound influence upon(6).With reference to my standpoint ,I think(7).注释：
1：XX的第一个优点 2： 支持XX 的做法 3：不支持XX的做法 4：XX的第二个优点 5：举例证明优点二
6：说明XX优点三的影响第三天我写的相应作文： The importance of self-confidence Currently, self-confidence has been the order of the day.This does demonstrate the theory---nothing is more valuable than self-confidence.It is clear that(self-confidence means trust in one’s abilities).If you(are full of self-confidence ,it will bring your creative power to play , arouse your enthusiasm for work, and help you overcome difficulties), as a result , your dreams will come true.On the contrary, if you(have no confidence in yourself, there is little possibility that you would ever achieve anything).Failure will be following with you.It turns out that all your plan falls through.No one can deny another fact that(self-confidence gives you light when you are in dark and encouragement when you are dismayed).You don＇t have to look very far to find out the truth , in respect that we all know(the secret of Madame Curie lies in perseverance and self-confidence, the latter in particular).It will exert a profound influence upon(the achievement of one’s ambitions).With reference to my standpoint, I think(he that can have self-confidence can have what he will).模块（4）
（I）说明原因型
For most of us today ,(1).From above ,we can find that the reasons why(2)are as follows.The primary reason, i think, is(3).Second,(4).The third reason, actually, is(5).The significance for(6).Therefore ,(7).注释：
（1）人们针对XX的态度和举措（2）归纳现状（3）第一个原因（4）第二个原因（5）第三个原因
（6）重申造成现状的最重要原因
（7）我的建议我写的模块（４）的相应的作文，仅供参考
pollution
Most of us today(recognize that environmental pollution has been a greatly serious problem.lots of plants trees corps are destroyed by bad air.many fish die of poisonous water.thousands of people die from eating poisoned fish or breathing in gas.therefore, environmental pollution should be responsible for these diseases that are disabling ,or bringing death not only to human beings , but also to wild life.)From above, we can find that the reasons why(environment are polluted more and more seriously)are as follows.The primary reason ,I think , is(the reason of harmful substances into environment.for example ,to prevent insects ,farmers make use of great amounts of insecticides, so as to have bumper harvests.however ,they pollute air ,water and land).second,(the gas coming from the car engines and factories also make environment polluted badly).The third reason actually is(the result of a growing population in the world.everyday, so much litter and waste are poured out from houses ,also pollute the environment).The significance for(controlling pollution)noted that it＇s high time that more effective measures should be taken.Therefore ,(new laws should be passed to limit the amount of pollutants from factories.moreover, in the households ,there is an obvious need to reduce litter and waste.let/＇s make our good efforts ,and the world will be a safer place to live for us).模块（5）
（I）说明原因型
These days we often hear that(1).It is common that(2).Why does such circumstance occur in spite of social protects? For one thing,(3).For another,(4).What is more, since(5),it is natural that(6).To solve the problem is not easy at all ,but is worth trying.We should do something such as(7)to improve he present situation ,and i do believe everything will be better in the future.(1)提出论题（2）说明现状（3）理由一（4）理由二（5）理由三
（6）理由三引起的后果（7）解决方法
我写的模块（5）的相应的作文 pollution of environment
These days we often hear that(our living conditions are getting more and more serious because of the destruction of our environment).It is common that(many trees and animals are near extinction, and the all-important food chain has been destroyed.).Why does such circumstance occur in spite of social protects? For one thing,(the population of the world is increasing so rapidly that the world has been so crowded.).For another,(the overuse of natural resources has influenced the balance of natural ecology).What is more, since(the industrial revolution),it is natural that(a great number of factories have been springing up like mushrooms.The smoke and harmful chemicals released from factories also pollute the environment).To solve the problem is not easy at all, but is worthying.We should do something such as(planting more trees , equipping cars with pollution-control devices and learning to recycling natural resources)to improve the present situation ,and i do believe everything will be better in the future.作文的开头
