考研英语写作的重点句式（精选9篇）
考研英语的大作文中经常会涉及解释现象背后的原因，针对这类句型，考生可以准备一类表达，同时适用于多篇文章要求，也可以减轻记忆的负担。
There are many reasons to explain why this happens, among them the most important is ...。
有很多的原因可以解释这个现象，其中最重要的是......
例如：There are many reasons to explain why this happens, among them the most important is people should receive more education.
句式2：利用调查结果说明
大作文的文体通常为议论或说明式，而这种表达最注重客观性。所以在阐述观点时利用调查结果是一种非常明智的选择。注意此时引用的调查数据未必真实，可结合实际适当编造。
According to a recent investigation,...
根据最近的一项调查数据显示......
例如：According to a recent investigation,an increasing number of young people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.
句式3：如何给出具体建议
给出建议也是考研英语大作文几乎每年都会用到的句式，所以这个一定要背过。
I maintain that effective measures should be taken to put an end to this phenomenon.
我认为应该采取有效措施叫停当前这类现象。
I maintain that effective measures should be taken to put an end to this phenomenon. First of all, strict regulations should be enacted and enforced to create a harmonious and orderly society.
句式4：如何总结强调结论
From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw conclusion that ... will play an essential role in modern society.
通过以上讨论，我们可以肯定的得出结论，sth将会继续在现代社会扮演重要的角色。
例如：From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw conclusion that letter writing will still play an essential role in modern society.
句式5：采用否定结构
一般考生写出来的句子都是事实的罗列，缺乏句式的变化。所以大家不妨插入几个否定结构，会使阅卷老师眼前一亮的。
People seem to fail to take into account the fact that...
人们没有考虑这样一个事实......
No one can deny the fact that...
没有人可以否认这个事实......
例如：People seem to fail to take into account the fact that the serious pollution is bringing about harm to people’s health.
No one can deny the fact that a person’s education is the most important aspect of his life.
总之，写作最能考查出考生的英语基本功底，要做到结构完整，内容充实，就需要了解写作的出题特点。从而有针对性的准备重点的考查句式，机会是留给有准备的人哦!还等什么，赶快记下这些考研英语写作重点句式吧!
1.考研英语写作句式模板
2.关于考研英语写作五大重点句式
3.考研英语写作掌握6个比较结构句式
4.考研英语作文通用句式大全
5.2016考研英语写作金句
6.2016考研英语写作常见错误
7.考研英语写作复习
8.2016考研英语写作高端句型
9.2016考研英语写作指导
一、词汇组块的理论发展
70年前, 语言表达的最小单位已经从“士兵” (词) 升到“班”——“词块” (Mi11er, 1956) 。对于“词块”缺乏稳定性的指责, 语言学家 (Krashen, 1978) 提出“半固定式词群”的说法。“词块”不仅是句子成分的佐料, 还可以是具有特定含义、语境或逻辑表达功能的句子结构, 被称为“带词的句子主干” (Syder, 1983) 或者“公式序列” (Wray, 2000) 。现在, 表述完整又简洁的说法是“词汇组块” (Nattinger and Decarrico, 1992) (Moon, 2002) 。对于中级语言学习者 (intermediate learners) 来说, 语言知识的学习和输入、输出能力的培养已经从“词汇和语法两项基本知识的储备和应用”转向“语块的储存和使用” (Widdowson, 1989) , 一个明显的例子是谚语掌握量的提升。但中级语言学习者对语块的储存体现在除谚语外的很多方面, 包括词语搭配、成分搭配、惯用语、习语、句子功能结构等 (Ellis, 1994) 。
二、句子中的“主位”和“述位”
提高学生英语写作能力的关键一环是要加强句子间的语义和逻辑关系连贯性。语篇连贯对相关问题在功能语言学中 (Halliday, 2008) 得到了较为充分的解答。传统语法强调构建和分析主语、谓语、宾语等句内成分的和单、并和复合句等结构, 功能语法从语篇的角度突出“主位” (被描述已知信息) 和“述位” (用于描述的新信息) , 即信息含义、思维逻辑和语篇连贯的表达诉求铸就了表达方式的约定俗成。主位和述位以“延续” (前句述位作后句的主位) 、“连续” (前后句主位相同) 、“派生” (前句主位是后句主位的上义概念) 和“框架” (前句述位是后几句的主位) 等几种主要方式在语篇中延伸, 认知语言学和语料库语言学等语言学科的发展给这几种延伸方式的使用提供了理论和数据的依据。
三、词汇组块对英语写作的促进作用