一篇文章通常可分为三个部分，即开头、正文和结尾。这三个部分安排是否得体，直接影响到文章的质量。
文章的开头一般来说应尽量做到开门见山，用简单明白的叙述引出文章的话题，使读者了解文章要谈论什么，一下于引起读者的兴趣。作文常见的开头形式大致有以下几种： 1．开门见山，揭示主题
文章一开头，就交待清楚文章的主题是什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎样度假)的开头是：
I Spent my last vacation happily．
下面是题为“Honesty”(谈诚实)一文中的开头： Honesty is one of the best virtues．An honest man is always trusted and respected．On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a “liar”，and is looked upon by honest people． 2．交代人物、事情、时间或环境开头
在文章的开头，先把人物、事件和环境交待清楚。例如“A Trip to Jinshan”(去金山旅游)的开头：
The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan.The bus ride there took three hours.The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us.3.回忆性的开头
用回忆的方法来开头。例如“A Trip to the Taishan Mountain”(泰山游)的开头是： I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.4．概括性的开头
即对要在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括性的介绍。如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(读书的快乐)的开头：
People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world.But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.5．介绍环境式的开头
即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。如“An Accident”(一场事故)的开头是:
It was a rainy and windy morning.The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty.I was on my way back to school.Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner.6．交待写作目的的开头。
在文章的一开头就交待写作目的，如通过文章要表扬谁，批评谁，或说明一个什么问题等。如 “Pollution Control”(控制污染)的开头：
In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.英语议论文句型荟萃
常用开头的短语、句式
1.Nowadays many people prefer„because it plays an important role in our daily life.Generally speaking, its advantages can be seen as follows„
2.As everybody knows, with the(rapidly)growing popularity of(computers/private cars)in China, the quality of people’s lives has been greatly improved.3.Recently there is a widespread / serious concern over(graduates employment/students’ health.）
4.Nowadays, a heated debate/discussion about whether students should go abroad for further education is under way in our class.Some students hold the view that…;whereas others argue that…
5.There are some reasons for owning personal cars.To begin with,… Next, Last, There are,on the other hand, many reasons against it.First…Second…Finally…
6.As for students’ owning mobile phones, different people have different opinions.7.Smoking should be banned from campuses for two reasons.The first reason is that The second is that…/On the one hand,…On the other hand/For one thing …For another thing… 8.As the saying goes, “Time and tide wait for no one.”
常用正文的词语、句式
(1)引述段落提出问题时常用的句式、词语：
①in fact, there are advantages and disadvantages in „ Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows „
②Just as a popular saying goes, “Every coin has two sides.” „ is no exception, and in other words, it still has negative aspects.③The reasons why „ are as follows„
④My opinion is that „
(2)展开段落论证时常用的句式、词语：
①第一层次（首先）in the first place/ in the beginning/ first(firstly)/ first of all/
to beginning with/ for one thing/ I want to begin by saying/ My first reason is that…/ The main factor is …
②第二层次（其次）second(secondly)/ in the second place/ next/ for another/ The second solution is that „
③第三层次（第三点）third(thirdly)/ besides/ in addition/ furthermore
(3)将事物的正反、好坏两方面，或者将两种不同事物进行比较、对比时常用的句式、短语：
然而
while, whereas, but, however, nevertheless
尽管如此 in spite of that, despite all this/ the fact that, even so
但在另一方面 but on the other hand
与„相比 in/ by comparison with „, as compared with „
对比之下by/ in contrast
与„„相反 as opposed to„,instead of „
相反 on the contrary, instead
事实上as a matter of fact, as the matter stands, in fact
任何事物都是一分为二的。Every coin has two sides.他们的区别如下：The differences are as follows:
A与B的不同在于 A is different from B in „
The difference between A and B is/lies in/exists in/consists in…
常用结尾的短语、句式：
1． It is hoped that we should place much emphasis on/play more attention to„
2． To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of„into fullplay, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.In the case, we will definitely make a better use of the „
3． Above all, to solve the problem of„,we should find various ways.But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say,„
4． It is(high)time for us to take action.5． Let us work hard in hand in order to(solve these social problems).⑥Hence, we can conclude that„
6． Therefore, no one can deny that„
7． Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones.Therefore, I would like to„
8． From the comparison between these positive effects of„,we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in.9． As a consequence, the more we are aware of the importance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.对比观点题型
（1）?要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。
1．有一些人认为。。2．另一些人认为。。3．我的看法。。（2）给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点
10． The topic of ①----------主题）is becoming more and more popular recently.There are two sides of opinions about it.11． Some people say A is their favorite.They hold their view for the reason of ②-----------------（支持A的理由一）What is more, ③------------理由二).Moreover, ④---------------(理由三).While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons.Firstly,-----------------(支持B的理由一).Secondly(besides),⑥------------------（理由二）.Thirdly(finally),⑦------------------(理由三).12． From my point of view, I think⑧-----（我的观点）.The reason is that⑨-----(原因).13． As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice.For me, the former is surely a wise choice.14． Some people believe that ①----------------（观点一）.For example, they think ②-----------------（举例说明)．And it will bring them ③-------(为他们带来的好处).15． In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point.For one thing,④----------(我不同意该看法的理由一).For another thing,⑤-----------(反对的理由之二)．
Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that ⑥----------(我对文章所讨论主题的看法)．
16． 阐述主题题型
要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述． １.?阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义． ２．分析并举例使其更充实．
17． The good old proverb----------------（名言或谚语）reminds us that-----(释义).In deed, we can learn many things form it.First of all,----------(理由一).For example,-------------(举例说明).Secondly,-------(理由二).Another case is that-------(举例说明).Furthermore ,------------------(理由三)．
In my opinion,----------------(我的观点).In short, whatever you do, please remember the say---A.If you understand it and apply it to your study or work, you’ll necessarily benefit a lot from it.18． 解决方法题型
要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径 １．问题现状
２．怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点
19． In recent days, we have to face a problem-----A, which is becoming more and more serious.First,------------(说明Ａ的现状)．Second,---------------(举例进一步说明现状)
Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope
20． with the situation.For one thing,--------(解决方法一).For another--------(解决方法二).Finally,-------(解决方法三).Personally, I believe that-------(我的解决方法).21． Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because
22．-------------(带来的好处).23． 说明利弊题型
这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度（利或弊）出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度（或对事物前景提出预测）１.说明事物现状
２.事物本身的优缺点（或一方面）３.你对现状（或前景）的看法
24． Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life.Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows.First-------(Ａ的优点之一).Besides-----------（Ａ的优点之二）.25． But every coin has two sides.The negative aspects are also apparent.One of the important disadvantages is that----------------(Ａ的第一个缺点)．To make matters worse，--------------(Ａ的第二个点)．Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones.26． Therefore, I would like to---------------(我的看法)．
27． 图标作文框架
卢湾规划建筑设计院按照建设部的要求和区府的部署在区建委领导和各有关部门的关心和直接指导下，经过近一年的准备和具体操作，改制采用原先的事业单位撤销，然后新建企业的方法，实现了事业单位向企业的平稳过渡，改制后的新企业——上海精典规划建筑设计有限公司于2002年11月8日正式揭牌。
上海精典规划建筑设计有限公司董事长景岳在谈到改企建制时，充满了激情。他说，一个设计单位要彻底摒弃大锅饭，进入市场经受激烈竞争的考验，无疑需要极大的勇气。然而，这次改企建制，直接关系到新企业的生存和发展，经过这一年多的实际操作，最突出的体会是牢牢依靠上级主管领导的支持和指导，就能最大限度地获得政策落实，也就意味着新企业在今后发展道路上，撤除了前进的阻力和包袱，轻装上阵。