在产出方面, 在英语写作教学中代入词汇组块培养模式将提高学生的写作速度和语言输出的流利程度, 增强语言和语篇的组织能力, 加快句子、段落和文章的组织速度, 同时, 加强词汇组块的意识能够帮助语言学习者根据一些语法指令将同词性或同含义范畴的词成批地、创造性地举一反三, 产出一类具有特定表达功能、语境功能或逻辑功能的“词块公式”或“句板公式”参与书面的表达。根据写作心理学的研究发现, “词块”模式减少了构建句子元素的数量, “词块”的种类为语料的记忆、提取、使用提供了索引功能, 加快大脑解码、编码和语言输入的速度, 同时, 在语言输出的充分性和准确性得到保证的情况下, 语言学习者常常可以克服对英语写作的恐惧心理, 从而减少写作虑感, 增强写作热情、自信心和成就感。从语言学习角度来说, “词块介入”的英语写作培养模式能够帮助语言学习者暂时脱离目标语言词汇量的限制, 降低母语迁移的负效应, 走出写作方法和技巧不足的困境, 用更多的创造性思维模式比例 (用于提高语言表达的多样性) 替换批判性思维模式 (用于检查语言错误) 比例。
四、三种功能句式词块
句式1。英语中最常见的主语莫过于用人来做主语, 所以首先要训练的是以人 (sb.) 为主语的基本句式。谓语部分可采用be动词加形容词再加不定式短语的模式, 例如“be willing/unwilling/supposed/likely/motivated/to do”;谓语部分也可采用be动词加形容词再添加介词短语, 形容词和介词短语常为固定搭配, 如“be committed/devoted to doing”, 再如“be passionate/enthusiastic/optimistic/pessimistic about doing”;谓语部分也可采用固定的短语动词词组, 例如“have difficulty in doing”或“go to great lengths to do sth”。所以, 三种情况分别为:“sb.be adj.to do phrase”;“sb.be adj.prep phrase”;“sb.do…prep phrase/to do phrase”。
句式2。在英语写作中, 为了表达的客观性, 句子常用非灵主语 (unanimated subject) , 即用事情 (做事情) 为主语来展开, 但为表达的需要, 也可以巧妙地引入人的概念。如“Accumulating working experience by taking part-time jobs would enable us to make better preparation for our future career” (通过做兼职来积累工作经验可以使我能够为未来的事业做更好的准备) 。总结起来可以构成两种这样的结构:“ (doing) sth.do sb.to do”“ (doing) sth.do sb.from doing”。在这两种结构里, 主语既可以用事物 (sth.) 来做主语, 也可以用事件 (doing sth.) 来做主语。例如“ (doing) sth.needs/requires sb./enables/gets sb.to do和 (doing) sth.stops/discourages sb.from doing”。第一种情况采用不定式作宾语补足语, 说明某事情或事件 (主语) 促使某人 (宾语) 去做了什么事情;第二种情况采用“from doing”作宾语补足语, 说明某事情或事件促使某人不去做或不能做某事, 例如:“This failure enabled me to strengthen my willpower (这场失败使我增强了意志力) ”, “This failure stopped me from trying (这场失败使我放弃了尝试) ”。当然, 在第一种结构里, 不定式也可以采用否定的形式, 表达的含义也变成了“某事情或事件促使某人不去做或不能做某事”, 但不定式常表达发生在未来的动作, 如“This lesson taught children not to use drugs (这个教训教会孩子们不要使用毒品) ”。
句式3。第三个句式主要用于评价, 评价某人做某事或某个事件好与坏、褒与贬, 主语采用复合式不定式或主语从句, 同时采用“it”作形式主语。如“It’s not difficult for us to come up with some related factors to account for this problem (我们不难想出一些相关的因素来解释这个问题) /It’s common to see that many students begin to see the necessity of taking parttime jobs (常见的一点是, 很多学生开始看到做兼职的必要性) ”, 提炼出句式“It is desirable/wise/unwise/advisable/not difficult for sb.to do和It is sad/common/good…to see that sb.Do”。在这两个结构中都引入了人的概念, 第一个句式中的“sb”是真正主语复合式不定式“for/of sb.to do”的一部分, 是该动作的逻辑主语。在第二个句式中, 真正的主语是主语从句, 所以人的概念就是从句中的主语, 除了这两种方式, 我们还可以采用另一种巧妙的结构来引入人的概念, 如“It’s the students’responsibility to give priority to study (学生有责任将学习放在第一位) ”。综上, 这三个结构可以总结如下:“It is adj.for/of sb.to do.”“It is adj.to see that sb.Do.”“It is sb.’s n.to do.”
五、结语
这三个结构也可以适当做一些微调, 这样在写作时就会变得更加灵活。比如, 我们可以去掉第二个句子里的不定式, 只用“that”从句来做主语, 构成“It is adj.that sb.do”的简单结构, 如“It’s universally accepted that we are supposed to make efforts respectively to maintain friendship (众所周知的是我们应该各自努力来维持我们的友谊) ”。事实上, 这种句式在写作中也是经常被使用到的。
参考文献
[1]Miller G.The Magical Number Seven, plus or Minus Two:some Limits on our Capacity for Processing Information.Psychological Review, 1956, 63/2.