在谈到改企建制过程，景董感慨万分，他说，自从酝酿方案到正式挂牌，有一年多了，我们反复对适用政策进行全面细致的了解和分析，再结合实际情况，取得主管领导和有关职能部门的理解和支持，改制采用原先的事业单位撤销，然后新建企业的方法，在人员安排方面，原则上是全部吸纳，先解除原来双方签订的事业单位聘用合同，并按沪人(1995)165号文中规定给予经济补偿，然后再与新企业签订劳动合同，对一些即将退休的职工，符合内退条件的，既可内退、也可采取解除聘用合同，领取经济补偿，由个人自由选择。在股权设置问题上，根据上级领导的改制原则，经营者持大股，不搞人人持股，股权分配上，经营者占总本金的80％，其余20％股本金由技术骨干自愿认购投资。改制后的新企业采用有限责任制形式，国资全部退出，成为一个名副其实的民营企业；设计单位的设计工作是一项技术性较强的工作，对人员素质、岗位技能等都具有较高的要求，为此，新建企业吸纳和引进多名专业技术人员，调整专业队伍结构，加大技术装备投资，提高了设计队伍的整体素质。目前，企业的设计资质已经由国家建设部正式认定为甲级资质；同时，公司还引进海外的先进设计理念和表现手法，与澳大利亚有关设计公司合作成立了帕来登(上海)建筑景观咨询有限公司，极大地提高了建筑设计，尤其是建筑方案设计的质量和市场竞争力。
在学习初一英语语法时，要认真、细心，不要觉得一些地方不重要而得过且过。下面从几个方面，总结出了初一英语语法，如果要复习英语句法的同学，可以参考一下：
一、初一英语语法——词法
1、名词
A）、名词的数
我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词，而不可数名词它没有复数形式，但可数名词却有单数和复数之分，复数的构成如下：
一）在后面加s。如：fathers,books,Americans,Germans,apples,bananas
二）x,sh,ch,s,tch后加es。如：boxes,glasses,dresses,watches,wishes,faxes
三）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es如：baby-babies,family-families,duty-duties,comedy-comedies,documentary-documentaries,story-stories
以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：day-days,boy-boys,toy-toys,key-keys,ways
四）以o结尾加s（外来词）。如：radios,photos,但如是辅音加o的加es：如:tomatoes西红柿,potatoes马铃薯
五）以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如：knife-knives,wife-wives,half-halves,shelf-shelves,leaf-leaves,yourself-yourselves
六）单复数相同（不变的）有：fish,sheep,deer鹿子,Chinese,Japanese 七）一般只有复数，没有单数的有：
people,bpants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks
八）单词形式不变，既可以是单数也可以是复数的有：police警察局，警察,class班，同学,family家，家庭成员
九）合成的复数一般只加主要名词，多数为后一个单词。如：action movie-action movies,penpal-penpals;但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如： man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers
十）有的单复数意思不同。如：fish鱼fishes鱼的种类,paper纸papers报纸，卷子，论文,work工作works作品，工厂,glass玻璃glasses玻璃杯，眼镜,orange桔子水oranges橙子,light光线lights灯,people人peoples民族,time时间times时代,次数,chicken鸡肉chickens小鸡
十一）单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s或’s。如：Is(I’s),Ks(K’s)。但如是缩略词则只加s。如：IDs,VCDs,SARs 十二）特殊形式的有：
child-children, man-men , woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen
B）名词的格
当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时，我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下：
一）单数在后面加’s。如：brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s 二）复数以s结尾的直接在s后加’，如果不是之s结尾的与单数一样处理。如：Teachers’ Day教师节,classmates’;Children’s Day六一节,Women’s Day三八节
三）由and并列的名词所有时，如果是共同所有同一人或物时，只加最后一个’s，但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如：Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间（共住一间），Mike’s and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间（各自的房间）
2、代词
项目：人称代词物主代词指示代词反身代词
人称主格宾格形容词名词性
第一人称
单数I、me、my、mine、myself
复数we、us、our、ours、ourselves
第二人称
单数you、you、your、yours、yourself
复数you、you、your、yours、yourselves
第三人称
单数she、her、her、hers、herself、he、him、his、his、himself、it、、it、its、this、that、itself
复数they、them、their、theirs、these、those、themselves
3、动词
A）第三人称单数
当动词是第三人称单数时，动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s，如下：
一）一般在词后加s。如：comes,spells,waits,talks,sees,dances,trains
二）在x,sh,ch,s,tch后加es。如：watches,washes,wishes,finishes
三）1）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如：study-studies,hurry-hurries,try-tries
2）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：plays,says,stays,enjoys,buys
四）以o结尾加es。如：does,goes
五）特殊的有：are-is,have-has
B）现在分词
当我们说某人正在做什么事时，动词要使用分词形式，不能用原形，构成如下：
一）一般在后加ing。如：spell-spelling,sing-singing,see-seeing,train-training,play-playing,hurry-hurrying,watch-watching,go-going,do-doing
二）以不发音e的结尾的去掉e再加ing。如：dance-dancing,wake-waking,take-taking,practice-practicing,write-writing,have-having
三）以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母＋一个辅音字母（注意除开字母组合如show–showing,draw-drawing）要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如：put-putting,run-running,get-getting,let-letting,begin-beginning
四）以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。如：tie-tying系die-dying死lie-lying位于
初一英语语法总结--句式
1.陈述句
肯定陈述句
a)This is a book.(be动词)
b)He looks very young.(连系动词)
c)Iwant a sweater like this.(实义动词)
d)I can bring somethings to school.(情态动词)
e)There’s a computer on my desk.(There be结构)
否定陈述句
a)These aren’t their books.b)They don’t look nice.c)Kate doesn’t go to No.4 Middle School.d)Kate can’t find her doll.e)There isn’t a cat here.(=There’s no cat here.)