[2]Pawley&Krashen, S&Seareella, R.outines and Patterns in Language Acquisition and Performance.Language Learning, 1978, 28/2.
[3]Pawley, A.&Syder, F.Two puzzles for linguistic theory:Nativelike fluency.In Richard, J.&Schmidt, R. (Eds) .Language and Communication.London:Longman, 1983.
[4]Widdowson.H.G.Aspects of language teaching.上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1989.
[5]Nattinger, J.&Decarrico, J.Lexlcal Phrases and Language Teaching.Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1992.
[6]Lewis, M.A Lexical Approach, Language Teaching Publications, 1993.
[7]Ellis, R.The study of second language acquisition, Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1994.
[8]Wray.The Functions of Formulaic Language:An Integrated Model.Language and Communication, 2000, 20 (01) :1-28.
[9]Wray.A formulaic language and the lexicon, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2002.
[10]Moon, R.Vocabulary connections:multi-word item in English.In Schmitt N.&Me Cathy, M. (Eds) .vocabulary Description, Acquisition and Pedagogy.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2002.
高分句式一——短句拉长
在考研英语作文中，一般短句都可以拉为长句，而且，从理论上讲，一个句子的长度可以是无限的，但是出于实际情况，大家要学会写有限度的长句。
虽然《考研英语大纲》没有明确规定作文中长句的长度和数量，但是基于考研作文实战的需要，考生需要有一种“长句设置”意识，即通过在文中设置若干个长句，向阅卷老师展示考生对于复杂语言结构的掌握能力，从而征服老师的心，获得满意的分数。
写作要领
1．名词+形容词，+同位语，+定语从句；
2．动词+状语(时间、地点、目的、方式)。
实战举例
例1：Officials have built highways.
In recent years, responsible, hard-working and warm-hearted officials have built a great number of highways which have brought much convenience to the local citizens.
例1中短句拉长的步骤：
1．在句首，加上时间状语in recent years；
2．在名词officials前面加上responsible, hard-working, warm-hearted 三个形容词修饰它；
3．在名词highways后面加上定语从句which have brought much convenience to the local citizens。
例2：Factories have discharged gas and liquid.
The newly-built chemical factories have discharged harmful and even poisonous gases and liquids which have had a seriously negative impact on the surrounding environment.
例2中短句拉长的步骤：
1．在名词factories前面加上两个修饰形容词newly-built和chemical；
2．在名词gases and liquids 后面上加上一个定语从句which have had a seriously negative impact on the surrounding environment。
高分句式二——插入语
增加句式复杂性的另外一种方法就是使用插入语。中国学生写的英语句子喜欢一通到底，没有任何语气的间歇，像一根笔直的竹竿，因此笔者称之为“竹竿句”。而英美人士写的句子则不同，他们偏爱插入语，通过插入语表现出作者语气的间歇和停顿。有了插入语，读者眼中的句子有一种跌宕起伏的感觉，这种句子像海浪一起忽起忽落，笔者称这种句子为“海浪句”。试比较：
Ancient men made tools out of stone. For instance, they always used flint because it is easier to shape than other kinds of stone. (不使用插入语)
Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because it is easier to shape than other kinds of stone. (使用插入语)
由此我们看出：英语句子要写得跌宕起伏才地道。考研的同学要在语言上下功夫，就必须学会写作“海浪句”，从而使自己的作文“波涛汹涌，错落有致”。
写作要领
1.插入语可以是一个词、一个短语，或者一个句子；
2.插入语多半用逗号跟其他成分隔开；
3.插入语最好放在主语之后，便于掌握。
实战举例
例1：副词插入语——frankly, especially, fortunately, indeed, however
坦率地说，旅游可以促进国家之间的相互了解。
Tourism, frankly, may promote mutual understanding among nations.
例2：短语插入语——generally speaking (总的来说), to tell the truth (老实说), in a sense (从某种意义上说)，in a word (总而言之), strange to say (说来奇怪)
总而言之，家长不该无视电脑游戏对小孩的副作用。
In a word, parents should never lose sight of the side-effects of computer games on their children.
例3：短句插入语——I suppose, as I see it, I believe, what is important (重要的是)
在我看来，环境对人的性格有深远影响。
Environment, as I see it, has a far-reaching influence on one's personality.
高分句式三——并列结构
使用并列结构写出精彩句式，请大家欣赏以下两个精彩的例句：
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. (Francis Bacon)
学习可以怡情，可以博采，可以长才。(培根)
...government of the people, by the people and for the people... (Abraham Lincoln)
……民有、民治、民享的政府…… (林肯)
写作要领
用and或者or 连接两个词性相同、意思相近的单词，就构成了并列结构。
比如：give support and assistance to...
...benefit from education and instruction.
...develop and promote economic growth.