2.祈使句
肯定祈使句
a)Please go and ask the man.b)Let’s learn English!
c)Come in , please.否定祈使句
a)Don’t be late.b)Don’t hurry.3.疑问句
1)一般疑问句
a)Is Jim a student?
b)Can I help you?
c)Does she like salad? d)Do they watch TV? e)Is she reading?
肯定回答:
a)Yes,he is.b)Yes,you can.c)Yes,she does.d)Yes,they do.e)Yes,she is.否定回答:
a)No,he isn’t.b)No,you can’t.c)No,she doesn’t.d)No,they don’t.e)No,she isn’t.2)选择疑问句
Is the table big or small?
回答It’s big./It’s small.3)特殊疑问句
remember doing sth. 记住曾做过某事
forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事
forget doing sth. 忘记曾做过某事
regret to do sth. 后悔(遗憾)要做某事
regret doing sth. 后悔(遗憾)曾做过某事
try to do sth. 设法要做某事
try doing sth. 做某事试试看有何效果
mean to do sth. 打算做某事
mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
can’t help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事
can’t help doing sth. 禁不住做某事
go on to do sth. 做完某事后接着做另一事
go on doing sth. 继续做一直在做的事
(下面十个句子请读5遍并脱口译出!)
e.g.1. The death notices tell us about people who have died during the week.
2. The man (whom) you spoke to just now is my friend.
3. The building whose lights are on is beautiful.
4. Please find a place which we can have a private talk in.
5. The knee is the joint where the thighbone meets the large bone of the lower leg.
6. He still remembers the day when he went to school.
7. It is no need telling us the reason why you didnt finish it in time.
8. He has three sons, two of whom died in the war.
9. Mr. Smith, whose wife is a clerk, teaches us English.
10. In the Sunday paper there are comics, which children enjoy.
2.只能用that和who引导的定语从句
A.all, nothing, anything, a few, one做先行词指物时
B.先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时，后面常跟that而不是which
C.先行词前有 the only, the first, the last, the next, the very等词修饰时，引导词只能用that
D.当先行词是 anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody时，后面要用who或whom
e.g. All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的并非都是金子。
3.as 引导定语从句
A.引导限制性语从句。
在此类定语从句中，as常与主语中作为其先行词的such, the same或as联用构成，“such... as”，“the same... as”和“as ...as”句型，可代替先行词。
e.g. We hope to get such a tool as he is using. 我们希望得到他正在用的那种工具。
B.as 引导非限制性定语从句时，作用与which相同，as作为关系代词代替整个主句。
(这是语法考试的一个考点。)
注意区别：
as 引导的从句用于句首、句中或句后，而which引导的定语从句不能放在句首。
e.g. As is reported, a foreign delegation will visit the city.
2014年电视剧《红高粱》在全国热播，掀起了又一个收视狂潮。电视剧《红高粱》改编自中国首个诺贝尔文学奖得主莫言的《红高粱家族》，是1987年张艺谋导演电影版《红高粱》后的又一次诠释。自2012年莫言获得诺贝尔文学奖，其作品的版权开发便成为近几年出版市场上最抢手的资源。但令人意外的是，莫言所有作品的出版及附属版权的开发竟归属于一个民营出版公司——北京精典博维文化有限公司（以下称“精典博维”）。
我国出版业长期以来实行严格的“出版准入制度”，出版权始终掌握在由政府授权的少数国有出版社或国有出版企业手中，长期处于“夹缝中”的民营出版文化工作室或公司发展步履维艰。秉承“精品典藏，博通微妙”的理念，精典博维十年磨一剑，创新出版运作模式，逐渐形成了名家经纪、旅游传媒、出版传媒、文化物流的产业格局。精典博维首创的“360度名家经纪服务”引发出版界“作家经纪”的热潮；精典博维建立的“文化物流体系”保证了图书分销渠道的畅通，赢得众多出版机构的青睐；精典博维大胆创办属于自己的北京“24小时博书屋”，为热爱阅读、喜爱文化的都市人提供了一片文化栖息地……精典博维的特色出版商业模式值得我国出版界思考和借鉴。
一、精典博维的成长历程
1.步步为营，厚积薄发
精典博维的创始人陈黎明2000年毕业于中国人民大学经济系，大学期间他就参与编著了畅销书《清华园的创业启蒙》。2001年，他考入北京大学攻读知识产权法硕士，并成立精典文化工作室。2005年，精典博维正式注册成立。
2005年9月，精典博维抓住美国前总统克林顿访华的机遇，邀请克林顿为《如何掌控你的时间和生活》撰写推荐语，实现了经济效益和社会效益的双丰收，被搜狐网评为2005年最成功的图书营销案例。随后的几年里，精典博维通过与贝塔斯曼中国的业务联系，学习出版业前沿的数字出版技术和出版管理理念，企业管理更加正规，业务范围逐步扩大。2008年，贝塔斯曼决定撤出中国。由于起初着手接收贝塔斯曼中国业务的中国外文出版发行事业局与贝塔斯曼在体制和机制上较难融合，便由精典博维尝试接收贝塔斯曼在中国的业务。当时的精典博维年出版总码洋不到2000万人民币，在此情况下，陈黎明用知识产权作抵押贷款，收购了贝塔斯曼旗下的出版公司——杭州贝榕图书有限公司（榕树下）和其在中国的全部资产。此次被业界称为“蛇吞象”的并购行为，让精典博维获得更大的发展平台，实力进一步壮大。在贝塔斯曼的常年支持和战略合作下，精典博维先后和美国、欧洲、日本、东南亚、韩国以及我国香港和台湾地区的几百家国际著名出版机构进行了版权贸易和交流合作，公司规模不断扩大[1]。2008年—2009年，精典博维渡过了并购后的漫长“消化期”，将一个世界级出版大鳄的优质资源、图书运作模式和成功经验融会贯通，为后来的华丽转型奠定了基础。
2.转型虚构类作品
读者青睐的畅销书大致可分为励志成功类、情感类、健康生活类、娱乐消费类和学术文化类五种类型。并购贝塔斯曼中国后，精典博维认真分析贝塔斯曼的经营数据并将其内部资源重新归类整合，其发现贝塔斯曼、企鹅和兰登书屋等国际知名出版巨头所运作的畅销书几乎都是虚构类的文学作品。从生存周期的角度看，虚构类作品拥有比非虚构类作品更加忠实的粉丝；从经营的角度看，非虚构类作品成功的偶然性大于虚构类作品的偶然性，且对外围环境的依赖性较强。因此，精典博维开始将图书出版的重心由经管类、文学类作品向虚构类作品转移。
二、精典博维的“差异化”商业模型组成
如图1所示，精典博维商业模型主要包括出版传媒、旅游传媒、名家经纪和文化物流四个板块。
1.出版传媒
出版传媒是指实体图书的出版和电子出版等传统意义上的出版，是名家经纪和文化物流业务的基础，也是精典博维的主要收入来源。由于我国出版业长期以来实行严格的“出版准入制度”，与国有出版企业的“书号合作”是民营图书出版的必由之路。随着国家对出版市场的逐步放开，精典博维在做好当前出版发行工作的基础上，审慎地选择和寻求同国有出版企业的项目合作和资本合作，充分利用国有出版社雄厚的资金、充足的作者资源和规范的操作流程等优势，不断扩大出版传媒的业务范围，为名家经纪积累宝贵的作者资源。