实战举例
1．The American girl，dressed in a traditional Chinese costume and ornaments，indicates and symbolizes the multinational communication of cultures and customs. (选自2002年考研作文真题，一句话包含三处并列结构)
2．It goes without saying that the drawings aim at revealing a common and serious problem in China: how to educate and cultivate the young. Let's take a closer look at the drawings. In an ideal condition, the flower blooms. But when moved out of the greenhouse, it perishes under the rain and wind. It is obvious that flower grown in greenhouse can't withstand wind and rain. (选自2003年考研作文真题，一个段落包含四处并列结构)
1）When asked about…, the vast /overwhelming majority of/ most/many/ quite a few people say/ think/ believe/ answer that…, but…
当被问及……时，多数（大多数、许多）人认为（回答）……，但是……
2)Nowadays, it is commonly/ widely/ generally believed/ thought/ held that…, but I wonder/ doubt that…
如今，人们普遍认为……，但是我怀疑……
3)When it comes to……, some think/ hold/ believe…
当提及……时，有人认为……
4)Depending on personal experience, personality type and emotional concern, we find that some people hold the idea of…, whild others prefer…
基于个人经历、个性类型和情感关注的不同，我们发现有人持……的观点，而另外一些人则更喜欢……
5)It has become apparent to us that…
对我们来说，……已经变得很明显。
6)There is a public/ general debate/ controversy/ discussion today/ nowadays on/ over/ as to the problem/ issue of…
如今，有一场关于……问题的公开的（普遍的）讨论（争论）。
7)With the rapid growth of…, … have/ has become increasingly important in our daily life.随着……的快速增长，……在日常生活中已经变得越来越重要。
8)Recently the issue/ problem/ question/ of… has been brought into focus/ brought to public attention/ in the limelight/ posed among the general public.近来，……的问题已经成为人们关注的焦点。
9)Now there is a growing awareness/ recognition of the necessity to…
如今，人们愈发意识到……的重要性。
10)Nothing/ Few things/ No idea is/ are more/ as foolish/ dangerous/ undesirable/ basic/ essential than/ as… which is widely/ commonly/ generally held by…
普遍认为，没什么能比……更愚蠢（危险、不合时宜、基本、有必要）/没有什么能像……观点这样愚蠢（危险、不合时宜、基本、有必要）。
11)Now people in growing/ significant numbers are beginning/ coming to realize/ accept/ aware that…
如今，越来越多的人意识到……
12)After a good many years of efforts to/ enthusiasm for…, people begin to…
经过许多年的努力/热衷于……多年之后，人们开始……
13)One of the hottest topics many people talk about now is…
人们热烈讨论的话题之一就是……
14)We are often shown/ told these days that….But is this really the case?
近来我们经常听说……,但是情况真的如此吗？
文章结尾句式:
1)From above…
综上所述……
2)Therefore, it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that…
因此，我们不难得出以下结论……
3)Recognizing the fact that…should lead us to conclude that…
承认……这一事实，我们能得出以下结论……
4)The evidence upon all sides supports/ confirms/ leads to a sound conclusion/ view that… 各方面事实表明/可以得出这样一个合理的结论（看法）……
5)From what has been discussed above/ Based on the points discussed aboved, we may resonably/ safely/ finally draw/ arrive at the conclusion that…
综上所述，我们能得出如下结论……
6)In summary/ conclusion/ a word, it is more important/ valuable we should…
总之，我们应该……,这一点很重要。
7)Taking into account all of these factors, we may reach the conclusion that…
考虑到所有因素，我们得出结论，……
8)Obviously, if we ignor the problem, chances are good that…will be put in danger.显然，如果我们忽略了这个问题，……很可能会陷入危险境地。
9)It is time that we put an immediate en to the undesirable/ unhealthy/
该是立即结束这一不合时宜的（不健康的）……现象（趋势）的时候了。
10)After pondering this question on many occasions, I have finally arrived at conclusion that… is something I truly want to do and it is worthwhile.在多次考虑这个问题之后，我终于得出结论，……是我真正想去做的，也是值得去做的。
11)Therefore, we have no reason to make a fuss that….All in all…
所以我们没有理由为……大惊小怪。总之，……
12)There is no doubt/ denying that adequate/ immediate/ special attention must be paid to the problem of…
毫无疑问，我么应当充分（马上、特别）关注……问题。
13)Clearly, if we are to…, it is vital/ important/ essential that…
显然，如果我们要想……，……是至关重要的。
14)To be sure, there may be difficulties we cannot overcome, but if we…
确实，有些困难我们无法克服，但如果我们能够……的话，……
15)There is no better time to act than right now, for you will never be offered a greater opportunity than you are at this time.现在是行动起来的最好时机，因为你再也不会遇到一个比现在更好的机遇了。
16)In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of….Only in this way can… in the future.总之，全社会都应该密切关注……，只有这样将来才能……
17)The dilema is something no one can avoid/ duck/ run away from.Properly handled, however, we will…
这一难题是任何人都不可能避免的。但只要处理得当，我们就会……
过渡概括句式
1)To understand the truth of…, it is necessary to analyze…
为了了解……的真相，有必要分析……
2)To get a full appreciation of what/ how…, we must/ have to turn first to…
为了充分理解……，我们应该首先看一下……
3)To illustrate/ prove/ show this point, let me develop my argument…
为了说明这一点，首先来讨论一下……
4)A study of …, perhaps, will make this point clear.研究一下……的情况也许会说明这一点。
5)But, you may ask, why is…important/ indispensible/ necessary?