2.旅游传媒
精典博维的旅游传媒业务主要以杂志和广告的营销为主，目前主要经营的杂志有《北京旅游》《世界城市旅游》《创享》。其中，《北京旅游》杂志是其于2011年承办的，该杂志是服务于北京市政府的官方杂志，基本覆盖北京市四星级以上酒店的客房，以及北京机场和各大旅游景点的咨询站点，旨在全面展示首都旅游与文化特色，创刊三年内，成长迅速，成果不凡。正是由于《北京旅游》杂志的成功经营，2013年精典博维得到了承办世界旅游城市联合会（WFCF）主管的《世界城市旅游》杂志，以及服务于创业板上市公司C28俱乐部的会刊《创享》杂志的机会。 这三本颇具影响力的专业杂志，为精典博维夯实了业务基础，拓宽了企业运营的平台，同时也为公司赢得了可观的经济收入。
3.名家经纪
精典博维在我国文化产业内首创“360度名家经纪服务”，把“名家经纪”作为出版产业链的核心，围绕名家及其作品进行“全版权”经营，从图书出版、纸质书的海外版权开发、数字出版，到名家经纪、影视开发、话剧改编、动漫制作、形象代言、书法等艺术作品的销售、商业代言获利以及知识产权的维护，面面俱到，涵盖线上和线下方方面面的细节，意欲在中国出版界写下浓墨重彩的一笔。
从“谍战之父”麦家作品《暗算》（70万册）、《解密》（30万册）、《风声》（50万册）及其影视作品的成功[2]，到莫言作品引发的文学作品销售高潮，“作家经纪”逐渐成为出版界的一种潜在发展方向。这与我国出版业整体环境的变化密不可分。过去，我国出版业基本上都是围绕着作品进行传统的出版运作。在新媒体的冲击下，大众阅读方式发生巨大转变，电子商务平台的建立和不断完善为多元化立体出版提供了生存和发展环境，数字阅读和内容衍生品的开发逐渐成为现代出版的重要领域。
如图2所示，在数字出版快速发展的今天，出版产业链条变得越来越短，行业内的分工越来越细，原来的内容提供商在竞争中逐渐转型，有的蜕变为平台，如当当网、亚马逊、京东商城等；有的转型做了作者服务机构，如湛庐文化、华文天下；有的则演变为读者服务机构，专门为读者挑选图书；有的则专门做与图书相关的衍生产品。然而，从作家角度来看，图书作为内容产品，变得越来越媒体化，其价格不但无法提升，甚至变得更加低廉以至于趋于免费，致使作家囊中羞涩，收入来源成为问题。作家一旦失去生产的动力，出版就失去了核心——内容资源，传统出版、数字出版等活动也如“巧妇”失去“米源”一般失去存在的可能。“作家经纪”应运而生。
陈黎明说：“名家经纪是以文化产业的思路来操作作家的核心知识产权。”与传统出版社的作家经营相比，精典博维的“360度名家经纪服务”除了包括传统意义上的纸质图书出版、数字版权的系统管理和推广，还包括文学作品影视版权的推介、名家艺术品的经纪、名家商业活动、名家社会活动的推介、名家艺术品交易平台的提供和名家衍生品的开发和销售等“附属版权”的经营以及名家知识产权的法律维权。这种服务于作家的商业模式，对出版商和作家来说是一种双赢。一方面，可以保障作家辛苦创作的作品能够得到长期出版，使文化名家从纷繁复杂的琐事中脱身，专心创作；另一方面，出版商能够对作家的价值进行整体开发，提高作家的名气和声望，获得更多的来自知识产权开发的经济收入。
现精典博维旗下的签约作家有莫言、阎连科、大江健三郎、麦家、阿来、安妮宝贝、江南、庞贝等，签约的艺术家有书画家马海方、李毅峰、梁永和、赵准旺等。其中作家莫言获得2012年度诺贝尔文学奖，作家阎连科获得2014年度弗兰茨·卡夫卡文学奖，作家庞贝的《无尽藏》获得第三届《中国作家》剑门关文学奖长篇小说奖。
4.文化物流