但你或许会问，为什么……很重要（必不可少、有必要）？
6)Another equally important aspect/ function is…
另一个同样重要的方面（作用）是……
7)Closely connected with/ related to/ associated with this factor is…
与这个因素密切相关的另一个因素是……
8)…may further be supported by…
……可以进一步证实……
9)…is but one of many effects/ pressures.Another is…
……只不过是其中一个作用（压力）。另一个是……
10)Besides/ In addition to/ Apart from this, other ways/ aspects/ functions are…
除此之外，另外一些方法（方面、作用）是……
11)Moreover,/ Furthermore,/ What’s more,/ Worse still,…
此外（更糟的是）……
12)So do(does)/ is(are)…
……也一样。
13)No less important/ harmful is…
同样重要（有害）的是……
14)It would be foolish/ absurd to argue/ think/ believe that….And it would be more foolish/ absurd to argue that…
仿写专题
（一）----There be句型
are/is/was/were/used to be/There have/has/had been /will be+ 名词/代词 to do/to be done+ 地点 + 时间
may/can/muse be
exist, lie, live, stand,seem / happen / appear to be
remain, come, follow
There is no use / point / sense / good + in doing sth.There is no need / chance / possibility to do sth
实例展示一
◆There are no children in this house.◆There appear to be several reasons for changing our plans.◆There remains nothing to be done.◆Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.仿写练习
1． 有一条河流过我们村。（flow..．through）
There/flows/a river/through our village.2． 这台电脑好像出毛病了。
There/seems to be/something wrong/with this computer.3． 还有很多问题没有解决。
There/remain/a large number of problems/to be solved.4． 接着是一阵令人难受的沉默。(follow)
There/followed/an uncomfortable silence．
5． 这个地区曾经发生过一次严重的交通事故。(there used to be)
There/used to be/a serious traffic accident/in the area.实例展示二
◆There is going to be a lecture on environmental protection held in our lecture hall this weekend.◆There are 10 yuan left in my pocket.仿写练习
1.有成千上万的人在地球日那一天关掉灯，和家人到外面散步。
There are/thousands of people/turning off the light/and/walking outside/with their family/on the Earth Day.2.只剩一个月的时间就要期中考试了。(before)
There are/only one month/left/before the mid-term examination.实例展示三
◆There has been some awful weather lately.仿写练习
1.这里出过许多事故。
There have been a lot of accidents round here.实例展示四
◆There must be a mistake somewhere.◆There must have been a rain last night, for the ground is wet.◆There needs to be a system set up to judge the quality of the English language learning.需要建立一套系统来评判英语学习的质量。
仿写练习
1.今天雨这么大，教室里可能没人。
There could be/no one/in the classroom, for/it’s raining/so hard.2.需要定一个规则来防止我们大家浪费自然资源。
There needs to set up/a policy/to prevent us all/from wasting natural resources.实例展示五
◆There is no point in arguing further.再争下去没意义。
◆There was no sense in making a child suffer like that.让一个孩子受那样的苦是毫无道理的。
◆There is no denying the fact that he is guilty.毫无疑问，他是有罪的。
仿写练习
1.为孩子准备好所有的一切是没有道理的。
There is no sense in getting everything ready for children.2.没有必要为自己所做的事情找借口。(there is no need to do)
There is no need to make excuses for what you have done.实例展示六
◆There is an old lady who came to college at the age of 87.◆There was a time when I hated to go to school.曾经有一段时间，我讨厌上学。
仿写练习
1． 有三个兄弟，经常吵架。
There are/three brothers/who always quarrel/with each other.2． 曾经有一段时间，我对学习丧失了兴趣。
There used to be/a time/when/I expressed no interest/in my study.强化训练
1.改错
1)There will改为 be/ an
2)There are one third of the students don’t think it wise to tear down the library we should
preserve.一般要用非谓语或从句的形式)
3)There is no use to hide that fact from him.4)He told me that there has been an argument between them.2.语法填空
1)I don’t expect there ____________ any misunderstanding.to be
2)There is no use___________(talk)a lot without __________(do)anything.3)There___________(enter)Mary with a baby in her arms just when I was aboutto leave.4)There are a lot of people ___________(wait)for the bus to come.5)There are five pairs___________(choose),but I’m at a loss which to buy.6)What a pity, my new computer doesn’t work.There ___________(be)something wrong with it.7)Let’s get through the work quickly.___________ seems to be little time left now.8)There is reported ___________(be)a number of the wounded on both sides.1)to be 2)talking, doing 3)entered 4)waiting 5)to choose from 6)must be
7)There 8)to be
3.完成句子
1)昨天在街上碰巧遇见了我的一个老朋友。（there happen to be）
There/happened to be/an old friend of mine/in the street．
2)这条河以前有很多水的。(used to be)
There/used to be/plenty of water/in the river.3)昨天运动场举行了一场运动会。
There was/a sport meeting(held)/on the playground/yesterday.4)屋后有一条河。
5)
6)There lies/a river/behind the house．毫无疑问，他已经意识到自己的错误了。There is no doubt that/he/is aware of/his mistakes.同期，在自行车的使用和走路两个方面都有一定的下降.(a gradual decline in...)
There was/a gradual declinein the use of bicycle and on foot.7)1990年以来，美国死于交通事故的人越来越多。
（there have been..已经有……）
There have been more Americans killed in traffic accidents since 1990.8)全班似乎除了Tom之外没有一个人能解出这道题。
（there seems to be似乎有……）
There seems to be/nobody/who/can work out/the problem/except Tom.9)近来，人们越来越关注校园安全问题。(there is a widespread concern over...)
Recently，there is/a widespread concern/over campus safety.10)有两个原因可以解释这种现象。(account for)
There are/two reasons/that/account for/this phenomenon.11)尽管实现梦想的道路很艰辛，我们仍然在努力地为它创造条件。
（there is a long way to go before..，pave one’s way to sth.为……创造条件）
Although/there is a long way to go/before/we realize our dream, we are still/paving our way to/this goal.4.将下面句子连成一句话
1)There are many people in the street.They are waiting for the bus.（非谓语）
2)There comes the teacher.He holds some books in his hand.（with sth.+介词短语／分
词／不定式）3)There was once a famous detective.He was named Sherlock Holmes.He lived in
London.The time was at the end of the nineteenth century.（现在分词）
4)There will be a lecture.The speaker is Professor Wang.It will be held in the lecture
hall.It aims to improve students’ awareness of environmental protection.(非谓语）
5)There is a woman.She realized her dream of getting a college education at 87.She
例句： They should acquire knowledge not only from books but also from the society.
他们不仅要从书本中学习知识，还要从社会中汲取知识。
Either Sally must be responsible for the matter or we’ll be (responsible for the matter).
或者赛丽对此事负责，或者由我们来承担责任。
The population of this country is three times as large as that of its neighbor.
关键词：否定句式,部分否定,形式否定,否定转移
英语中否定结构形式多样, 有部分否定, 几乎否定, 双重否定等等, 但是有不少句式都不能按照表面意思来理解, 否则很容易理解错误掉入“陷阱”, 笔者对英语语句中常见的否定句式进行了简要剖析, 期望对英语学习者会有一定的帮助。
一.部分否定的句式
有些由all, both, every, much, many, often等词与not结合构成的否定句往往表示部分否定。有时not可以置于谓语中, 这是英语的习惯表达方法, 虽然不合逻辑, 但已成习俗, 容易造成误解, 要特别重视。总之在部分否定句中, 不论not出现在什么地方, 通常都译成“不全是”, “不总是”, “并非都”, “未必都”等。举例如下:
All the students did not go to schooly esterday.=N ot all th e students went to sch ool y esterday.
译:昨天并非所有的学生都去学校了。
H e doesn’t agree with me entirely.=H e doesn’t entirely ag ree with me.
译:他不是完全赞同我。不要误译成:他完全不赞同我。
如果想表示全部否定可以用never, no, none, noth ing, neith er…nor等用法, 例如:
N o student went to school y esterday.
译:昨天没有学生去上课。
N eith er of th e g asoline eng ines isrunning.
译:这两台汽油发动机都没有运转。
二.某些双重否定的疑难句式
双重否定句中通常会出现两个具有否定意味的词或者短语, 通常是为了加强肯定的语气。试看下列几个句式:
(一) cannot+动词原型+with out+动名词短语
never+动词+but从句
以上这两个句式都相当于“E very tim e/W h enever…..+从句” (每次...总会…) 。例如:
I never g o past th at h ouse but I th ink of my miserable life in th e oldsociety.
译:我每次走过那个房子都会使我想起我在旧社会过得悲惨生活。
(二) 主句中含有noth ing以及修饰noth ing的形容词+but从句, 表示“无论事物多么…。一旦遭受but从句中的情况便会…。”试看下面例句:
N othing is so beautiful but it betray ssome defect on close inspection.