网络购书的兴盛，不断加速网络图书销售领域的竞争。图书的配送时效以及物流的服务质量逐渐成为影响消费者网购图书的重要因素。精典博维着眼于当前我国网络售书的现状，创建独特的“文化物流”模式，建立起独立的物流配送部门，专门负责图书物流业务，配合出版传媒和旅游传媒的产品运输，缩短了图书中转时间，节省了仓储费用，无形中增强了竞争力。“文化物流”的运作是为了更好地服务精典博维的签约作家，为了更好地配合其他部门工作的顺利、高效完成，用陈黎明的话说：发展物流算是微笑曲线的延伸服务 。除了满足自身的图书运输需求，精典博维的文化物流事业部还承接其他图书公司的业务，与国内三十多家出版社建立了图书物流合作关系。这种不受限于普通物流部门的独立运输系统，能够快速及时地将图书产品运送到指定地点，既节省仓储成本，又增加销量。例如莫言获得诺贝尔文学奖后，其作品火爆热销，供不应求。在此情况下，哪个出版商的书先到，谁的书就能够被优先派送给读者，获得收益。在莫言作品销售的争战中，精典博维无疑是大赢家，它不仅收获了丰厚的经济收益，也因其特色的经营模式赢得了诸多名家的信任和青睐。
精典博维的四大运营板块之间紧密联系，环环相扣。“名家经纪”虽不能独当一面成为精典博维主营业务收入的核心来源，但目前名家经纪部的产值已占公司总产值的三分之一，有较大的增长空间。出版传媒部、旅游传媒部、文化物流部在完成现有出版任务的同时，全力配合名家经纪部门，服务好签约名家，为精典博维在影视、剧本创作、话剧、名家代言等附属版权开发方面发挥作用。
三、精典博维经营结构的优势
与传统出版社相比，五脏俱全的民营出版公司凭借轻盈的体态、灵活多变的运营模式、敏锐的市场洞察力，以及独特的分销渠道在图书市场争得一席之地。然而，要想在“数字阅读”和“网络播客”时代的文化变革中获得长足的发展，避免被文化产业变革浪潮“雪藏”，别具一格的经营结构是民营企业“长风破浪”的又一制胜法宝。精典博维在2008年—2009年成功并购贝塔斯曼中国后，体制上和经营理念上逐渐向西方出版流程靠拢，注重人才的培养，逐渐形成“图书业务”精品化、“边缘业务”专业化的经营结构，成为企业发展的核心竞争力之一。
图书业务是指纸质书的出版发行，是我国多数出版公司的主营业务。“边缘业务”是指与图书内容相关的附属权利的业务，如网络阅读、手机出版、影视改编等。精典博维经营结构的独特之处就在于它在“边缘业务”上配备专业的人员，有针对性地为名家进行专业服务，而不是仅仅靠几个宣传人员“打游击战式”地开发附属权利。
秉承“文化不停步，读书不打烊”的价值理念，精典博维在北京打造了第一个24小时不打烊的实体书店——“24小时博书屋”，旨在以其独特的文化号召力吸引热衷阅读和文化的年轻人，同时为北京市“爱读”“乐读”“享读”的城市居民提供一个优雅、舒适、学习、放空的空间。其最直接、最主要的消费人群是在文化创意产业园区工作以及园区周边社区、学校的人群，他们大多对阅读有较高的需求，有一定的文化诉求。此外，因其靠近北京的后海旅游景点，也吸引了大量游客，被誉为北京文化的新地标。
“24小时博书屋”主要以经营人文、社科类图书为主，它并非单纯的24小时营业的实体书店，更像是一个多元化的文化消费空间。书店内除包含一般的图书、杂志、艺术品、旅游产品外，还集读书、赏画、品茶、休闲、影视、音乐、娱乐、数字传媒等多种元素于一体，满足了人们多元化的个性需求。此外，该书店会定期邀请知名作家、书画家与读者进行面对面的交流，也会对签约书画家的作品进行小规模的展示，如阎连科、蒙曼、解玺璋等作家先后到书屋举行过文化沙龙。精典博维推出的品牌文化活动——“41°文化论坛”也定期在这里举办。
伴随着新媒介的产生，新一轮的媒介革命正在悄然进行着。我国市场环境的优化以及政府对出版市场的进一步放开，为我国出版业带来了发展的黄金期。像精典博维一样辛勤耕耘在文化创意领域的民营出版企业，为我国出版业增添了活力，促进了出版业的改革。它们在新的媒体环境下，以内容为基点，充分挖掘内容的潜力，把创新的理念和精神融入企业，逐渐形成了各具特色的出版品牌。相信在不远的将来，在民营出版企业和传统出版社的共同努力下，我国出版业将迎来新的春天。
[1]刘妮丽. 精典博维：出版产业的黑马[N]. 中国文化报，2014-02-08.
[2]那拉. 出版人陈黎明[J]. 出版参考，2010（15）：8.
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