无论多么完美的东西, 一旦仔细审视都会暴露出缺陷。
三.强调否定的句式
强调否定是借助某些状语或者短语成分加强句子的否定作用。常用的有:
not+副词 (nearly/h alf/possibly/absolutely/simply等等) ;强烈否定的介词短语如:in no way, by no means, in no wise等等;not+名词短语 (a single/a bit of/a drop of/an inch等等) 以上这些表示“一点都不, 毫不可能, 绝对不”等强烈否定语气, 例如:
H is last experiment was not nearlywell done as th e earlier ones.
译:他的最后一次试验做得远不如早期的试验那么好。
O n h earing such g ood news, th e old man did not sleep a wink all night.
译:听到这个好消息, 这个老人一夜都没有合上一眼。
四.否定形式表肯定的句式
这类句式形式上否定但是内容上却是肯定语气, 要特别小心。有很多常用句式, 现分别介绍如下:
(一) cannot…too (much) …表示“无论怎么样…都不为过;要非常地…。”这里cannot可能有其他可替代形式如:can never, can h ardly/scarcely/barely, It is im possible to等替代形式。同时too (much) 也可以由enoug h, exag g erate, overestimate, overpraise等表示过分行为的词代替。试看下面的例句:
Y ou cannot be too careful in choosingfriends.
译:你选择朋友时要越小心越好。
W e cannot exaggerate the importanceof E ng lish.
译:英语的重要性怎么强调都不为过。 (我们要特别强调英语的重要性) 。
(二) cannot…+比较级表示”非常…;极度…”起加强语气作用。试看下面例句:
I can’t ag ree with y ou more.
译:我对你同意得不能再同意了 (我完全赞同你) .
I can’t care th is problem less.
译:我对这个问题关心的少得不能再少了。 (我一点都不关心这个问题) 。
(三) 否定句与so…as或者与so…but th at连用。表示”如果干了as或者but th at从句后面的事情那么就最具有so后面的某种性质了。”实际上句子是强调so后面的性质, 试看下面例句:
N one is so deaf as those wh o won’t h ear.这句的表面意思是:没有人比那些故意不听的人更聋了, 或者译为:那些故意不听的人最聋。
N o one is so old but th at h e may learn.这句的表面意思是:不管多老都能学习, 即活到老学到老。
(四) noth ingifnot…表示“及其;非常”;noth ing/little sh ort of…表示“简直可以说…”试看下面例句:
H e was noth ing if not stubborn.
译:他非常顽固。
H e is little sh ort of a g enius
译:他简直就是位天才。
(五) It’s (a) +adj+n+以th at开头的带否定成分的定语从句。这种句式主要强调前面的形容词, 用一种过分的类似反语的口气来表达肯定的意图。试看下面几个例句:
It’s a long lane that has no turning.
这个句子的表面意思是没有弯的道那是够长的了。实际上说话人用的是一种反语的说法, 委婉地表示出他不相信有什么长道是没有弯的。所以这句话的真实意思是:再长的道也必有弯。再比如下面的句子:
It’s a g ood h orse th at never stumbles.译为:再好的马也会失蹄。
It’s long night th at never finds th e day.译为:再长的夜也会迎来白天。
(六) It’s (a) +adj+n+以th at开头肯定定语从句, 这种句式可以译成:再怎么样的东西也不会….试看下面的例句:
It’s a good fath er th at knows h is son.
译:再好的父亲也不会完全了解他的儿子。
五.否定的转移现象
在否定句中有些否定的转移不会影响我们的理解, 但是有些否定转移的现象很容易弄错, 这里主要讨论一种容易错误理解地否定转移现象——否定谓语转换为否定状语。当否定句中出现表示程度、方式、地点、时间、原因、目的、活动频度等状语或者状语从句的时候, 尽管形式上是否定谓语的一般否定形式, 但其否定部位有时已经转移到这些状语或者状语从句上了, 试看下面的例句:
T h e earth doesn’t move in empty space.
译:地球并非在空无一物的空间中运动。不要误译为:地球在空无一物的空间不做运动。
M eth y lal does not decompose intoCO and H2 like formaldeh y de.
译:甲缩醛不像甲醛那样分解成CO和H2。 (甲醛可以分解成CO和H2, 而甲缩醛是不会分解成CO和H2) 。不要误译成:甲缩醛像甲醛那样不分解成CO和H2。
She is not study ing in the university.
译:她不在这所大学学习。不要误译成:她在这所大学不学习。
T h e motor did not stop because theelectricity was off.
译:电机停转并非由于断电。不要误译为:因为断电, 电机不转了。
I do not recommend him because heis my broth er.
译:我推荐他并不是因为他是我的兄弟 (有时根据语境也可以译成:因为他是我兄弟, 所以我不推荐他) 。
有时确定否定是否需要转移比较困难, 需要根据具体场景, 上下文语境, 甚至一定的常识和专业知识才能确定, 这儿不再赘述。
参考文献
[1]戴文进.科技英语翻译理论与技巧.上海外语教育出版社.2003
写作句型一：
No one can deny the fact that a person’s education is the most important aspect of his life.
没有人能否人这一事实：教育是人生最重要的一方面.
It goes without saying that …
写作句型二：
People equate(等同v.)success in life with the ability of operating computer.
人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论.
Equate success with one’s character
写作句型三：
According to a recent survey ，four-million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.
依照最近的.一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟相关的疾病.
According to a recent research or investigation， …
写作句型四：
The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.
最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感.
The lastest survey show that…
写作句型五：
No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.
没有一项发明象互联网同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评.
No other medium has received more attraction than internet.
写作句型六：
People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.
人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实.
People seem to fail to take into account the fact that the serious pollution is binging abour harm to people’s health.
写作句型七：
Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a person’s physical fitness.
许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康.
Many English educators point out that one cannot improve his English level greatly in such a short period of time.
写作句型八：
Nowadays ，many students always go into raptures(兴高采烈) at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately ，for most young people ，it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.
1.“may as well not…as”结构，此结构可译为“与其……不如不……”。
One may as well not know a thing at all as know it but imperfectly.
2. “have only to …do”结构，此结构表示“只须(消)……就能……”的意思。
We have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery made by Edison to see the significance of it.
3. “not (no) …unless…”句型
No increase in output can be expected unless a new assembly line is installed.
4. “better…than…”句型
Better my life should be ended by their hate, than that hated life should be prolonged to live without your love.
5. “as it were”是一个非常常用的插入语，意思是“好象”，“可以说”等。
A piece of iron near a magnet, though apparently separate from it , feels, as it were, the threads of this attachment.
6. 复杂结构，在下面例句中，由于anyone的定语从句过长，把谓语must realize提到定语从句之前。
Though faith and confidence are surely more or lass foreign to my nature, I do not infrequently find myself looking to them to be able, diligent, candid, and even honest. Plainly enough, that is too large an order, as anyone must realize who reflects upon the manner in which they reach public office.
7. “not…any more than…”为：“不能……，正如不能……”。
One cannot learn to sketch and express himself graphically only by reading about it any more than one can learn to swim while standing by the pool.
8. “By that as it may”是“Let it be that as it may”的省略形式，是由“be”引起的另外一种假设结构，意思是“虽然如此，尽管这样”。
It is said that the nerve poison is the more primitive of the two, that the blood poison is, so to speak, a new product from an improved formula. Be that as it may, the nerve poison does its business with man far more quickly than the blood poison.
9. “if at all”是一个由“if”引起的主谓结构不完整的短句结为“即将……”，“即使……”等。
I can see only with great difficulty, if at all.
10. 由there引起的句型容易产生复杂的句子结构.
There have been opened up to the vast and excellent science, in which my work is the beginning, ways and means by which other minds more accurate than wine will explore its remote corners.
英语四级写作的技巧
第一点：
首先大家要清楚一般作文的给分分为0分，2分，5分，8分，11分和14分这几段。所以给改卷老师的第一印象很重要，可以直接影响给分的分段。那么怎么样能给老师一个很好的印象?大家首先一定要注意自己的书写工整干净，还有一定要写出一个清楚的三段式。如果写一段最多得到4-5分，如果写了两段最多也只能得到6-7分。所以作文的框架和书写是让老师给你一个不错分值段的关键之关键。
第二点：
做好了上面的要求之后，改卷老师就会重点看这三个地方，在第一段的最后一到两句话有没有清楚地给出文章的中心句。接着就会看文章的主题第二段有没有清楚的次观点来支持说明文章的中心句，这时还会重点找一些连接词和过渡词，他们使支持次观点从结构上清楚的展现。最后就会看最后一段的句首部分有没有表示文章结束的过渡词和对文章观点的再次陈述。在这个部分就要求大家一定要对作文的常考形式说明文，议论文还有书信这几中问题最起码的结构要很清楚，怎么开始，怎么写主体部分，怎么结论要一个很好的结构了解。
第三点：
老师在改卷的时候会重点注意句子语法错误，所以大家一定尽量少的语法错误。即使句子简单，只要错误少，也能得到不错的分数。还有如果可能的话可以用一些短语，比较好的词来换掉一些比较普通词语，这样也能提高分数。但是如果大家对这些词没把握的话，就最好用自己熟悉的词，即使很简单也没很大的关系。
总之，如果大家要取得更好的成绩，最快最好的方式就是要注意自己文章的书写以及整体文章的清楚结构，即使不会使用很多不错的词组和短语，也达到不错的效果。
英语四级写作常用词汇
reflect v. 反映，表现，显示
demonstrate v. 证明，表明
suggest v. 建议;暗示
develop v. 发展，进步
adjust v. 调整，适应
prosper v. 繁荣，成功
suppose v. 假设，推想
strive for… 争取，奋斗
remind sb. of sth. 使某人想起某事
succeed in doing sth. 成功地做某事
be divided into… 被划分为……
It is common that… 某事是很常见的
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